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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organizations and prizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_and_prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations and prizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>National security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>League of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nobel Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodes,_Fulbright_and_Schwarzman_scholarships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodes,_Fulbright_and_Schwarzman_scholarships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Rhodes, Fulbright and Schwarzman scholarships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodes,_Fulbright_and_Schwarzman_scholarships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gandhi_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gandhi_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Gandhi Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gandhi_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Student Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_Peace_News_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_Peace_News_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Culture of Peace News Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_Peace_News_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sydney_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sydney_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Sydney Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sydney_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ideological beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideological_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideological beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideological_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pacifism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pacifism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_peace,_meditation_and_prayerfulness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_peace,_meditation_and_prayerfulness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inner peace, meditation and prayerfulness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_peace,_meditation_and_prayerfulness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-aggression_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-aggression_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Non-aggression principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-aggression_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satyagraha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satyagraha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Satyagraha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satyagraha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balance_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Balance of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeasement_and_deterrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeasement_and_deterrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Appeasement and deterrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeasement_and_deterrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaking_truth_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking_truth_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Speaking truth to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking_truth_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade_and_interdependence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_and_interdependence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Free trade and interdependence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_and_interdependence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_peace_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_peace_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Democratic peace theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_peace_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_peace_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_peace_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Territorial peace theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_peace_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim_peace_and_sustainable_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_peace_and_sustainable_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Interim peace and sustainable peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_peace_and_sustainable_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>War game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism_and_managed_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_and_managed_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Socialism and managed capitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_and_managed_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organization_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>International organization and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-national_solidarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-national_solidarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Trans-national solidarity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-national_solidarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies,_rankings,_and_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies,_rankings,_and_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Studies, rankings, and periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studies,_rankings,_and_periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studies, rankings, and periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies,_rankings,_and_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_and_conflict_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_and_conflict_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Peace and conflict studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_and_conflict_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_and_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_and_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Measurement and ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_and_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Long periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrede" title="Vrede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieden" title="Frieden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frieden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शांति – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शांति" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz" title="Paz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A0%DC%A1%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90)" title="ܫܠܡܐ (ܫܝܢܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܠܡܐ (ܫܝܢܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irini" title="Irini – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irini" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz" title="Paz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%27aguapy" title="Py'aguapy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Py'aguapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClh" title="Sülh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sülh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="باریش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باریش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="শান্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শান্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-p%C3%AAng" title="Hô-pêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-pêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Тыныслыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тыныслыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80" title="Мір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80" title="Мір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoninongan" title="Katoninongan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katoninongan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Мир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞི་བདེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞི་བདེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoc%27h" title="Peoc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Peoc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Энхэ тайбан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Энхэ тайбан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau" title="Pau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7" title="Тăнăç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăнăç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinaw" title="Kalinaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalinaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADr" title="Mír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5s" title="Pås – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pås" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugare" title="Rugare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rugare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heddwch" title="Heddwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heddwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhudoo" title="Suhudoo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Suhudoo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred" title="Fred – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fred" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سلام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سلام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridde" title="Fridde – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Fridde" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieden" title="Frieden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ειρήνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειρήνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz" title="Paz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco" title="Paco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas" title="Pas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake" title="Bake – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bake" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD" title="صلح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صلح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi" title="Santi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Santi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0ur" title="Friður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Friður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paix" title="Paix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frede" title="Frede – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frede" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2s" title="Pâs – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pâs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1in" title="Síocháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síocháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz" title="Paz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="શાંતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jij%E1%BB%8Dho" title="Jijọho – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Jijọho" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94" title="평화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խաղաղություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղաղություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शान्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शान्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappia" title="Kappia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kappia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdamaian" title="Perdamaian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdamaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace" title="Pace – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pace" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0ur" title="Friður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace" title="Pace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="שלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%8Bh%C9%A9z%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Laŋhɩzɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Laŋhɩzɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಶಾಂತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Мамырлыкъ – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Мамырлыкъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მშვიდობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მშვიდობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Бейбітшілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейбітшілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres" title="Kres – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahoro" title="Amahoro – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Amahoro" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amani" title="Amani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8_(eta_pasifik)" title="Lapè (eta pasifik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapè (eta pasifik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8" title="Pè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Ft%C3%AE" title="Aştî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aştî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesc_(situazion)" title="Pesc (situazion) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pesc (situazion)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A" title="ສັນຕິພາບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັນຕິພາບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miers" title="Miers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taika" title="Taika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraej" title="Vraej – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vraej" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax" title="Pax – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pax" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ke" title="Béke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Мир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandriam-pahalemana" title="Fandriam-pahalemana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandriam-pahalemana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സമാധാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമാധാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C4%8Bi" title="Paċi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Paċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="शांतता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शांतता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="თინჩალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თინჩალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%B2-b%C3%ACng" title="Huò-bìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huò-bìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A7" title="Paç – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrede" title="Vrede – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrede" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शान्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शान्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C" title="平和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Машар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Машар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frees" title="Frees – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred" title="Fred – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fred" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred" title="Fred – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fred" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patz" title="Patz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Patz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinchlik" title="Tinchlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tinchlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="امن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="سوله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piis" title="Piis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="សេរីភាព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សេរីភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8x" title="Pèx – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pèx" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas" title="Pas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freden" title="Freden – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Freden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%B3j_(polityka)" title="Pokój (polityka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pokój (polityka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz" title="Paz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreede" title="Vreede – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vreede" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace" title="Pace – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pace" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasch" title="Pasch – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pasch" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thak" title="Thak – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thak" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80" title="Мір – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мір" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Мирное время – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирное время" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Эйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghe" title="Paghe – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paghe" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqja" title="Paqja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paqja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paci" title="Paci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සාමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace" title="Peace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="امن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="امن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier" title="Mier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(dru%C5%BEbeno_stanje)" title="Mir (družbeno stanje) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mir (družbeno stanje)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabad" title="Nabad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئاشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Мир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauha" title="Rauha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred" title="Fred – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fred" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapayapaan" title="Kapayapaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapayapaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="அமைதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமைதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwit" title="Talwit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talwit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тынычлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тынычлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="శాంతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాంతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="สันติภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สันติภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D2%B3" title="Сулҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сулҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%9B_%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%92" title="ᎤᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Barış – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barış" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Мир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="امن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paze" title="Paze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh" title="Hòa bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hòa bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCd" title="Püd – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Püd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rahu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5ye" title="Påye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Påye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamurayaw" title="Kamurayaw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamurayaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="和平" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F" title="פרידן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרידן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="和平" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taika" title="Taika – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Taika" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="和平" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peace (disambiguation)">Peace (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Peacetime" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Peacetime_(album)" title="Peacetime (album)"><i>Peacetime</i> (album)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Peacetime_(film)" title="Peacetime (film)"><i>Peacetime</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_dove_(3329620077).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg/170px-Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg/255px-Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg/340px-Peace_dove_%283329620077%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peace_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace dove">Peace dove</a> statue in <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a> are the most common symbols associated with peace.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG/170px-Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG/255px-Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG/340px-Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_et_Ploutos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a>, goddess of peace in ancient Greek religion, with the infant <a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peace</b> is a state of harmony in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Societal" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal">societal</a> sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. </p><p>"Psychological peace" (such as peaceful thinking and emotions) is less well-defined, yet perhaps a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioural peace". Peaceful behaviour sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition". It has been argued by some that inner qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquility">tranquility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">patience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">kindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">moderation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">equanimity</a>, and the ability to see the big picture can promote peace within an individual, regardless of the external circumstances of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_frithu_sibb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Beowulf_-_frithu_sibb.jpg/220px-Beowulf_-_frithu_sibb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Beowulf_-_frithu_sibb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>Before the word 'peace' came into English lexicon, Anglo-Saxons used a phrase "<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">friðu sibb</i></span>" for "pledge of peace".</figcaption></figure> <p>The term 'peace' originates from the Anglo-French <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">pes</i></span>, and the Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">pais</i></span>, meaning "peace, reconciliation, silence, agreement" (11th century).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-French term <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">pes</i></span> itself comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pax</i></span>, meaning "peace, compact, agreement, treaty of peace, tranquility, absence of hostility, harmony." </p><p>The English word came into use in various personal greetings from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span> as a translation of the Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">shalom</a></i></span>, which, according to Jewish theology, comes from a Hebrew verb meaning 'to be complete, whole'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "peace" is the usual translation, it is an incomplete one, because <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shalom</i></span>, which is also cognate with the Arabic <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/S-L-M" class="mw-redirect" title="S-L-M">salaam</a></i></span>, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness, as well as simply the greetings, "hello" and "goodbye".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a personal level, peaceful behaviours are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others' beliefs and behaviors – tending to manifest goodwill. This understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being "at peace" in one's own mind, as found in European references from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>. The early English term is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that have an absence of quarreling, disturbances and agitation; but seek clarity of conversation, and tranquility. </p><p>In many languages, the word 'peace' is also used as a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/Aloha" title="Aloha">aloha</a></i></span>, as well as the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salaam</i></span>. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrases "<a href="/wiki/Rest_in_peace" title="Rest in peace">rest in peace</a>" or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peace_out" class="extiw" title="wikt:peace out">peace out</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg/280px-Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg/420px-Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseid coin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>), depicting the Lion and Bull — partly symbolizing alliance between Lydia and Greece, respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>Peace was forged through diplomacy in the form of royal marriages, both in the distant past and in modern times. Two early examples of royal marriages being used to establish diplomatic relations are <a href="/wiki/Hermodike_I" title="Hermodike I">Hermodike I</a>, who married the king of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> around 800 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hermodike_II" title="Hermodike II">Hermodike II</a>, who married the king of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> around 600 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both marriages involved Greek princesses from the house of <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> and kings from what is now Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriages between the Greek princesses and the kings of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> had a significant impact on the region, leading to the transfer of important technological innovations from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. In particular, the Phrygians introduced the Greek alphabet, while the Lydians pioneered the use of coinage as a form of currency. Both inventions were rapidly adopted by surrounding nations through further trade and cooperation. </p><p>Peace has not always been achieved through peaceful means; in many cases, it has been enforced by the victors of war, often through the use of violence and coercion. In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i>, the Roman historian Tacitus, writes passionately and critically about the greed and arrogance of the Roman Empire, portraying it as a ruthless and self-serving power. One, that Tacitus says is by the <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonian</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a>, ends with: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.</i></span>" ("To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace." —Oxford Revised Translation). </p><p>Discussion of peace is therefore at the same time an inquiry into its form. Is it simply the absence of mass organized killing (war), or does peace require a particular morality and justice? (<i>just peace</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societal peace can be seen at least in two forms: </p> <ol><li>A simple silence of arms, absence of war.</li> <li>Absence of war accompanied by particular requirements for the mutual settlement of relations, which are characterized by justice, mutual respect, respect for law, and good will.</li></ol> <p>Since 1945, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_prizes">Organizations and prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizations and prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">List of United Nations peacekeeping missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNpeacekeeping.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UNpeacekeeping.svg/390px-UNpeacekeeping.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UNpeacekeeping.svg/585px-UNpeacekeeping.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/UNpeacekeeping.svg/780px-UNpeacekeeping.