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id="toc-Definition_of_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Summary of historical development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Proto-Indo-European </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_the_split-offs_of_the_main_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_split-offs_of_the_main_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dating the split-offs of the main branches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_split-offs_of_the_main_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolian_languages_(all_extinct)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolian_languages_(all_extinct)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Anatolian languages (all extinct) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolian_languages_(all_extinct)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tocharian_languages_(Agni-Kuči_languages)_(all_extinct)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tocharian_languages_(Agni-Kuči_languages)_(all_extinct)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tocharian_languages_(Agni-Kuči_languages)_(all_extinct)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Albanian language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Italic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Celtic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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(October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European-speaking_world.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Indo-European-speaking_world.png/340px-Indo-European-speaking_world.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Indo-European-speaking_world.png/510px-Indo-European-speaking_world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Indo-European-speaking_world.png/680px-Indo-European-speaking_world.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> worldwide by country<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Official or primary language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Secondary official language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Recognized</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Significant</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No use</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_branches_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/330px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/440px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-Indo-European languages</div> Dotted/striped areas indicate where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_North_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Languages_of_North_America.svg/210px-Languages_of_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Languages_of_North_America.svg/315px-Languages_of_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Languages_of_North_America.svg/420px-Languages_of_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country: <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This is a list of languages in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers_of_languages_and_language_groups">Numbers of languages and language groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Numbers of languages and language groups">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> include some 449 (<a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a> estimate, 2018 edition<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and western and southern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, belong to the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> world <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a> estimate, 2018 edition,<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_language">Definition of language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of language">edit</a>]</div> The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a> can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_historical_development">Summary of historical development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary of historical development">edit</a>]</div> The ancestral population and language, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> that spoke <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence">cultural influence</a>. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> of peoples in many regions of western and southern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> (including western <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>), through <a href="/wiki/Russian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian expansion">Russian expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> as the result of the age of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European discoveries</a> and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European colonization</a>, also gave origin to the many <a href="/wiki/Pidgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgins">pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed languages">mixed languages</a> that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages" title="Special:EditPage/User:Atavoidirc/I.E. languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (extinct) (see also <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Early Proto-Indo-European</a> (First version of Indo-European) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Middle Proto-Indo-European</a> ("Classical" Indo-European) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Late Proto-Indo-European</a> (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a>; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_the_split-offs_of_the_main_branches">Dating the split-offs of the main branches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dating the split-offs of the main branches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_(2007),_The_Horse,_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/220px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/330px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/440px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a></figcaption></figure> Although all Indo-European languages descend from a <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent <a href="/wiki/Proto-languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-languages">proto-languages</a>, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Donald Ringe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Tandy Warnow</a> propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) <ul><li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> (before 3500 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> and Pre-<a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (before 2500 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and Pre-<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Greek</a> (after 2500 BC)</li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> (2000 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and Pre-<a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">proto-Germanic</a> (500 BC)</li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a>, following the methodology of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Donald Ringe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Tandy Warnow</a>, proposes the following sequence:<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) <ul><li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> (4200 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> (3700 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> (3300 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> and Pre-<a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (3000 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (2800 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Slavic">Balto-Slavic</a> (2800 BC)</li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Greek</a> (2500 BC)</li> <li>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> (2200 BC); split between <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Indic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indic">Old Indic</a> 1800 BC</li></ul></li></ul> The list below follows <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Donald Ringe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Tandy Warnow</a> and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-5">[5]</a> quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatolian_languages_(all_extinct)"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (all extinct)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anatolian languages (all extinct)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg/220px-Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg/330px-Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg/440px-Anatolian_Languages_in_2nd_millennium_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a> <ul><li>Hittite (Nesitic/Central) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> (Nesite) (𒉈𒅆𒇷 – Nesili) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cappadocian_language" title="Ancient Cappadocian language">Cappadocian</a>?</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Luwic (Southern) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician language">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataonian language">Cataonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaurian_language" title="Isaurian language">Isaurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaonian">Lycaonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a> ("Lycian B")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western Anatolian? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maeonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeonian">Maeonian</a> (𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – Śfardẽtis)</li></ul></li> <li>Palaic (Northern) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unclassified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalasmian</a> / Kalašma / Kalasmaic <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tocharian_languages_(Agni-Kuči_languages)_(all_extinct)"><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Agni-Kuči languages</a>) (all extinct)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tocharian_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tocharian_languages.svg/220px-Tocharian_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tocharian_languages.svg/330px-Tocharian_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tocharian_languages.svg/440px-Tocharian_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Tocharian languages: A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tocharian">Proto-Agni-Kuči</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tocharian">Proto-Tocharian</a>") <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">North-Tocharian</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnean" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnean">Agnean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian A">Tocharian A</a>) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (Agni / Ārśi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchean">Kuchean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian B">Tocharian B</a>) (also called West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe / Kučiññe)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">South Tocharian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kror%C3%A4nian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroränian">Kroränian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian C">Tocharian C</a>) (possible)<a href="#cite_note-cordis.europa.eu-14">[14]</a> (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albanian_language"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Albanian language">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_dialects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanian_dialects.svg/220px-Albanian_dialects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanian_dialects.svg/330px-Albanian_dialects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanian_dialects.svg/440px-Albanian_dialects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Modern Albanian</a>) (shqip / gjuha shqipe) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanian</a> (gegnisht) (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Northern Albanian dialect</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a> (Albanian of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian Albanian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_dialect" title="Upper Reka dialect">Upper Reka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> (toskërisht) (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Southern Albanian dialect</a>, basis of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Albanian">Standard Modern Albanian</a> but not identical) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> (arbërisht) (Tosk Albanian variety of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Calabria Arbëresh / Calabro-Arbëresh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> (Tosk Albanian variety of <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italic languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iron_Age_Italy.png/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iron_Age_Italy.png/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Iron_Age_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/220px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/330px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/440px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/220px-Romance_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/330px-Romance_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/440px-Romance_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_20c_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/220px-Romance_20c_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/330px-Romance_20c_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/440px-Romance_20c_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG/220px-Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG/330px-Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG/440px-Western_and_Eastern_Romania.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a>; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Romance_Language_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/350px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/525px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/700px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sabellic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabellic languages">Sabellic languages</a>) (all extinct) <ul><li>Umbrian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine language">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernican language">Hernican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsian_language" title="Marsian language">Marsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Sabellic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sabellic">Old Sabellic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volscian_language" title="Volscian language">Volscian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrucinian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrucinian language">Marrucinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeligni" title="Paeligni">Paelignian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidicini" title="Sidicini">Sidicinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Samnite_language" title="Pre-Samnite language">Pre-Samnite</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unclassified (within Italic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aequian_language" title="Aequian language">Aequian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestinian_language" title="Vestinian language">Vestinian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (Lingua Latina) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Latin">Early Latin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Latin">Archaic Latin</a>) (Prisca Latina / Prisca Latinitas) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> (LINGVA LATINA – Lingua Latina) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Latin">Standard Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> / Colloquial Latin (sermō vulgāris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanuvian_language" title="Lanuvian language">Lanuvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenestinian_language" title="Praenestinian language">Praenestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin / Britannic Latin</a> (not British Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Britons">Romano-Britons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a> (Judæo-Latin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> (Church Latin, Liturgical Latin) (Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> or New Latin; (Neolatina or Lingua Latina Nova) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> (Latinitas viva)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Late Vulgar Latin</a> (sermo vulgaris) (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romance">Proto-Romance</a>) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Romance languages">Continental Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Italian dialect">Central Italian</a> (Italiano Centrale) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a> (Romanesco / Romano)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a> / Ciociaro<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> (Marchigiano Proper)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian dialects">Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> (Napulitano – ’O Nnapulitano) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molisan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Molisan dialect">Molisan</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanian dialect">Campanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentano</a> (Cilentan / Northern Cilentan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Apulian dialect">Apulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Calabrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Calabrian">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> / Far Southern Italian (<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Siculo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Calabrian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian language">Calabrian</a>) <ul><li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian dialect">Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> / Sicilian Proper (Sicilianu / Lu Sicilianu) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentano Meridionale</a> (Far Southern Cilentan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> (Salentinu) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan Language">Old Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> (Toscano) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a> (Fiorentino) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (Italiano / Lingua Italiana) / <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">Standard Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Tuscany Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Northern Italy Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Sardinia Regional Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistoiese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistoiese">Pistoiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lucchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (Corsu / Lingua Corsa) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese dialect">Gallurese</a> (Gadduresu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a> (Sassaresu / Turritanu)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (Romance Venetian) (Vèneto / Łéngoa vèneta) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian</a> (Cipilegno)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian / Italkian</a> (ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – Giudeo-Italiano / איטלקית – 'Italqit) (La'az - לעז) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman">Judeo-Roman</a> (Giudeo-Romanesco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Venetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Venetian">Judeo-Venetian</a> Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a> (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Illyro-Roman</a> / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a> (Romance Dalmatian) (dalmato, langa dalmata) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegliot">Vegliot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a> (Cisalpine Romance) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol language">Emilian-Romagnol</a> (Emiliân-Rumagnôl, Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialect">Romagnol</a> (Rumagnôl)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forli</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> (Emigliân) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrarese_dialect" title="Ferrarese dialect">Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modenese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Modenese dialect">Modenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggiano dialect">Reggiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacentino_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piacentino dialect">Piacentino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogherese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogherese">Vogherese</a> (Pavese-Vogherese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (Romance Lombard) (Lombard / Lumbaart) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> (Lombard) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescian" class="mw-redirect" title="Brescian">Bressano</a> / Bresciano (in <a href="/wiki/Brescia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Brescia Province">Brescia Province</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasco</a> (Bergamàsch) (in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergamo Province">Bergamo Province</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> (Lombard / Lumbaart) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a> (Milanés) / <a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Meneghin</a> (Macromilanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Canzo" title="Canzo">Canzo</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Bustocco">Bustocco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Legnanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Legnanese">Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese</a> (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Bosin</a> (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> (Lombardo Alpino) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia area</a>) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodigiano dialect">Lodigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Cremona area</a>) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a> (Nuares) (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> (Piemontèis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> (Romance Ligurian) (Ligure / Lengua Ligure / Zeneize) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese Ligurian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Central Ligurian</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Zeneize" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeneize">Zeneize</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a> (Munegascu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Roiasc</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gallo-Rhaetian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> / Friulan (Furlan / Lenghe Furlane / Marilenghe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> (Ladin / Lingaz Ladin) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> (Rumantsch / Rumàntsch / Romauntsch / Romontsch) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect_(Romansh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jauer dialect (Romansh)">Jauer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">Oïl</a> (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a> (Arpetan / Francoprovençâl / Patouès) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudois_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudois dialect">Vaudois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphinois_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphinois dialect">Dauphinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyonnais dialect">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassien_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassien dialect">Jurassien</a> (Southern Franc-Comtois)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Cellese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar-Cigliàje</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (Franceis / François / Romanz) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> (François/Franceis) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian-Morvandeau</a> (Bregognon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Frainc-Comtois</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Jurassien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Frainc-Comtou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Jurassien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien" class="mw-redirect" title="Francien">Francien</a> / Francilien (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de France">Île de France</a> Langue d'Oïl) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (Français / Langue Française) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_French" title="European French">European French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French of France</a> / France French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parisian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisian French">Parisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">American French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> (Français Acadien) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>) (Français Louisianais)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Brayon French">Brayon French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec French">Québec French</a> (Français Québécois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat French</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Detroit River French Canadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a> (Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Country French">Illinois Country French</a> ("Paw-Paw French")</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a> (Français Terre-Neuvien)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville French</a> (Français de Frenchville)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy French</a> (Patois Saint-Barth) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a> (Français Haïtien)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">Guianese French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonian French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">Caldoche</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a> / <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">Sub-Saharan African French</a> (Français Africain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb French">Maghreb French</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb French">North African French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian French</a> (Français Indien)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Asian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asian French">South East Asian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais language">Orleanais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9sois" class="mw-redirect" title="Blésois">Blésois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a> (Berrichonne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Oïl Bourbonnais</a> (Bourbonnais d'Oïl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Champenois dialect">Champenois</a> (Champaignat) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Western Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Eastern Champenois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a> (Lorrain / <a href="/wiki/Gaumais" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumais">Gaumais</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">South Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a> (Angevin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> (Galo) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a> (Old Romance Norman) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> (Romance Norman) (Normaund) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a> (spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a> (spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aoeur%27gnaeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoeur'gnaeux">Aoeur'gnaeux</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9siais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dgèrnésiais">Dgèrnésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman French">Anglo-Norman French</a> (Norman) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a> (Picard / <a href="/wiki/Chti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chti">Chti</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chtimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chtimi">Chtimi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouchi">Rouchi</a> / Roubaignot) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Amiens" title="County of Amiens">Amiénois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9rache" title="Thiérache">Thiérache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvaisis</a></li> <li>"Rouchi" – <a href="/wiki/Tournaisis" title="Tournaisis">Tournaisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valenciennois" class="mw-redirect" title="Valenciennois">Valenciennois</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> (Walon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> (Poetevin-Séntunjhaes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a> (Poetevin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a> (Saintonjhais)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaeo-French" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-French">Judaeo-French</a>) (צרפתית – Tzarfatit) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="British Romance">British Romance</a> (?) (language of the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Britons">Romano-Britons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romano-Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Britons">Romanised Britons</a>) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a> (Proensals / Proençal / Romans / Lenga d'Òc / Lemosin) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (Occitan / Lenga d'Òc / <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Lemosin</a> / Provençal) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> (Provençau (classical norm) / Prouvençau (mistralian norm)) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard" class="mw-redirect" title="Niçard">Niçard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nissart" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissart">Nissart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Occitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Occitan">Judaeo-Occitan</a>) (Chouadit) (<a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">שואדית</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a>) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpine_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Provençal">Alpine Provençal</a>, Gavòt) (<a href="/wiki/Vivaroalpenc" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaroalpenc">Vivaroalpenc</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vivaroaupenc" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaroaupenc">Vivaroaupenc</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiol dialect">Guardiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gardiol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiol dialect">Calabria Provençal</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Gardiol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiol dialect">Gardiòl</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a> (Auvernhat) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croissant_(linguistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croissant (linguistic)">Croissant Auvergnat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a> (Lemosin) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croissant_(linguistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croissant (linguistic)">Croissant Limousin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengadocian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengadocian">Lengadocian</a> (Northern-Central) (<a href="/wiki/Lengadocian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengadocian">Lengadocian</a> / Lenga d'Oc)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> (Romance Gascon) (Gasco) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranese">Aranese</a> (Aranés)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearnese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearnese dialect">Bearnese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a> (Catalanesch) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (Modern Catalan) (<a href="/wiki/Catalan%E2%80%93Valencian%E2%80%93Balearic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan–Valencian–Balearic">Catalan–Valencian–Balearic</a>) (Català / Llengua Catalana) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Rossellonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Algherese Catalan">Algherese Catalan</a> (Alguerés)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">Northwestern Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>) (קטלאנית יהודית – Judeocatalà / קאטאלנית – Catalànic) (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Hispano-Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Menéndez_Pidal_2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Menéndez_Pidal_2005-18">[18]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a> (extinct) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-19">[19]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> (Aragonés / Luenga Aragonesa / Fabla Aragonesa) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aragonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aragonese">Eastern Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Aragonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Aragonese">Central Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aragonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Aragonese">Western Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Aragonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Aragonese">Southern Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a> (Chodigo-Aragonés) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iberian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Iberian Romance">Western Iberian Romance</a> / <a href="/wiki/Western_Iberian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Iberian Romance">Western Hispano-Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Castilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Castilian">Old Castilian</a> (Romance Castellano) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Castilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian language">Castilian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a> (Español / Castellano / Lengua Española / Lengua Castellana) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish of Spain">Spanish of Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="European Spanish">European Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="European Spanish">Spanish of Europe</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Northern Castilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Galician Castilian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">Catalan Castilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">Catalan Castilian Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">Balearic Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">Valencian Castilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Central Castilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano dialect">Toledan Castilian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toledano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano dialect">Toledano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a> <ul><li>Central Murcian (<a href="/wiki/Panocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Panocho">Panocho</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> (Western) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">Seseo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Isleño</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">North American Canarian Spanish</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceceo">Ceceo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">American Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Hispanic American Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish of the Americas</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Coastal Venezuelan Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Zulian Venezuelan Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Marabino Spanish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracaibero</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean-Pacific Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Andean Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Valluno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Vallegrandino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Camba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Chapaco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> Spanish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentinian_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentinian Spanish">Argentinian Spanish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Central Argentinian Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordovian Argentinian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Western Argentinian Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano Argentinian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan Spanish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan Spanish</a> (strong <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> substrate and influence)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean Spanish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatorial Guinea Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castilian Extremaduran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Southern-Central Extremaduran</a>)/ <a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> (לאדינו – Ladino / גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – <a href="/wiki/Djudeo-Espanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Djudeo-Espanyol">Djudeo-Espanyol</a> / Judeoespañol) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a> (Romance Cantabrian) (Cántabru / Montañés) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Montañés">Montañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a> (Estremeñu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese">Astur-Leonese</a> (Asturllionés / Astur-Llionés / Llengua Astur-Llionesa) ( <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese dialect</a> (Llionés) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> (Mirandés / Lhengua Mirandesa)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a> (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> (Galego / Lingua Galega <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eonavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eonavian">Eonavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (Português / Língua Portuguesa) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_Americas" title="Portuguese language in the Americas">Latin American Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">Broad Paulista</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">Caipira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Standard Brazilian Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan Portuguese</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Fronteiriço</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="African Portuguese">African Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese" title="Cape Verdean Portuguese">Cape Verdean Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Guinean Portuguese</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Guinea-Bissau Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_Tomean_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Tomean Portuguese">Sao Tomean Portuguese</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tomean_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Tomean Portuguese">São Tomé and Principe Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Portuguese">Goan Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macanese Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">East Timorese Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico" class="mw-redirect" title="Minderico">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a> (Judeu-Português) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Romance">Pannonian Romance</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romanian">Proto-Romanian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> (Rrãmãneshti / <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A3neashti" class="mw-redirect" title="Armãneashti">Armãneashti</a> / Armãneshce / Limba Rrãmãniascã / Limba Armãneascã / Limba Armãneshce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a> (Vlăhește)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Modern Romanian</a> (Limba Română / Românește) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banatian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Bănățean</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureșian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian Romanian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian varieties of Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldovenesc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Muntenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a> (Rumârește / Vlășește)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Romance">Southern Romance</a> <ul><li>Insular Romance (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> (Sardu or Lingua Sarda / Limba Sarda) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudorese-Nuorese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuorese dialect">Nuorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliaritano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagliaritano">Cagliaritano</a> (Casteddaiu)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Celtic languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/220px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/330px-Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/440px-Celts_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  core <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> territory, by the 6th century BCE</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettonian</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> where Celtic presence is uncertain, Para-Celtic?</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  the six <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  areas where <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> remain widely spoken today</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg/220px-A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg/330px-A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg/440px-A_map_of_the_distribution_of_the_Celtic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple: Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Celtic">Eastern Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_(Celtic)_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="British (Celtic) languages">British</a> (<a href="/wiki/P_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P Celtic">P Celtic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Old_Brittonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Brittonic">Old Brittonic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornish">Old Cornish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cornish">Middle Cornish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> (Modern Cornish) (Kernowek)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Breton">Old Breton</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Breton">Middle Breton</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> (Modern Breton) (Brezhoneg)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">Modern Welsh</a>) (Cymraeg / y Gymraeg) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivernic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivernic language">Ivernic</a>? (hypothetical) (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Q_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Q Celtic">Q Celtic</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Go%C3%ADdelc" class="mw-redirect" title="Goídelc">Goídelc</a>) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> (Gaoidhealg) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a>) (Gaeilge) / Irish Gaelic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Irish">Standard Irish</a> (An Caighdeán Oifigiúil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laighin" class="mw-redirect" title="Laighin">Laighin</a>) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a> (Gaeilge Chonnacht)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a> (Gaelainn na Mumhan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Canúint Uladh</a>) (in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> (Gàidhlig) (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Minch_Gaelic" title="Mid-Minch Gaelic">Mid-Minch Gaelic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mid-Minch_Gaelic" title="Mid-Minch Gaelic">Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebridean Gaelic">Hebridean</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebridean Gaelic">Hebridean Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sutherland_Gaelic" title="East Sutherland Gaelic">East Sutherland Gaelic</a> (Gàidhlig Chataibh) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Cape Breton Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx Gaelic</a> (Gaelg / Gailck) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Northern Manx</a> (Gaelg y Twoaie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Douglas Manx</a> (?) (Gaelg y Doolish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Southern Manx</a> (Gaelg y Jiass)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hellenic languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/240px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/360px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/480px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/220px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/330px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">Mycenaean Greek</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a>) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (includes <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>) (extinct) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian Greek</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>) (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">Biblical Greek</a> (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament Greek</a> (Greek of New Testament)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint Greek</a> (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament)) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a> (Greek of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Jews">Byzantine Jews</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinopolitan Greek">Constantinopolitan Greek</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>) (ελληνικά – Elliniká) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a> (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a> (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Southern dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Greek_Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Greek Dialect">Maniot</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>) (archaic dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Central Greek ("Semi-Northern")</a> (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Northern dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinopolitan Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silliot_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Silliot