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Northern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_traditions._Northern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_traditions._Southern_and_Eastern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_traditions._Southern_and_Eastern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early medieval traditions. 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_living_Krishnaite_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of living Krishnaite traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_living_Krishnaite_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krishnaism_and_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishnaism_and_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Krishnaism and Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishnaism_and_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Common scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philosophy and theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maha-mantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maha-mantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Maha-mantra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maha-mantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirtan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirtan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kirtan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirtan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Holy places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishnaism_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishnaism_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Krishnaism and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishnaism_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_key_Krishnaite_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_key_Krishnaite_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery of key Krishnaite temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_key_Krishnaite_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="কৃষ্ণবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1naism" title="Krišnaism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krišnaism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisna%C3%ADsmo" title="Krisnaísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Krisnaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98%ED%8C%8C" title="크리슈나파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리슈나파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresnaisme" title="Kresnaisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kresnaisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87aismo" title="Kṛṣṇaismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kṛṣṇaismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krysznaizm" title="Krysznaizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krysznaizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кришнаизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кришнаизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Krishnaite_Vaishnava_denominations" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1135778" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Hindu traditions that reveres Krishna as the Supreme Being</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Krishnaism</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:402px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg/254px-Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg/381px-Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg/508px-Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Krishna holding <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhan hill">Govardhan hill</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> collections.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Krishnaism</b> is a term used in scholarly circles to describe large group of independent <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> traditions—<a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>—that center on the devotion to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a></i>, who is the source of all reality, not simply an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullick1898Hein1986296–317Hardy1987387–392Flood1996117Matchett2001Bryant2007381_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullick1898Hein1986296–317Hardy1987387–392Flood1996117Matchett2001Bryant2007381-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is its difference from such Vaishnavite groupings as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radhaism</a>, Sitaism etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a personal Krishnaism, that is devotion to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> outside of any tradition and community, as in the case of the saint-poet <a href="/wiki/Meera_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera Bai">Meera Bai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading scholars do not define Krishnaism as a suborder or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it at least a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teachings of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> can be considered as the first Krishnaite system of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. Krishnaism originated in the late centuries <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> from the followers of the heroic <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva Krishna">Vāsudeva Krishna</a>, which amalgamated several centuries later, in the early centuries CE, with the worshipers of the "divine child" <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a> traditions of monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a>. These non-Vedic traditions in <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> canon affiliate itself with ritualistic <a href="/wiki/Vedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedism">Vedism</a> in order to become acceptable to the <a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">orthodox</a> establishment. Krishnaism becomes associated with <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a> in the Medieval period. </p><p>The most remarkable <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a> for the Krishnaites became <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i> (appendix to the Mahabharata),<i> <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)"><i>Garga Samhita</i></a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg/220px-Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg/330px-Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg/440px-Heliodorus-S%C3%A4ule1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> that was made by Heliodorus 110 BCE after his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> monotheism.</figcaption></figure> <p>Krishnaism originates in the first millennium BCE, as the theological system of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially focusing on the worship of the heroic <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva Krishna">Vāsudeva Krishna</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, the "divine child" <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to, and find its origin in, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_of_Heliodorus_pillar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Inscription_of_Heliodorus_pillar.gif/170px-Inscription_of_Heliodorus_pillar.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Inscription_of_Heliodorus_pillar.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>The first inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Krishnaism is a non-Vedic tradition in origin, but it further developed its appeal towards orthodox believers through the syncretism of these traditions with the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epic. In particular Krishnaism incorporated more or less superficially the Vedic supreme deity Vishnu, who appears in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnaism further becomes associated with <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a> in the Medieval period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/170px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/255px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg/340px-Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Vāsudeva-Krishna on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, circa 190–180 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-US_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_traditions._Northern_India">Ancient traditions. Northern India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient traditions. Northern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></div> <p>Krishnaite theology and cult originate in the first millennium BCE in the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a>. The theology of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> (around 3rd–2nd centuries BCE) was the first Krishnaite theological system, if, according to <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a>, to read Gita as itself and not in the light of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> frame with Vishnu-focussed doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no concept of the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatara</a>, which was introduced only in 4th or 5th century CE. There is Krishna as an eternal himself, unmanifest Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Krishna says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whenever <i>dharma</i> suffering a decline, I emit myself [into the physical world]</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Bhagavad Gita</i> 4.7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Early Krishnaism already flourished several centuries BCE with the cult of the heroic <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva Krishna">Vāsudeva Krishna</a> in and around the region of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1983_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1983-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20074_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20074-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, several centuries later, was amalgamated with the cult of the "divine child" Bala Krishna and the Gopala traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHein1986296–317_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHein1986296–317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Vishnu is attested already in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as a minor deity, the development of Krishnaism appears to take place via the worship of Vasudeva in the final centuries BCE. But, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Dandekar</a>, the "Vasudevism" marks the beginning of Vaishnavism in whole. In other words, Krishnaism, according to Dandekar, is not an offshoot of Vaishnavism, but, on the contrary, the cult of Vishnu and his avatars is the later transformation of Krishnaism-Bhagavatism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandekar_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandekar-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This earliest phase was established in the time of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> (4th century BCE) who, in his <i>Astadhyayi</i>, explained the word <i>vasudevaka</i> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakta">bhakta</a></i> (devotee) of Vasudeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami1956_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami1956-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Vāsudeva was already considered as a demi-God, as he appears in Pāṇini's writings in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> as an object of worship, since Pāṇini explains that a <i>vāsudevaka</i> is a devotee (<i>bhakta</i>) of Vāsudeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VM58_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM58-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A branch which flourished with the decline of <a href="/wiki/Vedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedism">Vedism</a> was centred on Krishna, the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worship of Krishna, the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas, took denominational form as the <a href="/wiki/Pancaratra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancaratra">Pancaratra</a> and earlier as <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> religions. This tradition has at a later stage merged with the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character of <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala Krishna">Gopala Krishna</a> is often considered to be non-Vedic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of its incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> canon during the early centuries CE, Krishnaism began to affiliate itself with <a href="/wiki/Vedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedism">Vedism</a> in order to become acceptable to orthodoxy, in particular aligning itself with Rigvedic Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage that Vishnu of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> was assimilated into Krishnaism and became the equivalent of the Supreme God.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsm_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of Krishna as one of the <i>Avatars</i> of Vishnu dates to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epics">Sanskrit epics</a> in the early centuries CE. The Bhagavad Gita was incorporated into the Mahabharata as a key text for Krishnaism.<sup id="cite_ref-gita_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gita-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_traditions._Southern_and_Eastern_India">Early medieval traditions. Southern and Eastern India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early medieval traditions. Southern and Eastern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG/170px-Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG/255px-Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG/340px-Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Thirumal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sundaravarada_Perumal_temple" title="Sundaravarada Perumal temple">Sundaravarada Perumal temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, Krishnaism had risen to a major current of Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is evidence of early "southern Krishnaism," despite the tendency to allocate the Krishna-traditions to the Northern traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1981-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> texts show close parallel with the Sanskrit traditions of Krishna and his gopi companions, so ubiquitous in later North Indian text and imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-Moni_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moni-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early writings in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> culture such as <i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a></i> present Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">his brother</a>, and favourite female companions in the similar terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Moni_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moni-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy argues that the Sanskrit Bhagavata Purana is essentially a Sanskrit "translation" of the bhakti of the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">alvars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotion to southern Indian Mal (<a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Thirumal</a>) may be an early form of Krishnaism, since Mal appears as a divine figure, largely like Krishna with some elements of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-mal_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alvars, whose name can be translated "sages" or "saints", were devotees of Mal. Their poems show a pronounced orientation to the Vaishnava, and often Krishna, side of Mal. But they do not make the distinction between Krishna and Vishnu on the basis of the concept of the avatars.<sup id="cite_ref-mal_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, according to Hardy the term "Mayonism" should be used instead of "Krishnaism" when referring to Mal or Mayon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1981-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg/170px-Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg/255px-Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg/340px-Puri_Ratha_Yatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra (Puri)</a>, the Odia chariot festival.