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">United Nations peacekeeping missions</a>. Dark blue regions indicate current missions, while light blue regions represent former missions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. </p><p>After authorization by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>, the UN sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medals</a>, which are considered <a href="/wiki/International_decoration" title="International decoration">international decorations</a> instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police">Police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></div> <p>The obligation of the state to provide for domestic peace within its borders is usually charged to the police and other general domestic policing activities. The police are a constituted body of <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">persons</a> empowered by a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">enforce the law</a>, to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their powers include the power of arrest and the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> that are authorized to exercise the <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a> of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the military and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> are military units charged with civil policing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lioe_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lioe-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_security">National security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></div> <p>The national security apparatus of a nation is responsible for providing peace and security against foreign threats and aggression. National security can be threatened by a range of factors, including actions by other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as terrorist attacks), organized criminal groups (such as narcotic cartels), and natural disasters (such as floods and earthquakes).<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: v, 1–8">: v, 1–8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and marginalisation, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">political exclusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the wide range of risks, the preservation of peace and the security of a nation state have several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Nations">League of Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: League of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal forerunner of the United Nations was the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. It was created at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>, and emerged from the advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and other idealists during World War I. The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919, and the League was based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> until its dissolution as a result of World War II and replacement by the United Nations. The high hopes widely held for the League in the 1920s, for example amongst members of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Union" title="League of Nations Union">League of Nations Union</a>, gave way to widespread disillusion in the 1930s as the League struggled to respond to challenges from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan. </p><p>The prominent scholar, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eckhard_Zimmern" title="Alfred Eckhard Zimmern">Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern</a>, who is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the League of Nations, drew inspiration for his studies from the classics, along with other British scholars such as Gilbert Murray and Florence Stawell. This group of scholars is often referred to as the "Greece and peace" set, due to their shared interest in ancient Greek civilization and the promotion of peace. </p><p>The creation of the League of Nations, and the hope for informed public opinion on international issues (expressed for example by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_Democratic_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union for Democratic Control (page does not exist)">Union for Democratic Control</a> during World War I), also saw the creation after World War I of bodies dedicated to understanding international affairs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> in New York and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of International Affairs">Royal Institute of International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> in London. At the same time, the academic study of international relations started to professionalise, with the creation of the first professorship of international politics, named for Woodrow Wilson, at <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, Wales, in 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_Games">Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 19th century idealist advocacy of peace which led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarships" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholarships">Rhodes Scholarships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, also saw the re-emergence of the ancient Olympic ideal. Led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, this culminated in the holding in 1896 of the first of the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nobel Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/170px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/255px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/340px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize has been the world's most prestigious honor given to individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to peace. The prize is awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>, a group of five individuals chosen by the Norwegian parliament. Nominees for the prize come from around the world, and are often those who have worked to end conflict, protect human rights, or promote humanitarian efforts. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodes,_Fulbright_and_Schwarzman_scholarships"><span id="Rhodes.2C_Fulbright_and_Schwarzman_scholarships"></span>Rhodes, Fulbright and Schwarzman scholarships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rhodes, Fulbright and Schwarzman scholarships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In creating the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarships" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholarships">Rhodes Scholarships</a> for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> wrote in 1901 that 'the object is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and became prominent again in recent years under Warden of the Rhodes House <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a historian of thought about the causes of war and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision greatly influenced Senator <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> in the goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzman_Scholars" title="Schwarzman Scholars">Schwarzman Scholars</a> to China created by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen A. Schwarzman</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gandhi_Peace_Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gandhi Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohandas_K._Gandhi,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg/170px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg/255px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg/340px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="3625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, is awarded annually by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. It was launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_Peace_Prize">Student Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Student Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Student_Peace_Prize" title="Student Peace Prize">Student Peace Prize</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Student_Peace_Prize" title="Student Peace Prize">Student Peace Prize</a> is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize">Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize">Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Peace_Prize" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize">Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize</a>, is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual's or an organisation's contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The prize was first launched in 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim Peace Prize Committee under the directive of the <a href="/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">caliph</a> of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_of_Peace_News_Network">Culture of Peace News Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture of Peace News Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace_News_Network" title="Culture of Peace News Network">Culture of Peace News Network</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace_News_Network" title="Culture of Peace News Network">Culture of Peace News Network</a>, otherwise known simply as <a href="/wiki/CPNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CPNN">CPNN</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> authorized interactive online news network, committed to supporting the global movement for a culture of peace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/220px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/330px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/440px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbows">Rainbows</a> are often used as a symbol of harmony and peace.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sydney_Peace_Prize">Sydney Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sydney Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year in the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation presents the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize" title="Sydney Peace Prize">Sydney Peace Prize</a>. The Sydney Peace Prize is awarded to an organization or an individual whose life and work has demonstrated significant contributions to:<br /> The achievement of peace with justice locally, nationally or internationally<br /> The promotion and attainment of human rights<br /> The philosophy, language and practice of non-violence </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peace_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace museums">Peace museums</a></div> <p>A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiatives. Many provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at the personal, regional or international level. </p><p>Smaller institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bourne_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Randolph Bourne Institute">Randolph Bourne Institute</a>, the McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building and the <a href="/wiki/International_Festival_of_Peace_Poetry" title="International Festival of Peace Poetry">International Festival of Peace Poetry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs <span class="anchor" id="Religion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including conflicts between, among, and within persons and societies. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek-speaking areas</a>, the virtue of peace was personified as the goddess <a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Latin-speaking areas</a> as the goddess <a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a>. Her image was typically represented by ancient sculptors as a full-grown woman, usually with a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">horn of plenty</a> and scepter and sometimes with a torch or <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive leaves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, who believe <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a> called <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> (meaning Anointed One),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interpret <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%209:6&version=nrsv">Isaiah 9:6</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_messianic_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian messianic prophecies">messianic prophecy</a> of Jesus in which he is called the "<a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Prince of Peace</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zechariah</a> celebrates his son <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a>: "And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins. By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">testimony of peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Churches">Peace Churches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> Christian tradition (such as the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>), as well Holiness Methodist Pacifists (such as the <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Missionary_Church" title="Immanuel Missionary Church">Immanuel Missionary Church</a>), practice <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> and do not participate in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, numerous pontifical documents on the Holy Rosary document a continuity of views of the Popes to have confidence in the Holy <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> as a means to foster peace. In the Encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mense_maio" title="Mense maio">Mense maio</a></i>, 1965, in which he urged the practice of the Holy Rosary, and as reaffirmed in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Christi_Matri" title="Christi Matri">Christi Matri</a></i>, 1966, to implore peace, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> stated in the apostolic <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19691007_recurrens-mensis-october.html">Recurrens mensis</a></i>, October 1969, that the Rosary is a prayer that favors the great gift of peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> texts contain the following passages: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>May there be peace in the heavens, peace in the atmosphere, peace on the earth. Let there be coolness in the water, healing in the herbs and peace radiating from the trees. Let there be harmony in the planets and in the stars, and perfection in eternal knowledge. May everything in the universe be at peace. Let peace pervade everywhere, at all times. May I experience that peace within my own heart.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a> 36.17</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let us have concord with our own people, and concord with people who are strangers to us. Ashwins (Celestial Twins) create between us and the strangers a unity of hearts. May we unite in our minds, unite in our purposes, and not fight against the heavenly spirit within us. Let not the battle-cry rise amidst many slain, nor the arrows of the war-god fall with the break of day</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yajur Veda 7.52</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A superior being does not render evil for evil. This is a maxim one should observe... One should never harm the wicked or the good or even animals meriting death. A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who enjoy injuring others or cruel deeds... Who is without fault?