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href="#Dialectes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dialectes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonétique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonétique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonétique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonétique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammaire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammaire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Grammaire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SVO_et_SOV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SVO_et_SOV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>SVO et SOV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SVO_et_SOV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gérondif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gérondif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gérondif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gérondif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitivité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitivité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transitivité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitivité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_populaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_populaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture populaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_populaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wu (langue)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 76 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu" title="Wu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%89_%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ዉ ቻይንኛ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዉ ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88_(%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="وو (صينية) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وو (صينية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%98%DC%98" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܘܘ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܘܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88" title="وو – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu_wu" title="Chinu wu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chinu wu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वुव भाषा – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वुव भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB)" title="У (тел) – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="У (тел)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উ চীনা ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উ চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woueg" title="Woueg – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Woueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Wu" title="Saro Wu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Wu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(llengua)" title="Wu (llengua) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wu (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B9-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ngù-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngù-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(jazyk)" title="Wu (jazyk) – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wu (jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(Sprache)" title="Wu (Sprache) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wu (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wu Chinese" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vua_lingvo" title="Vua lingvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_wu" title="Chino wu – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino wu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_txinera" title="Wu txinera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wu txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88" title="چینی وو – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چینی وو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-kiina" title="Wu-kiina – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wu-kiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="吳語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_wu" title="Lingua wu – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua wu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuish" title="Wuish – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Wuish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8g-ng%C3%AE" title="Ǹg-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ǹg-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="וו (סינית) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וו (סינית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="वू चीनी भाषाएँ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वू चीनी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Wu Chinese" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_kineski" title="Wu kineski – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wu kineski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Wu" title="Jaku Wu – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Wu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Wu" title="Rumpun bahasa Wu – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Wu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-k%C3%ADnverska" title="Wu-kínverska – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wu-kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_wu" title="Lingua wu – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua wu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%89%E8%AA%9E" title="呉語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="呉語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ngu" title="Basa Ngu – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ngu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wu" title="Bahasa Wu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Wu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%96%B4" title="우어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Wu" title="Lingua Wu – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Wu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vu kinų kalba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vu kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_valoda" title="Vu valoda – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വു ചൈനീസ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വു ചൈനീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Ү хэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ү хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="वू चिनी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वू चिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wu" title="Bahasa Wu – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Wu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88" title="وو – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वु भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(taal)" title="Wu (taal) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wu (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukinesisk" title="Wukinesisk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wukinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Wu (språk) – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wu (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਵੂ ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੂ ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wu" title="Język wu – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Cin%C3%A8isa,_Wu" title="Lenga Cinèisa, Wu – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Cinèisa, Wu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88" title="وو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_wu" title="Língua wu – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua wu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(limb%C4%83)" title="Wu (limbă) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wu (limbă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="У (язык) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="У (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱭᱩ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱩ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_wu" title="Lingua wu – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lingua wu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_kineski" title="Wu kineski – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wu kineski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wu Chinese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_kineski" title="Vu kineski – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vu kineski" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(dialekt)" title="Wu (dialekt) – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wu (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina_cha_Wu" title="Kichina cha Wu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina cha Wu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%8B" title="ภาษาอู๋ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอู๋" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Wu" title="Wikang Wu – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Wu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_%C3%87incesi" title="Wu Çincesi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wu Çincesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ву теле – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ву теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="ۋۇچە – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="У (мова) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="У (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="وو چینی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وو چینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ng%C3%B4" title="Tiếng Ngô – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ngô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吴语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吴语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吳語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4%CD%98-g%C3%AD" title="Ngô͘-gí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngô͘-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吳語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34290#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Wu_(langue)" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Wu" class="mw-disambig" title="Wu">Wu</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#FF6347;color:black;">Wu yu<br /><small>吴语/吴方言 / wú fāng yán</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région </th> <td>province de <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, municipalité de <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, sud de la province du <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, petites parties des provinces du <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nombre de locuteurs </th> <td>80 millions (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">langues sino-tibétaines</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">langues chinoises</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">wu</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> wu nucléaire</li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_(langue)" title="Wenzhou (langue)">wenzhounais</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">IETF</a> </th> <td><code>wuu</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=wuu">wuu</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td>langue individuelle </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>langue vivante </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_linguistique" title="Observatoire linguistique"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Linguasphere</span></i></a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-d">79-AAA-d</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">WALS</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_wuc">wuc</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wuch1236">wuch1236</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Chinois_Wu.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Wu (langue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chinois_Wu.svg/langfr-280px-Chinois_Wu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chinois_Wu.svg/langfr-420px-Chinois_Wu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chinois_Wu.svg/langfr-560px-Chinois_Wu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <br />Carte des différentes variétés du wu. </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FF6347 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>wu</b>, aussi appelé <b>wugniu</b> selon « <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">文读</span> » vendoq ou <b>nggniu</b> selon « 白读 » baqdoq, (<a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:吴">吴</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:方">方</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:言">言</a></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">吳方言</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">Wú fāng yán</span></span> ou <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:吴">吴</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">吳語</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">Wú yǔ</span></span>) est l'un des groupes majeurs des <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">parlers sinitiques</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le wu est parlé dans une grande partie de la province du <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, la municipalité de <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, le sud de la province du <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, ainsi que dans des petites parties des provinces du <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Les principaux dialectes du wu incluent ceux de <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_(langue)" title="Wenzhou (langue)">Wenzhou</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Yongkang_(Zhejiang)" title="Yongkang (Zhejiang)">Yongkang</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>. En 1991, il y avait <span class="nowrap">87 millions</span> de personnes parlant une forme de wu. C'est le groupe de <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">langues chinoises</a> le plus pratiqué après le <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a> (<span class="nowrap">898 millions</span> de locuteurs<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). C’est aussi la première langue non officielle du monde par le nombre de locuteurs, avant le <a href="/wiki/Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi">punjabi</a>, et la deuxième langue de la Chine, après le mandarin et juste avant le cantonais. </p><p>Parmi les variétés de la langue chinoise, le wu est souvent subjectivement considéré comme une langue douce, légère et fluide. Il y a aussi un terme spécial utilisé pour décrire la qualité de la langue wu : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">吴侬软语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">吳儂軟語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">wúnóng ruǎnyǔ</span></span>. L'origine véritable de cette impression est difficile à expliquer. C'est en quelque sorte une combinaison de plusieurs facteurs. Parmi les dialectes du wu, par exemple, le <a href="/wiki/Shangha%C3%AFen" title="Shanghaïen">shanghaïen</a> est considéré comme étant plus doux et plus <i>mielleux</i> que le dialecte parlé à <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>. </p><p>Comme toutes les autres variétés du chinois, <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser la personne ou l'organisation qui fait cette affirmation." style="cursor:help;">il y a plusieurs discussions pour savoir si le wu doit être considéré comme une langue ou un dialecte. De nos jours, on pense de plus en plus que le wu est bel et bien une langue sinitique (<a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉语</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">hànyǔ</span></span>)</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Qui" title="Aide:Qui">[Qui ?]