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<span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Public perceptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_perceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public perceptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_perceptions-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wartime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persuasion_in_social_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persuasion_in_social_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Persuasion in social psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persuasion_in_social_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_theory_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_theory_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Propaganda theory and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_theory_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Self-propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Children subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Semitic_propaganda_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Semitic_propaganda_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Anti-Semitic propaganda for children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Semitic_propaganda_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_disinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_disinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Comparisons with disinformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_disinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Essays and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD)" title="دعاية (مصطلح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دعاية (مصطلح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bli%C4%9Fat" title="Təbliğat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbliğat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پروپاقاندا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروپاقاندا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="উদ্দেশ্যপ্রণোদিত প্রচারণা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্দেশ্যপ্রণোদিত প্রচারণা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB_soan-tho%C3%A2n" title="Chèng-tī soan-thoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tī soan-thoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Прапаганда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прапаганда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Прапаганда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прапаганда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འཁྲབ་སྒྲགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཁྲབ་སྒྲགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradzira" title="Baradzira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Baradzira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پروپاݣاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروپاݣاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Προπαγάνδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προπαγάνδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagando" title="Propagando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propagando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پروپاگاندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروپاگاندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchar" title="Parchar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parchar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagande" title="Propagande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Propagande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%A0%84_(%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%ED%95%99)" title="선전 (사회학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선전 (사회학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քարոզչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարոզչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अधिप्रचार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अधिप्रचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagado" title="Propagado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Propagado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r%C3%B3%C3%B0ur" title="Áróður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áróður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="תעמולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעמולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandha" title="Propagandha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Propagandha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="პროპაგანდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროპაგანდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Үгіт-насихат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үгіт-насихат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plontyans" title="Plontyans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plontyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%82%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Үгүттөө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үгүттөө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampielezan-kevitra" title="Fampielezan-kevitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampielezan-kevitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ആശയപ്രചാരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആശയപ്രചാരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रचार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रचार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="პროპაგანდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პროპაგანდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بروباجاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروباجاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝါဒဖြန့်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါဒဖြန့်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(communicatie)" title="Propaganda (communicatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Propaganda (communicatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%91%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="プロパガンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロパガンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਪੇਗੰਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਪੇਗੰਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="پروپیگنڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروپیگنڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تبلیغات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تبلیغات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagand%C4%83" title="Propagandă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Propagandă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаґанда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пропаґанда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prupaganna" title="Prupaganna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prupaganna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95" title="پرۆپاگەندە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆپاگەندە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="பரப்புரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரப்புரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пропаганда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="پروپیگنڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروپیگنڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_truy%E1%BB%81n" title="Tuyên truyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyên truyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagand%C3%A1" title="Propagandá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Propagandá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0" title="政治宣传 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治宣传" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2" title="פראפאגאנדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראפאגאנדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E5%82%B3" title="政治宣傳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治宣傳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruopaganda" title="Pruopaganda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruopaganda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0" title="政治宣传 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治宣传" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Propaganda" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7281#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Propaganda (disambiguation)">Propaganda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg/220px-I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg/330px-I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg/440px-I_Want_You_for_U.S._Army_by_James_Montgomery_Flagg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12256" data-file-height="16464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg" title="James Montgomery Flagg">James Montgomery Flagg</a>’s famous “<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a>” propaganda poster, made during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Propaganda</b> is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">loaded language</a> to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_BLS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit_BLS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propaganda can be found in a wide variety of different contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the twentieth century, the English term <i>propaganda</i> became associated with a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulative</a> approach, but historically, propaganda had been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_BLS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit_BLS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating propaganda, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Computational_propaganda" title="Computational propaganda">computational propaganda</a>, bots and algorithms are used to manipulate public opinion, e.g., by creating <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biased_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Biased news">biased news</a> to spread it on social media or using <a href="/wiki/Chat_bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat bot">chat bots</a> to mimic real people in discussions in social networks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda Fide">Propaganda Fide</a></div> <p><i>Propaganda</i> is a modern Latin word, the neuter plural <a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a> form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">propagare</i></span>, meaning 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus <i>propaganda</i> means <i>the things which are to be propagated</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally this word derived from a new administrative body (<a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">congregation</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> created in 1622 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregatio de Propaganda Fide</a></i> (<i>Congregation for Propagating the Faith</i>), or informally simply <i>Propaganda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to <i>propaganda</i> in <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the cognate began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-English cognates of <i>propaganda</i> as well as some similar non-English terms retain neutral or positive connotations. For example, in official party discourse, <i><a href="/wiki/Xuanchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanchuan">xuanchuan</a></i> is treated as a more neutral or positive term, though it can be used pejoratively through protest or other informal settings within China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4–6">: 4–6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg/220px-Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg/330px-Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg/440px-Propaganda_Poster_SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division_Langemarck_met_anti-Semitisch_opschrift_Samen_zullen_wij_hem_verpletteren%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="2876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi Propaganda</a> poster of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">anti-semitic</a> title: "Together we will crush him!".</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Aspinall" title="Arthur Aspinall">Arthur Aspinall</a> observed that newspapers were not expected to be independent organs of information when they began to play an important part in political life in the late 1700s, but were assumed to promote the views of their owners or government sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, the term propaganda emerged along with the rise of mass media, including newspapers and radio. As researchers began studying the effects of media, they used <a href="/wiki/Suggestion_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Suggestion Theory">suggestion theory</a> to explain how people could be influenced by emotionally-resonant persuasive messages. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a> provided a broad definition of the term propaganda, writing it as: "the expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological manipulations."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garth Jowett and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_O%27Donnell" title="Victoria O'Donnell">Victoria O'Donnell</a> theorize that propaganda and <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a> are linked as humans use communication as a form of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> through the development and cultivation of propaganda materials.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1929 literary debate with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dean_Martin" title="Everett Dean Martin">Everett Dean Martin</a> argues that, "Propaganda is making puppets of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s and 1930s, propaganda was sometimes described as all-powerful. For example, Bernays acknowledged in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)">Propaganda</a></i> that "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s 2011 guidance for military public affairs defines propaganda as "information, ideas, doctrines, or special appeals disseminated to influence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behaviour of any specified group in order to benefit the sponsor, either directly or indirectly".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_propaganda" title="History of propaganda">History of propaganda</a></div> <p>Primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 515</span> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>) detailing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another striking example of propaganda during ancient history is the last <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Roman civil wars</a> (44–30 BCE) during which <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> blamed each other for obscure and degrading origins, cruelty, cowardice, oratorical and literary incompetence, debaucheries, luxury, drunkenness and other slanders.