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The chariot that leads to victory is of another kind. </p><p>Valour and fortitude are its wheels; Truthfulness and virtuous conduct are its banner; Strength, discretion, self-restraint and benevolence are its four horses, Harnessed with the cords of forgiveness, compassion and equanimity... </p><p> Whoever has this righteous chariot, has no enemy to conquer anywhere.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Valmiki, Ramayana</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> believe that peace is attained by ending pain and suffering. They regard pain and suffering is stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), and delusions and suffering is attachments to outcomes. To eliminate such pain and suffering and achieve personal peace, followers in the path of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> adhere to a set of teachings called the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> derived from the root word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salam</i></span> which literally means peace. <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> states "those who believe and whose hearts find comfort in the remembrance of Allah. Surely in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find comfort."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stated "O believers! When you are told to make room in gatherings, then do so. Allah will make room for you ˹in His grace˺. And if you are told to rise, then do so. Allah will elevate those of you who are faithful, and ˹raise˺ those gifted with knowledge in rank. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Judaic tradition associates God with peace, as evidenced by various principles and laws in Judaism. </p><p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">Shalom</a></i></span>, the biblical and modern Hebrew word for peace, is one of the names for God according to the Judaic law and tradition. For instance, in traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, individuals are prohibited from saying "<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shalom</i></span>" when they are in the bathroom as there is a prohibition on uttering any of God's names in the bathroom, out of respect for the divine name. </p><p>Jewish liturgy and prayer is replete with prayers asking God to establish peace in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">שמונה עשרה</a>, a key prayer in Judaism that is recited three times each day, concludes with a blessing for peace. The last blessing of the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">שמונה עשרה</a>, also known as the Amida ("standing" as the prayer is said while standing), is focused on peace, beginning and ending with supplications for peace and blessings. </p><p>Peace is central to Judaism's core principle of <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">מָשִׁיחַ</a> ("messiah") which connotes a time of universal peace and abundance, a time where weapons will be turned into plowshares and lions will sleep with lambs. As it is written in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They shall beat their <a href="/wiki/Swords_to_plowshares" class="mw-redirect" title="Swords to plowshares">swords into plowshares</a> and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift sword against nation and they will no longer study warfare.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1002.htm#4">Isaiah 2:4</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The wolf will live with the lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them. The cow will feed with the bear, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. The infant will play near the hole of the cobra, and the young child put his hand into the viper's nest. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1011.htm#6">Isaiah 11:6–9</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This last metaphor from <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew bible) symbolizes the peace by which a longed-for messianic age will be characterized, a peace in which natural enemies, the strong and the weak, predator and prey, will live in harmony. </p><p>Jews pray for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messianic</a> age of peace every day in the מָשִׁיחַ, in addition to faith in the coming of the messianic age constituting one of the thirteen core principles of faith in Judaism, according to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_beliefs">Ideological beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ideological beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pacifism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/170px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/255px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/340px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>A peace sign, which is widely associated with pacifism</figcaption></figure> <p>Pacifism is the categorical opposition to the behaviors of war or violence as a means of settling disputes or of gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should all be resolved via peaceful behaviors; to calls for the abolition of various organizations which tend to institutionalize aggressive behaviors, such as the military, or arms manufacturers; to opposition to any organization of society that might rely in any way upon governmental force. Groups that sometimes oppose the governmental use of force include <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a>. Absolute pacifism opposes violent behavior under all circumstance, including defense of self and others. </p><p>Pacifism may be based on moral principles (a <a href="/wiki/Deontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological">deontological</a> view) or pragmatism (a <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentialist">consequentialist</a> view). Principled pacifism holds that all forms of violent behavior are inappropriate responses to conflict, and are morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and inter-personal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_peace,_meditation_and_prayerfulness"><span id="Inner_peace.2C_meditation_and_prayerfulness"></span>Inner peace, meditation and prayerfulness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inner peace, meditation and prayerfulness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg/170px-Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg/255px-Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg/340px-Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist monk during meditation near <a href="/wiki/Phu_Soi_Dao_National_Park" title="Phu Soi Dao National Park">Phu Soidao National Park</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Psychological or inner peace (i.e. peace of mind) refers to a state of being internally or spiritually at peace, with sufficient clarity of knowledge and understanding to remain calm in the face of apparent discord, stress and discomfort. Being internally "at peace" is considered to be a healthy playable mental state, a <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> of emotions and to be the opposite of feeling stressful, mentally anxious, or emotionally unstable. Within meditative traditions, the achievement of "peace of mind" is often associated with bliss and happiness. </p><p>Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some meditative traditions, inner peace is believed to be a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various types of meditation, prayer, <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a>, yoga, or other various types of mental or physical disciplines. Many such practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself. An emphasis on finding inner peace is often associated with traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and some traditional Christian contemplative practices such as <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as with the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-aggression_principle">Non-aggression principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-aggression principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-aggression principle</a> asserts that aggression against an individual or an individual's property is always an immoral violation of life, liberty, and property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing deceit instead of consent to achieve ends is also a violation of the Non-Aggression Principle. Therefore, under the framework of this principle, rape, murder, deception, involuntary taxation, government regulation, and other behaviors that initiate aggression against otherwise peaceful individuals are considered violations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle is most commonly adhered to by <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a>. A common elevator pitch for this principle is, "Good ideas don't require force."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Satyagraha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg/170px-Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg/255px-Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg/340px-Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._at_a_civil_rights_march_on_Washington_D.C._in_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>, and Mathew Ahmann, executive director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, at a civil rights march on Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Satyagraha is a philosophy and practice of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a>. He deployed satyagraha techniques in campaigns for <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a> and also during his earlier struggles in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p>The word <i>satyagraha</i> itself was coined through a public contest that Gandhi sponsored through the newspaper he published in South Africa, <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></i>, when he realized that neither the common, contemporary Hindu language nor the English language contained a word which fully expressed his own meanings and intentions when he talked about his nonviolent approaches to conflict. According to Gandhi's autobiography, the contest winner was Maganlal Gandhi (presumably no relation), who submitted the entry 'sadagraha', which Gandhi then modified to 'satyagraha'. Etymologically, this Hindic word means 'truth-firmness', and is commonly translated as 'steadfastness in the truth' or 'truth-force'. </p><p>Satyagraha theory also influenced <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, and others during the campaigns they led during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States. The theory of satyagraha sees means and ends as inseparable. Therefore, it is contradictory to try to use violence to obtain peace. As Gandhi wrote: "They say, 'means are, after all, means'. I would say, 'means are, after all, everything'. As the means so the end..."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quote sometimes attributed to Gandhi, but also to <a href="/wiki/A._J._Muste" title="A. J. Muste">A. J. Muste</a>, sums it up: "There is no way to peace; peace is the way".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are monuments to peace: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Organization </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Metal_Colossi" title="Twelve Metal Colossi">Twelve Metal Colossi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </td> <td>Following the <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin universal conquest</a> and symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Sinica" title="Pax Sinica">universal pacification</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">First Emperor</a> collected all metal weapons of former <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> as no longer necessary and melted them into twelve statues and bells.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>No illustrations have survived </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> </td> <td>The monument of peace was preferred over the traditional triumphal arch as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> emphasized the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">universal peace</a> over Roman military victory. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Heritage_Village" title="Mennonite Heritage Village">Dirk Willems Peace Garden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steinbach,_Manitoba" title="Steinbach, Manitoba">Steinbach, Manitoba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Heritage_Village" title="Mennonite Heritage Village">Mennonite Heritage Village</a> </td> <td>A peace garden telling the story of <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a>; a place for reflection and contemplation on what it means to live a life of radical peacemaking. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_of_Peace" title="Japanese Garden of Peace">Japanese Garden of Peace</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg, Texas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Pacific_War" title="National Museum of the Pacific War">National Museum of the Pacific War</a> </td> <td>A gift from the people of Japan to the people of the United States, presented to honor <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a> and created as a respite from the intensity of violence, destruction, and loss. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg/100px-Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg/150px-Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg/200px-Japanese_Garden_Of_Peace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, NY </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </td> <td>World peace </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG/100px-Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG/150px-Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG/200px-Japanese_Peace_Bell_of_United_Nations.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Time" title="Fountain of Time">Fountain of Time</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, IL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Park_District" title="Chicago Park District">Chicago Park District</a> </td> <td>100 years of peace between the US and UK </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg/100px-Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg/150px-Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg/200px-Fountain_of_Time_front1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredensborg_Palace" title="Fredensborg Palace">Fredensborg Palace</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredensborg" title="Fredensborg">Fredensborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV</a> </td> <td>The peace between <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> which was signed 3 July 1720 on the site of the unfinished palace. