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href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_compression_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_compression_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Public compression challenge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_compression_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_testing_and_alleged_harm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_testing_and_alleged_harm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Animal testing and alleged harm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_testing_and_alleged_harm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Human testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Neuralink</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83" title="نيورالينك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيورالينك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="নিউৰালিংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউৰালিংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="نیورالینک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیورالینک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="নিউরালিংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউরালিংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink_Corporation" title="Neuralink Corporation – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neuralink Corporation" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink_Corporation" title="Neuralink Corporation – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neuralink Corporation" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="نورالینک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورالینک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="뉴럴링크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴럴링크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="न्यूरालिंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूरालिंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="ניוראלינק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניוראלינק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂറാലിങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറാലിങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83" title="نيورالينك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيورالينك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ニューラリンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューラリンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวรัลลิงก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวรัลลิงก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Neuralink" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American neurotechnology company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Neuralink Corp.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuralink_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Neuralink_logo.svg/270px-Neuralink_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Neuralink_logo.svg/405px-Neuralink_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Neuralink_logo.svg/540px-Neuralink_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">June 21, 2016; 8 years ago (2016-06-21)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-fremont-hq-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Birchall" title="Jared Birchall">Jared Birchall</a> (<a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CEO-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Telepathy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindsight_(Neuralink)" title="Blindsight (Neuralink)">Blindsight</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neuralink.com/">neuralink.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="background-color:lavender;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk,_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Elon_Musk%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1155" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:lavender;color:black;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk" title="List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk" title="Business career of Elon Musk">Business career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Elon Musk">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography" title="Elon Musk filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk" title="International relations of Elon Musk">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Elon Musk">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk" title="Public image of Elon Musk">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk" title="Wealth of Elon Musk">Wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musk_Foundation" title="Musk Foundation">Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk" title="Political activities of Elon Musk">Political activities</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Companies</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zip2" title="Zip2">Zip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.com_(bank)" title="X.com (bank)">X.com</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy" title="Tesla Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc." title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc." title="List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neuralink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_Test_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Boring Test Tunnel">Boring Test Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X Corp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" title="Twitter under Elon Musk">Twitter under Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thud_(media_company)" title="Thud (media company)">Thud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science" title="Texas Institute of Technology and Science">Texas Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Politics</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_PAC" title="America PAC">America PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy" title="Elon Musk salute controversy">Salute controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBG_PAC" title="RBG PAC">RBG PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_unions" title="Elon Musk and unions">Elon Musk and trade unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Tesla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">In popular culture</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_(Isaacson_book)" title="Elon Musk (Isaacson book)"> Elon Musk (Isaacson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future" title="Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future">Elon Musk (Vance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors" title="Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors">Ludicrous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century" title="Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century">Power Play</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(South_Park)" title="Members Only (South Park)">Members Only</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Platonic_Permutation" title="The Platonic Permutation">The Platonic Permutation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Musk Who Fell to