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defamation took the form of <i>uituperatio</i> (Roman rhetorical genre of the invective) which was decisive for shaping the Roman public opinion at this time. Another early example of propaganda was from <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. The emperor would send some of his men ahead of his army to spread rumors to the enemy. In many cases, his army was actually smaller than his opponents'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a> was the first ruler to utilize the power of the printing press for propaganda – in order to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">build his image</a>, stir up patriotic feelings in the population of his empire (he was the first ruler who utilized one-sided battle reports – the early predecessors of modern newspapers or <i>neue zeitungen</i> – targeting the mass.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and influence the population of his enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propaganda during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, helped by the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the 16th century. During the era of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> had a flourishing network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> (and to a lesser extent on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic Barbara Diggs-Brown conceives that the negative connotations of the term "propaganda" are associated with the earlier social and political transformations that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary period">French Revolutionary period</a> movement of 1789 to 1799 between the start and the middle portion of the 19th century, in a time where the word started to be used in a nonclerical and political context.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeafletToTampere1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/LeafletToTampere1918.jpg/220px-LeafletToTampere1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/LeafletToTampere1918.jpg/330px-LeafletToTampere1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/LeafletToTampere1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A 1918 Finnish propaganda leaflet signed by <a href="/wiki/General_Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="General Mannerheim">General Mannerheim</a> circulated by the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">Whites</a> urging the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Reds</a> to surrender during the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>. [<i>To the residents and troops of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>! Resistance is hopeless. Raise the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> and surrender. The blood of the citizen has been shed enough. We will not kill like the Reds kill our prisoners. Send your representative with a white flag.]</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914. After the defeat of Germany, military officials such as General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to echo this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I#Defeat_and_revolt" title="History of Germany during World War I">collapse of morale and revolts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_home_front_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="German home front during World War I">German home front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy#World_War_I" title="Imperial German Navy">Navy</a> in 1918 (see also: <a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a>). In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> (1925) Hitler expounded his theory of propaganda, which provided a powerful base for his rise to power in 1933. Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ensor" title="Robert Ensor">Robert Ensor</a> explains that "Hitler...puts no limit on what can be done by propaganda; people will believe anything, provided they are told it often enough and emphatically enough, and that contradicters are either silenced or smothered in calumny."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to be true in Germany and backed up with their army making it difficult to allow other propaganda to flow in.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most propaganda in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>. Goebbels mentions propaganda as a way to see through the masses. Symbols are used towards propaganda such as justice, liberty and one's devotion to one's country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, building on the experience of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">WWI</a>, by Goebbels and the British <a href="/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive" title="Political Warfare Executive">Political Warfare Executive</a>, as well as the United States <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the invention of motion pictures (as in movies, diafilms) gave propaganda-creators a powerful tool for advancing political and military interests when it came to reaching a broad segment of the population and creating consent or encouraging rejection of the real or imagined enemy. In the years following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet</a> government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battleship_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battleship Potemkin">The Battleship Potemkin</a></i> glorifies <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> ideals). In WWII, Nazi filmmakers produced highly emotional films to create popular support for occupying the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> and attacking Poland. The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> states and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda". <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>, a filmmaker working in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, created one of the best-known propaganda movies, <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i>. In 1942, the propaganda song <i><a href="/wiki/Niet_Molotoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Niet Molotoff">Niet Molotoff</a></i> was made in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, making fun of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Red Army</a>'s failure in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, referring the song's name to the Soviet's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, <a href="/wiki/American_Animation_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="American Animation in World War II">animation</a> became popular, especially for winning over youthful audiences and aiding the U.S. war effort, e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Fuehrer%27s_Face" title="Der Fuehrer's Face">Der Fuehrer's Face</a></i> (1942), which ridicules <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and advocates the value of freedom. Some American <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war films</a> in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were intended to help Americans understand their Allies in general, as in films like <i>Know Your Ally: Britain</i> and <i>Our Greek Allies</i>. Apart from its war films, Hollywood did its part to boost American morale in a film intended to show how stars of stage and screen who remained on the home front were doing their part not just in their labors, but also in their understanding that a variety of peoples worked together against the Axis menace: <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen_(film)" title="Stage Door Canteen (film)">Stage Door Canteen</a></i> (1943) features one segment meant to dispel Americans' mistrust of the Soviets, and another to dispel their bigotry against the Chinese. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created the anti-Nazi color film <i>Calling Mr. Smith</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1943) about Nazi crimes in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> and about lies of Nazi propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> both used propaganda extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Both sides <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_propaganda_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War propaganda films">used film</a>, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> nations. Through a front organization called the Bedford Publishing Company, the CIA through a covert department called the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> disseminated over one million books to Soviet readers over the span of 15 years, including novels by George Orwell, Albert Camus, Vladimir Nabakov, James Joyce, and Pasternak in an attempt to promote anti-communist sentiment and sympathy of Western values.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s contemporaneous novels <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> portray the use of propaganda in fictional dystopian societies. During the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> stressed the importance of propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Blogspot is not a reliable source. (March 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> as means of controlling people's opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars">propaganda was used</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> by governments of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. Propaganda was used to create fear and hatred, and particularly to incite the <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> population against the other ethnicities (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great effort in justifying, revising or denying mass <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> committed by Serb forces during these wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston_University_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_University-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_perceptions">Public perceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century the term propaganda was used by the founders of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> industry to refer to their people. Literally translated from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a> as "things that must be disseminated", in some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The connotations of the term "propaganda" can also vary over time. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and some Spanish language speaking countries, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>, the word "propaganda" usually refers to the most common manipulative media in business terms – "advertising".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skandinavism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/170px-Skandinavism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/255px-Skandinavism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/340px-Skandinavism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Poster of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavist</a> movement</figcaption></figure> <p>In English, <i>propaganda</i> was originally a neutral term for the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. During the 20th century, however, the term acquired a thoroughly negative meaning in western countries, representing the intentional dissemination of often false, but certainly "compelling" claims to support or justify political actions or ideologies. According to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a>, the term began to fall out of favor due to growing public suspicion of propaganda in the wake of its use during World War I by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Creel Committee</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> in Britain: Writing in 1928, Lasswell observed, "In democratic countries the official propaganda bureau was looked upon with genuine alarm, for fear that it might be suborned to party and personal ends. The outcry in the United States against Mr. <a href="/wiki/George_Creel" title="George Creel">Creel's</a> famous Bureau of Public Information (or 'Inflammation') helped to din into the public mind the fact that propaganda existed. ... The public's discovery of propaganda has led to a great of lamentation over it. Propaganda has become an epithet of contempt and hate, and the propagandists have sought protective coloration in such names as 'public relations council,' 'specialist in public education,' 'public relations adviser.' "<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, political science professor Dayton David McKean wrote, "After World War I the word came to be applied to 'what you don't like of the other fellow's publicity,' as Edward L. Bernays said...."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contestation">Contestation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is essentially contested and some have argued for a neutral definition,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briant2015p9_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briant2015p9-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that ethics depend on intent and context,<sup id="cite_ref-Briant2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briant2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others define it as necessarily unethical and negative.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Briant" title="Emma Briant">Emma Briant</a> defines it as "the deliberate manipulation of representations (including text, pictures, video, speech etc.) with the intention of producing any effect in the audience (e.g. action or inaction; reinforcement or transformation of feelings, ideas, attitudes or behaviours) that is desired by the propagandist."<sup id="cite_ref-Briant2015p9_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briant2015p9-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same author explains the importance of consistent terminology across history, particularly as contemporary euphemistic synonyms are used in governments' continual efforts to rebrand their operations such as 'information support' and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_communication" title="Strategic communication">strategic communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Briant2015p9_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briant2015p9-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars also see benefits to acknowledging that propaganda can be interpreted as beneficial or harmful, depending on the message sender, target audience, message, and context.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Goodman argues that the 1936 <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> "Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace" tried to create the standards for a liberal international public sphere. The Convention encouraged empathetic and neighborly radio broadcasts to other nations. It called for League prohibitions on international broadcast containing hostile speech and false claims. It tried to define the line between liberal and illiberal policies in communications, and emphasized the dangers of nationalist chauvinism. With Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia active on the radio, its liberal goals were ignored, while free speech advocates warned that the code represented restraints on free speech.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_(2604154887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/230px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/345px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg/460px-Propaganda_poster_in_a_primary_school_-_DPRK_%282604154887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Poster in a North Korean primary school targeting the United States military. The Korean text reads: "Are you playing the game of catching these guys?"