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</div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Material</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Basqa tildegi maqalaǵa ótiń. 62 tilde bar" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaal" title="Materiaal – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Materiaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – арагон тілі" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="مادة (هندسة) – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة (هندسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Суровина – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суровина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উপাদান – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Йăмлăх – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йăмлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_(Betriebswirtschaft)" title="Material (Betriebswirtschaft) – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Material (Betriebswirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materjal" title="Materjal – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Materjal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مواد – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مواد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaali" title="Materiaali – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Materiaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riau" title="Matériau – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matériau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoo" title="Stoo – мэн тілі" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="חומר גלם – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר גלם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materyo" title="Materyo – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Materyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efni" title="Efni – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – ява тілі" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Материалдар – қазақ тілі" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Материалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="қазақ тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%A3%8C" title="재료 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEiaga" title="Medžiaga – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medžiaga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtne_(humanitarajuos_zineibuos)" title="Lītne (humanitarajuos zineibuos) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lītne (humanitarajuos zineibuos)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi%C4%81ls" title="Materiāls – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Materiāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaal" title="Materiaal – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Materiaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia%C5%82" title="Materiał – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Materiał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaykana" title="Imaykana – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imaykana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – саха тілі" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiali" title="Materiali – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Materiali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8" title="วัสดุ – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัสดุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malzeme" title="Malzeme – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malzeme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ماتېرىيال – ұйғыр тілі" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماتېرىيال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ұйғыр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Матеріал – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матеріал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مواد – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Vật liệu – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materyales" title="Materyales – варай тілі" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Materyales" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="材料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinto_ezixabisekileyo" title="Izinto ezixabisekileyo – кхоса тілі" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izinto ezixabisekileyo" data-language-autonym="İsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="שטאף – идиш тілі" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="材料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2i-li%C4%81u" title="Châi-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Châi-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="材料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithako" title="Isithako – зулу тілі" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithako" data-language-autonym="İsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214609#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tiller aralıq siltemelerdi redaktorlaw" class="wbc-editpage">Siltemelerdi redaktorlaw</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Atamalar kópligi"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Material" title="Maǵlıwmat betin kóriw [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talq%C4%B1law:Material&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Maǵlıwmat beti haqqında talqılaw (bet ele jaratılmaǵan) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talqılaw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantın ózgertiw" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qaraqalpaqsha</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Kórinisler"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Material"><span>Tanısıp shıǵıw</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&veaction=edit" title="Bul betti ózgertiw [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit" title="Bul bettiń derek kodın ózgertiw [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Derekti redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=history" title="Bettiń aldınǵı ózgerisleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tariyxın kóriw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Bet ásbapları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ásbaplar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ásbaplar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ásbaplar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Kóbirek parametrler" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Háreketler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Material"><span>Tanısıp shıǵıw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&veaction=edit" title="Bul betti ózgertiw [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit" title="Bul bettiń derek kodın ózgertiw [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Derekti redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=history"><span>Tariyxın kóriw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ulıwma </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Siltelgen_betler/Material" title="Usı betke siltelgen barlıq betler dizimi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Siltelgen betler</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Baylan%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_aq%C4%B1r%C7%B5%C4%B1_%C3%B3zgerisler/Material" rel="nofollow" title="Bul betten siltengen betlerdegi aqırǵı ózgerisler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Baylanıslı ózgerisler</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=kaa" title="Fayllar júklew [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fayl júklew</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Arnawl%C4%B1_betler" title="Barlıq arnawlı betler dizimi [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Arnawlı betler</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&oldid=67653" title="Bul bettegi usı nusqasınıń turaqlı siltemesi"><span>Turaqlı silteme</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=info" title="Ashıq turǵan bet haqqında kóbirek maǵlıwmat"><span>Bet haqqında maǵlıwmat</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:CiteThisPage&page=Material&id=67653&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Bul betti kóshirip alǵanda qalay citata keltiriw haqqında maǵlıwmat"><span>Betke silteme jaratıw</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaterial"><span>Qısqartılǵan URL alıw</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaterial"><span>QR kod júklep alıw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Basıp shıǵarıw/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Material"><span>Kitap jaratıw</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:DownloadAsPdf&page=Material&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF túrinde júklep alıw</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&printable=yes" title="Bul bettiń baspa nusqası [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Baspa nusqası</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Basqa joybarlarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Materials" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiqoyma</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214609" title="Baylanısqan Wikimaǵlıwmat bazası elementine silteme [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikimaǵlıwmat elementi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Bet ásbapları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Kórinis"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kórinis</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, erkin enciklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kaa" dir="ltr"><p><b>Material</b> - obiektti quraytuǵın element yamasa elementlar qospası. Materiallar sap yamasa nopok, yamasa jansız elementler bolıwı múmkin. Materiallar fizikalıq hám de ximiyalıq ózgeshelikleri yamasa geologik kelip shıǵıwı hám de biologiyalıq funkciyası tiykarında klassifikaciyalanıwı múmkin. Materialshılıq - bul materiallardı, olardıń ózgesheligin hám de qollanılıwın úyrenetuǵın pán. </p><p>Shiyki onimdi tazalaw hám de qáliplestiriw yamasa basqa materiallardı biriktiriw arqalı olardıń qásiyetlerine tásir qılıw ushın túrli usıllar menen qayta isleniwi múmkin. Shiyki ónimnen sintez jolı menen jańa materiallar islep shıǵarılıwı múmkin. </p><p>Sanaatda materiallar ónim yamasa quramalılaw materiallardı islep shıǵarıw ushın islep shıǵarıw processlerine kiriwdir. </p><p><b>Tariyxıy elementler</b> Materiallar insaniyat tariyxın suwretleydi. Tariyxdan aldınǵı úsh ásirler sisteması (tas dáwiri, bronza dáwiri, temir dáwiri) tariyxıy ásirlerge iye boldı : XIX asirde polat ásri, keyingi