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG/100px-Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG/150px-Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG/200px-Fredensborg_Slot_124.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Garden" title="International Peace Garden">International Peace Garden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td>non-profit organization </td> <td>Peace between the US and Canada, World peace </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg/100px-2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg/150px-2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg/200px-2009-0521-CDNtrip003-PeaceGarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2660" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peace_Arch" title="Peace Arch">Peace Arch</a> </td> <td>border between US and Canada, near <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, British Columbia</a>. </td> <td>non-profit organization </td> <td>Built to honour the first 100 years of peace between <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> resulting from the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> in 1814. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Arch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peace_Arch.JPG/100px-Peace_Arch.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peace_Arch.JPG/150px-Peace_Arch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peace_Arch.JPG/200px-Peace_Arch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="3130" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Stupa,_Pokhara" title="Shanti Stupa, Pokhara">Shanti Stupa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga" title="Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga">Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga</a> </td> <td>One of eighty <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda" title="Peace Pagoda">Peace Pagodas</a> in the World. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Europe" title="Statue of Europe">Statue of Europe</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> </td> <td>Unity in Peace in Europe </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Europe-(Unity-in-Peace).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg/100px-Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg/150px-Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Europe-%28Unity-in-Peace%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterton-Glacier_International_Peace_Park" title="Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park">Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td>non-profit organization </td> <td>World Peace </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg/100px-GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg/150px-GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg/200px-GlacierNP_L7_20010701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies#Conceptions_of_peace" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies § Conceptions of peace</a></div> <p>Many different theories of "peace" exist in the world of <a href="/wiki/Peace_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace studies">peace studies</a>, which involves the study of de-escalation, conflict transformation, disarmament, and cessation of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The definition of "peace" can vary with religion, culture, or subject of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_of_power">Balance of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Balance of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power (international relations)</a></div> <p>The classical "realist" position is that the key to promoting order between states, and so of increasing the chances of peace, is the maintenance of a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> between states – a situation where no state is so dominant that it can "lay down the law to the rest". Exponents of this view have included <a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>. A related approach – more in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> than <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> – was articulated by the so-called "<a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school of international relations theory</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Martin Wight</a> in his book <i>Power Politics</i> (1946, 1978) and <a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a> in <i>The Anarchical Society</i> (1977). </p><p>As the maintenance of a balance of power could in some circumstances require a willingness to go to war, some critics saw the idea of a balance of power as promoting war rather than promoting peace. This was a radical critique of those supporters of the Allied and Associated Powers who justified entry into World War I on the grounds that it was necessary to preserve the balance of power in Europe from a German bid for <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. </p><p>In the second half of the 20th century, and especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a particular form of balance of power – mutual nuclear deterrence – emerged as a widely held doctrine on the key to peace between the great powers. Critics argued that the development of nuclear stockpiles increased the chances of war rather than peace, and that the "nuclear umbrella" made it "safe" for smaller wars (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the Soviet invasion of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>), so making such wars more likely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeasement_and_deterrence">Appeasement and deterrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Appeasement and deterrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a> is a strategy to achieve peace by making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a> is a strategy to achieve peace by using threats or limited force to <a href="/wiki/Coercive_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive diplomacy">dissuade</a> an actor from escalating conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically because the prospective attacker believes that the probability of success is low and the costs of attack are high.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Civil rights leaders (including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>) meeting with President John F. Kennedy during the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">1963 March on Washington</a> is an example of the "<a href="/wiki/Speaking_truth_to_power" title="Speaking truth to power">speaking truth to power</a>" peace tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking_truth_to_power">Speaking truth to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Speaking truth to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speaking_truth_to_power" title="Speaking truth to power">Speaking truth to power</a></div> <p>Speaking truth to power is a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> political tactic, employed by <a href="/wiki/Dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissidents">dissidents</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Received_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Received wisdom">received wisdom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> of governments they regard as oppressive, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">ideocracy</a>. Practitioners who have campaigned for a more just and truthful world have included <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Havel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclav Havel">Vaclav Havel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Desmond Tutu">Archbishop Desmond Tutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Khan">Bacha Khan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase originated with a pamphlet, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee#History" title="American Friends Service Committee">Speak Truth to Power: a Quaker Search for an Alternative to Violence</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> in 1955. A contributor of the pamphlet's contents was civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade_and_interdependence">Free trade and interdependence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Free trade and interdependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Doux_commerce" title="Doux commerce">Doux commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_economics" title="Peace economics">Peace economics</a></div> <p>It was a central tenet of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, for example among English liberal thinkers of the late 19th and early 20th century, that free trade promoted peace. For example, the Cambridge economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1883–1946) said that he was "brought up" on this idea and held it unquestioned until at least the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a> in the decades leading up to World War I, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a> argued that the growth of economic interdependence between the great powers made war between them futile and therefore unlikely. He made this argument in 1913. A year later Europe's economically interconnected states were embroiled in what would later become known as the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_peace_theory">Democratic peace theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Democratic peace theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">democratic peace theory</a> posits that democracy causes peace (between democracies) because of the accountability, institutions, values, and norms of democratic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegre2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegre2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_peace_theory">Territorial peace theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Territorial peace theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">territorial peace theory</a> posits that peace causes democracy because territorial wars between neighbor countries lead to authoritarian attitudes and disregard for democratic values.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is supported by historical studies showing that countries rarely become democratic until after their borders have been settled by territorial peace with neighbor countries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interim_peace_and_sustainable_peace">Interim peace and sustainable peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Interim peace and sustainable peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concepts of "interim peace" and "sustainable peace" have been proposed in scholarly discussions to evaluate the nature and longevity of peace agreements. Interim peace refers to a temporary cessation of hostilities achieved through coerced agreements, often characterized by immediate compliance to avoid further conflict, even under the threat of force. While such peace may halt violence temporarily, it often lacks the foundational elements necessary to ensure long-term stability and acceptance by all parties. In contrast, sustainable peace is achieved through agreements that address the root causes of conflict and are negotiated without coercion, ensuring fairness and the voluntary participation of all stakeholders. Sustainable peace requires incorporating long-term considerations, such as human security, equity, and the acknowledgment of local populations’ needs. This approach emphasizes treaties free from fear or imminent destruction, fostering conditions for enduring stability and justice over time. These concepts have been explored through case studies such as the Mosul Vilayet arbitration, which illustrates the difficulties in transitioning from interim peace to sustainable peace in historically contentious regions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_game">War game</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: War game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_war_game" title="Peace war game">Peace war game</a></div> <p>The <i>Peace and War Game</i> is an approach in <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> to understand the relationship between peace and conflicts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iterated_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterated game">iterated game</a> hypotheses was originally used by academic groups and <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a> to study possible strategies of <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As peace makers became richer over time, it became clear that making war had greater costs than initially anticipated. One of the well studied <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategies</a> that acquired wealth more rapidly was based on <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, i.e. a constant aggressor making war continually to gain resources. This led, in contrast, to the development of what's known as the "provokable nice guy <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a>", a peace-maker until attacked, improved upon merely to win by occasional forgiveness even when attacked. By adding the results of all pairwise games for each player, one sees that multiple players gain wealth cooperating with each other while bleeding a constantly aggressive player.