</figcaption></figure> <p>Identifying propaganda has always been a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difficulties have involved differentiating propaganda from other types of <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>, and avoiding a <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biased</a> approach. Richard Alan Nelson provides a definition of the term: "Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a>, political or commercial purposes<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition focuses on the communicative process involved – or more precisely, on the purpose of the process, and allow "propaganda" to be interpreted as positive or negative behavior depending on the perspective of the viewer or listener. </p><p>Propaganda can often be recognized by the rhetorical strategies used in its design. In the 1930s, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis identified a variety of propaganda techniques that were commonly used in newspapers and on the radio, which were the mass media of the time period. Propaganda techniques include "name calling" (using derogatory labels), "bandwagon" (expressing the social appeal of a message), or "glittering generalities" (using positive but imprecise language).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the internet and social media, Renee Hobbs identified four characteristic design features of many forms of contemporary propaganda: (1) it activates strong emotions; (2) it simplifies information; (3) it appeals to the hopes, fears, and dreams of a targeted audience; and (4) it attacks opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propaganda is sometimes evaluated based on the intention and goals of the individual or institution who created it. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Zbyn%C4%9Bk_Zeman" title="Zbyněk Zeman">Zbyněk Zeman</a>, propaganda is defined as either white, grey or black. White propaganda openly discloses its source and intent. Grey propaganda has an ambiguous or non-disclosed source or intent. <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a> purports to be published by the enemy or some organization besides its actual origins<sup id="cite_ref-new_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (compare with <a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">black operation</a>, a type of clandestine operation in which the identity of the sponsoring government is hidden). In scale, these different types of propaganda can also be defined by the potential of true and correct information to compete with the propaganda. For example, opposition to white propaganda is often readily found and may slightly discredit the propaganda source. Opposition to grey propaganda, when revealed (often by an inside source), may create some level of public outcry. Opposition to black propaganda is often unavailable and may be dangerous to reveal, because public cognizance of black propaganda tactics and sources would undermine or backfire the very campaign the black propagandist supported. </p><p>The propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. Propaganda, in this sense, serves as a corollary to censorship in which the same purpose is achieved, not by filling people's minds with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view. What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the propagandist to change people's understanding through deception and confusion rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue, but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg/180px-Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg/269px-Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg/359px-Papal_Belvedere_High_Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="4664" /></a><figcaption>Woodcuts (1545) known as the <i>Papstspotbilder</i> or <i>Depictions of the Papacy</i> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-Oberman_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberman-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German peasants respond to a papal bull of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Propaganda was often used to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues, particularly during the split between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches</a> or during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_K._Hadden" title="Jeffrey K. Hadden">Jeffrey K. Hadden</a> has argued that members of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_counter-cult_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian counter-cult movement">Christian counter-cult movement</a> accuse the leaders of what they consider cults of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers and keep them. Hadden argued that ex-members of cults and the anti-cult movement are committed to making these movements look bad.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propaganda against other religions in the same community or propaganda intended to keep political power in the hands of a religious elite can incite religious hate on a global or national scale. It could make use of many propaganda mediums. War, terrorism, riots, and other violent acts can result from it. It can also conceal injustices, inequities, exploitation, and atrocities, leading to ignorance-based indifference and alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-Religiuos_propaganda_definition_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religiuos_propaganda_definition-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime">Wartime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wartime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Propaganda">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/220px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/330px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/440px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>A famous example of propaganda, this poster made by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> portrays the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> in a way that he hoped would make Americans angry and support the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, the Athenians exploited the figures from stories about <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> as well as other mythical images to incite feelings against <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> was even portrayed as an Athenian, whose mother <a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a> would avenge Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, extensive campaigns of propaganda were carried out by both sides. To dissolve the Roman system of <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">socii</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> released without conditions Latin prisoners that he had treated generously to their native cities, where they helped to disseminate his propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Stepper_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepper-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans on the other hand tried to portray Hannibal as a person devoid of humanity and would soon lose the favour of gods. At the same time, led by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Q.Fabius Maximus</a>, they organized elaborate religious rituals to protect Roman morale.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stepper_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepper-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> invented one kind of psychological warfare targeting the enemies. During his war against <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, he attached pamphlets to balloons that his archers would shoot down. The content spoke of freedom and equality and provoked the populace to rebel against the tyrants (their Signoria).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post–World War II usage of the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or nationalist uses of these techniques or to the promotion of a set of ideas. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_R._Hopps,_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army,_03216u_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Propaganda poster shows a terrifying gorilla with a helmet labeled "militarism" holding a bloody club labeled "kultur" and a half-naked woman as he stomps onto the shore of America." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg/199px-Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg/299px-Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg/399px-Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8525" data-file-height="12483" /></a><figcaption><i>Destroy this Mad Brute: Enlist—</i> propaganda poster encouraging men in the United States to enlist and fight Germany as part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ryle_Hopps" title="Harry Ryle Hopps">Harry R. Hopps</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1917</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_(14360593542).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg/220px-The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg/330px-The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg/440px-The_Secret_Soviet_Bunker_%2814360593542%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Soviet "Ne Boltai" poster. Translates to "Don't Chatter". Similar to American "<a href="/wiki/Loose_lips_sink_ships" title="Loose lips sink ships">Loose Lips Sink Ships</a>" posters, this iconic piece of propaganda tries to warn citizens against giving out secrets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Propaganda is a powerful weapon in war; in certain cases, it is used to <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanize</a> and create hatred toward a supposed enemy, either internal or external, by creating a false image in the mind of soldiers and citizens. This can be done by using derogatory or racist terms (e.g., the racist terms "<a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">gook</a>" used during World War II and the Vietnam War, respectively), avoiding some words or language or by making allegations of enemy atrocities. The goal of this was to demoralize the opponent into thinking what was being projected was actually true.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most propaganda efforts in wartime require the home population to feel the enemy has inflicted an injustice, which may be fictitious or may be based on facts (e.g., the sinking of the passenger ship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> by the German Navy in World War I). The home population must also believe that the cause of their nation in the war is just. In these efforts it was difficult to determine the accuracy of how propaganda truly impacted the war.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In NATO doctrine, propaganda is defined as "Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this perspective, the information provided does not need to be necessarily false but must be instead relevant to specific goals of the "actor" or "system" that performs it. </p><p>Propaganda is also one of the methods used in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, which may also involve <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operations in which the identity of the operatives is depicted as those of an enemy nation (e.g., The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> used <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> planes painted in <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Cuban Air Force</a> markings). The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes (e.g., During the First World War, the main purpose of British propaganda was to encourage men to join the army, and women to work in the country's industry. Propaganda posters were used because regular general radio broadcasting was yet to commence and TV technology was still under development).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason, propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda or views being presented. This process of reinforcement uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control over populations. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:383px;max-width:383px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg/150px-Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg/225px-Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/14/Vecernje-novosti-propaganda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/225px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/338px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/450px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2210" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Serbian propaganda from the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–95) presented as an actual photograph from the scene of, as stated in report below the image, a <i>"Serbian boy whose whole family was killed by Bosnian Muslims"</i>. The image is derived from an 1879 "Orphan on mother's grave" painting by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a> (alongside).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Propaganda may be administered in insidious ways. For instance, disparaging <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> about the history of certain groups or foreign countries may be encouraged or tolerated in the educational system. Since few people actually <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">double-check</a> what they learn at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a "well-known fact", even though no one repeating the myth is able to point to an authoritative source. The disinformation is then recycled in the media and in the educational system, without the need for direct governmental intervention on the media. Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving citizens a false impression of the quality or policies of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks or ignore the experience of others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Britannia.jpg/220px-Britannia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Britannia.jpg/330px-Britannia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Britannia.jpg/440px-Britannia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Britannia_(emblem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia (emblem)">Britannia</a> arm-in-arm with <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg/220px-English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg/330px-English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg/440px-English_WW2_Propaganda_poster_depicting_Winston_Churchill_as_a_bulldog_with_title_Holding_the_line%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="3241" /></a><figcaption>Poster depicting <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Bulldog" title="Bulldog">British Bulldog"</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Soviet Union during the Second World War, the propaganda designed to encourage civilians was controlled by Stalin, who insisted on a heavy-handed style that educated audiences easily saw was inauthentic. On the other hand, the unofficial rumors about German atrocities were well founded and convincing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin was a Georgian who spoke Russian with a heavy accent. That would not do for a national hero so starting in the 1930s all new visual portraits of Stalin were retouched to erase his <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Georgian facial characteristics</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (April 2021)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make him a more generalized Soviet hero. Only his eyes and famous moustache remained unaltered. <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a> say his "majestic new image was devised appropriately to depict the leader of all times and of all peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 20 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> prohibits any propaganda for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incitement</a> to discrimination, hostility or violence by law.