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same ages, in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a>, the Jagannathism (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odia</a> Vaishnavism) was origined as the cult of the god <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">'Lord of the Universe'</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)—an abstract form of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jagannathism is a regional, previously state, temple-centered version of Krishnaism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Lord Jagannath is understood as a principal god, <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a>, but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and pan-Hindu cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Vishnudharma Purana</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (<a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarza199376_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarza199376-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, Odisha is particularly significant within the tradition and one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE, later became a centre of attraction for a number of both Krishnaite and other Vaishnava acharyas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a place where for the first time the famous poem <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> was introduced into the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaishnavism in the 8th century came into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>. Vasudeva has been interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, using the earlier <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> as a support, as meaning the "supreme self" or Vishnu, dwelling everywhere and in all things.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this period emerged one of key texts for Krishnaites, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, that promotes <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotion) to Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it one reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kṛṣņa is Bhagavān himself</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Bhagavata Purana</i> 1.3.28<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Another notable bouquet of glory of Krishna was the poems in Sanskrit, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Vilwamangalam_Swamiyar" title="Vilwamangalam Swamiyar">Bilvamangala</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, the <i>Balagopala Stuti</i> ("The Childhood of Krishna")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_Poetry_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_Poetry-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shree_Krishna_Karnamrutam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Krishna Karnamrutam">Shree Krishna Karnamrutam</a></i> (also called <i>Lilasuka</i>, "Playful parrot"), that later became a favorite text of the Bengali acharya <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2010303_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010303-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_late_medieval_traditions">High and late medieval traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High and late medieval traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/220px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/330px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/440px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>14th-century fresco of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>, Rajasthan.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_(West_Bengal)_(square).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG/200px-Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG/300px-Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG/400px-Nimbarkacharya%27s_holy_icon_at_the_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal_%28West_Bengal%29_%28square%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Holy statue of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>, a founder of the first Bhakti-era Krishnaite sampradaya.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CaitanyaMayapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CaitanyaMayapur.jpg/200px-CaitanyaMayapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CaitanyaMayapur.jpg/300px-CaitanyaMayapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/CaitanyaMayapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>, believed to be an expansion of Krishna in the mood of Radha.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>This is the most important period, it was at this time that Krishnaism acquired the form in which its traditions exist to nowadays. The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a> of the high and later Middle Ages Hinduism emerges in the 9th or 10th century, and is based (its Krishnaite form) on the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Narada_Bhakti_Sutra" title="Narada Bhakti Sutra">Narada Bhakti Sutra</a></i>, and other scriptures. In North and East India, Krishnaism gave rise to various Medieval movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Bhakti Krishnaite pioneers include a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a>-origin philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> (12th or 13th century CE), a founder of the first Bhakti-era Krishnaite <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Kumara sampradaya),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his an <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>-born friend, poet <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both promoted <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> to be the supreme lord while the ten incarnations are his forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimbarka more than any other acharyas gave Radha a place as a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 15th century in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> flourished <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> variety of Krishnaism—<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a> linked to the Bengali poet <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>, as well as related to it <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Bauls</a>—where <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is the inner divine aspect of man and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> is the aspect of woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandidas' <i>Shrikrishna Kirtana</i>, a poem on Krishna and Radha, depicts them as divine couple, but in human love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154Dalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154Dalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other 15th–16th centuries Bhakti poet-<a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sants</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meera_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera Bai">Meera Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Haridas" title="Swami Haridas">Swami Haridas</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta" title="Narsinh Mehta">Narsinh Mehta</a> (1350–1450), who preceded all of them, also wrote about Radha and Krishna love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Hawley2005Rosenstein1997SchomerMcLeod1987SivaramkrishnaRoy1996_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Hawley2005Rosenstein1997SchomerMcLeod1987SivaramkrishnaRoy1996-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most emerged Krishnaite guru-acharyas of 15th–16th centuries were <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">Bengal</a>. They developed their own schools, namely <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> sampradaya of Vallabha,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Chaitanya Sampradaya (rather, Chaitanya was an inspirator with no formal successors),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Krishna and his chief consort and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> Radha as the supreme god, and <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> tradition of Sankardev who worship only Krishna, that started under the influence of the Odia cult of Jagannath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010373–374_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010373–374-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Western <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, saint poets of the <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a> tradition such as <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> promoted the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, a local form of Krishna, from the late of the 13th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century until the late 18th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Warkari sampradaya, Krishna devotion (Pancha-Krishna, i.e. five Krishnas) became well established in Maharashtra due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava Panth</a> founded by the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> acharya <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both schools, Warkari and Mahanubhava, venerated Krishna and his wife <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> (Rakhumai).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura region</a>, offshoot of Krishnaism is established as <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha Sampradaya</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a>-language poet-sant <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a> and who emphasized devotion to Radha as the ultimate supreme deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji%27s_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampradaya" title="Mahanam Sampradaya">Mahanam Sampradaya</a>'s worship, Kolkata.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami Sampradaya</a> (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, based on the Krishna-focussed syncretist Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> teachings of a <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindh</a>-born Devchandra Maharaj (1581–1655) and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath (1618–1694).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2002Dalal2010Pranami_PanthToffin2012249–254_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2002Dalal2010Pranami_PanthToffin2012249–254-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> existed the Sakhībhāvakas community, whose members ware female dress in order to identify themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>, companions of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In non-Indo-Aryan <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> region, after a short period of <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramaism</a> penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread, especially from beginning the second quarter of the 18th century (<a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a>, the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Narottama_Dasa" title="Narottama Dasa">Natottama Thakura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004125–132_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004125–132-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s in Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampradaya" title="Mahanam Sampradaya">Mahanam Sampradaya</a> emerged as an offshoot of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. <a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Jagadbandhu" title="Prabhu Jagadbandhu">Prabhu Jagadbandhu</a> was considered a new incarnation of Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nityananda" title="Nityananda">Nityananda</a> by his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020140–141_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020140–141-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century the first attempts at a Krishnaite mission in the West began. A pioneer of American mission has become Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914) from the circle of mentioned <a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Jagadbandhu" title="Prabhu Jagadbandhu">Prabhu Jagadbandhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020135–136,_140–143_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020135–136,_140–143-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baba Bharati founded in 1902 the short-lived "Krishna Samaj" society in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and built a temple in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020152_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020152-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200779–80Baba_Premanand_Bharati_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200779–80Baba_Premanand_Bharati-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an author of the first full-length treatment of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English <i>Sree Krishna—the Lord of Love</i> (New York, 1904);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020140_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020140-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the author sent the book to Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, who was intrigued and used text for composition his notable <i><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020154_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020154-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baba Bharati's followers later formed several organisations in US, including now defunct the Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200779–80Baba_Premanand_Bharati_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200779–80Baba_Premanand_Bharati-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism in 20th century was also established the reform <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a> and its largest worldwide successor, the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (a.k.a. Hare Krishna Movement), formed in New York by acharya <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is the number of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hinduism">neo-Hindu</a> Krishnaite organisations only partially related to traditional sampradayas, such as <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Kripalu_Parishat" title="Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat">Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Kripaluji_Yog" title="Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog">Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog</a>, and westernezed <a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a>. </p><p>Krishnaite authors continue to create major theological and poetic works. For instance, the <i>Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam</i>—the 1980s epic poem of <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Prasad_Shukla" title="Kalika Prasad Shukla">Kalika Prasad Shukla</a> that focuses on devotion to Krishna as the universal lover—"one of the rare, high-quality works in Sanskrit in the twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010384Shri_Radhacharita_Mahakavyam_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010384Shri_Radhacharita_Mahakavyam-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_living_Krishnaite_traditions">List of living Krishnaite traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of living Krishnaite traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnaism is mainly subdivided into three categories<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – </p> <ul><li>Exclusive worship of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as supreme god or as incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.</li> <li>Exclusive worship of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> as original <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> of Krishna or Vishnu.</li> <li>Worship of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> conjointly.