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_and_managed_capitalism">Socialism and managed capitalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Socialism and managed capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socialist, communist, and left-wing liberal writers of the 19th and 20th centuries (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.A. Hobson">J.A. Hobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(politician)" title="John Strachey (politician)">John Strachey</a>) argued that capitalism caused war (e.g. through promoting imperial or other economic rivalries that lead to international conflict). This led some to argue that international socialism was the key to peace. </p><p>However, in response to such writers in the 1930s who argued that capitalism caused war, the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1883–1946) argued that managed capitalism could promote peace. This involved international coordination of fiscal/monetary policies, an international monetary system that did not pit the interests of countries against each other, and a high degree of freedom of trade. These ideas underlay Keynes's work during World War II that led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> at <a href="/wiki/Breton_Woods,_New_Jersey" title="Breton Woods, New Jersey">Bretton Woods</a> in 1944, and later of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (subsequently the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organization_and_law">International organization and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: International organization and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most influential theories of peace, especially since <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> led the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919, is that peace will be advanced if the intentional anarchy of states is replaced through the growth of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> promoted and enforced through international organizations such as the League of Nations, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and other functional international organizations. One of the most important early exponents of this view was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Eckhart_Zimmern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Eckhart Zimmern (page does not exist)">Alfred Eckhart Zimmern</a>, for example in his 1936 book <i>The League of Nations and the Rule of Law</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-national_solidarity">Trans-national solidarity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Trans-national solidarity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg/166px-Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg/249px-Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg/332px-Peace_Steps_on_Social_Movilitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="5018" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war activist</a> with a homemade costume during an event in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, 2020</figcaption></figure><p>Many "idealist" thinkers about international relations – e.g. in the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> – have argued that the key to peace is the growth of some form of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> between peoples (or classes of people) spanning the lines of cleavage between nations or states that lead to war.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One version of this is the idea of promoting international understanding between nations through the international mobility of students – an idea most powerfully advanced by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarships" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholarships">Rhodes Scholarships</a>, and his successors such as <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory is that peace can be developed among countries on the basis of active management of water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Day">Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="World Peace Day">World Peace Day</a>, celebrated on 21 September, was founded as a day to recognize, honour and promote peace.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commemorated each year by United Nations members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies,_rankings,_and_periods"><span id="Studies.2C_rankings.2C_and_periods"></span>Studies, rankings, and periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Studies, rankings, and periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_and_conflict_studies">Peace and conflict studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Peace and conflict studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/260px-Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/390px-Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/520px-Peace-and-Prosperity-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <i>Peace and Prosperity</i> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a>, Library of Congress <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Peace and conflict studies</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic field">academic field</a> which identifies and analyses <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> behaviours, as well as the structural mechanisms attending violent and non-violent <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflicts</a>. This is to better understand the processes leading to a more desirable <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One variation, <i>Peace studies</i> (<a href="/wiki/Irenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenology">irenology</a>), is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> effort aiming at the prevention, <a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">de-escalation</a>, and solution of conflicts. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">war studies</a> (polemology), directed at the efficient attainment of victory in conflicts. Disciplines involved may include <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a>, as well as a variety of other disciplines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_and_ranking">Measurement and ranking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Measurement and ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although peace is widely perceived as something intangible, various organizations have been making efforts to quantify and measure it. <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">The Global Peace Index</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">the Institute for Economics and Peace</a> is a known effort to evaluate peacefulness in countries based on 23 indicators of the absence of violence and absence of the fear of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 edition of the Index ranked 163 countries on their internal and external levels of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world while Syria is the least peaceful one.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> (formerly known as the Failed States Index) created by the <a href="/wiki/Fund_for_Peace" title="Fund for Peace">Fund for Peace</a> focuses on risk for instability or violence in 178 nations. This index measures how fragile a state is by 12 indicators and subindicators that evaluate aspects of politics, social economy, and military facets in countries.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 Failed State Index reports that the most fragile nation is South Sudan, and the least fragile one is Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a> publishes the Peace and Conflict Instability Ledger in order to measure peace. It grades 163 countries with 5 indicators, and pays the most attention to risk of political instability or armed conflict over a three-year period. The most recent ledger shows that the most peaceful country is Slovenia on the contrary Afghanistan is the most conflicted nation. Besides indicated above reports from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">Institute for Economics and Peace</a>, Fund for Peace, and University of Maryland, other organizations including George Mason University release indexes that rank countries in terms of peacefulness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_periods">Long periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Long periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">List of periods of regional peace</a></div> <p>The longest continuing period of peace and neutrality among currently existing states is observed in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> since 1814 and in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, which has had an official policy of neutrality since 1815. This was made possible partly by the periods of relative peace in Europe and the world known as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a> (1815–1914), <a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a> (since 1950s), and <a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a> (also since the 1950s). </p><p>Other examples of long periods of peace are: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>) in Japan 1603 to 1868 (265 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Khazarica" title="Pax Khazarica">Pax Khazarica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khanate">Khazar Khanate</a> (south-east Turkey) about 700–950 <span title="Common Era">CE</span> (250 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> in the Roman empire (for 190 or 206 years).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">Anti-war</a> – Social movement opposed to a nation's status of armed conflict<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_peace_traditions" title="Catholic peace traditions">Catholic peace traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone (international relations)</a> – State between peace and war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_International_Perspectives_on_Governmental_Aggression_and_Peace" title="Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace">Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace</a> – Peace organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_syncretism" title="Moral syncretism">Moral syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a> – Approach to nonviolence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> – Principle or practice of not causing harm to others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a> – Interdisciplinary approach to pedagogy of violent conflict and social injustice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a> – Concept in Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Journalism">Peace Journalism</a> – Style and theory of reporting<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_makers" title="Peace makers">Peace makers</a> – individuals who engage in peacemaking<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a> – Nonprofit organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> – International law administrative building in The Hague, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace symbol">Peace symbol</a> – Symbols to promote peace<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual peace">Perpetual peace</a> – 1795 book by Immanuel Kant<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_Peace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prayer for Peace (disambiguation)">Prayer for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a> – Form of violence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulh" title="Sulh">Sulh</a> – Arabic term used in Islamic jurisprudence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_the_other_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a> – Phrase from the Sermon on the Mount in Christian doctrine<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a> – Person who resists war</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226052729/https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/un-logo-and-flag/index.html">"UN Logo and Flag"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/un-logo-and-flag/index.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=UN+Logo+and+Flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fabout-un%2Fun-logo-and-flag%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924224523/https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/idp-2020-poster-en-print-pro.pdf">"International Day of Peace 2020 Poster"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UN.org</i>. United Nations. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+and+Responsibilities+of+the+Police&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Policy+Studies+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Farchivepdfs%2FRole%2520pol%2FINDPOL-0.P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lioe-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lioe_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLioe2010" class="citation book cs1">Lioe, Kim Eduard (3 December 2010). <i>Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective</i> (1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15433-1"><bdi>978-3-642-15433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Forces+in+Law+Enforcement+Operations%3F+%E2%80%93+The+German+and+European+Perspective&rft.pages=52-57&rft.edition=1989&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.isbn=978-3-642-15433-1&rft.aulast=Lioe&rft.aufirst=Kim+Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romm_1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomm1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Romm">Romm, Joseph J.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shxDOnuVcyYC"><i>Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects</i></a>. Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-135-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+national+security%3A+the+nonmilitary+aspects&rft.series=Pew+Project+on+America%27s+Task+in+a+Changed+World+%28Pew+Project+Series%29&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-135-7&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshxDOnuVcyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, P (2010). <i>Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century</i> (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745329376" title="Special:BookSources/9780745329376"><bdi>9780745329376</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/658007519">658007519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+control+%3A+global+security+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F658007519&rft.isbn=9780745329376&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033111/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html">"Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excerpt+from+the+Will+of+Alfred+Nobel&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2Fwill%2Fshort_testamente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609195112/http://files.rhodes.gethifi.com/Ottawa_September_2011_To_render_war_impossible.pdf">"To 'render war impossible': the Rhodes Scholarships, educational relations between countries, and peace"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.rhodes.gethifi.com/Ottawa_September_2011_To_render_war_impossible.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+%27render+war+impossible%27%3A+the+Rhodes+Scholarships%2C+educational+relations+between+countries%2C+and+peace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.rhodes.gethifi.com%2FOttawa_September_2011_To_render_war_impossible.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/cecil-rhodess-vision-of-peace-highlighted">Cecil Rhodes's goal of Scholarships promoting peace highlighted – The Rhodes Scholarships</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922131706/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/cecil-rhodess-vision-of-peace-highlighted">Archived</a> 22 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Various materials on peace by Warden of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_House" title="Rhodes House">Rhodes House</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a> in Markwell, <i>"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education</i>. Connor Court, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf">http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922110514/http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf">Archived</a> 22 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922150243/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/honouring-j-william-fulbright">"Honouring J. William Fulbright - the Rhodes Scholarships"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/honouring-j-william-fulbright">the original</a> on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honouring+J.