</a></sup>, quoique indépendante du mandarin vernaculaire (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">普通话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</span></span>), distinction qui remet en cause la <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser la personne ou l'organisation qui fait cette affirmation." style="cursor:help;">politique monolinguistique tendant à assimiler le « chinois » au <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a></span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Par_qui" title="Aide:Par qui">[Par qui ?]</a></sup>. </p><p>En Chine, le wu est appelé langue wu (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">吴语</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">wúyǔ</span></span>), elle est considérée comme l'une des principales langues Han, regroupant plusieurs dialectes (<a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">方言</span>). On les distingue dans le langage courant par les appellations des grandes capitales régionales ; <a href="/wiki/Shangha%C3%AFen" title="Shanghaïen">shanghaïen</a> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">上海话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">shànghǎihuà</span></span>), le suzhounais (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">苏州话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">sūzhōuhuà</span></span>, appelé couramment <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">苏州闲话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">sūzhōu xiánhuà</span></span>, « causette de Suzhou », parlé autour de lac Taihu), le hanzhounais (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">杭州话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">hángzhōuhuà</span></span>), le wenzhounais (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">温州话</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">wēnzhōuhuà</span></span>), <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>. </p><p>Le wu est communément écrit à l'aide de <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">hanzi</a> et se distingue du mandarin, notamment par l'utilisation de caractères plus anciens du <a href="/wiki/Chinois_classique" title="Chinois classique">chinois classique</a>. Par exemple, « laver » s'écrit <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">汏</span>, <i>da</i> en wu et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">洗</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">xǐ</span></span> en mandarin ; « poêle » s'écrit <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">镬</span>, <i>roq</i> en wu et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">锅</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">guō</span></span> en mandarin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Idioma_wu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Idioma_wu.png/220px-Idioma_wu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Idioma_wu.png/330px-Idioma_wu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Idioma_wu.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Le wu en Chine.</figcaption></figure> <p>La langue wu moderne trouve ses sources auprès des anciens peuples <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yue</a> situés autour du sud du <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> et du nord du <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>. </p><p>La prononciation chinoise go on <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japonais" class="lang-ja" lang="ja">呉音</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aide:Japonais" title="Aide:Japonais">?</a></sup></span></span>)</span> (littéralement, <i>prononciation Go</i>) en <a href="/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais">langue japonaise</a> des caractères chinois provient de la même région que celle où le wu est parlé aujourd'hui ; elle est l'héritage du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Royaume Wu">royaume Wu</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Trois_Royaumes_de_Chine" title="Trois Royaumes de Chine">période des Trois Royaumes</a> (225 — 280). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectes">Dialectes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Dialectes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dialectes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Wu_Dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wu_Dialects.png/220px-Wu_Dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wu_Dialects.png/330px-Wu_Dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wu_Dialects.png/440px-Wu_Dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Dialectes de la langue wu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les dialectes Nord et Sud du wu ne sont pas mutuellement intelligibles. Le wu est divisé en six groupes de dialectes : </p> <ul><li>le taihu (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">太湖片</span>), parlé dans une grande partie du sud du <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> du nord du <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, en incluant <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, etc. ;</li> <li>le taizhou (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">台州片</span>, parlé dans et autour de <a href="/wiki/Taizhou_(Zhejiang)" title="Taizhou (Zhejiang)">Taizhou</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> ;</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_(langue)" title="Wenzhou (langue)">oujiang</a> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">瓯江片</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">甌江片</span>) / Dong'ou (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">东瓯片</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">東甌片</span>), parlé dans et autour de <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> ;</li> <li>le wuzhou (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">婺州片</span>), parlé dans et autour de <a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> ;</li> <li>le chu qu'(<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">处衢片</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">處衢片</span>), parlé dans et autour de <a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> ;</li> <li>le xuanzhou (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">宣州片</span>), parlé dans et autour de <a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a>, dans l'<a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonétique"><span id="Phon.C3.A9tique"></span>Phonétique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Phonétique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Phonétique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le wu est la seule langue sinitique qui possède des <a href="/wiki/Consonne_vois%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonne voisée">consonnes voisées</a> comme d, g, b, etc. : le <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a> n'en ont pas. </p><p>Une autre caractéristique est que le wu exécute couramment des liaisons tonales entre les mots. La règle de changement n'est pas encore très claire mais la base en est que les tons syllabiques sont changés pour que la phrase soit facile à prononcer. C'est pour cela qu'il est parfois dit que le wu n'est pas réellement une <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">langue tonale</a> (par rapport aux autres langues sinitiques dont les tons doivent être soigneusement prononcés sous peine d'inintelligibilité). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammaire">Grammaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Grammaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grammaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SVO_et_SOV"><a href="/wiki/Sujet-Verbe-Objet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sujet-Verbe-Objet">SVO</a> et <a href="/wiki/SOV" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV">SOV</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : SVO et SOV" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : SVO et SOV"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>i.e. <br />SOV sujet-objet-verbe <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">吾饭吃哉</span>。(Je repas manger + une <a href="/wiki/Particule_(grammaire)" title="Particule (grammaire)">particule</a>) Ng vae chiq leq<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. J'ai mangé.<br /> SVO sujet-verbe-objet <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">吾吃饭勒海</span>。(Je manger repas + <i>leqhe</i> qui signifie le gérondif) Ng chiq vae leqhe. Je suis en train de manger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gérondif"><span id="G.C3.A9rondif"></span><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rondif" title="Gérondif">Gérondif</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Gérondif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Gérondif"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">-勒海</span> (-leqhe) utilisé après le verbe ou parfois avant le verbe dans d'autres dialectes du wu <br />i.e. <br /><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">吾饭吃<b>勒海</b>。</span>Ng vae chiq <b>leqhe</b>. Je suis en train de manger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitivité"><span id="Transitivit.C3.A9"></span><a href="/wiki/Transitivit%C3%A9_(grammaire)" title="Transitivité (grammaire)">Transitivité</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Transitivité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Transitivité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">-脱</span> (-theq) utilisé après le verbe pour signifier la fin d'une action. <br /> i.e. <br /><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">台子坏<b>脱</b>哉。</span>Detzy wa<b>-theq</b> leq. La table est abîmée. Ici, -<i>theq</i> accente la transition de l'état de la table: bon état vers abîmée. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_populaire">Culture populaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Culture populaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Culture populaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Le mot « wu » est bien connu des amateurs francophones de <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a> qui en font leur mot privilégié pour utiliser la lettre « <a href="/wiki/W_(lettre)" title="W (lettre)">W</a> », réputée pour être une des plus difficiles à placer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:35em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wuu"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Chinese, Wu</cite></a> », <i>Ethnologue</i> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11-11" data-sort-value="2017-11-11">11 novembre 2017</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Voir aussi les définitions de <a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">langue</a> et <a href="/wiki/Dialecte" title="Dialecte">dialecte</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Summary by language size</cite></a> », <i>Ethnologue</i> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11-11" data-sort-value="2017-11-11">11 novembre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En employant la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_phon%C3%A9tique_latine_de_Shangha%C3%AFen" class="mw-redirect" title="Méthode phonétique latine de Shanghaïen">Méthode phonétique latine de Shanghaïen</a>, une romanisation de la langue Wu</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/68px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/90px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"><b><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wuu:">Wikipédia en wu</a></b>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_langues" title="Liste de langues">Liste de langues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_par_famille" title="Langues par famille">Langues par famille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">Langues sino-tibétaines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">Langues chinoises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_(langue)&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34290?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wuch1236">Glottocode</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notice dans un dictionnaire ou une encyclopédie généraliste<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34290?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wu-language"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pouemes.free.fr/traduction-asie/poeme-wu.htm">Poème traduit en wu (Shanghai)</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinolect.org/bbs"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Forum sur la langue wu (en chinois ou en wu)</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sinolect.org/bbs">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.sinolect.org/bbs">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.sinolect.org/bbs">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://www.sinolect.org/bbs">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-08-02" data-sort-value="2017-08-02">2 août 2017</time>)</small></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wu-chinese.com">Site destiné à promouvoir le wu (forum intégré) en wu et en chinois</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise" title="Modèle:Palette Langue chinoise"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">Langues chinoises</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">(<i>Note : il existe de nombreuses classifications, celle-ci n'est qu'un exemple ; les catégories en italique <b>ne sont pas unanimement reconnues</b> comme des catégories indépendantes</i>.)