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> as the Supreme</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampradaya</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020140–143_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020140–143-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami Sampradaya</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2002Dalal2010Pranami_PanthToffin2012249–254_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2002Dalal2010Pranami_PanthToffin2012249–254-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> as the Supreme</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the Supreme</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Remark</b>: Radha Vallabh Sampradaya is conditionally Krishnaite, representing such current as <i>Radhaism</i>, due to the worship of Radha as the supreme deity, where Krishna is only her most intimate servant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200576_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200576-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png/220px-Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png/330px-Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Krishna_as_the_supreme_deity_in_relation_to_Vishnu.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Relationship between different forms of Krishna as <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">paripurna avatara</a></i> of Vishnu and as Svayam Bhagavan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krishnaism_and_Vaishnavism">Krishnaism and Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Krishnaism and Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Krishnaism" has been used to describe the schools, related to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, but focused on Krishna, while "Vishnuism/Vaishnavism" may be used for traditions focusing on <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in which Krishna is an avatar, rather than a transcended Supreme Being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a> does not at all define Krishnaism as a suborder or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Dandekar</a>, the "Vasudevism" (the Vasudeva cult) is the beginning stage of Vaishnavism, hence, Krishnaism was basis for later Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandekarb_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandekarb-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnuism believes in Vishnu as the supreme being, manifested himself as Krishna, thence Krishnaites assert Krishna to be <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">'The Fortunate and Blessed One Himself</i></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a></i> in human form,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007309_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007309-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200539_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200539-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that manifested himself as Vishnu. As such Krishnaism is believed to be one of the early attempts to make philosophical Hinduism appealing to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8407-4419-6_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8407-4419-6-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common language the term Krishnaism is not often used, as many prefer a wider term "Vaishnavism", which appeared to relate to Vishnu, more specifically as <a href="/wiki/Vishnuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnuism">Vishnu-ism</a>. </p><p>Krishnaism is often also called Bhagavatism, after the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> which asserts that Krishna is "Bhagavan Himself," and subordinates to itself all other forms: <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janardana" title="Janardana">Janardana</a>, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krishna">Krishna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Popular_print,_album_(BM_2003,1022,0.74_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg/200px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg/300px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg/400px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.74_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Popular_print,_album_(BM_2003,1022,0.68).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg/200px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg/300px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg/400px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.68%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Popular_print,_album_(BM_2003,1022,0.73).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg/200px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg/300px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg/400px-Popular_print%2C_album_%28BM_2003%2C1022%2C0.73%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various forms of Krishna depicted in lithographs printed in 1895 from Chorebagan Art Studio, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. These are Balakrishna (top), Radha-Krishna (middle) & Gopala-Krishna (bottom)</div></div></div></div> <p>Vaishnavism is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic religion</a>, centered on the devotion of Vishnu and his avatars. It is sometimes described as a "polymorphic monotheism", since there are many forms of one original deity, with Vishnu taking many forms. In Krishnaism this deity is Krishna—often together with his consort <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> as deity <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerjee1993_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee1993-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—sometimes referred as intimate deity — as compared with the numerous four-armed forms of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> or Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishna is also worshiped across many other traditions of Hinduism. Krishna is often described as having the appearance of a dark-skinned person and is depicted as a young cowherd boy playing a <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">flute</a> or as a youthful prince giving philosophical direction and guidance, as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkman1986_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkman1986-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishna and the stories associated with him appear across a broad spectrum of different Hindu <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">philosophical</a> and theological traditions, where it is believed that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> appears to his devoted worshippers in many different forms, depending on their particular desires. These forms include the different <i>avataras</i> of Krishna described in traditional Vaishnavite texts, but they are not limited to these. Indeed, it is said that the different expansions of the <a href="/wiki/Svayam_bhagavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Svayam bhagavan">Svayam bhagavan</a> are uncountable and they cannot be fully described in the finite scriptures of any one religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a> sometimes differ in details reflecting the concerns of a particular tradition, while some core features of the view on Krishna are shared by all.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahony1987_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_scriptures">Common scriptures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Common scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Krishna_Conquers_the_Serpent_Kaliya_Page_from_a_Dispersed_Bhagavata_Purana_Series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>A page of <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most remarkable <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a> for the Krishnaites became <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2007_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2007-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i> (appendix to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–64_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–64-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_3_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_3-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> (especially the 10th Canto).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaudeville196231–40_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaudeville196231–40-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2003_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2003-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_4_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_4-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While every tradition of Krishnaism has its own canon, in all Krishna is accepted as a teacher of the path in the scriptures Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana—"the Bible of Krishnaism".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001107_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001107-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Krishna says in the Bhagavad Gita, establishing the basis of Krishnaism himself: </p> <ul><li>"And of all yogins, he who full of faith worships Me, with his inner self abiding in Me, him, I hold to be the most attuned (to me in Yoga)."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"After attaining Me, the great souls do not incur rebirth in this miserable transitory world, because they have attained the highest perfection."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Sampradaya">Vallabha Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka sampradaya">Nimbarka sampradaya</a> and the old <a href="/wiki/Bhagavat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavat">Bhagavat</a> school, Krishna is believed to be fully represented in his original form in the Bhagavata Purana, that at the end of the list of <i>avataras</i> concludes with the following assertion:<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna153_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna153-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Sri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead (<i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Not all commentators on the Bhagavata Purana stress this verse, however a majority of Krishna-centered and contemporary commentaries highlight this verse as a significant statement.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a> has called it <i>Paribhasa-sutra</i>, the "thesis statement" upon which the entire book or even theology is based.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another place of the Bhagavata Purana (10.83.5–43) those who are named as wives of Krishna all explain to Uraupadi how the 'Lord himself' (<i>Svayam Bhagavan</i>, Bhagavata Purana 10.83.7) came to marry them. As they relate these episodes, several of the wives speak of themselves as Krishna's devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna141_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna141-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the tenth canto the Bhagavata Purana describes <i>svayam bhagavans</i> Krishna's childhood pastimes as that of a much-loved child raised by cowherds in <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, near to the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a>. The young Krishna enjoys numerous pleasures, such as thieving balls of butter or playing in the forest with his cowherd friends. He also endures episodes of carefree bravery protecting the town from demons. More importantly, however, he steals the hearts of the cowherd girls (Gopis). Through his magical ways, he multiplies himself to give each the attention needed to allow her to be so much in love with Krishna that she feels at one with him and only desires to serve him. This love, represented by the grief they feel when Krishna is called away on a heroic mission and their intense longing for him, is presented as models of the way of extreme devotion (bhakti) to the Supreme Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edwin F. Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana 10th Book as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead — the personality behind the term <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> and the ultimate aspect of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Other common scriptures</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> is one of major Puranas, that centers around Krishna and Radha, identifying Krishna as the Supreme Being and asserting that all deities such as Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> are incarnations of Him;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> is a poem of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> that firstly considers the cult <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Krishna speaks to Radha:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,<br /> And let your foot through beauty win,<br /> To me who am the Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours.<br /> O follow me, my little Radha. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jayadeva, <i>Gita Govinda</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Narayaniyam" title="Narayaniyam">Narayaniyam</a></i> is <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>'s poem as a summary of the Bhagavata Purana.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> deals a big part with Krishnaism, which is mostly the same as the theme of Brahma Vaivarta Purana, mainly Krishna's greatness begins at the later half of the fifth Canto.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i> is a detailed Vaishnavite scripture written by sage Garga on the life events of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>. It is the earliest text available which associates the festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavanya_Krishna_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavanya_Krishna-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_theology">Philosophy and theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philosophy and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JivaGoswami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg/200px-JivaGoswami.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg/300px-JivaGoswami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/JivaGoswami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><small>Jiva Gosvami's <a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Kutir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajan Kutir">Bhajan Kutir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Radha-kunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-kunda">Radha-kunda</a>. Jiva Goswamis <i>Sandarbhas</i> summarize Vedic sources of Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition's accretion of the concept Krishna to be the supreme Lord, based on paribhasa-sutra of Bhagavata Purana.</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of theological and philosophical ideas are presented through Krishna in Krishnaite texts. The teachings of the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i> can be considered as the first Krishnaite system of theology in terms of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> synthesizes an <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, and devotionalized Yoga praxis framework for Krishna but one that proceeds through loving devotion to Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i> became a main kind of Krishnaite philosophy, which teaches that the individual self is both different and not different from the ultimate reality. It predates the positions of <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>). Among medieval Bhedabheda thinkers are <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya"><i>Dvaitadvaita</i> school</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a>, a saint from Gaudiya Vaishnavism, described Krishna theology in terms of <i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i> philosophical school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378Gupta2014_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378Gupta2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishna theology is presented in a pure <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> framework by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabhacharya</a>, who was the founder of <i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i> school of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acharya-founders of the remaining Krishnaite sampradayas did not create new schools of philosophy, following the old ones or nor attaching importance to philosophical speculations. Thus, the philosophical base of the <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> traditions is the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaitin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaitin</a>. And the <a href="/wiki/Radha-vallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-vallabha">Radha-vallabha Sampradaya</a> prefers to remain unaffiliation with any philosophical positions and declines to produce theological and philosophical commentaries, basing on pure <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, divine love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200567,_74_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200567,_74-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> devotion</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored dice with white background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/250px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/375px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/500px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> recites the mantra to Radha Krishna by Manaku.