Earth">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty" title="One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course" title="Elon Musk's Crash Course">Elon Musk's Crash Course</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Related</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Tesla Roadster in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSLAQ" title="TSLAQ">TSLAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files" title="Twitter Files">Twitter Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2022_Twitter_suspensions" title="December 2022 Twitter suspensions">2022 Twitter suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tesla_Autopilot_crashes" title="List of Tesla Autopilot crashes">List of Tesla Autopilot crashes</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk's signature"><img alt="Elon Musk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/120px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/180px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Elon_Musk_Signature.svg/240px-Elon_Musk_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="64" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk_series" title="Template:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk_series" title="Template talk:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Neuralink Corp.<a href="#cite_note-:7-4">[4]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">neurotechnology</a> company that has developed, as of 2024, <a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">implantable</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interfaces</a> (BCIs). It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> and a team of eight scientists and engineers.<a href="#cite_note-:7-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-7">[7]</a> Neuralink was launched in 2016 and first publicly reported in March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT2017-04-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verge-11">[11]</a> In January 2017, Musk proxies approached Pedram Mohseni and <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Nudo" title="Randolph Nudo">Randolph Nudo</a>, who owned the rights to the name "NeuraLink". These two neuroscientists strove to create an electronic brain chip to treat traumatic brain injury. They made significant progress and completed preliminary testing but did not receive enough funding or support from investors to continue: "The pair of longtime neurotech researchers had developed a device that might help people with brain injuries. But their initial contacts with investors hadn't advanced very far when a stranger approached them offering tens of thousands of dollars for their company's name. They accepted. No one mentioned that Musk...was behind it."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The company is based in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a>, with plans to build a three-story building with office and manufacturing space near <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Del_Valle,_Texas" title="Del Valle, Texas">Del Valle</a>, about 10 miles east of <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas" title="Gigafactory Texas">Gigafactory Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>'s headquarters and manufacturing plant that opened in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a> Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientists</a> from various universities.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> By 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and had 90 employees.<a href="#cite_note-markoff-14">[14]</a> At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a "sewing machine-like" device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in width)<a href="#cite_note-Lopatto_2019-15">[15]</a> threads into the brain, and demonstrated a system that reads information from a lab rat via 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>. It anticipated starting experiments with humans in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-markoff-14">[14]</a> but since moved that projection to 2023. As of May 2023, it has been approved for human trials in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a> On January 29, 2024, Musk announced that Neuralink had successfully implanted a Neuralink device in a human and that the patient was recovering.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> The company has faced criticism for a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Euthanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanization">euthanization</a> of primates that underwent medical trials. Veterinary records of the monkeys showed a number of complications with electrodes being surgically implanted.<a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> In September 2024, the company announced that its latest development effort, <a href="/wiki/Blindsight_(Neuralink)" title="Blindsight (Neuralink)">Blindsight</a>, will allow those who would otherwise be blind to regain some level of vision, provided the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> is undamaged. The development received "breakthrough" status from the federal government, which will accelerate development.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company">Company</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Company">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Building,_San_Francisco_(2019)_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/260px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/390px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/520px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>The Pioneer Building in San Francisco, formerly housing the offices of Neuralink and OpenAI</figcaption></figure> Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk and a founding team of eight scientists and engineers: Max Hodak, Benjamin Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Tim Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.<a href="#cite_note-:7-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The group of initial hires consisted of experts in areas such as neuroscience, biochemistry, and robotics.<a href="#cite_note-LAT2017-04-10">[10]</a> The trademark "Neuralink" was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In April 2017, Neuralink announced that it was aiming to make devices to treat serious <a href="/wiki/Brain_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain disease">brain diseases</a> in the short term, with the eventual goal of <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">human enhancement</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WBW-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT2017-04-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ars-23">[23]</a> Musk said his interest in the idea partly stemmed from the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Neural_lace" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural lace">neural lace</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Culture" title="The Culture">The Culture</a>, a series of 10 novels by <a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain M. Banks">Iain M. Banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ars-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-1843mag-24">[24]</a> Musk defined the neural lace as a "digital layer above the cortex" that would not necessarily require extensive <a href="/wiki/Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">surgical insertion</a> but could be implanted through a vein or artery.