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Simply enough the covenant specifically is not defining the content of propaganda. In simplest terms, an act of propaganda if used in a reply to a wartime act is not prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Propaganda shares techniques with advertising and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, each of which can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person, or brand. For example, after claiming victory in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> campaigned for broader popularity among Arabs by organizing mass rallies where Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> combined elements of the local <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Arabic">dialect</a> with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a> to reach audiences outside Lebanon. Banners and billboards were commissioned in commemoration of the war, along with various merchandise items with Hezbollah's logo, flag color (yellow), and images of Nasrallah. T-shirts, baseball caps and other war memorabilia were marketed for all ages. The uniformity of messaging helped define Hezbollah's brand.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the journalistic context, advertisements evolved from the traditional commercial advertisements to include also a new type in the form of paid articles or broadcasts disguised as news. These generally present an issue in a very subjective and often misleading light, primarily meant to persuade rather than inform. Normally they use only subtle <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">propaganda techniques</a> and not the more obvious ones used in traditional commercial advertisements. If the reader believes that a paid advertisement is in fact a news item, the message the advertiser is trying to communicate will be more easily "believed" or "internalized". Such advertisements are considered obvious examples of "covert" propaganda because they take on the appearance of objective information rather than the appearance of propaganda, which is misleading. Federal law<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> specifically mandates that any advertisement appearing in the format of a news item must state that the item is in fact a paid advertisement. </p><p>Edmund McGarry illustrates that advertising is more than selling to an audience but a type of propaganda that is trying to persuade the public and not to be balanced in judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kozera_DTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/280px-Kozera_DTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/420px-Kozera_DTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/560px-Kozera_DTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> can be found in television, and in <a href="/wiki/News_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="News programs">news programs</a> that influence mass audiences. An example was the <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Telewizyjny" title="Dziennik Telewizyjny">Dziennik</a></i> (Journal) news cast, which criticised <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in the then-communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> using <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">emotive and loaded language</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Propaganda has become more common in political contexts, in particular, to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, but also often covert interests. In the early 20th century, propaganda was exemplified in the form of party slogans. Propaganda also has much in common with <a href="/wiki/Public_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Public information">public information</a> campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering, and so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaflet (information)">leaflets</a>, posters, TV, and radio broadcasts and can also extend to any other <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">medium</a>. In the case of the United States, there is also an important legal (imposed by law) distinction between advertising (a type of overt propaganda) and what the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO), an arm of the United States Congress, refers to as "covert propaganda." Propaganda is divided into two in political situations, they are preparation, meaning to create a new frame of mind or view of things, and operational, meaning they instigate actions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roderick Hindery argues<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that propaganda exists on the political left, and right, and in mainstream centrist parties. Hindery further argues that debates about most social issues can be productively revisited in the context of asking "what is or is not propaganda?" Not to be overlooked is the link between propaganda, indoctrination, and terrorism/<a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>. He argues that threats to destroy are often as socially disruptive as physical devastation itself. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> and the appearance of greater media fluidity, propaganda institutions, practices and legal frameworks have been evolving in the US and Britain. Briant shows how this included expansion and integration of the apparatus cross-government and details attempts to coordinate the forms of propaganda for foreign and domestic audiences, with new efforts in <a href="/wiki/Strategic_communication" title="Strategic communication">strategic communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were subject to contestation within the <a href="/wiki/US_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="US Government">US Government</a>, resisted by <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(military)" title="Public affairs (military)">Public Affairs</a> and critiqued by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Briant2015_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briant2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Smith-Mundt_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith-Mundt Act">Smith-Mundt Act</a>) and the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1987, allowing for materials produced by the State Department and the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a> (BBG) to be released within U.S. borders for the Archivist of the United States. The Smith-Mundt Act, as amended, provided that "the Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors shall make available to the Archivist of the United States, for domestic distribution, motion pictures, films, videotapes, and other material 12 years after the initial dissemination of the material abroad (...) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors from engaging in any medium or form of communication, either directly or indirectly, because a United States domestic audience is or may be thereby exposed to program material, or based on a presumption of such exposure." Public concerns were raised upon passage due to the relaxation of prohibitions of domestic propaganda in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of this, the internet has become a prolific method of distributing political propaganda, benefiting from an evolution in coding called bots. <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">Software agents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> can be used for many things, including populating social media with <a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">automated messages</a> and posts with a range of sophistication. During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">2016 U.S. election</a> a cyber-strategy was implemented using bots to direct US voters to Russian political news and information sources, and to spread politically motivated rumors and false news stories. At this point it is considered commonplace contemporary political strategy around the world to implement bots in achieving political goals.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Propaganda techniques</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg/170px-Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg/255px-Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg/340px-Anti-capitalism_color_Restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="2957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">Anti-capitalist</a> propaganda (1911 <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> poster)</figcaption></figure> <p>Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, <a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a>, books, leaflets, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">movies</a>, radio, television, and posters. Some propaganda campaigns follow a strategic transmission pattern to <a href="/wiki/Indoctrinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoctrinate">indoctrinate</a> the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission, such as a leaflet or advertisement dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally, these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a website, hotline, radio program, etc. (as it is seen also for selling purposes among other goals). The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to <a href="/wiki/Opinion_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion leader">opinion leader</a> through indoctrination.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of techniques based in <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychological</a> research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">logical fallacies</a>, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. </p><p>Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which the propaganda messages are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information dissemination strategies become propaganda strategies only when coupled with <i>propagandistic messages</i>. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread. </p><p>Propaganda can also be turned on its makers. For example, postage stamps have frequently been tools for government advertising, such as <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s extensive issues.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> on numerous Soviet stamps is another example.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> frequently appeared on postage stamps in Germany and some of the occupied nations. A British program to parody these, and other Nazi-inspired stamps, involved airdropping them into Germany on letters containing anti-Nazi literature.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 a scandal broke in which the journalist <a href="/wiki/Carole_Cadwalladr" title="Carole Cadwalladr">Carole Cadwalladr</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblowers">whistleblowers</a> and the academic <a href="/wiki/Emma_Briant" title="Emma Briant">Emma Briant</a> revealed advances in digital propaganda techniques showing that online human intelligence techniques used in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> had been coupled with psychological profiling using illegally obtained social media data for political campaigns in the United States in 2016 to aid <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> by the firm <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company initially denied breaking laws<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later admitted breaking UK law, the scandal provoking a worldwide debate on acceptable use of data for propaganda and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persuasion_in_social_psychology">Persuasion in social psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persuasion in social psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075,_Worms,_Antisemitische_Presse,_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Public reading of the anti-Semitic newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, Germany, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> includes the study of <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>. Social psychologists can be <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">sociologists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychology (psychology)">psychologists</a>. The field includes many theories and approaches to understanding persuasion. For example, communication theory points out that people can be persuaded by the communicator's credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The elaboration likelihood model, as well as heuristic models of persuasion, suggest that a number of factors (e.g., the degree of interest of the recipient of the communication), influence the degree to which people allow superficial factors to persuade them. Nobel Prize–winning psychologist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> won the Nobel prize for his theory that people are <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">cognitive misers</a>. That is, in a society of mass information, people are forced to make decisions quickly and often superficially, as opposed to logically. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_W._Biddle" title="William W. Biddle">William W. Biddle</a>'s 1931 article "A psychological definition of propaganda", "[t]he four principles followed in propaganda are: (1) rely on emotions, never argue; (2) cast propaganda into the pattern of "we" versus an "enemy"; (3) reach groups as well as individuals; (4) hide the propagandist as much as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, studies from <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral science">behavioral science</a> have become significant in understanding and planning propaganda campaigns, these include for example <a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">nudge theory</a> which was used by the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Obama Campaign in 2008</a> then adopted by the UK Government <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_Insights_Team" title="Behavioural Insights Team">Behavioural Insights Team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behavioural methodologies then became subject to great controversy in 2016 after the company <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a> was revealed to have applied them with millions of people's breached Facebook data to encourage them to vote for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haifeng Huang argues that propaganda is not always necessarily about convincing a populace of its message (and may actually fail to do this) but instead can also function as a means of intimidating the citizenry and signalling the regime's strength and ability to maintain its control and power over society; by investing significant resources into propaganda, the regime can forewarn its citizens of its strength and deterring them from attempting to challenge it.