+William+Fulbright+-+the+Rhodes+Scholarships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fhonouring-j-william-fulbright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., "The Rhodes Scholarships of China" in <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, <i>"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education</i>, Connor Court, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner" class="citation web cs1">Benner, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201839/http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/27_messiah.html">"Ancient Hebrew Word Meanings: Messiah ~ meshi'ahh"</a>. <i>Ancient Hebrew Research Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/27_messiah.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Hebrew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew+Word+Meanings%3A+Messiah+~+meshi%27ahh&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-hebrew.org%2F27_messiah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For a child has been born for us, a son given to us; authority rests upon his shoulders; and he is named Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, <i>Prince of Peace</i>." [New Revised Standard Version]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:76–79&version=nrsv">Luke 1:76–79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeamanPipkin2013" class="citation book cs1">Beaman, Jay; Pipkin, Brian K. (2013). <i>Pentecostal and Holiness Statements on War and Peace</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610979085" title="Special:BookSources/9781610979085"><bdi>9781610979085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecostal+and+Holiness+Statements+on+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781610979085&rft.aulast=Beaman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Pipkin%2C+Brian+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mennoniteusa.org/who-are-mennonites/what-we-believe/confession-of-faith/peace-justice-and-nonresistance/">"Article 22. Peace, Justice, and Nonresistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_USA" title="Mennonite Church USA">Mennonite Church USA</a>. 2 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204515/https://www.mennoniteusa.org/who-are-mennonites/what-we-believe/confession-of-faith/peace-justice-and-nonresistance/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+22.+Peace%2C+Justice%2C+and+Nonresistance&rft.pub=Mennonite+Church+USA&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mennoniteusa.org%2Fwho-are-mennonites%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fconfession-of-faith%2Fpeace-justice-and-nonresistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/13?startingVerse=28">13:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/58?startingVerse=11">58:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn2006" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Bernard (2006). <i>Essential Writings of Christian Mysticism</i>. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Writings+of+Christian+Mysticism&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman2015" class="citation web cs1">Richman, Sheldon (29 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2015/03/29/how-many-rights/">"For Libertarians, There Is Only One Fundamental Right"</a>. <i>Reason</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308222328/https://reason.com/2015/03/29/how-many-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=For+Libertarians%2C+There+Is+Only+One+Fundamental+Right&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2015%2F03%2F29%2Fhow-many-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2015" class="citation web cs1">Vance, Laurence M. (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/the-morality-of-libertarianism/">"The Morality of Libertarianism"</a>. <i>The Future of Freedom Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724215144/https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/the-morality-of-libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Morality+of+Libertarianism&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Fexplore-freedom%2Farticle%2Fthe-morality-of-libertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock" class="citation web cs1">Block, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">"The Non-Aggression Axiom of Libertarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724215144/https://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Non-Aggression+Axiom+of+Libertarianism&rft.pub=Lew+Rockwell&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Fblock%2Fblock26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopik2021" class="citation web cs1">Popik, Barry (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/good_ideas_dont_require_force">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Good ideas don't require force"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Big Apple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151437/https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/good_ideas_dont_require_force">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Apple&rft.atitle=%22Good+ideas+don%27t+require+force%22&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft.aulast=Popik&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrypopik.com%2Findex.php%2Fnew_york_city%2Fentry%2Fgood_ideas_dont_require_force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhuRao1967" class="citation cs2">Prabhu, R.K.; Rao, U.R., eds. (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001300/http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap45.htm">"The Gospel Of Sarvodaya"</a>, <i>The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi</i> (Revised ed.), Ahemadabad, India, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap45.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+Of+Sarvodaya&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.place=Ahemadabad%2C+India&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi.org%2Fmomgandhi%2Fchap45.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner2020" class="citation book cs1">Elsner, Jaś (22 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_7-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Figurines: Figuration and the Sense of Scale</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886109-6"><bdi>978-0-19-886109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Figurines%3A+Figuration+and+the+Sense+of+Scale&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886109-6&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=Ja%C5%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_7-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ara-pacis-augustae-cti1941.jpg">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ara-pacis-augustae-cti1941.jpg</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this image file is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL image file</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022225012/http://einaudi.cornell.edu/PeaceProgram/">"Peace Studies Program"</a>. <i>Cornell University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/peaceprogram/">the original</a> on 22 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University&rft.atitle=Peace+Studies+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einaudi.cornell.edu%2Fpeaceprogram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404054019/http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/appeasement.html">"Appeasement - World War 2 on History"</a>. <i>www.history.co.uk</i>. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history.co.uk&rft.atitle=Appeasement+-+World+War+2+on+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Fexplore-history%2Fww2%2Fappeasement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1977" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNreAAAAMAAJ"><i>Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-0819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-0819-2"><bdi>978-0-8039-0819-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051622/https://books.google.com/books?id=aNreAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterrence%3A+A+Conceptual+Analysis&rft.pages=26-30&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-0819-2&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNreAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer1983" class="citation book cs1">Mearsheimer, John J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2"><i>Conventional Deterrence</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1325-5"><bdi>978-1-5017-1325-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2">10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405171209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conventional+Deterrence&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61v2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1325-5&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubrin" class="citation web cs1">Dubrin, Doug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/history/dream2_8-20.html">"The March on Washington and Its Impact"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109190937/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/history/dream2_8-20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+March+on+Washington+and+Its+Impact&rft.aulast=Dubrin&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fextra%2Fteachers%2Flessonplans%2Fhistory%2Fdream2_8-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2013" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Alan (28 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/civil-rights/319011--an-important-goal-of-the-1963-march-on-washington-remains-unfulfilled">"An important goal of the 1963 March on Washington remains unfulfilled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=An+important+goal+of+the+1963+March+on+Washington+remains+unfulfilled&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fcongress-blog%2Fcivil-rights%2F319011--an-important-goal-of-the-1963-march-on-washington-remains-unfulfilled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havel, Václav; et al. (1985). Keane, John, ed. The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the state in central-eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87332-761-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87332-761-6">0-87332-761-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nan Richardson (ed), <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Adams_(photographer)" title="Eddie Adams (photographer)">Eddie Adams</a>, 'Speak Truth to Power', Umbrage, 2003, introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speaktruthtopowe00amer/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Speak truth to power A Quaker search for an alternative to violence</i></a>. American Friends Service Committee. 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+truth+to+power+A+Quaker+search+for+an+alternative+to+violence&rft.pub=American+Friends+Service+Committee&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeaktruthtopowe00amer%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Fea (2017), 'Rustin and his co-authors expunged Rustin’s name from the pamphlet because of his arrest on charges of committing a homosexual act in 1953.'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://currentpub.com/2017/08/26/the-history-of-the-phrase-speak-truth-to-power/">The History of the Phrase “Speak Truth to Power”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2019/01/14/the-end-of-the-great-illusion-norman-angell-and-the-founding-of-nato/index.html">"NATO Review - the end of the "Great Illusion": Norman Angell and the founding of NATO"</a>. 14 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110170330/https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2019/01/14/the-end-of-the-great-illusion-norman-angell-and-the-founding-of-nato/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+Review+-+the+end+of+the+%22Great+Illusion%22%3A+Norman+Angell+and+the+founding+of+NATO&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Freview%2Farticles%2F2019%2F01%2F14%2Fthe-end-of-the-great-illusion-norman-angell-and-the-founding-of-nato%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegre2014-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hegre2014_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegre2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hegre, Håvard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852">"Democracy and armed conflict"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 159–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512852">10.1177/0022343313512852</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146428562">146428562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+armed+conflict&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-172&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343313512852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146428562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hegre&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5vard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0022343313512852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblerHutchisonMiller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gibler, Douglas M.; Hutchison, Marc L.; Miller, Steven V. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414012463899">"Individual identity attachments and international conflict: The importance of territorial threat"</a></span>. <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (12): 1655–1683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414012463899">10.1177/0010414012463899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154788507">154788507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Individual+identity+attachments+and+international+conflict%3A+The+importance+of+territorial+threat&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1655-1683&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414012463899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154788507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Marc+L.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Steven+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414012463899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonGibler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchison, Marc L.; Gibler, Douglas M. (2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00499.x">"Political tolerance and territorial threat: A cross-national study"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 128–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2508.2007.00499.x">10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00499.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154653996">154653996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Political+tolerance+and+territorial+threat%3A+A+cross-national+study&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-142&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2508.2007.00499.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154653996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Marc+L.