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He said the long-term goal is to achieve "symbiosis with artificial intelligence",<a href="#cite_note-Asher_2018-26">[26]</a> which he perceives as an <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential threat to humanity</a> if it goes unchecked.<a href="#cite_note-Asher_2018-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacoma_2017-27">[27]</a> He believes the device will be "something analogous to a video game, like a saved game situation, where you are able to resume and upload your last state" and "address brain injuries or spinal injuries and make up for whatever lost capacity somebody has with a chip."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Birchall" title="Jared Birchall">Jared Birchall</a>, the head of Musk's <a href="/wiki/Family_office" title="Family office">family office</a>, was listed as Neuralink's CEO, CFO, and president in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo2018-30">[30]</a> As of September 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit">[update]</a>, Musk was its majority owner but did not hold an executive position.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By August 2020, only three of the eight founding scientists remained at the company, according to an article by <a href="/wiki/Stat_(website)" title="Stat (website)">Stat News</a> that reported that Neuralink had seen "years of internal conflict in which rushed timelines have clashed with the slow and incremental pace of science."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit">[update]</a>, Neuralink was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco" title="Mission District, San Francisco">San Francisco's Mission District</a>, sharing the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer building</a> with <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, another company Musk co-founded.<a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo2018-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-33">[33]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit">[update]</a>, Neuralink's headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fremont-hq-1">[1]</a> In April 2021, Neuralink demonstrated a monkey playing the game "<a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a>" using the Neuralink implant.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> While similar technology has existed since 2002, when a research group first demonstrated a monkey moving a computer cursor with neural signals, scientists acknowledged the engineering progress in making the implant wireless and increasing the number of implanted electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In May 2021, co-founder and president Max Hodak announced that he no longer worked with the company.<a href="#cite_note-:10-7">[7]</a> Co-founder Benjamin Rapoport cited safety concerns as a major influence on his decision to leave Neuralink in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Rapoport subsequently founded <a href="/wiki/Precision_Neuroscience" title="Precision Neuroscience">Precision Neuroscience</a>, emphasizing the use of surface electrodes as opposed to the penetrating electrodes of Neuralink, in order to address brain damage and other safety concerns caused by Neuralink's devices.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Only two of the eight co-founders remained at the company by January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> On February 8, 2024, Musk changed the location of Neuralink's business incorporation from Delaware to Nevada<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> after Delaware Chancery Court Chief Judge Kathaleen St. J. McCormick voided Musk's $55 billion pay package at Tesla.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a> reported that Neuralink "remained highly secretive about its work", although public records showed that it had sought to open an <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a> facility in San Francisco; it subsequently began doing research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gizmodo2018-30">[30]</a> In 2019, during a live presentation at the <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>, the Neuralink team revealed to the public the technology of the first prototype it had been working on. It is a system that involves ultra-thin probes inserted into the brain, a neurosurgical robot to perform the operations, and a high-density electronic system capable of processing information from neurons. It is based on technology developed at <a href="/wiki/UCSF" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSF">University of California, San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probes">Probes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Probes">edit</a>]</div> The probes, made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">polyimide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biocompatible material</a>, with a thin gold or platinum conductor, are inserted into the brain through an automated process performed by a surgical robot. Each probe consists of an area of wires that contains electrodes capable of locating electrical signals in the brain and a sensory area where the wire interacts with an electronic system that allows amplification and acquisition of the brain signal. Each probe contains 48 or 96 wires, each of which contains 32 independent electrodes, making a system of up to 3,072 electrodes per formation.<a href="#cite_note-Lopatto_2019-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechBrackets_2019-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robot">Robot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Robot">edit</a>]</div> Neuralink says it has engineered a <a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery" title="Robot-assisted surgery">surgical robot</a> capable of rapidly inserting many flexible probes into the brain, which may avoid the tissue damage and longevity problems associated with larger, more rigid probes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This surgical robot has an insertion head with a 25 μm diameter needle made of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> designed to attach to the insertion loops, inject individual probes, and penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meninges</a> and cerebral tissue; it can insert up to six wires (192 electrodes) per minute.<a href="#cite_note-:0-45">[45]</a> A linear motor powers the needle, enabling fast retraction acceleration and varying insertion speeds. A 50-μm tungsten wire that has been bent at the tip and is driven both axially and rotationally makes up the pincher. An imaging stack is also included in the inserter head for needle guidance, real-time insertion viewing, and verification.