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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Blademaking technique</div> <p> <b>San mai</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">三枚</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sanmai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, in the context of metal blade construction/metalwork, refers to a knife, blade or sword that has the hard steel <a href="/wiki/Tamahagane" title="Tamahagane">hagane</a> forming the blade's edge, and the iron/stainless forming a jacket on both sides. It is also the term used to refer to the technique used to create these blades.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin,_use_of_the_term,_and_history"><span id="Origin.2C_use_of_the_term.2C_and_history"></span>Origin, use of the term, and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_mai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin, use of the term, and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"San mai" roughly translates as three flat things, in Japanese (San=three Mai=unit counter for flat objects). The term, and its root honsanmai, has been used to describe that construction method for many hundreds of years, from around 1300 A.D. It refers to when three layers of steel are used. The center is hard, and the sides are typically softer. As san mai is a generic term for a technique, the term can't be trademarked. Outside in the specific context of blade construction technique, the term, in general use in Japan, refers to three flat things (e.g. three tickets, or three pieces of paper), mai <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%9A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:枚">枚</a>, being the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">counter unit</a> term for flat objects in Japanese. </p><p>This technique of jacketed lamination (sandwiching a harder steel core between softer steel sheets) was a forging technique that dates back at least 2000 years to the kingdoms and empires of ancient China. The swords of the medieval Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (many of which are preserved in Japanese museums) are made with this lamination technique of a harder steel core wrapped in a softer steel jacket. Jacketed lamination techniques, as well as repeated hammering and folding techniques, date to at least the ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> of 202 BC to 220 AD. Modern metallurgical and structural analysis of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> swords revealed that some swords had a layered structure, while others had a laminated structure. The more layered swords had more than 30 layers, while other swords had 10 layers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"From the end of the Eastern Han to the Three Kingdoms period, the bailian gang (“100-fold refined” steel) technique was developed based on the chaogang technique. This technique involved repeated hot forging, folding, and stacking of chaogang bars in order to refine the crystals and inclusions. Steel with relatively low carbon content could sometimes be used as an ingredient to form composite steel. The number of laminations indicates the counts of lian (refining). The higher counts of lian, the higher number of forging cycles in the steel processing."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_mai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In stainless versions, this technique offers a practical and visible advantage of a superb cutting edge of modern Japanese knife steel, with a corrosion-resistant exterior. In professional Japanese kitchens, the edge is kept free of corrosion and knives are generally sharpened on a daily basis. Corrosion can be avoided by keeping the exposed portion of the non-stainless portion of the blade clean and dry after each use. </p><p>Technically, it is a style of <a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">lamination</a> used for blade construction, commonly used on blades that have a symmetrical grind (i.e. the edges are ground down from both sides to expose the edge, which is composed of the inner core material. In Japan, traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> used for the outer layer is Gukunan-tetsu <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technique has been used outside Japan in modern <a href="/wiki/Knife_making" title="Knife making">knife making</a> in the United States, often with new types of materials, including D2 <a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">tool steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_mai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Murray "Bladesmithing with Murray Carter: Modern Application of Traditional Techniques" Krause Publications, 22 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhao2020" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zhao, Fengyan (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-020-03312-x">"The manufacturing technology of iron swords from the capital of the Han Empire in China."</a>, <i>SN Applied Sciences</i>, 2, article 1510 (9), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42452-020-03312-x">10.1007/s42452-020-03312-x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SN+Applied+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+manufacturing+technology+of+iron+swords+from+the+capital+of+the+Han+Empire+in+China.&rft.volume=2%2C+article+1510&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42452-020-03312-x&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Fengyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs42452-020-03312-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+mai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaojun2023" class="citation cs2">Xiaojun, Hu (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2037-0_7">"Rediscovering Ancient China's Sword-Making Techniques: Insights from Reconstructing a Han-Dynasty Ring-Pommel Dao."</a>, <i>Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia - A Multi-perspective View on Sword Culture</i>, Martial Studies, <b>2</b>: 201–238, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-19-2037-0_7">10.1007/978-981-19-2037-0_7</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2036-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2036-3"><bdi>978-981-19-2036-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Martial+Culture+and+Historical+Martial+Arts+in+Europe+and+Asia+-+A+Multi-perspective+View+on+Sword+Culture&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Ancient+China%27s+Sword-Making+Techniques%3A+Insights+from+Reconstructing+a+Han-Dynasty+Ring-Pommel+Dao.&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=201-238&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-2037-0_7&rft.isbn=978-981-19-2036-3&rft.aulast=Xiaojun&rft.aufirst=Hu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-2037-0_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+mai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Carter "Bladesmithing with Murray Carter: Modern Application of Traditional Techniques" Krause Publications, 22 Sep. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morey J. "21st Century San-Mai from Lightfoot Knives" Guns Magazine [serial online]. 2009:86. Available from: General OneFile, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 28, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Side arm & nighthawk in 21st century San-Mai." (2008). 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