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple,_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored dice with checkered background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/250px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/375px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/500px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5570" data-file-height="3791" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A devotee reading inside didicated to Radha-Krishna 18th-century Lalji Temple, <a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maha-mantra">Maha-mantra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maha-mantra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna (mantra)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hare_Krshna_(Mahamantra).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png/220px-Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png/330px-Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png/440px-Hare_Krshna_%28Mahamantra%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Maha-mantra <i>Hare Krishna</i> in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> is a sacred utterance. The most basic and known it among the Krishnaites—<i><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Mahā-mantra</a></i> ("Great Mantra")—is a 16-word mantra in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> which is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993199_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993199-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Hare Rāma Hare Rāma</i><br /> <i>Rāma Rāma Hare Hare<br /></i> <i>Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa</i><br /> <i>Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare</i> </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Its variety within <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> looks as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa</i><br /> <i>Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare</i><br /> <i>Hare Rāma Hare Rāma</i><br /> <i>Rāma Rāma Hare Hare</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The Maha-mantra <i>Radhe Krishna</i> of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> is as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa</i><br /> <i>Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe</i><br /> <i>Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām</i><br /> <i>Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kirtan">Kirtan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kirtan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg/200px-Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg/300px-Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg/400px-Kirtan_at_Bishnupur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a> at front of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bishnupur" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Bishnupur">Jor Mandir Temple in Bishnupur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A characteristic part of spiritual practice, in almost all traditions of Krishnaism, is a <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>, a collective musical performance with chanting of the glories of God. </p><p>The Marathi <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> saint <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> used the kirtan form of singing to praise the glory of <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> (Krishna). Marathi kirtan is typically performed by one or two main performers, called "kirtankar", accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling. The <i>naradiya kirtan</i> popular in Maharashtra is performed by a single kirtankar, and contains the poetry of saints of Maharashtra such as <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, Namdev and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vrindavan of <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region, a kirtan accords the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a> launched a kirtan singing devotional movement around the stories of baby Krishna and his early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And "Samaj-Gayan" is the <a href="/wiki/Radha-vallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha-vallabha">Radha-vallabha Sampradaya</a>'s collective style of hymn singing by the Hindustani classical forms "<a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">dhrupad</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Dhamar_(music)" title="Dhamar (music)">dhamar</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200567_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200567-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> popularized adolescent the love between Radha and Krishna based extatic public <i>san-kirtan</i> in Bengal, with Hare Krishna mantra other songs and dances, wherein the love between Radha and Krishna was symbolized as the love between one's soul and God.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a> in Assam helped establish <a href="/wiki/Satra" title="Satra">satras</a> (temples and monasteries) with <i>kirtan-ghar</i> (also called <a href="/wiki/Namghar" title="Namghar">namghar</a>), for singing and dramatic performance of Krishna-related theology.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_places">Holy places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Holy places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potra_Kund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Potra_Kund.jpg/220px-Potra_Kund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Potra_Kund.jpg/330px-Potra_Kund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Potra_Kund.jpg/440px-Potra_Kund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Potra Kund in <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex</a>, Mathura, is believed to have been used for the first bath of child Krishna after his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016140–141_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016140–141-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg/220px-Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg/330px-Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg/440px-Hindu_pilgrims_in_Maharashtra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a> pilgrims, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The three main pilgrimage sites related to Krishna circuit are "<a href="/wiki/48_kos_parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> state, "<a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple#Pilgrimage" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarka Parkarma</a>" (Dwarkadish yatra) at <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, Uttar Pradesh, is often considered to be a holy place by majority of traditions of Krishnaism. It's a center of Krishna worship and the area includes places like <a href="/wiki/Govardhan" title="Govardhan">Govardhana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a> associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of <i>bhaktas</i> or devotees of Krishna visit these places of pilgrimage every year and participate in a number of festivals that relate to the scenes from Krishna's life on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels2003124–180_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels2003124–180-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley2020front_matter_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2020front_matter-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a> is considered the eternal abode of Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> according to some Krishnaite schools, including Gaudiya Vaishnavism. The scriptural basis for this is taken in <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a> and Bhagavata Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig200510_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200510-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, Jujarat) and the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, Odisha) are particularly significant in Krishnaism, and are regarded have been two of the four major pilgrimage destinations for most Hindus as the <a href="/wiki/Char_Dham" title="Char Dham">Char Dham</a> pilgrimage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hare_krishna_devote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hare_krishna_devote.jpg/220px-Hare_krishna_devote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hare_krishna_devote.jpg/330px-Hare_krishna_devote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hare_krishna_devote.jpg/440px-Hare_krishna_devote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Western Hare Krishna devotee.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are adherents of Krishnaism in all strata of Indian society, but a tendency has been revealed, for example, Bengal Gaudiya Vaishnavas belong to the lower middle castes, while the upper castes as well as lowest castes and tribes are <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shaktas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishnaism has a limited following outside of India, especially associated with 1960s counter-culture, including a number of celebrity followers, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, due to its promulgation throughout the world by the founder-acharya of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON) <a href="/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1989_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1989-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DK_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig2005_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig2005-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Hindu member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> is follower of the Krishnaite organisation <a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Krishnaism_and_Christianity">Krishnaism and Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Krishnaism and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debaters have often alleged a number of parallels between Krishnaism and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, originating with <a href="/wiki/Kersey_Graves" title="Kersey Graves">Kersey Graves</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Sixteen_Crucified_Saviors" title="The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors">The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors</a></i> claiming 346 parallels between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theorizing that Christianity emerged as a result of an import of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> concepts upon <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Some 19th- to early 20th-century scholars writing on <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_in_comparative_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ in comparative mythology">Jesus Christ in comparative mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_M._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Robertson">John M. Robertson</a>, <i>Christianity and Mythology</i>, 1910) even sought to derive both traditions from a common predecessor religion.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_key_Krishnaite_temples">Gallery of key Krishnaite temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery of key Krishnaite temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarkadhish Temple, Dwarka, Gujarat"><img alt="Dwarkadhish Temple, Dwarka, Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/120px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/180px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/240px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, Gujarat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Jagannath_Temple,_Puri._India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha"><img alt="Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg/90px-Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg/135px-Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg/180px-Sri_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri._India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a>, Odisha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple, Jaipur, Rajasthan"><img alt="Govind Dev Ji Temple, Jaipur, Rajasthan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg/120px-Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg/180px-Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg/240px-Shree_Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple_Jaipur_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple">Govind Dev Ji Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, Rajasthan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vithoba Temple, Maharashtra"><img alt="Vithoba Temple, Maharashtra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/120px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/180px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/240px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Vithoba Temple</a>, Maharashtra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh, Gujarat"><img alt="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh, Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg/120px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg/180px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg/240px-Damodar_Kund_-_Junagadh_-_Gujarat_-_DSC005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Junagadh" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh">Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh</a>, Gujarat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guruvayur Temple, Guruvayur, Kerala"><img alt="Guruvayur Temple, Guruvayur, Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg/120px-Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg/180px-Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg/240px-Guruvayoor_Temple_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a>, Kerala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Udupi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha, Udupi, Karnataka"><img alt="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha, Udupi, Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Udupi.JPG/90px-Udupi.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Udupi.JPG/135px-Udupi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Udupi.JPG/180px-Udupi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Sri_Krishna_Matha" title="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha">Udupi Sri Krishna Matha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>, Karnataka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukhra Mahanta Asthal, West Bengal"><img alt="Ukhra Mahanta Asthal, West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/120px-The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/180px-The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG/240px-The_main_nine-pinnacled_temple_of_Ukhra_Nimbarka_Peeth_Mahanta_Asthal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ukhra_Mahanta_Asthal" title="Ukhra Mahanta Asthal">Ukhra Mahanta Asthal</a>, West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MadanMohanmandir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan"><img alt="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MadanMohanmandir.jpg/102px-MadanMohanmandir.