<a href="#cite_note-:0-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electronics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg/220px-Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg/330px-Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg/440px-Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Elon Musk discussing the Neuralink </figcaption></figure> Neuralink has developed an <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> to create a 1,536-channel recording system. This system consists of 256 amplifiers that can be individually programmed, <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converters</a> within the chip, and peripheral circuit control to serialize the digitized information obtained.<a href="#cite_note-:0-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It aims to convert information obtained from neurons into an understandable binary code in order to achieve greater understanding of brain function and the ability to stimulate these neurons back. So far, Neuralink's electrodes are too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons; Neuralink representatives believe this issue may be mitigated algorithmically, but it is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.<a href="#cite_note-numenta-51">[51]</a> In July 2020, according to Musk, Neuralink obtained a <a href="/wiki/FDA_breakthrough_device" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA breakthrough device">FDA breakthrough device</a> designation which allows limited human testing under the FDA guidelines for medical devices.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_compression_challenge">Public compression challenge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public compression challenge">edit</a>]</div> On May 29, 2024, Musk issued a request for public input on a challenge facing Neuralink. He suggested that due to the size of the data in need of transmission, a compression rate of more than 200x was needed for proper function. The challenge also specified that compression needed to be lossless, work under low power, and compress data in real time. Software consultant Roy van Rijn called the prospect of 200x lossless compression "just outlandish."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_testing_and_alleged_harm">Animal testing and alleged harm</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Animal testing and alleged harm">edit</a>]</div> Neuralink tests its devices by surgically implanting them in the brains of live monkeys, pigs, and other animals.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This has been criticized by groups such as <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">PETA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In August 2020, Neuralink conducted a live demo in which the brain activity of a pig, Gertrude, was displayed in real time.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A removable<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> device the size of a coin (23 millimeters)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> implanted in Gertrude's brain recorded signals from the neurons connected to her snout as it interacted with its environment, such as when it sniffed or touched things.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The data showed that the technology could read and interpret brain signals, which is key to developing applications that could treat neurological conditions, enable brain-to-machine communication, or enhance human cognition.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The demonstration also had two other pigs. One had had a Neuralink chip implanted in its brain and subsequently removed to demonstrate that the chip can be safely removed without damaging the pigs' health.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The third pig had never had a chip implanted in its brain.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> It was for comparison to show the similarity in health and behavior of implanted and non-implanted pigs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> From 2017 to 2020, Neuralink's experiments on monkeys were conducted in partnership with <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. At the end of the partnership, UC Davis transferred seven monkeys to Neuralink. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a> (PCRM), an animal welfare advocacy group, alleged that Neuralink and UC Davis had mistreated several monkeys, subjecting them to psychological distress, extreme suffering, and chronic infections due to surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Experiments conducted by Neuralink and UC Davis have involved at least 23 monkeys, and the PCRM believes that 15 of those died or were euthanized as a result of the experiments. The PCRM also alleged that UC Davis withheld photographic and video evidence of the mistreatment.<a href="#cite_note-Vanian_2022-78">[78]</a> In February 2022, Neuralink said that <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">macaque</a> monkeys died and were euthanized after experimentation, denying that any animal abuse had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levy-80">[80]</a> In December 2022, it was reported that Neuralink was under federal investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) for <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">animal welfare violations</a>. Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report cited claims by several Neuralink employees that testing was being rushed due to Musk's demands for fast results, which was leading to needless suffering and deaths among the animals.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A September 2023 exposé by <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> provided additional details on the primate deaths based on public records and confidential interviews with a former Neuralink employee and a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/California_National_Primate_Research_Center" title="California National Primate Research Center">California National Primate Research Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Those records showed complications with the installation of electrodes, including partial <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, bloody diarrhea, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_swelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain swelling">brain swelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> In 2022,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] after being rejected for human clinical trials by the FDA, Neuralink performed more tests on pigs to address safety concerns. Some of these pigs were observed to have developed <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granulomas</a>, or inflammatory tissues, in their brains. Neuralink could not determine the cause of the granulomas, but made official statements declaring that the Neuralink implant and its associated threads were not the cause.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In July 2023, an investigation by the United States Department of Agriculture found no evidence of animal welfare breaches in the trials other than a self-reported incident from 2019.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The PCRM disputed the investigation's result.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In October 2023, <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> reported that Neuralink worked to keep details of animal suffering and death hidden from the public.