ásirdiń ortalarında polimer dáwiri (plastik ásir) hám de ekinshi yarımında kremniy XX ásir dáwiri. </p><p><b>Paydalanıw boyınsha klassifikaciyalaw</b> Materiallardı olardan paydalanıw boyınsha keń tarawlarǵa bolıw múmkin, mısalı : </p> <ul><li>Qurılıs ushın qurılıs materialları isletiledi</li> <li>Ímaratlar ishinde ıssılıqtı saqlaw ushın qurılıs izolyatsiya materialları isletiledi</li> <li>Órtqa shıdamlı materiallar joqarı temperaturalı qosımshalar ushın isletiledi</li> <li>Yadrolıq materiallar yadrolıq energiya hám qural islep shıǵarıw ushın isletiledi</li> <li>Aerokosmik materiallar samolyotlarda hám basqa aerokosmik programmalarda qollanıladı</li> <li>Biomateriallar tiri sistemalar menen óz-ara baylanısda bolǵan qosımshalar ushın isletiledi</li></ul> <p>Materialdı tańlaw - bul málim bir programma ushın qaysı materialdan paydalanıw kerekligini anıqlaw procesi. </p><p><i><b>Dúzilisi boyınsha klassifikaciyalaw</b></i> Materiallardıń tiyisli dúzilisi materialǵa qaray túrli uzınlıq shkalasına iye. Materialdıń dúzilisi hám quramın mikroskop yamasa spektroskopiya járdeminde anıqlaw múmkin. </p><p><i>Mikro struktura</i> Texnikada materiallardı mikroskoplıq dúzilisine qaray tómendegi túrlerge bolıw múmkin:[1]:15-17 </p><p>Seramika: metall emes, <a href="/wiki/Organikal%C4%B1q_t%C3%B3ginler" title="Organikalıq tóginler">organikalıq</a> bolmaǵan qattı elementler <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3z_bayla%C7%B5%C4%B1sh" title="Kóz baylaǵısh">Kóz</a> áynekler: amorf qattı elementler Metalllar : ayriqsha <a href="/wiki/Ximiyal%C4%B1q_reakciya" title="Ximiyalıq reakciya">ximiyalıq</a> baylanısıw háreketi menen sap yamasa birlestirilgen ximiyalıq elementler Polimerler: uzın <a href="/wiki/Uglerod_oksid" title="Uglerod oksid">uglerod</a> yamasa <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Bank" title="Silicon Valley Bank">silikon</a> shınjırlarǵa tiykarlanǵan materiallar Gibridler: bir neshe materiallardıń kombinatciyası, mısalı, kompozitler. <i>Úlkenlew struktura</i> <i>Metamaterial</i> - bul tábiyiy materiallarda ushraspaytuǵın ózgeshelikke ıye bolıw ushın islep shıǵılǵan hár qanday material, ádetde kampziciyani payda etiw ushın bir neshe materiallardı birlestiriw hám de / yamasa kerekli ózgeshelikke erisiw ushın forması, geometriyasi, ólshemi, baǵdarı hám de rejimin sazlaw [2]. </p><p>Kóbikler hám de toqımashılıqta ximiyalıq struktura úlken kólemdegi materiallarǵa qaraǵanda tezlik penen gúzetiletuǵın ayrıqshalıqlarǵa kemrek tiyisli bolıp tabıladı: kóbiklerdegi tesikler hámde toqımashılıqtaǵı to'qıw. <i></i> Qásiyetleri boyınsha klassifikaciyalaw<i> </i> Materiallardı úlken kólemdegi fizikalıq ózgeshelikleri menen salıstırıw hámde klassifikaciyalaw múmkin. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika">Mexanik</a> ayrıqshalıqlar</b> Mexanik ayrıqshalıqlar materialdıń qollanılatuǵın kúshlerge qanday juwap beriwin anıqlaydı. </p><p>Buǵan tómendegi mısallar kiredi: </p><p>Qattılıq Kúsh Qattılıq <b>Íssılıq qásiyetleri</b> Materiallar túrli temperaturalarda jamanlasıwı yamasa qásiyetlerin joǵaltıwı múmkin. Íssılıq qásiyetleri, sonıń menen birge, materialdıń ıssılıq energiyasın uzatıw hámde saqlaw menen baylanıslı bolǵan ıssılıq ótkezgishligi hámde ıssılıq sıyımlılıǵın da óz ishine aladı. </p><p><i>Basqa ayırmashılıqları</i> Materiallardı hár túrlı jaǵdaylarda is-háreketleriniń hár qanday muǵdarlıq ólshewi boyınsha salıstırıw hám klassifikaciyalaw múmkin. Itibarǵa iyelik etiw qosımsha ayrıqshalıqlar materiallardıń optikalıq, elektr hám magnit háreketlerin óz ishine aladı. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material&oldid=67653">https://kaa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material&oldid=67653</a>» saytınan alınǵan</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Bul bet aqırǵı márte 13:29, 2023 j. noyabrdiń 7 waqtında ózgertildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licenziyası</a> boyınsha ǵalabalastırılmaqta, qosımsha shártler qollanılıwı múmkin (<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/kaa">qollanıw shártleri</a>).</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Konfidenciallıq siyasatı</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_haqq%C4%B1nda">Wikipedia haqqında</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Juwapkershilikten_bas_tart%C4%B1w">Juwapkershilikten bas tartıw</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Minez-qulıq kodeksi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Programmistler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/kaa.wikipedia.org">Statistikalar</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie bayanatı</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//kaa.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobil kórinis</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-strzt","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.005","walltime":"0.008","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":1,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-75c5868cf7-jmmwr","timestamp":"20241030065435","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Material","url":"https:\/\/kaa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Material","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q214609","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q214609","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-10-29T05:08:07Z","dateModified":"2023-11-07T13:29:04Z"}</script> </body> </html>