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MadanMohanmandir.jpg/153px-MadanMohanmandir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MadanMohanmandir.jpg/204px-MadanMohanmandir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bankey Bihari Temple, Vrindavan"><img alt="Bankey Bihari Temple, Vrindavan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG/90px-Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG/135px-Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG/180px-Bankebihari_temple_main_gate_Vrindavan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bankey_Bihari_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankey Bihari Temple">Bankey Bihari Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raas_Mancha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rasmancha, Bishnupur, West Bengal"><img alt="Rasmancha, Bishnupur, West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Raas_Mancha.jpg/120px-Raas_Mancha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Raas_Mancha.jpg/180px-Raas_Mancha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Raas_Mancha.jpg/240px-Raas_Mancha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3459" data-file-height="2378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rasmancha,_Bishnupur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmancha, Bishnupur">Rasmancha, Bishnupur</a>, West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lalji Temple, Kalna"><img alt="Lalji Temple, Kalna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg/120px-Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg/180px-Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg/240px-Kalna_Lalji_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lalji Temple, <a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong,_Manipur_(India).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple, Manipur"><img alt="Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple, Manipur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg/120px-Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg/180px-Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg/240px-Gopinath_Temple_-_Ningthoukhong%2C_Manipur_%28India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhong" title="Ningthoukhong">Ningthoukhong</a> Gopinath Temple, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple,_Vrindavan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan"><img alt="Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg/90px-Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg/135px-Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg/180px-Entrance_Radha_Raman_Temple%2C_Vrindavan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Raman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Raman Temple">Radha Raman Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yogapith,_Mayapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yogapith Temple, Mayapur"><img alt="Yogapith Temple, Mayapur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg/82px-Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg/124px-Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg/165px-Yogapith%2C_Mayapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="3395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yogapith Temple, <a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gour Nitai Temple, Gaudiya Math, Kolkata"><img alt="Gour Nitai Temple, Gaudiya Math, Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG/120px-Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG/180px-Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG/240px-Gaudiya_Math_-_Baghbazar_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1820.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gour Nitai Temple, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Math</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir, Chennai"><img alt="Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir, Chennai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG/120px-ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG/180px-ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG/240px-ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON Temple Chennai">Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex, Mathura"><img alt="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/120px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/180px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/240px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur"><img alt="Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg/120px-Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg/180px-Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg/240px-Chandroday_mandir_uc_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mayapur_Chandrodaya_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir">Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskon_bangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sri Radha Krishna-chandra Temple, Bangalore"><img alt="Sri Radha Krishna-chandra Temple, Bangalore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iskon_bangalore.jpg/90px-Iskon_bangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iskon_bangalore.jpg/135px-Iskon_bangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iskon_bangalore.jpg/180px-Iskon_bangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON Temple Bangalore">Sri Radha Krishna-chandra Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madhupur Satra, West Bengal"><img alt="Madhupur Satra, West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg/120px-Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg/180px-Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg/240px-Madhupur_satra_at_Kochbihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madhupur_Satra" title="Madhupur Satra">Madhupur Satra</a>, West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi,_Barpeta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barpeta Satra, Assam"><img alt="Barpeta Satra, Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg/120px-Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg/180px-Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg/240px-Sankardev_Satra_Patbausi%2C_Barpeta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3253" data-file-height="2365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barpeta_Satra" title="Barpeta Satra">Barpeta Satra</a>, Assam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athkheliya Namghar, Golaghat, Assam"><img alt="Athkheliya Namghar, Golaghat, Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg/120px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg/180px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg/240px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A5%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A5%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Athkheliya_Namghar" title="Athkheliya Namghar">Athkheliya Namghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golaghat_district" title="Golaghat district">Golaghat</a>, Assam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna Pranami Mandir, Patna, Madhya Pradesh"><img alt="Krishna Pranami Mandir, Patna, Madhya Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/80px-Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/120px-Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/160px-Mahamati_Prannathji_Temple_Panna_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krishna <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a> Mandir, <a href="/wiki/Patna,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna, India">Patna</a>, Madhya Pradesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prema_Mandir_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan"><img alt="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prema_Mandir_4.jpg/120px-Prema_Mandir_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prema_Mandir_4.jpg/180px-Prema_Mandir_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Prema_Mandir_4.jpg/240px-Prema_Mandir_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir,_Vrindavan" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan">Prem Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The term <i>Kṛṣṇaism</i>, then, can be used to summarize a large group of independent systems of beliefs and devotion that developed over more than two thousand years ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987392_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987392-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Present day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. According to historical testimonies Krishna-Vāsudeva worship already flourished in and around Mathura several centuries before Christ. A second important element is the cult of Krishna Govinda. Still later is the worship of Bala-Krishna, the Divine Child Krishna — a quite prominent feature of modern Krishnaism. The last element seems to have been Krishna Gopijanavallabha, Krishna the lover of the Gopis, among whom Radha occupies a special position. In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Non-Vedic in origin and development, Kṛṣṇaism now sought affiliation with Vedism so that it could become acceptable to the still not inconsiderable orthodox elements among the people. That is how Viṣṇu of the Ṛgveda came to be assimilated—more or less superficially—into Kṛṣṇaism."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dandekar-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dandekar_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (sixth to fifth centuries bce)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a> in his <i>Viraha-bhakti</i> analyses the history of Krishnaism, specifically all pre-11th-century sources starting with the stories of Krishna and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Mayon</a> mysticism of the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> saints, Sangam <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>' Krishna-centered devotion in the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(theology)" title="Rasa (theology)">rasa</a> of the emotional union and the dating and history of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1981-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dandekarb-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dandekarb_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (sixth to fifth centuries bce)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"(...) After attaining to fame eternal, he again took up his real nature as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. The most important among Visnu's avataras is undoubtedly Krsna, the black one, also called <i>Syama</i>. For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself."<sup id="cite_ref-KK_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KK-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the touch-stone of this definition of the final and positive characteristic of Sri Krsna as the Highest Divinity as Svayam-rupa Bhagavan."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Bengal School identifies the Bhagavat with Krishna depicted in the Shrimad-Bhagavata and presents him as its highest personal God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe1960113_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe1960113-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It becomes clear that the personality of Bhagvan Krishna subordinates to itself the titles and identities of Vishnu, Narayana, Purusha, Ishvara, Hari, Vasudeva, Janardana etc. The pervasive theme, then, of the <i>Bhagavata Puran</i> is the identification of Bhagavan with Krishna."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198653_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198653-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"..Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, certainly the most popular religious books in the whole of India. Not only was Krsnaism influenced by the identification of Krsna with Vishnu, but also Vaishnavism as a whole was partly transformed and reinvented in the light of the popular and powerful Krishna religion. Bhagavatism may have brought an element of cosmic religion into Krishna worship; Krishna has certainly brought a strongly human element into Bhagavatism. ... The center of Krishna-worship has been for a long time Brajbhumi, the district of Mathura that embraces also Vrindavana, Govardhana, and Gokula, associated with Krishna from the time immemorial. Many millions of Krishna <i>bhaktas</i> visit these places ever year and participate in the numerous festivals that reenact scenes from Krshnas life on Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John M. Robertson wrote a learned treatise entitled "Christ and Krishna", and in that work he argued that there was no direct contact between Krishnaism and Christianity; but that both sects were derived from an earlier common source."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullick1898Hein1986296–317Hardy1987387–392Flood1996117Matchett2001Bryant2007381-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullick1898Hein1986296–317Hardy1987387–392Flood1996117Matchett2001Bryant2007381_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullick1898">Mullick 1898</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHein1986">Hein 1986</a>, pp. 296–317; <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 117; <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987392-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987392_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar19879499_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandekar1987">Dandekar 1987</a>, p. 9499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="#CITEREFStewart2010">Stewart 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005206_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2005">Klostermaier 2005</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelbon1987_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelbon1987">Welbon 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEliade1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a>, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwTXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of religion</i></a>. Vol. 15. MacMillan. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 436–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=436-438&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197">Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence</a>, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. Brill. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1968667–670_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasham1968">Basham 1968</a>, pp. 667–670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1983-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1983_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1983">Hudson 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20074-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20074_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHein1986296–317-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHein1986296–317_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHein1986">Hein 1986</a>, pp. 296–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami1956-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami1956_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoswami1956">Goswami 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996119–120_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan1997p211a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p211a_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. 211–220, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=211-220%2C+236&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Austin2018" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Austin (2018). Diana Dimitrova and Tatiana Oranskaia (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2JgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30"><i>Divinizing in South Asian Traditions</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0"><bdi>978-1-351-12360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinizing+in+South+Asian+Traditions&rft.pages=30-35&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-12360-0&rft.au=Christopher+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2JgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM58-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VM58_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpan1992" class="citation book cs1">Malpan, Varghese (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSy_BSaO2BwC&pg=PA58"><i>A Comparative Study of the Bhagavad-gītā and the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola on the Process of Spiritual Liberation</i></a>. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-648-0"><bdi>978-88-7652-648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Bhagavad-g%C4%ABt%C4%81+and+the+Spiritual+Exercises+of+Saint+Ignatius+of+Loyola+on+the+Process+of+Spiritual+Liberation&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Gregorian+Biblical+BookShop&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-648-0&rft.aulast=Malpan&rft.aufirst=Varghese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSy_BSaO2BwC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The affix <i>vun</i> comes in the sense of "this is his object of veneration" after the words 'Vâsudeva' and 'Arjuna'", giving Vâsudevaka and Arjunaka. Source: Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/4-3-98">Panini 4-3-98</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucsm-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucsm_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucsm_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183626/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html">"Vaishnava"</a>. philtar.ucsm.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaishnava&rft.pub=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fdevot%2Fvaish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamkrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar,_Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramkrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar">Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar</a>, Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar (1976). <i>Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium</i>. India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 38–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Gopal+Bhandarkar+as+an+Indologist%3A+A+Symposium&rft.place=India&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Ramkrishna+Gopal+Bhandarkar%2C+Ramchandra+Narayan+Dandekar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gita-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gita_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Widengren1997" class="citation book cs1">G. Widengren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC&pg=PA270"><i>Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions – Religions of the Present</i></a>. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-02598-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-02598-7"><bdi>90-04-02598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Religionum%3A+Handbook+for+the+History+of+Religions+%E2%80%93+Religions+of+the+Present&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-02598-7&rft.au=G.+Widengren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rrQY1tzLQUC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1981-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1981_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1981">Hardy 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/23/4/443?ck=nck">"Book review: Friedhelm Hardy, Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krishna Devotion in South India. Oxford University Press, Nagaswamy 23 (4): 443 — Indian Economic & Social History Review"</a>. <i>ier.sagepub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ier.sagepub.com&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Friedhelm+Hardy%2C+Viraha+Bhakti%3A+The+Early+History+of+Krishna+Devotion+in+South+India.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Nagaswamy+23+%284%29%3A+443+%E2%80%94+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fier.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fpdf_extract%2F23%2F4%2F443%3Fck%3Dnck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moni-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moni_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moni_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monius, Anne E. <i>"Dance Before Doom. Krishna In The Non-Hindu Literature of Early Medieval South India"</i> in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, pp. 139–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Cutler (1987) <i>Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&dq=Friedhelm+Hardy+Viraha+Bhakti&pg=PA13">p. 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mal-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mal_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mal_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183649/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">"Devotion to Mal (Mayon)"</a>. philtar.ucsm.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devotion+to+Mal+%28Mayon%29&rft.pub=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fascetic%2Fmal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981EschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Rajaguru1992Guy1992213–230Starza1993KulkeSchnepel2001Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukherjee1981">Mukherjee 1981</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEschmannKulkeTripathi1978">Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFRajaguru1992">Rajaguru 1992</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGuy1992">Guy 1992</a>, pp. 213–230; <a href="#CITEREFStarza1993">Starza 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKulkeSchnepel2001">Kulke & Schnepel 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMiśra2005">Miśra 2005</a>, chapter 9. Jagannāthism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1981_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukherjee1981">Mukherjee 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiśra2005">Miśra 2005</a>, p. 97, chapter 9. Jagannāthism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarza199376-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarza199376_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarza1993">Starza 1993</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 139–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, pp. 1419–1420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganguli translation of Mahabharata, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b113.htm">Chapter 148</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007111–113_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_Poetry-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_Poetry_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, 5.3. Later Poetry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010303-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2010303_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2010">Stewart 2010</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1995">Lorenzen 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Clémentin-Ojha1990327–376Ramnarace2014Vemsani2016197_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFClémentin-Ojha1990">Clémentin-Ojha 1990</a>, pp. 327–376; <a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.2._The_Gita_Govinda_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, 5.2. The Gita Govinda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977">Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1423_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, pp. 1414–1423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher">"Nimbarka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nimbarka&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNimbarka-Indian-philosopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, p. 1415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu1932Dasgupta1962Das1988Hine2003Hayes200519–32SardellaWong2020part_2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasu1932">Basu 1932</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1962">Dasgupta 1962</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDas1988">Das 1988</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHine2003">Hine 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, pp. 19–32; <a href="#CITEREFSardellaWong2020">Sardella & Wong 2020</a>, part 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154Dalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154Dalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1986">Stewart 1986</a>, pp. 152–154; <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 385, Shrikrishna Kirtana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Hawley2005Rosenstein1997SchomerMcLeod1987SivaramkrishnaRoy1996-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3._Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Hawley2005Rosenstein1997SchomerMcLeod1987SivaramkrishnaRoy1996_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, 5.3. Later Poetry; <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFHawley2005">Hawley 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1997">Rosenstein 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987">Schomer & McLeod 1987</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSivaramkrishnaRoy1996">Sivaramkrishna & Roy 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteRedington1990373–374Redington1992287–294Patel2005127–136_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiteRedington1990">White & Redington 1990</a>, pp. 373–374; <a href="#CITEREFRedington1992">Redington 1992</a>, pp. 287–294; <a href="#CITEREFPatel2005">Patel 2005</a>, pp. 127–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1925De1960Chakravarti1985Elkman1986Rosen1994Chatterjee19951–14Gupta2007Stewart2010Gupta2014_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1925">Kennedy 1925</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDe1960">De 1960</a>; <a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1985">Chakravarti 1985</a>; <a href="#CITEREFElkman1986">Elkman 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRosen1994">Rosen 1994</a>; <a href="#CITEREFChatterjee1995">Chatterjee 1995</a>, pp. 1–14; <a href="#CITEREFGupta2007">Gupta 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStewart2010">Stewart 2010</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGupta2014">Gupta 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1966Murthy1973Medhi1978Neog1980Bryant2007chapter_6_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma1966">Sarma 1966</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMurthy1973">Murthy 1973</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMedhi1978">Medhi 1978</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNeog1980">Neog 1980</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010373–374-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010373–374_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 373–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988183–197Glushkova200047–58_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwao1988">Iwao 1988</a>, pp. 183–197; <a href="#CITEREFGlushkova2000">Glushkova 2000</a>, pp. 47–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhaus1983Dalal2010Mahanubhava_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldhaus1983">Feldhaus 1983</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, Mahanubhava.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Brzezinski1992472–497Rosenstein19985–18Beck200565–90_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1977">White 1977</a>; 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Krsna%27s+Various+Personalities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-335&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463085&rft.au=Mahony%2C+W.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_2_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2007-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2007_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2007">Rosen 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–64-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–64_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 44–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_3-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_3_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaudeville196231–40-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaudeville196231–40_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaudeville1962">Vaudeville 1962</a>, pp. 31–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1975">Miller 1975</a>, pp. 655–671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2003-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2003_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2003">Bryant 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_4-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007Chapter_4_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Mulhern (1959) A History of Education: A Social Interpretation p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Edgerton" title="Franklin Edgerton">Franklin Edgerton</a> (1925) The Bhagavad Gita: Or, Song of the Blessed One, India's Favorite Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1guGAfGr6UC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=RA2-PA87">pp. 87–91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlotte Vaudeville has said, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=PT119">it is the 'real Bible of Krsnaism'</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001107-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001107_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2005204_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2005">Klostermaier 2005</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakrishan(1970), ninth edition, Blackie and son India Ltd., p.211, Verse 6.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/bg/8/15">"Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 8.15"</a>. Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhaktivedanta+VedaBase%3A+Bhagavad-gita+As+It+Is%2C+Verse+8.15&rft.pub=Bhaktivedanta+VedaBase+Network+%28ISKCON%29&rft.au=A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami+Prabhupada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fbg%2F8%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna153-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna153_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 153 Bhag. Purana 1.3.28 :<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ete cāṁśa-kalāḥ puṁsaḥ kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam</i></span></i> :<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">indrāri-vyākulaṁ lokaṁ mṛḍayanti yuge yuge</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en">1.3.28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003052922/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en">Archived</a> 3 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Prabhupada" class="citation web cs1">Swami Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003052922/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en">"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 3 Verse 28"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Book Trust">Bhaktivedanta Book Trust</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en">the original</a> on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavatam+Canto+1+Chapter+3+Verse+28&rft.pub=Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.aulast=Swami+Prabhupada&rft.aufirst=A.C.+Bhaktivedanta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrimadbhagavatam.com%2F1%2F3%2F28%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_krishna.htm">"Sri Krishna"</a>. www.stephen-knapp.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Krishna&rft.pub=www.stephen-knapp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephen-knapp.com%2Fsri_krishna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhanurdhara_Swami2000" class="citation book cs1">Dhanurdhara Swami (2000). <i>Waves of Devotion</i>. Bhagavat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9703581-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9703581-0-5"><bdi>0-9703581-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waves+of+Devotion&rft.pub=Bhagavat+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9703581-0-5&rft.au=Dhanurdhara+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929082529/http://www.wavesofdevotion.com/wod/an.html">"Waves of Devotion"</a>. www.wavesofdevotion.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wavesofdevotion.com/wod/an.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waves+of+Devotion&rft.pub=www.wavesofdevotion.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wavesofdevotion.com%2Fwod%2Fan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span> In <a href="/wiki/Hari-namamr%E2%80%A0a-vyakarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari-namamr†a-vyakarana">Hari-namamr†a-vyakarana</a>, Jiva Gosvami defines paribhasa-sutra as <i>aniyame niyama-karini paribhasa</i>: "A <i>paribhasa-sutra</i> implies a rule or theme where it is not explicitly stated." In other words, it gives the context in which to understand a series of apparently unrelated statements in a book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna141-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna141_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna1-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna1_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, 10th canto transl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padma Purana Patala Khanda Fifth Canto, Motilal Bansaridas Publisher's Book 5 page 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavanya_Krishna-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lavanya_Krishna_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanavir_GoswamiKusakratha_Dasa2006" class="citation book cs1">Danavir Goswami; Kusakratha Dasa, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=079BzgEACAAJ"><i>Kr̥ṣṇa Comes to Earth (Śrī Garga-saṃhitā: Ist canto, pt. 2. ch. 7-13)</i></a>. Rupanuga Vedic College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Comes+to+Earth+%28%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Garga-sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81%3A+Ist+canto%2C+pt.