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In November 2023, U.S. lawmakers asked the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> to investigate whether Neuralink deceived investors by omitting details about possible animal deaths.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On March 21, 2024, Musk said that Neuralink's second product would be called <a href="/wiki/Blindsight_(Neuralink)" title="Blindsight (Neuralink)">Blindsight</a> and was already working in trials with monkeys. He said it operates at low resolution that is expected to improve and that no monkey had died due to or been seriously injured by a Neuralink device, contradicting earlier reports.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In January 2025, during the first week of his second term in office, President Trump fired 17 inspectors general. Among them was Phyllis Fong, of the Department of Agriculture, who was conducting the investigation into the alleged mistreatment of dozens of test monkeys.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The New York Times reported that the investigation was in progress and that in December 2024, Musk had posted on X a letter in which his lawyer informed him that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had reopened a separate investigation also related to the alleged abuses. Both investigations originated with the nonprofit Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. In a December 2024 news release, PCRM wrote, "documents from the University of California, Davis, where Neuralink conducted monkey experiments from 2017 to 2020, reveal that implantation of the company's device caused debilitating health effects in monkeys, resulting in euthanasia. Animals experienced chronic infections, paralysis, swelling in the brain, loss of coordination and balance, and depression".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> With recent changes in the SEC's leadership, the fate of these investigations is not clear. Musk has denied the allegations of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_testing">Human testing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human testing">edit</a>]</div> Neuralink received FDA approval for human clinical trials in May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The FDA had rejected a 2022 application to pursue human clinical trials, citing "major safety concerns involving the device's lithium battery; the potential for the implant's tiny wires to migrate to other areas of the brain; and questions over whether and how the device can be removed without damaging brain tissue."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In September 2023, Neuralink began its first human trials. It recruited people with <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegia">quadriplegia</a> due to cervical <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Investigational_device_exemption" title="Investigational device exemption">investigational device exemption</a> by the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On January 29, 2024, Musk said that Neuralink had successfully implanted a <a href="/wiki/Brain_computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain computer interface">brain computer interface</a> (BCI) device the company named Telepathy in a human on the previous day and that the patient was recovering from the surgery.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> As it was a "first in human" and "early feasibility" trial to develop a concept, the company was not obligated to disclose details about the procedure or to prove safety or efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2024_h962-98">[98]</a> Neuralink provided a few details in February on the implant in a recruitment brochure for the Precise Robotically Implanted Brain-Computer Interface (PRIME) study.<a href="#cite_note-Ko_Jecker_2024_x880-99">[99]</a> On February 20, Musk said that Neuralink's first human trial participant had been able to control a computer mouse by thought.<a href="#cite_note-fortune20240221-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn20240220-101">[101]</a> On March 20, 2024, Neuralink introduced the person who had received the first Neuralink implant in the clinical trial as 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/Noland_Arbaugh" title="Noland Arbaugh">Noland Arbaugh</a> through a livestream on X. Arbaugh had become a <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a> after experiencing a diving accident dislocated his <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">C4 and C5 spinal vertebrae</a>. Later in the livestream, Noland demonstrated his ability to move a cursor on a computer screen to allow him to control music and play games such as chess. He expressed support for the implant in dramatically improving his quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20240323-102">[102]</a> He acknowledged that the device was not perfect but said he was excited about the future.<a href="#cite_note-wired20240320-103">[103]</a> Arbaugh later said in an interview that 85% of the device's implant threads had completely detached, as his brain had shifted approximately three times as much as Neuralink expected.<a href="#cite_note-:6-104">[104]</a> The Wall Street Journal reported that Neuralink would proceed with a second trial participant,<a href="#cite_note-:6-104">[104]</a> with the FDA signing off on the company's proposed fixes for a problem that occurred with Arbaugh.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In August 2024, the second trial participant was reportedly successfully implanted.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The second trial participant, pseudonym "Alex", was reportedly able to create 3D designs by using the CAD software Fusion 360. Alex has been said to have created a custom mount for his Neuralink charger through this process.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additional accounts of Alex's Link show that he has been able to play first-person shooter games at a higher level than previously.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike Arbaugh, Alex's implantation procedure reduced brain motion during the surgery and placed the implant closer to the brain's surface in an attempt to mitigate thread retraction. Since the initial operation, Alex has been reported to not have experienced any thread retraction [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Alex said, "The Link is a big step on the path of regaining freedom and independence for myself." In November 2024, Neuralink received approval from Health Canada for its first clinical trial in the country.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The name of the trial is CAN-PRIME.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Scientists have cited technical challenges for Neuralink. In 2017, a journalist at the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum magazine</a> asked for comments from five researchers who had worked on BCI implants, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oxley_(neurologist)" title="Thomas Oxley (neurologist)">Thomas Oxley</a>. Oxley called the Neuralink developments "exciting" but expected no real results in the foreseeable future.