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_theory_and_education">Propaganda theory and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Propaganda theory and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1930s, educators in the United States and around the world became concerned about the rise of anti-Semitism and other forms of violent extremism. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Propaganda_Analysis" title="Institute for Propaganda Analysis">Institute for Propaganda Analysis</a> was formed to introduce methods of instruction for high school and college students, helping learners to recognize and desist propaganda by identifying persuasive techniques. This work built upon classical rhetoric and it was informed by <a href="/wiki/Suggestion_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Suggestion Theory">suggestion theory</a> and social scientific studies of propaganda and persuasion.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, propaganda theory and education examined the rise of American consumer culture, and this work was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Vance Packard</a> in his 1957 book, <i>The Hidden Persuaders</i>. European theologian Jacques Ellul's landmark work, <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a></i> framed propaganda in relation to larger themes about the relationship between humans and technology. Media messages did not serve to enlighten or inspire, he argued. They merely overwhelm by arousing emotions and oversimplifying ideas, limiting human reasoning and judgement. </p><p>In the 1980s, academics recognized that news and journalism could function as propaganda when business and government interests were amplified by mass media. The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">propaganda model</a> is a theory advanced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> which argues <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic biases</a> exist in mass media that are shaped by structural economic <a href="/wiki/Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause">causes</a>. It argues that the way in which commercial media institutions are structured and operate (e.g. through advertising revenue, concentration of media ownership, or <a href="/wiki/Access_journalism" title="Access journalism">access to sources</a>) creates an inherent <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> that make them act as propaganda for powerful political and commercial interests: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate power">corporate power</a>, and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">corporate propaganda</a> as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>First presented in their book <i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_The_Political_Economy_of_the_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media">Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</a></i> (1988), the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">propaganda model</a> analyses commercial mass media as businesses that sell a product – access to readers and <a href="/wiki/Audiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiences">audiences</a> – to other businesses (advertisers) and that benefit from access to information from government and corporate sources to produce their content. The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that shape the content that is presented in news media: <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of the medium, reliance on advertising revenue, access to news sources, threat of litigation and commercial backlash (<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model#Flak" title="Propaganda model">flak</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and "fear ideology". The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economic</a> structure, and the model has subsequently been applied by other scholars to study <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a> in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-propaganda_model_today_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propaganda_model_today-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s, the topic of propaganda was no longer a part of public education, having been relegated to a specialist subject. Secondary English educators grew fearful of the study of propaganda genres, choosing to focus on argumentation and reasoning instead of the highly emotional forms of propaganda found in advertising and political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the European Commission funded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_Over_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind Over Media (page does not exist)">Mind Over Media</a>, a digital learning platform for teaching and learning about contemporary propaganda. The study of contemporary propaganda is growing in secondary education, where it is seen as a part of language arts and social studies education.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-propaganda">Self-propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Self-propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Self-propaganda" title="Self-propaganda">Self-propaganda</a> is a form of propaganda that refers to the act of an individual convincing themself of something, no matter how irrational that idea may be.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self propaganda makes it easier for individuals to justify their own actions as well as the actions of others. Self-propaganda often works to lessen the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> felt by individuals when their personal actions or the actions of their government do not line up with their moral beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-propaganda is a type of <a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">self deception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambrill2006_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambrill2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-propaganda can have a negative impact on those who perpetuate the beliefs created by using self-propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambrill2006_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambrill2006-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Propaganda">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_(Brasil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/170px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/255px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/340px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>A 1938 propaganda of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></i> (New State) regime depicting Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> flanked by children. The text reads: "Children! Learning, at home and in school, the worship of the Fatherland, you will bring all chances of success to life. Only love builds and, strongly loving Brazil, you will lead it to the greatest of destinies among Nations, fulfilling the desires of exaltation nestled in every Brazilian heart."</figcaption></figure> <p>Of all the potential targets for propaganda, children are the most vulnerable because they are the least prepared with the critical reasoning and contextual comprehension they need to determine whether message is a propaganda or not. The attention children give their environment during development, due to the process of developing their understanding of the world, causes them to absorb propaganda indiscriminately. Also, children are highly imitative: studies by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea Ross">Dorothea Ross</a> and Sheila A. Ross in the 1960s indicated that, to a degree, <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>, formal education and standardized television programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a>. The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Semitic_propaganda_for_children">Anti-Semitic propaganda for children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-Semitic propaganda for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> ideology. From the 1920s on, the Nazi Party <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Children's propaganda in Nazi Germany">targeted German youth</a> as one of their special audience for its propaganda messages.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools and texts mirrored what the Nazis aimed of instilling in German youth through the use and promotion of racial theory. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a>, the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>, headed a publishing house that disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda picture books in schools during the Nazi dictatorship. This was accomplished through the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a>, of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-nizkor_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nizkor-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The League encouraged the teaching of racial theory. Picture books for children such as <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_No_Fox_on_his_Green_Heath_and_No_Jew_on_his_Oath" title="Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath">Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Giftpilz" title="Der Giftpilz">Der Giftpilz</a></i> (translated into English as <i>The Poisonous Mushroom</i>) and <i>The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pinscher</i> were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of <i>Trust No Fox</i>... were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters and other morally charged figures. Slogans such as "Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews" were recited in class. During the Nuremberg Trial, <i>Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath</i>, and <i>Der Giftpilz</i> were received as documents in evidence because they document the practices of the Nazis<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is an example of a propagandistic math problem recommended by the National Socialist Essence of Education: "The Jews are aliens in Germany—in 1933 there were 66,606,000 inhabitants in the German Reich, of whom 499,682 (0.75%) were Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_disinformation">Comparisons with disinformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparisons with disinformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Disinformation#Comparisons_with_propaganda" title="Disinformation">Disinformation § Comparisons with propaganda</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disinformation&action=edit#Comparisons_with_propaganda">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Whether and to what degree disinformation and propaganda overlap is subject to debate. Some (like <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>) define propaganda as the use of non-rational arguments to either advance or undermine a political ideal, and use disinformation as an alternative name for undermining propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While others consider them to be separate concepts altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular distinction holds that disinformation also describes politically motivated messaging designed explicitly to engender public cynicism, uncertainty, apathy, distrust, and paranoia, all of which disincentivize citizen engagement and mobilization for social or political change.<sup id="cite_ref-Disinformation_ned_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disinformation_ned-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Agitprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_media" title="Hate media">Hate media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Mind control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Music and political warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_21st_century_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Overview of 21st century propaganda">Overview of 21st century propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> (aka Psyops)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_by_country" title="Category:Propaganda by country">Category:Propaganda by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit_BLS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_BLS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_BLS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lannes_Smith" title="Bruce Lannes Smith">Smith, Bruce L.</a> (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda">"Propaganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propaganda&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpropaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renee_Hobbs" title="Renee Hobbs">Hobbs, Renee</a> (2020). <i>Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age</i>. New York: W.W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Over+Media%3A+Propaganda+Education+for+a+Digital+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Renee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diggs-Brown2011p48-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diggs-Brown2011p48_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggs-Brown2011" class="citation book cs1">Diggs-Brown, Barbara (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0ycySng4YC&pg=PA48"><i>Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-63706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-63706-4"><bdi>978-0-534-63706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Public+Relations%3A+An+Audience-Focused+Approach&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.isbn=978-0-534-63706-4&rft.aulast=Diggs-Brown&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7c0ycySng4YC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/152605">"propaganda, n."</a> <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=propaganda%2C+n.&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F152605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=propaganda">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpropaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdney2014" class="citation book cs1">Edney, Kingsley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationofc0000edne/page/22/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>24, 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137382153">10.1057/9781137382153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47990-0"><bdi>978-1-349-47990-0</bdi></a>. <q>Outside the realm of official discourse, however, propaganda (xuanchuan), is occasionally used in a negative way...(p. 195)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Chinese+Propaganda&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24%2C+195&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137382153&rft.isbn=978-1-349-47990-0&rft.aulast=Edney&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationofc0000edne%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2023" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chunfeng (2023). <i>Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032139609" title="Special:BookSources/9781032139609"><bdi>9781032139609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Tourism+in+China%3A+Commodification+of+Propaganda&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781032139609&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Chunfeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Aspinall, <i>Politics and the Press 1780-1850</i>, p. v <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2-08012401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2-08012401">978-0-2-08012401</a> New York: Barnes and Noble Books (1949)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellul, Jacques (1965). Introduction by Konrad Kellen in <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a></i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/propagandaformat0000ellu/page/n16/mode/1up">xi–xii</a>. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner from original 1962 French edition <i>Propagandes</i>. Knopf, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71874-3">978-0-394-71874-3</a> (1973 edition by Vintage Books, New York).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowettO'Donnell2012" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Garth; O'Donnell, Victoria (2012). <i>Propaganda and Persuasion</i> (5th ed.). Sage Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412977821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412977821"><bdi>978-1412977821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Persuasion&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412977821&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dean_Martin" title="Everett Dean Martin">Martin, Everett Dean</a> (March 1929). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Goddard_Leach" title="Henry Goddard Leach">Leach, Henry Goddard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postflaviana.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/martin-bernays-debate.pdf">"Are We Victims of Propaganda, Our Invisible Masters: A Debate with Edward Bernays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(American_magazine)" title="The Forum (American magazine)">The Forum</a></i>. <b>81</b>. Forum Publishing Company: <span class="nowrap">142–</span>150<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forum&rft.atitle=Are+We+Victims+of+Propaganda%2C+Our+Invisible+Masters%3A+A+Debate+with+Edward+Bernays&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1929-03&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Everett+Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpostflaviana.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F07%2Fmartin-bernays-debate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernays_L1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Bernays L, Edward</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BernaysPropaganda"><i>Propaganda</i></a>. Liveright: Horace. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BernaysPropaganda/page/n3">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda&rft.place=Liveright&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Horace&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Bernays+L&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBernaysPropaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehl2014" class="citation book cs1">Kuehl, Dan (10 March 2014). "Chapter 1: Propaganda in the Digital Age". In Snow, Nancy (ed.). <i>Propaganda and American Democracy</i>. Louisiana State University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5416-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-5416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Propaganda+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+American+Democracy&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5416-8&rft.aulast=Kuehl&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagleStanley_M_Burstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientworldread00nagl/page/133"><i>The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientworldread00nagl/page/133">133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-69187-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-69187-6"><bdi>978-0-205-69187-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World%3A+Readings+in+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-205-69187-6&rft.aulast=Nagle&rft.aufirst=D.+Brendan&rft.au=Stanley+M+Burstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientworldread00nagl%2Fpage%2F133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgies2016" class="citation book cs1">Borgies, Loïc (2016). <i>Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine. De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n</i>. Éditions Latomus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3459-7"><bdi>978-90-429-3459-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+conflit+propagandiste+entre+Octavien+et+Marc+Antoine.+De+l%27usage+politique+de+la+uituperatio+entre+44+et+30+a.+C.+n.&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Latomus&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3459-7&rft.aulast=Borgies&rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1971" class="citation journal cs1">Davison, W. Phillips (1971). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+Relations+in+Kriegzeiten+%E2%80%93+Die+Notwendigkeit+von+L%C3%BCge+und+Zensur&rft.btitle=Krieg+in+den+Medien&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0230-5&rft.aulast=Kunczic&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX3wfEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunczik2016" class="citation book cs1">Kunczik, Michael (6 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hkfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Images of Nations and International Public Relations</i></a>. Routledge. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68902-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68902-4"><bdi>978-1-136-68902-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13019-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13019-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+Maximilian%3A+The+Visual+Ideology+of+a+Holy+Roman+Emperor&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13019-4&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4o3rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel202010–12_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFüssel2020">Füssel 2020</a>, pp. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1975" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Richard G. 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"The Reformation in Print: German Pamphlets and Propaganda". <i>Archive for Reformation History</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315%2Farg-1975-jg07">10.14315/arg-1975-jg07</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9381">0003-9381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163518886">163518886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+Reformation+History&rft.atitle=The+Reformation+in+Print%3A+German+Pamphlets+and+Propaganda&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163518886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-9381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14315%2Farg-1975-jg07&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggs-Brown2011" class="citation book cs1">Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0ycySng4YC&pg=PA48"><i>Cengage Advantage Books: Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2007</span>. <q>NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or over-emphasised by Western propaganda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbian+Propaganda%3A+A+Closer+Look&rft.date=1999-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fglobalbeat%2Fpubs%2FPesic041299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/portuguese-english/propaganda">"English translation of Portuguese 'propaganda'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2002). 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Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719091056" title="Special:BookSources/9780719091056"><bdi>9780719091056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mvn1n">j.ctt18mvn1n</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Counter-terrorism&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18mvn1n%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780719091056&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Emma+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briant2015-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briant2015_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briant2015_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Emma Louise (2015). <i>Propaganda and Counter-terrorism</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719091056" title="Special:BookSources/9780719091056"><bdi>9780719091056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18mvn1n">j.ctt18mvn1n</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Counter-terrorism&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18mvn1n%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780719091056&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Emma+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doob, L.W. (1949), Public Opinion and Propaganda, London: Cresset Press p 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goodman, "Liberal and Illiberal Internationalism in the Making of the League of Nations Convention on Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace." <i>Journal of World History</i> 31.1 (2020): 165-193. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/750118/pdf">excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel J Schwindt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Case-Against-Modern-World-Traditionalist/dp/153282534X">The Case Against the Modern World: A Crash Course in Traditionalist Thought</a>, 2016, pp. 202–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNearney2018" class="citation web cs1">McNearney, Allison (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/wwii-propaganda-private-snafu-flashback">"This WWII Cartoon Taught Soldiers How to Avoid Certain Death"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=This+WWII+Cartoon+Taught+Soldiers+How+to+Avoid+Certain+Death&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.aulast=McNearney&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fwwii-propaganda-private-snafu-flashback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Alan Nelson, <i>A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States</i> (1996) pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hobbs, Renee (9 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fjmle-2016-06-02-5">"Teaching about Propaganda: An Examination of the Historical Roots of Media Literacy"</a>. <i>Journal of Media Literacy Education</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fjmle-2016-06-02-5">10.23860/jmle-2016-06-02-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8715">2167-8715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Media+Literacy+Education&rft.atitle=Teaching+about+Propaganda%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Historical+Roots+of+Media+Literacy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23860%2Fjmle-2016-06-02-5&rft.issn=2167-8715&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.23860%252Fjmle-2016-06-02-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2020" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Renee (2020). <i>Mind Over Media</i>. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Over+Media&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Renee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeman1978" class="citation book cs1">Zeman, Zbynek (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sellingwarartpro0000zema"><i>Selling the War</i></a></span>. Orbis Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-312-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-312-1"><bdi>978-0-85613-312-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+the+War&rft.pub=Orbis+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85613-312-1&rft.aulast=Zeman&rft.aufirst=Zbynek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsellingwarartpro0000zema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberman-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oberman_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberman1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61"><i>The Impact of the Reformation: Essays</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802807328" title="Special:BookSources/9780802807328"><bdi>9780802807328</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Reformation%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=9780802807328&rft.aulast=Oberman&rft.aufirst=Heiko+Augustinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_leG5ztYoZwC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4"><i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46</i> By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.</a> Fortress Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3735-4">978-0-8006-3735-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-2_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark U. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198"><i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413984" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413984"><bdi>9781451413984</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Last+Battles%3A+Politics+and+Polemics+1531%E2%80%9346&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781451413984&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYbupalP98kC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Lane (7 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005245/https://www.truvere.com/trouvre-poets-reflectors-of-societal-zeal">"Trouvère Poets: Reflectors of Societal Zeal"</a>. <i>Truvere</i>. Truvere. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truvere.com/trouvre-poets-reflectors-of-societal-zeal">the original</a> on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truvere&rft.atitle=Trouv%C3%A8re+Poets%3A+Reflectors+of+Societal+Zeal&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truvere.com%2Ftrouvre-poets-reflectors-of-societal-zeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207042448/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/cultsect/concult.htm">"The Religious Movements Page: Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+And+Image+In+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-7985-0&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq28xEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepper-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepper_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepper_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stepper, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298534203">"Politische parolen und propaganda im Hannibalkrieg"</a>. <i>Klio</i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.2006.88.2.397">10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190002621">190002621</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.isbn=978-1-119-02550-4&rft.aulast=Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzJ3BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonBalfour1980" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Samuel R.; Balfour, Michael (Winter 1980). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>had his likeness softened on propaganda posters to reduce his Georgian facial characteristics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vintage+News&rft.atitle=10+Facts+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Stalin&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.aulast=Smithfield&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2015%2F07%2F30%2F10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-stalin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhores_A._Medvedev_and2003" class="citation book cs1">Zhores A. 