+2.+ch.+7-13%29&rft.pub=Rupanuga+Vedic+College&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D079BzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande2007" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, M. L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX2btUszr6cC&dq=Garga+samhita&pg=PT35"><i>Love in Ancient India</i></a>. Wisdom Tree. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8328-217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8328-217-8"><bdi>978-81-8328-217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Wisdom+Tree&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8328-217-8&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX2btUszr6cC%26dq%3DGarga%2Bsamhita%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElkman1986">Elkman 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGupta2007">Gupta 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 373–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378Gupta2014-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElkman1986Gupta2007Bryant2007373–378Gupta2014_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElkman1986">Elkman 1986</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGupta2007">Gupta 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 373–378; <a href="#CITEREFGupta2014">Gupta 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 479–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200567,_74-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200567,_74_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, pp. 67, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993199-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993199_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1993">Beck 1993</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kali-santarana-upanishad-of-shukla-yajurveda/d/doc217041.html">"Contents of the Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad"</a>. 16 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contents+of+the+Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a+Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fkali-santarana-upanishad-of-shukla-yajurveda%2Fd%2Fdoc217041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanade,_Ashok_D.2000" class="citation book cs1">Ranade, Ashok D. (2000). Kosambi, Meera (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=anant+phandi&pg=PA194"><i>Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra</i></a>. London: Sangam. pp. 194–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863118241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863118241"><bdi>978-0863118241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+socio-cultural+trends+in+Maharashtra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194-210&rft.pub=Sangam&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0863118241&rft.au=Ranade%2C+Ashok+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU8dmAiaZSgC%26q%3Danant%2Bphandi%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher,_Catherine_B.Talbot,_Cynthia2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GEWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–112, 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91561-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91561-8"><bdi>978-1-139-91561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=110-112%2C+148-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91561-8&rft.au=Asher%2C+Catherine+B.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GEWAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200567-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200567_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier,_Ronald_M.1997" class="citation book cs1">Bernier, Ronald M. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern"><i>Himalayan Architecture</i></a></span>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern/page/27">27</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3602-2"><bdi>978-0-8386-3602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Architecture&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3602-2&rft.au=Bernier%2C+Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhimalayanarchite00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016140–141-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016140–141_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels2003124–180-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels2003124–180_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPauwels2003">Pauwels 2003</a>, pp. 124–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2020front_matter-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley2020front_matter_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawley2020">Hawley 2020</a>, front matter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig200510-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig200510_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2005). "Bengali religions". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 824–832. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15+Volume+Set&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pages=824-832&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1989-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1989_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1989">Brooks 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuliano,_Geoffrey1997" class="citation book cs1">Giuliano, Geoffrey (1997). <i>Dark horse: the life and art of George Harrison</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80747-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80747-5"><bdi>0-306-80747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+horse%3A+the+life+and+art+of+George+Harrison&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-306-80747-5&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweig2005-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweig2005_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweig2005">Schweig 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/what-does-tulsi-gabbard-believe"><i>What Does Tulsi Gabbard Believe?</i></a>, Kelefa Sanneh, The New Yorker, Oktober 30, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/tulsi-gabbard-2020-presidential-campaign.html"><i>Tulsi Gabbard Had a Very Strange Childhood</i></a>, Kerry Howley, New York Intelligencer, Juni 11, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38600/38600-h/38600-h.htm">The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kersey_Graves" title="Kersey Graves">Kersey Graves</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_John1985" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitybefo00/page/166"><i>Christianity Before Christ</i></a>. American Atheist Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitybefo00/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910309-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-910309-20-5"><bdi>0-910309-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Before+Christ&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=American+Atheist+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-910309-20-5&rft.au=Jackson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitybefo00%2Fpage%2F166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.G._Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Archer">Archer, W. G.</a> (2004) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czLDAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry</i></a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4"><bdi>0-486-43371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loves+of+Krishna+in+Indian+Painting+and+Poetry&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-486-43371-4&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczLDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1993" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Samanta (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPJEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Appropriation of a Folk-heroine: Radha in Medieval Bengali Vaishnavite Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185952086" title="Special:BookSources/8185952086"><bdi>8185952086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appropriation+of+a+Folk-heroine%3A+Radha+in+Medieval+Bengali+Vaishnavite+Culture&rft.place=Shimla&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=8185952086&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Samanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPJEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1968" class="citation journal cs1">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1968). "Review: <i>Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes</i> by Milton Singer; Daniel H. H. Ingalls". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 667–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2051211">10.2307/2051211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051211">2051211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161458918">161458918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Krishna%3A+Myths%2C+Rites%2C+and+Attitudes+by+Milton+Singer%3B+Daniel+H.+H.+Ingalls&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=667-670&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161458918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2051211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2051211&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1932" class="citation book cs1">Basu, M. M. (1932). <i>The Post-Caitanya Sahajiya Cult of Bengal</i>. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Caitanya+Sahajiya+Cult+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1993" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC"><i>Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</i></a>. Studies in Comparative Religion. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872498557" title="Special:BookSources/0872498557"><bdi>0872498557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.series=Studies+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0872498557&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcY1Xw1ZlIeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65">"Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya"</a>. In Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 65–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krishna+as+Loving+Husband+of+God%3A+The+Alternative+Krishnology+of+the+R%C4%81dh%C4%81vallabha+Sampradaya&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=65-90&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1989" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Charles R. 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New Delhi: Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836410051" title="Special:BookSources/9780836410051"><bdi>9780836410051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+system+of+the+Mah%C4%81nubh%C4%81va+sect%3A+the+Mah%C4%81nubh%C4%81va+S%C5%ABtrap%C4%81%E1%B9%ADha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=South+Asian+studies%2C+12&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780836410051&rft.aulast=Feldhaus&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJErLvAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlushkova2000" class="citation book cs1">Glushkova, Irina (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA47">"Norms and Values in the Varkari Tradition"</a>. 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New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 47–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1878-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1878-6"><bdi>81-250-1878-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norms+and+Values+in+the+Varkari+Tradition&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Socio-cultural+Trends+in+Maharashtra&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=47-53&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-250-1878-6&rft.aulast=Glushkova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU8dmAiaZSgC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami1956" class="citation book cs1">Goswami, Kunja Govinda (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8P7PAAACAAJ"><i>A study of Vaiṣṇavism from the advent of the Sungas to the fall of the Guptas in the light of epigraphic, numismatic and other archaeological materials</i></a>. Calcutta: Oriental Book Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120801873" title="Special:BookSources/8120801873"><bdi>8120801873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+study+of+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism+from+the+advent+of+the+Sungas+to+the+fall+of+the+Guptas+in+the+light+of+epigraphic%2C+numismatic+and+other+archaeological+materials&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Oriental+Book+Agency&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=8120801873&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Kunja+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8P7PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ravi_M._Gupta" title="Ravi M. 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London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40548-5"><bdi>978-0-415-40548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaitanya+Vaishnava+Vedanta+of+Jiva+Gosvami%3A+When+Knowledge+Meets+Devotion&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Hindu+Studies+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40548-5&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ravi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRYHZ2WmIDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ravi_M._Gupta" title="Ravi M. Gupta">Gupta, Ravi M.</a>, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2b-KBAAAQBAJ"><i>Caitanya Vaiṣṇava Philosophy: Tradition, Reason and Devotion</i></a>. Surray: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754661771" title="Special:BookSources/9780754661771"><bdi>9780754661771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caitanya+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Philosophy%3A+Tradition%2C+Reason+and+Devotion&rft.place=Surray&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780754661771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2b-KBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1992" class="citation journal cs1">Guy, John (1992). 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Oxford University South Asian Studies Series. 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In Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 19–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Metaphor+Theory+and+Alternative+Views+of+Krishna+and+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+in+Vaishnava+Sahajiy%C4%81&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=19-32&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Glen+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hein, Norvin (1986). 