</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_parl%C3%A9" title="Chinois parlé">Variétés parlées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Catégories</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue)">min</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hui_(langue)" title="Hui (langue)">hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyu" title="Jinyu">Jinyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">pinghua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang_(langue)" title="Xiang (langue)">xiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Non classées</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Danzhouhua" title="Danzhouhua">danzhouhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_tuhua" title="Shaozhou tuhua">shaozhou tuhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waxiang" title="Waxiang">waxiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe min</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minbei" title="Minbei">minbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">minnan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">taïwanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte)">teochew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hainanais" title="Hainanais">hainanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectes_de_Zhangzhou" title="Dialectes de Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mindong" title="Mindong">mindong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzhong" title="Minzhong">minzhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puxian" title="Puxian">puxian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaojiang" title="Shaojiang">shaojiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe mandarin</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Nord-Est" title="Mandarin du Nord-Est">Nord-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_P%C3%A9kin" title="Mandarin de Pékin">pékinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jilu" title="Mandarin jilu">jilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jiaoliao" title="Mandarin jiaoliao">jiaoliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_zhongyuan" title="Mandarin zhongyuan">zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_lanyin" title="Mandarin lanyin">lanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Sud-Ouest" title="Mandarin du Sud-Ouest">Sud-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jianghuai" title="Mandarin jianghuai">jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doungane_(langue)" title="Doungane (langue)">doungane</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Parlés officiels</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Mandarin de Taïwan">Taïwan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Singapour" title="Mandarin de Singapour">Singapour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_de_Malaisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin de Malaisie (page inexistante)">Malaisie</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" class="extiw" title="en:Malaysian Mandarin"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Malaysian Mandarin »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard_du_Sichuan" title="Mandarin standard du Sichuan">Sichuan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Phonologie_historique_du_chinois" title="Phonologie historique du chinois">Phonologie historique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_archa%C3%AFque" title="Chinois archaïque">chinois archaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" title="Chinois médiéval">chinois médiéval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-gan" title="Proto-gan">proto-gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_mandarin" title="Vieux mandarin">proto-mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er" title="Han'er">han'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashu" title="Bashu">bashu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_%C3%A9crit" title="Chinois écrit">Variétés écrites</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Officielles</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_classique" title="Chinois classique">Chinois classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er#Le_Han'er_écrit" title="Han'er">han'er écrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihua" title="Baihua">Baihua</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Autres variétés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais_%C3%A9crit" title="Cantonais écrit">cantonais écrit vernaculaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Transcriptions phonétiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Cyrillisation des langues chinoises">cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_phon%C3%A9tique_des_langues_chinoises" title="Transcription phonétique des langues chinoises">autres</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Sinogrammes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">écriture traditionnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">écriture simplifiée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_de_l%27%C3%A9criture_chinoise" title="Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise">histoire de leur rationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation_chinoise" title="Ponctuation chinoise">ponctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia_en_chinois" title="Wikipédia en chinois">Wikipédia en …</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">chinois vernaculaire</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-classical:">chinois classique et littéraire</a></li> <li><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gan:">gan</a></li> <li><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hak:">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cdo:">mindong</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:">minnan</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">yue (cantonais)</a></li> <li><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wuu:">wu (shanghaïen)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_langues_chinoises" title="Liste des langues chinoises">Liste des langues chinoises</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_en_Chine" title="Modèle:Palette Langues en Chine"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_en_Chine&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Chine" title="Langues en Chine">Langues en Chine</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par famille</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_ta%C3%AF-kada%C3%AF" title="Langues taï-kadaï">taï-kadaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">sino-tibétaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_hmong-mien" title="Langues hmong-mien">hmông-mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_alta%C3%AFques" title="Langues altaïques">altaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_austroasiatiques" title="Langues austroasiatiques">austro-asiatique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par région</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#Langues" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou#Langues_principalement_parlées_dans_le_Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Langues" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolie-Int%C3%A9rieure#Langues" title="Mongolie-Intérieure">Mongolie-Intérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#Langues" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan#Langues" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Langues" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Langues" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Chine#Langues_classées_par_nombre_de_locuteurs" title="Langues en Chine">Par nombre de locuteurs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/36px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/48px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues">Portail des langues</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" title="Portail de la Chine"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/54px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/72px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" title="Portail:République populaire de Chine">Portail de la Chine</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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