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what were their comments? per citation, their feedback was based on when the implants required injecting them through the jugular vein, not the cranium, as it's done now. so are their comments still applicable? (March 2023)">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described the device as "a <a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a> in your skull". Several neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims.<a href="#cite_note-mit-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-cjrory-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> accused the demonstration of having the main objective to "stir excitement", adding, "Neuralink has provided no evidence that it can (or has even tried to) treat depression, insomnia, or a dozen other diseases that Musk mentioned in a slide".<a href="#cite_note-mit-110">[110]</a> In response to Musk's description of Neuralink's advancements as "profound", Andrew Jackson, a professor of neural interfaces at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, said, "I don't think there was anything revolutionary in the presentation."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Thiago Arzua of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_of_Wisconsin" title="Medical College of Wisconsin">Medical College of Wisconsin</a> argued that Neuralink's functions are not novel and that ideas for a <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–machine interface</a> (BMI) are at least 50 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[114]</a> He cited successful control of a robotic prosthetic arm by a man that gave him <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology#Neurorehabilitation_and_balance" title="Haptic technology">haptic feedback</a>, which he used in 2016 to give President Obama a <a href="/wiki/Fist_bump" title="Fist bump">fist bump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Arzua said that the 2020 Neuralink presentation "showed little more than a flashy new design for a BMI with more <a href="/wiki/Microelectrode_array" title="Microelectrode array">electrodes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:2-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a> made similar criticism, saying that most of what Neuralink claims as "novelty" was already performed by his lab in the early 2000s; that there are ethical concerns about how the company markets and uses this technology; and that most patients don't want to undergo surgery to recover their movements, and so his team developed non-invasive techniques for BMI, as demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony" title="2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Computer_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Computer Interface">Brain Computer Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_implant" title="Cortical implant">Cortical implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_machine" title="Experience machine">Experience machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(neurotechnology_company)" title="Kernel (neurotechnology company)">Kernel (neurotechnology company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor function">Motor function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradromics" title="Paradromics">Paradromics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Neuroscience" title="Precision Neuroscience">Precision Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_neural_implants" title="Surface chemistry of neural implants">Surface chemistry of neural implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Entire_History_of_You" title="The Entire History of You">The Entire History of You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(Black_Mirror)" title="White Christmas (Black Mirror)">White Christmas (Black Mirror)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirehead_(science_fiction)" title="Wirehead (science fiction)">Wirehead (science fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fremont-hq-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fremont-hq_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fremont-hq_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved May 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+of+an+impossible+kick%3A+Miguel+Nicolelis+at+TEDGlobal+2014+%7C+TED+Blog&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ted.com%2Fthe-story-of-an-impossible-kick-miguel-nicolelis-live-at-tedglobal-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuralink" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSénecaDelfim2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Séneca, Hugo; Delfim, Tómas (April 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expresso.pt/podcasts/o-futuro-do-futuro/2024-04-16-a-neuralink-de-elon-musk-e-quase-uma-piada-de-mau-gosto-diz-pioneiro-dos-implantes-cerebrais-miguel-nicolelis-65d177b9">""A Neuralink de Elon Musk é quase uma piada de mau gosto", diz pioneiro dos implantes cerebrais Miguel Nicolelis"</a>. Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved May 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expresso&rft.atitle=%22A+Neuralink+de+Elon+Musk+%C3%A9+quase+uma+piada+de+mau+gosto%22%2C+diz+pioneiro+dos+implantes+cerebrais+Miguel+Nicolelis&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9neca&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Delfim%2C+T%C3%B3mas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpresso.pt%2Fpodcasts%2Fo-futuro-do-futuro%2F2024-04-16-a-neuralink-de-elon-musk-e-quase-uma-piada-de-mau-gosto-diz-pioneiro-dos-implantes-cerebrais-miguel-nicolelis-65d177b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuralink" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuralinkMusk2019" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Neuralink; Musk, Elon (August 2, 2019). "An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels". <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F703801">10.1101/703801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=An+integrated+brain-machine+interface+platform+with+thousands+of+channels&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F703801%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.au=Neuralink&rft.au=Musk%2C+Elon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuralink" class="Z3988"> (whitepaper)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuralink&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neuralink.