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India. pp. 125–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9781-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-9781-4"><bdi>0-7619-9781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manipur+Vaishnavism%3A+A+Sociological+Interpretation&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Themes+in+Indian+Sociology%2C+3&rft.pages=125-132&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7619-9781-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kunj+Bihari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc6GAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivaramkrishnaRoy1996" class="citation book cs1">Sivaramkrishna, M.; Roy, Sumita, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMvlDsnEgRoC"><i>Poet-Saints of India</i></a>. New Delhi: Sterling Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-207-1883-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-207-1883-6"><bdi>81-207-1883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poet-Saints+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sterling+Publ&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-207-1883-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMvlDsnEgRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1991" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Rupert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOs-G0-VIWQC"><i>The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada</i></a>. Delhi; London: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>; School of Oriental and African Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0629-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0629-8"><bdi>81-208-0629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighty-four+Hymns+of+Hita+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba%3A+An+Edition+of+the+Caur%C4%81s%C4%AB+Pada&rft.place=Delhi%3B+London&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass%3B+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-208-0629-8&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOs-G0-VIWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarza1993" class="citation book cs1">Starza, O. M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C"><i>The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult</i></a>. Studies in South Asian culture, 15. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6"><bdi>90-04-09673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jagannatha+Temple+at+Puri%3A+Its+Architecture%2C+Art+and+Cult&rft.place=Leiden%3B+New+York%3B+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Studies+in+South+Asian+culture%2C+15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09673-6&rft.aulast=Starza&rft.aufirst=O.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4bV3beb0n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1986" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Tony K. (1986). "Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna: The "Srikrsnakirtana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Ethnology" title="Asian Ethnology">Asian Ethnology</a></i>. <b>45</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177851">1177851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Singing+the+Glory+of+Lord+Krishna%3A+The+%22Srikrsnakirtana%22&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Tony+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Tony K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzVX7Hoe_AkC"><i>The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539272-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539272-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Word%3A+The+Caitanya+Carit%C4%81m%E1%B9%9Bta+and+the+Grammar+of+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539272-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Tony+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzVX7Hoe_AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToffin2012" class="citation book cs1">Toffin, Gérard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249">"The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal"</a>. In John Zavos; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ"><i>Public Hinduisms</i></a>. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 249–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Boundaries%3A+Transnational+Links+among+Krishna+Pranamis+of+India+and+Nepal&rft.btitle=Public+Hinduisms&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=249-254&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1696-7&rft.aulast=Toffin&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuuICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaudeville1962" class="citation journal cs1">Vaudeville, Ch. (1962). "Evolution of Love-Symbolism in Bhagavatism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>82</b> (1): 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595976">10.2307/595976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595976">595976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Love-Symbolism+in+Bhagavatism&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-40&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595976%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaudeville&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Vemsani, Lavanya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Ca%3B+Denver%2C+Co%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.aulast=Vemsani&rft.aufirst=Lavanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelbon1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welbon, G. R. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: Bhāgavatas". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3"><bdi>978-0-02897-135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Bh%C4%81gavatas&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02897-135-3&rft.aulast=Welbon&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1977" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles S. J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8Q_zgEACAAJ"><i>The Caurāsī Pad of Śri Hit Harivaṃś: Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Edited Braj Bhaṣa</i></a>. Asian studies at Hawaii, 16. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803599" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803599"><bdi>9780824803599</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8486">0066-8486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caur%C4%81s%C4%AB+Pad+of+%C5%9Ari+Hit+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%3A+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+Notes%2C+and+Edited+Braj+Bha%E1%B9%A3a&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Asian+studies+at+Hawaii%2C+16&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0066-8486&rft.isbn=9780824803599&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8Q_zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteRedington1990" class="citation journal cs1">White, Charles S. J.; Redington, James D. (1990). "Vallabhacarya on the Love Games of Krsna". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>110</b> (2): 373–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604565">10.2307/604565</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604565">604565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Vallabhacarya+on+the+Love+Games+of+Krsna&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=373-374&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.+J.&rft.au=Redington%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand1992" class="citation book cs1">Anand, D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC"><i>Krishna: The Living God of Braj</i></a>. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-280-2"><bdi>81-7017-280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Living+God+of+Braj&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Shakti+Malik+Abhinav+Publ&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7017-280-2&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsvSwdUgQYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC"><i>Krishna-cult in Indian Art</i></a>. New Delhi: M. D. Publ. Pvt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5"><bdi>81-7533-001-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna-cult+in+Indian+Art&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=M.+D.+Publ.+Pvt&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-7533-001-5&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyyNIL7Ug2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2000" class="citation book cs1">Case, Margaret H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh7OoTSH5UwC"><i>Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindavan</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513010-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513010-3"><bdi>0-19-513010-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Krishna%3A+The+Religious+World+of+a+Brahman+Family+in+Vrindavan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-513010-3&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Margaret+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh7OoTSH5UwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Couture, André (2006). <i>The emergence of a group of four characters (Vasudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha) in the Harivamsa: points for consideration</i>. Journal of Indian Philosophy 34,6. pp. 571–585.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1980" class="citation book cs1">Das, Kalyani (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpBsSe7TNoTkygS_0p2ZCA"><i>Early Inscriptions of Mathurā: A Study</i></a>. Punthi Pustak.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Inscriptions+of+Mathur%C4%81%3A+A+Study&rft.pub=Punthi+Pustak&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Kalyani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpBsSe7TNoTkygS_0p2ZCA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1955" class="citation journal cs1">Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (July–October 1955). "A Note on the Development of Radha Cult". <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>36</b> (3/4): 231–257. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082959">44082959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Development+of+Radha+Cult&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=231-257&rft.date=1955-07%2F1955-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Asoke+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mishra, Baba (1999). <i>"Radha and her contour in Orissan culture"</i> in Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi; pp. 243–259.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2012" class="citation book cs1">Nash, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-2932-2_7">"Re-examining Ecological Aspects of Vrindavan Pilgrimage"</a>. In L. Manderson; W. Smith; M. Tomlinson (eds.). <i>Flows of Faith</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2932-2_7">10.1007/978-94-007-2932-2_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2931-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2931-5"><bdi>978-94-007-2931-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Re-examining+Ecological+Aspects+of+Vrindavan+Pilgrimage&rft.btitle=Flows+of+Faith&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=105-121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-2932-2_7&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2931-5&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-2932-2_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1966" class="citation book cs1">Singer, M. (1966). <i>Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes</i>. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+Myths%2C+Rites%2C+and+Attitudes&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=East-West+Center+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishnaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sinha, K.P. (1997). <i>A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta</i>. Calcutta.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sampradayas_of_Vaishnavism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Template:Vaishnava Sampradayas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Template talk:Vaishnava Sampradayas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava Sampradayas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sampradayas_of_Vaishnavism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradayas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffc569;;width:1%">Major traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumara Sampradaya">Kumara Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffc569;;width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Thenkalai_sect_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalais_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishnaism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha-Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmiki_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balmiki sect">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffc569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template talk:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vishnu-bhakti, Vaishnava theology, and Vaishnava philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Om" title="Hari Om">Hari Om</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arati" class="mw-redirect" title="Arati">Arati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Sampradaya">Sampradayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> - <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaras">Four Kumāras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Prajnana_Kesava_Goswami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami">Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Bhakti Hridaya Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa_Goswami" title="Shrivatsa Goswami">Shrivatsa Goswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Famous bhaktas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Goswamis of Vrindavana">Six Goswamis of Vrindavana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math" title="Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana">Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vaisnava_Association" title="World Vaisnava Association">World Vaisnava Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanastra" title="Narayanastra">Narayanastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vaijayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturdashi" title="Vaikuntha Chaturdashi">Vaikuntha Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatalas">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense of India">Incense of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Japamala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvait%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitādvaita">Dvaitādvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achintya Bhedābheda">Achintya Bhedābheda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">Devis list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">Demigods list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Indian idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_Hinduism" title="Category:Scholars of Hinduism">Vaishnava theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135778#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kršnaismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph241812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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href="/wiki/Category:Krishna" title="Category:Krishna">Krishna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_March_2015" title="Category:EngvarB from March 2015">EngvarB from March 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[\"CITEREFVaradpande2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaudeville1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVemsani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelbon1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteRedington1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_BillMcDowell,_Josh1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"A.k.a.\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Col-1-of-3\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-2-of-3\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-3-of-3\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 57,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"IAST\"] = 3,\n [\"Krishna\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 12,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 105,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 26,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnava philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"VaisnavaSampradayas\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","27.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","10.3"],["?","140","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","2.3"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::ucfirst","40","2.3"],["[others]","360","20.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-xm24l","timestamp":"20241128195342","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Krishnaism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krishnaism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1135778","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1135778","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-01T07:50:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T09:36:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/Krishna_Holding_Mount_Govardhan_-_Crop.jpg","headline":"a large group of independent Hindu traditions that center on the devotion to Lord Krishna"}</script> </body> </html>