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Tauris. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860647680" title="Special:BookSources/9781860647680"><bdi>9781860647680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Stalin&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781860647680&rft.au=Zhores+A.+Medvedev+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3BrNF80AzUC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a>. <i>United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</i>. 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href="https://old.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/digital-culture-media-and-sport-committee/news/fake-news-briant-evidence-17-19//">"Research on Leave.EU and Cambridge Analytica strategy published"</a>. <i>UK Parliamentary Committee on Digital, Culture Media and Sport</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliamentary+Committee+on+Digital%2C+Culture+Media+and+Sport&rft.atitle=Research+on+Leave.EU+and+Cambridge+Analytica+strategy+published&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fcommittees%2Fcommittees-a-z%2Fcommons-select%2Fdigital-culture-media-and-sport-committee%2Fnews%2Ffake-news-briant-evidence-17-19%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil2018" class="citation web cs1">Musil, Steven (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/cambridge-analytica-denies-breaking-any-laws-in-data-scandal/">"Cambridge Analytica denies breaking any laws in Facebook data scandal"</a>. <i>CNET</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Analytica+denies+breaking+any+laws+in+Facebook+data+scandal&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fcambridge-analytica-denies-breaking-any-laws-in-data-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomas2019" class="citation web cs1">Lomas, Natasha (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/09/cambridge-analyticas-parent-pleads-guilty-to-breaking-uk-data-law/">"Cambridge Analytica's parent pleads guilty to breaking UK data law"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221204104/https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/09/cambridge-analyticas-parent-pleads-guilty-to-breaking-uk-data-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Propaganda as signaling." Comparative Politics 47, no. 4 (2015): 419–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasswell1927" class="citation book cs1">Lasswell, Harold (1927). <i>Propaganda Technique in World War I</i>. M.I.T. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediafilter.org/caq/CAQ54chmky.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Noam+Chomsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediafilter.org%2Fcaq%2FCAQ54chmky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/25/006.html">"Review of Alex Carey, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912656172" title="Special:BookSources/9781912656172"><bdi>9781912656172</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7h0ts6">j.ctv7h0ts6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+Model+Today%3A+Filtering+Perception+and+Awareness&rft.pub=University+of+Westminster+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7h0ts6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781912656172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7h0ts6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, David (2019). 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Transaction Publishers. 1949. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1615-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-1615-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mask+for+Privilege%3A+Anti-Semitism+in+America&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1615-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQE9rD5X0m4C%26q%3D%2522self%2520propaganda%2522%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambrill2012" class="citation book cs1">Gambrill, Eileen (20 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FNuxnFq76WMC&q=%22Self-propaganda%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA335"><i>Propaganda in the Helping Professions</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532500-3"><bdi>978-0-19-532500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+in+the+Helping+Professions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532500-3&rft.aulast=Gambrill&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFNuxnFq76WMC%26q%3D%2522Self-propaganda%2522%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambrill2006-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gambrill2006_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gambrill2006_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambrill2006" class="citation book cs1">Gambrill, Eileen (6 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Hils1vn4kC&q=%22self%20propaganda%22&pg=PA522"><i>Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice: Improving the Quality of Judgments and Decisions</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78112-7"><bdi>978-0-471-78112-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Thinking+in+Clinical+Practice%3A+Improving+the+Quality+of+Judgments+and+Decisions&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-471-78112-7&rft.aulast=Gambrill&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8Hils1vn4kC%26q%3D%2522self%2520propaganda%2522%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoutam2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goutam, Urvashi (2014). "Pedagogical Nazi Propaganda (1939–1945)". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>75</b>: <span class="nowrap">1018–</span>1026. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158487">44158487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Pedagogical+Nazi+Propaganda+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1018-%3C%2Fspan%3E1026&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44158487%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Goutam&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nizkor-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nizkor_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorelli2002" class="citation journal cs1">Corelli, Marie (May–June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221202910/https://www.gale.com/subject-matter">"Poisoning young minds in Nazi Germany: children and propaganda in the Third Reich"</a>. <i>Social Education</i>. <b>66</b> (4): 228. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-87508010">the original</a> on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Education&rft.atitle=Poisoning+young+minds+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+children+and+propaganda+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=228&rft.date=2002-05%2F2002-06&rft.aulast=Corelli&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1G1-87508010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.com/hweb/people/m/mills-mary/mills-00.html">"Propaganda and Children during the Hitler Years"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Nizkor_Project" title="Nizkor Project">Nizkor Project</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nizkor+Project&rft.atitle=Propaganda+and+Children+during+the+Hitler+Years&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.com%2Fhweb%2Fpeople%2Fm%2Fmills-mary%2Fmills-00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirsch, Herbert. <i>Genocide and the Politics of Memory</i>. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330160444/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271028.pdf"><i>Can public diplomacy survive the internet?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, May 2017, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271028.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 March 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+public+diplomacy+survive+the+internet%3F&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F271028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203160823/https://www.interpretermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/The_Menace_of_Unreality_Final.pdf"><i>The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Institute of Modern Russia, 2014, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interpretermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/The_Menace_of_Unreality_Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 February 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menace+of+Unreality%3A+How+the+Kremlin+Weaponizes+Information%2C+Culture+and+Money&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+Russia&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpretermag.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FThe_Menace_of_Unreality_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disinformation_ned-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disinformation_ned_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2018" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Dean (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Distinguishing-Disinformation-from-Propaganda.pdf"><i>Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation, and 'Fake News'<span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407003326/https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Distinguishing-Disinformation-from-Propaganda.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguishing+Disinformation+from+Propaganda%2C+Misinformation%2C+and+%27Fake+News%27&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+Democracy&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ned.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FDistinguishing-Disinformation-from-Propaganda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010524094112/https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/">"Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques"</a>. <i>Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1</i>. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 31 August 1979. Archived from the original on 24 May 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I%3A+PSYOP+Techniques&rft.btitle=Psychological+Operations+Field+Manual+No.+33-1&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1979-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm33-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBytwerk2004" class="citation book cs1">Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). <i>Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic</i>. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-710-5"><bdi>978-0-87013-710-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bending+Spines%3A+The+Propagandas+of+Nazi+Germany+and+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.place=East+Lansing&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-710-5&rft.aulast=Bytwerk&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1991" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, John Carver (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlincallingame00edwa"><i>Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich</i></a>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93905-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93905-2"><bdi>978-0-275-93905-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+Calling%3A+American+Broadcasters+in+Service+to+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93905-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John+Carver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlincallingame00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüssel2020" class="citation book cs1">Füssel, Stephan (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TPNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46-IA11"><i>Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93187-8"><bdi>978-1-351-93187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gutenberg+and+the+Impact+of+Printing&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-93187-8&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCssel&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TPNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46-IA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindery" class="citation journal cs1">Hindery, Roderick. "The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism". <i>Humanist</i> (March–April 2003): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist&rft.atitle=The+Anatomy+of+Propaganda+within+Religious+Terrorism&rft.issue=March%E2%80%93April+2003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.aulast=Hindery&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1982" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Ellic (1982). <i>The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War</i>. London: Futura.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Game%3A+British+Subversive+Operations+Against+the+German+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Ellic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley, Aldous</a> (1958). <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World_Revisited" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New World Revisited"><i>Brave New World Revisited</i></a>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-080984-3"><bdi>978-0-06-080984-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+World+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-06-080984-3&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Aldous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowettO'Donnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Garth S.; O'Donnell, Victoria (2006). <i>Propaganda and Persuasion</i> (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0897-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-0897-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Persuasion&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0897-9&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Garth+S.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bon1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon, Gustave</a> (1895). <i>The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004531-4"><bdi>978-0-14-004531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowd%3A+A+Study+of+the+Popular+Mind&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=978-0-14-004531-4&rft.aulast=Le+Bon&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinebarger1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cordwainer_Smith" title="Cordwainer Smith">Linebarger, Paul M. A.</a> (1948). <i>Psychological Warfare</i>. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-04755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-04755-8"><bdi>978-0-405-04755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Warfare&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Infantry+Journal+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-405-04755-8&rft.aulast=Linebarger&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Richard Alan (1996). <i>A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29261-3"><bdi>978-0-313-29261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+and+Glossary+of+Propaganda+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29261-3&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1942" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William L. (1942). <i>Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941</i>. New York: Albert A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-0081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-0081-8"><bdi>978-5-9524-0081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+Diary%3A+The+Journal+of+a+Foreign+Correspondent%2C+1934%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Albert+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-5-9524-0081-8&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation news cs1">Young, Emma (10 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020213080242/http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404">"Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404">the original</a> on 13 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Psychological+warfare+waged+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fnews%2Fnews.jsp%3Fid%3Dns99991404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Propaganda</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Propaganda">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Propaganda&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Altheide, David L. & John M. Johnson. <i>Bureaucratic Propaganda</i>. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Bernays, Edward</a>. <i>Propaganda</i>. New York: H. Liveright, 1928. (See also version of text at website <i>www.historyisaweapon.com</i>: "Propaganda.")</li> <li>Borgies, Loïc. <i>Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine: De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n.</i>. Brussels: Latomus, 2016.</li> <li>Brown, J.A.C. <i>Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing</i>. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> & Herman Edward S. <i>Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. (1988)</li> <li>Chomsky, Noam. <i>Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda</i>. Seven Stories Press, 1997.</li> <li>Cole, Robert. <i>Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics: An Annotated Bibliography</i>. London: Scarecrow, 1996.</li> <li>Cole, Robert, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Propaganda</i>. 3 vols. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.</li> <li>Combs James E. & Nimmo Dan, <i>The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics</i>. White Plains, N.Y. Longman. (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Cull, Nicholas John</a>, Culbert, and Welch, eds. <i> Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present</i> (2003)</li> <li>Cunningham Stanley B. <i>The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction</i>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.</li> <li>Cunningham Stanley B. "Reflections on the Interface Between Propaganda and Religion", in <i>The Future of Religion</i>, eds. P. Rennick, S. Cunningham, & R.H. Johnson. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2010, pp. 83–96.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lange2023" class="citation book cs1">De Lange, William (2023). <i>A History of Japanese Journalism: State of Affairs and Affairs of State</i>. Toyo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92722-393" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92722-393"><bdi>978-94-92722-393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japanese+Journalism%3A+State+of+Affairs+and+Affairs+of+State&rft.pub=Toyo+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-94-92722-393&rft.aulast=De+Lange&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>DelHagen, Jacob M. <i>Modern Propaganda : The art of influencing society, individuals, and the news media through digital communication.</i> 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998315607" title="Special:BookSources/9780998315607">9780998315607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a>, <i>Propagande et pressions en politique internationale</i>, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963, 537 pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a>, <i>Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</i>. (1965).</li> <li>Hamilton, John M. (2020) <i>Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda</i>. Louisiana State University Press.</li> <li>Hale, Oron James. <i>Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914</i> (1940) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1023289/publicity-and-diplomacy-with-special-reference-to">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204172729/https://www.questia.com/library/1023289/publicity-and-diplomacy-with-special-reference-to">Archived</a> 4 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hench, John B. <i>Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II.</i> Cornell University Press, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschberger2021" class="citation book cs1">Hirschberger, Bernd (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-5509-4/external-communication-in-social-media-during-asymmetric-conflicts/?number=978-3-8394-5509-8"><i>External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5509-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5509-8"><bdi>978-3-8394-5509-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=External+Communication+in+Social+Media+During+Asymmetric+Conflicts+A+Theoretical+Model+and+Empirical+Case+Study+of+the+Conflict+in+Israel+and+Palestine&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-5509-8&rft.aulast=Hirschberger&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcript-verlag.de%2F978-3-8376-5509-4%2Fexternal-communication-in-social-media-during-asymmetric-conflicts%2F%3Fnumber%3D978-3-8394-5509-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jowett, Garth S. & Victoria O'Donnell. <i>Propaganda and Persuasion</i>, 6th edn. California: Sage Publications, 2014. A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda.</li> <li>Lasswell, Harold. Propaganda Technique in the World War. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1927.</li> <li>Lohrey, Andrew, ed. <i>Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty</i>. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_Marlin" title="Randal Marlin">Marlin, Randal</a>. <i>Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion</i>. Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press, 2002.</li> <li>McCombs, M. E. & D. L. Shaw. "The agenda-setting function of mass media", <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i> 36, no. 2 (1972): 176–187.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mackenzie" title="A. J. Mackenzie">Mackenzie, A. J.</a>, <i>Propaganda Boom</i> (London: John Gifford, 1938)</li> <li>Moran, T. "Propaganda as Pseudocommunication", <i>Et Cetera</i> 2 (1979): 181–197.</li> <li>Nelson, Richard Alan. <i>A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996.</li> <li>Oddo, J. (2018). <i>The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the 'War on Terror'</i>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.</li> <li>Pratkanis, Anthony & Elliot Aronson. <i>Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1992.</li> <li>Rutherford, Paul, <i>Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2000)</li> <li>Rutherford, Paul, <i>Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.</li> <li>Shanahan, James, ed. <i>Propaganda without Propagandists? Six Case Studies in U.S. Propaganda</i>. Hampton Press, 2001.</li> <li>Shaw Jeffrey M., <i>Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625640581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625640581">978-1625640581</a> (2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2014" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Nancy (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOjYAgAAQBAJ"><i>Propaganda and American Democracy</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5415-1"><bdi>978-0-8071-5415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+American+Democracy&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5415-1&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOjYAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Snow_(academic)" title="Nancy Snow (academic)">Snow, Nancy</a> (4 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LfYPpXW9Bf4C"><i>Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World</i></a>. New York: Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-082-6"><bdi>978-1-60980-082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda%2C+Inc.%3A+Selling+America%27s+Culture+to+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-082-6&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfYPpXW9Bf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sproule J. Michael, <i>Channels of Propaganda</i>. Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press. (1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Stanley, Jason</a> (2016). <i>How Propaganda Works</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691173429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691173429"><bdi>978-0691173429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Propaganda+Works&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691173429&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stauber, John & Sheldon Rampton. <i>Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry</i>. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays_and_articles">Essays and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Essays and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rosenfeld, Bryn; Wallace, Jeremy (2024). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-035951" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-035951">Information Politics and Propaganda in Authoritarian Societies</a>". <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i> 27(1).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Brown_(scholar)" title="John H. Brown (scholar)">Brown, John H.</a> "Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda" (2006)</li> <li>Garcia, Hugo. "Reluctant liars? Public debates on propaganda and democracy in twentieth-century Britain (ca. 1914–1950)", <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_British_History" title="Contemporary British History">Contemporary British History</a></i>, vol. 33, no. 3 (2019), pp. 383–404.</li> <li>Kosar, Kevin R., Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005.</li> <li>Auerbach, Jonathan, and Russ Castronovo: "Thirteen Propositions about Propaganda." The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies, December 2013.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/220px-seek%3D10.5-How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1054" data-mwtitle="How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm/How_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:10.500,00:11:11" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_does_propaganda_change_our_beliefs.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>How does propaganda change our beliefs? 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda" title="Atrocity propaganda">Atrocity propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Beautiful people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">Buzzword</a></li> <li><a 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title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Flag-waving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glittering_generality" title="Glittering generality">Glittering generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideograph_(rhetoric)" title="Ideograph (rhetoric)">Ideograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_propaganda" title="Monumental propaganda">Monumental propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_paralysis" title="Analysis paralysis">Overcomplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">Oversimplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_folks" title="Plain folks">Plain folks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_and_crying" title="Shooting and crying">Shooting and crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_propaganda" title="White propaganda">White propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)"><i>Disinformation</i> by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)"><i>Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health554" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusations_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2024_Romanian_presidential_election" title="Accusations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election">2024 Romanian presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Opposition119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opposition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checking website">Fact-checking website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophical_logic116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophical_logic" title="Template:Philosophical logic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophical_logic" title="Template talk:Philosophical logic"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credibility" title="Credibility">Credibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">Antithesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">Unity of opposites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Parsimony (Occam's razor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">Premise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance" title="Relevance">Relevance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigour" title="Rigour">Rigor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">Theories of deduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of mathematics)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialetheism" title="Dialetheism">Dialetheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalism" title="Fictionalism">Fictionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finitism" title="Finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalism (mathematics)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitionism" title="Intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logicism" title="Logicism">Logicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conformity92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conformity" title="Template:Conformity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conformity" title="Template talk:Conformity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conformity92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments" title="Asch conformity experiments">Asch conformity experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonformity_(psychology)" title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">Idiosyncrasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_clown" title="Pueblo clown">Pueblo clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">Shock value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076374-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Propaganda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107443">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Propagande"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135492000">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Propagande"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135492000">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01178425">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="propaganda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124645&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051641&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541259205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641755">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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