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29043471#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-vbh3t7WVI">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> of Neuralink's presentation on July 16, 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YreDYmXTYi4">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> of Neuralink's presentation on December 1, 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huberman" title="Andrew Huberman">Andrew Huberman</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZGItIAUQmI">"Dr. Matthew MacDougall: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains"</a> (interview with Neuralink's head neurosurgeon, April 2023)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain–computer_interface366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Template:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Template talk:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brain–computer_interface366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrainGate" title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainport" title="Brainport">Brainport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_substitution" title="Sensory substitution">Sensory substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_telepathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:BrainGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/100px-BrainGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/150px-BrainGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/200px-BrainGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a> (ECoG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural ensemble">Neural ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies#Acronyms" title="Emerging technologies">NBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Donald" title="Merlin Donald">Merlin Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyberd" title="Peter Kyberd">Peter Kyberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoky_Matsuoka" title="Yoky Matsuoka">Yoky Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Category:Brain–computer interface">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elon_Musk182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk" title="Template:Elon Musk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk" title="Template talk:Elon Musk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elon_Musk182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk" title="List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk" title="Business career of Elon Musk">Business career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography" title="Elon Musk filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Elon Musk">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk" title="International relations of Elon Musk">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk" title="Political activities of Elon Musk">Political activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk" title="Public image of Elon Musk">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk" title="Wealth of Elon Musk">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/80px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/120px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/160px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1484" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zip2" title="Zip2">Zip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.com_(bank)" title="X.com (bank)">X.com</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Energy" title="Tesla Energy">Tesla Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc." title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSLAQ" title="TSLAQ">TSLAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc." title="List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.">lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_and_unions" title="Tesla and unions">Unions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neuralink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel" title="Boring test tunnel">Boring test tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thud_(media_company)" title="Thud (media company)">Thud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corp." title="X Corp.">X Corp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" title="Twitter under Elon Musk">Twitter under Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">Acquisition of Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_Files" title="Twitter Files">Twitter Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2022_Twitter_suspensions" title="December 2022 Twitter suspensions">December 2022 suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_Twitter_in_Brazil" title="Blocking of Twitter in Brazil">Block in Brazil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_PAC" title="America PAC">America PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_in_the_Road_(Office_of_Personnel_Management_memo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork in the Road (Office of Personnel Management memo)">"Fork in the Road" memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy" title="Elon Musk salute controversy">Salute controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBG_PAC" title="RBG PAC">RBG PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_unions" title="Elon Musk and unions">Views on trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future" title="Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future">Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</a> (2015)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Musk Who Fell to Earth">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>" (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Barons" title="The Space Barons">The Space Barons</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors" title="Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors">Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors</a> (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty" title="One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>" (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century" title="Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century">Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course" title="Elon Musk's Crash Course">Elon Musk's Crash Course</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_(Isaacson_book)" title="Elon Musk (Isaacson book)">Elon Musk</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musk_(film)" title="Musk (film)">Musk</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musk_family" title="Musk family">Musk family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maye_Musk" title="Maye Musk">Maye Musk (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosca_Musk" title="Tosca Musk">Tosca Musk (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman" title="Joshua N. Haldeman">Joshua N. Haldeman (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Rive" title="Lyndon Rive">Lyndon Rive (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Musk" title="Justine Musk">Justine Musk (first wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talulah_Riley" title="Talulah Riley">Talulah Riley (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes" title="Grimes">Grimes (partner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis (partner)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Nova_School" title="Astra Nova School">Astra Nova School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster" title="Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster">Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElonJet" title="ElonJet">ElonJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snailbrook,_Texas" title="Snailbrook, Texas">Snailbrook, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science" title="Texas Institute of Technology and Science">Texas Institute of Technology and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk" title="Category:Elon 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