&rft.au=Gibler%2C+Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2508.2007.00499.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblerOwsiak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002717708599">"Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919-2001"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>62</b> (9): 1847–1875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002717708599">10.1177/0022002717708599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158036471">158036471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+the+Settlement+of+International+Borders%2C+1919-2001&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1847-1875&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002717708599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158036471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Owsiak%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002717708599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsiakVasquez2021" class="citation journal cs1">Owsiak, Andrew P.; Vasquez, John A. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03050629.2021.1962859">"Peaceful dyads: A territorial perspective"</a></span>. <i>International Interactions</i>. <b>47</b> (6): 1040–1068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050629.2021.1962859">10.1080/03050629.2021.1962859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239103213">239103213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Interactions&rft.atitle=Peaceful+dyads%3A+A+territorial+perspective&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1040-1068&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050629.2021.1962859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239103213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Owsiak&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft.au=Vasquez%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03050629.2021.1962859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okur, Mehmet Akif (2023). "The Case for an ‘Interim Peace-Sustainable Peace’ Dichotomy from the Middle East: Reconsidering Mosul Arbitration at its Centenary." Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD). 19 (37): 231–259. DOI: 10.53478/ctad.1180627. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctad.hacettepe.edu.tr/19_37/8.pdf">https://ctad.hacettepe.edu.tr/19_37/8.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShy1996" class="citation book cs1">Shy, Oz (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrialorgani0000shyo"><i>Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: The <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Organization%3A+Theory+and+Applications&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Shy&rft.aufirst=Oz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findustrialorgani0000shyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1985" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Nicholas R. (1985). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4235437">"Nice Strategies Finish First: A Review of <i>The Evolution of Cooperation</i>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_Life_Sciences" title="Politics and the Life Sciences">Politics and the Life Sciences</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Politics_and_the_Life_Sciences" title="Association for Politics and the Life Sciences">Association for Politics and the Life Sciences</a>: 86–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0730938400020852">10.1017/S0730938400020852</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4235437">4235437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151520743">151520743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+the+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Nice+Strategies+Finish+First%3A+A+Review+of+The+Evolution+of+Cooperation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-91&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151520743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4235437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0730938400020852&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4235437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkwell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Markwell, Donald</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnmaynardkeyne0000mark"><i>John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829236-4"><bdi>978-0-19-829236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Maynard+Keynes+and+International+Relations%3A+Economic+Paths+to+War+and+Peace&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829236-4&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnmaynardkeyne0000mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmern1936" class="citation book cs1">Zimmern, Alfred Eckhard (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6948"><i>The League of Nations and the Rule of Law</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Zimmern&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Eckhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.6948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsley1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Hinsley, F.H.</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerpursuitofpe0000hins"><i>Power and the Pursuit of Peace</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09448-1"><bdi>978-0-521-09448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+the+Pursuit+of+Peace&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09448-1&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=F.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerpursuitofpe0000hins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussed above. See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkwell2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Markwell, Donald</a> (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/instinctstoleado0000mark"><i>"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education</i></a></span>. Australia: Connor Court Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922168-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922168-70-2"><bdi>978-1-922168-70-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Instincts+to+Lead%22%3A+On+Leadership%2C+Peace%2C+and+Education&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Connor+Court+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-922168-70-2&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finstinctstoleado0000mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strategicforesight.com/publications.php#.WBm94-V94dU">"Publications – Strategic Foresight Group, Think Tank, Global Policy, Global affairs research, Water Conflict studies, global policy strategies, strategic policy group, global future studies"</a>. <i>strategicforesight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101013118/http://strategicforesight.com/publications.php#.WBm94-V94dU#.WBm94-V94dU">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=strategicforesight.com&rft.atitle=Publications+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Foresight+Group%2C+Think+Tank%2C+Global+Policy%2C+Global+affairs+research%2C+Water+Conflict+studies%2C+global+policy+strategies%2C+strategic+policy+group%2C+global+future+studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrategicforesight.com%2Fpublications.php%23.WBm94-V94dU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/international-day-peace">"International Day of Peace"</a>. <i>United Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=International+Day+of+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fobservances%2Finternational-day-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dugan, 1989: 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/our-gpi-findings">"Vision of Humanity"</a>. <i>visionofhumanity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222142429/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/our-gpi-findings#/page/our-gpi-findings">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visionofhumanity.org&rft.atitle=Vision+of+Humanity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofhumanity.org%2F%23%2Fpage%2Four-gpi-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJethro_Mullen2015" class="citation web cs1">Jethro Mullen (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/25/world/global-peace-index-iceland-syria/">"Study: Iceland is the most peaceful nation in the world"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807205631/http://www.edition.cnn.com/2015/06/25/world/global-peace-index-iceland-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Iceland+is+the+most+peaceful+nation+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.au=Jethro+Mullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fglobal-peace-index-iceland-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmond2017" class="citation web cs1">Edmond, Charlotte (8 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/these-are-the-most-peaceful-countries-in-the-world/">"These are the most peaceful countries in the world"</a>. <i>World Economic Forum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715234119/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/these-are-the-most-peaceful-countries-in-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=These+are+the+most+peaceful+countries+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft.aulast=Edmond&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2017%2F06%2Fthese-are-the-most-peaceful-countries-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/fragile-states-2014/">"Fragile States 2014"</a>. <i>foreignpolicy.com</i>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317151755/http://foreignpolicy.com/fragile-states-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foreignpolicy.com&rft.atitle=Fragile+States+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Ffragile-states-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitvogel2015" class="citation web cs1">Zeitvogel, Karin (19 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-fragile-states-index-hunger-idps/2827703.html">"South Sudan Tops List of World's Fragile States – Again"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813094407/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-sudan-fragile-states-index-hunger-idps/2827703.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+Tops+List+of+World%27s+Fragile+States+%E2%80%93+Again&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Zeitvogel&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouth-sudan-fragile-states-index-hunger-idps%2F2827703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Illusion" title="The Great Illusion">The Great Illusion</a></i>. 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, <i>Peace and War</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a>. <i>The Anarchical Society</i>. Macmillan, 1977</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Herbert Butterfield</a>. <i>Christianity, Diplomacy and War</i>. 1952</li> <li>Martin Ceadel. <i><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a> in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980</li> <li>Martin Ceadel. <i>Semi-Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Martin Ceadel. <i>The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996</li> <li>Martin Ceadel. <i>Thinking about Peace and War</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inis_L._Claude" title="Inis L. Claude">Inis L. Claude</a>, Jr. <i>Swords into Ploughshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization</i>. 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a>. <i>Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism</i>. W.W. Norton, 1997</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Harry Hinsley</a>. <i>Power and the Pursuit of Peace</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hurrell" title="Andrew Hurrell">Andrew Hurrell</a>. <i>On Global Order</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Peace">Perpetual Peace</a></i>. 1795</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>. <i>"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education</i>. Connor Court, 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>. <i>Politics Among Nations</i>. 1948</li> <li>Laure Paquette. <i>The Path to Peace</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>. <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined</i>. Viking, 2011</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eckhard_Zimmern" title="Alfred Eckhard Zimmern">Alfred Eckhard Zimmern</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the Rule of Law</i>. Macmillan, 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>. <i>Man, the State and War</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a>. <i>Just and Unjust War</i>. Basic Books, 1977</li> <li>Jeni Whalan. <i>How Peace Operations Work</i>. Oxford University Press, 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Martin Wight</a>. <i>Power Politics</i>. 1946 (2nd edition, 1978)</li> <li>"Pennsylvania, A History of the Commonwealth," esp. pg. 109, edited by Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/index.html">Peaceful Societies, Alternatives to Violence and War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014737/http://peacefulsocieties.org/index.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Short profiles on 25 peaceful societies.</li> <li><i>Prefaces to Peace: a Symposium [i.e. anthology]</i>, Consisting of [works by] Wendell L. Willkie, Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson, Henry A. Wallace, [and] Sumner Welles. "Cooperatively published by Simon and Schuster; Doubleday, Doran, and Co.; Reynal & Hitchcock; [and] Columbia University Press", [194-]. xii, 437 p.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peace" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Peace">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peace" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Peace">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a 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military conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War concept</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars" title="Category:Civil wars">Civil wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_non-international_armed_conflicts" title="List of non-international armed conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks" title="Category:Attacks">Attacks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_attacks" title="Category:Lists of attacks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism_by_form" title="Category:Terrorism by form">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare" title="Category:Warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles" title="Category:Battles">Battles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_battles" title="Category:Lists of battles">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars" title="Category:Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars" title="Category:Lists of wars">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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