Greek">Silliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharasiot_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharasiot Greek">Pharasiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Greek language">Pontic Greek</a> (ποντιακά – Pontiaká) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariupolitan_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariupolitan Greek">Mariupolitan Greek</a> (Rumeíka)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a></li> <li>Italiot Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Salentinian Greek</a> (Γκρίκο – Gríko) (</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a> (Γκραίκο – Graíko)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Greek">Judæo-Greek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniote language">Romaniote</a>) (probably extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Greek</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian Greek</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locris</a>) (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean Doric</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaea</a>) (North Coast of <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>) (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a> (Tσακώνικα – Tsakṓnika / A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – A Tsakṓnika gloússa)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armenian_language"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Armenian language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_dialects,_Adjarian_1909.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/220px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/330px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/440px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPArmenian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MAPArmenian.png/220px-MAPArmenian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MAPArmenian.png/330px-MAPArmenian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MAPArmenian.png/440px-MAPArmenian.png 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Armenian">Old Armenian</a>) (գրաբար հայերէն – Krapar Hayeren / Grabar Hayeren գրաբար – Krapar / Grabar) (<a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">Classical language</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a> language, official language of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Kingdom">Armenian Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Liturgical Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Judeo-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Armenian" title="Modern Armenian">Modern Armenian</a>) (հայերէն]] or հայերեն – <a href="/wiki/Hayeren" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayeren">Hayeren</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> (արեւմտահայերէն – Arevmdahayerēn) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karin_dialect" title="Karin dialect">Karin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karin_dialect" title="Karin dialect">Upper Armenia</a> (Bardzr Hayk') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mush_dialect" title="Mush dialect">Mush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharberd%E2%80%93Yerznka_dialect" title="Kharberd–Yerznka dialect">Kharpert-Yerznka</a> (Tsopk') (nearly extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin%E2%80%93Karahisar_dialect" title="Shabin–Karahisar dialect">Nikopoli Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homshetsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homshetsi">Homshetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> (արևելահայերեն – Arevelahayeren) (<a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Agulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh dialect">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germanic_languages"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_languages" title="List of Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germanic languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/220px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/330px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/440px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> dialect groups in Europe around the year 1 AD. <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic">East Germanic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a></div> <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic">North Germanic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic">North Germanic</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/300px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/450px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/600px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Germanic_languages.svg/220px-Germanic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Germanic_languages.svg/330px-Germanic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Germanic_languages.svg/440px-Germanic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> / Oder-Vistula Germanic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto6-23">[23]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-22">[22]</a> (?) <a href="#cite_note-auto2-24">[24]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic / Lombardic</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi#Language" title="Suebi">Suebian</a> (extinct) <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> / Middle German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Thuringian" title="Central Thuringian">Central Thuringian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch" title="East Central German">North Upper Saxon-South Marchian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlinerisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinerisch">Berlinerisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Lusatian_German" title="Low Lusatian German">Low Lusatian German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Alzenau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Standard_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Standard German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein German">Liechtenstein variety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohisch_dialect" title="Hohenlohisch dialect">Hohenlohisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itzgr%C3%BCndisch_dialect" title="Itzgründisch dialect">Itzgründisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtländisch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Franconian">South Franconian</a> (Südfränkisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Colonia Tovar German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_German" title="Basel German">Basel German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vorarlbergisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorarlbergisch">Vorarlbergisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich German">Zürich German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walliser_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Walliser German">Walliser German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a> / North Bavarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styrian_dialect_group" title="Styrian dialect group">Styrian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Old Hutterite German</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian">Carinthian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhenish Franconian / Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Ostlothringisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Palatinate Hunsrückisch</a> / Rhenish Franconian Hunsrückisch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Northern Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Central Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian / Middle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegerl%C3%A4ndisch" title="Siegerländisch">Siegerländisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Moselle Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_German" title="Zipser German">Zipser-Gründlerisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_German" title="Zipser German">Zipser German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian, Ripuarian Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96cher_Platt" class="mw-redirect" title="Öcher Platt">Öcher Platt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurtish">Udmurtish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Low_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Low Franconian">Old Low Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Limburgish">Central Limburgish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="West Limburgish">West Limburgish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Low_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low Franconian">West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">Brusselian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a> <a href="#cite_note-Woordenboek-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrechts-Alblasserwaards" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrechts-Alblasserwaards">Utrechts-Alblasserwaards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a> <a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hollandic dialect">South Hollandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hague_dialect" title="The Hague dialect">The Hague dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a> / Cape Hollandic (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Afrikaans" title="Patagonian Afrikaans">Patagonian Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaans" title="Zaans">Zaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Town Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <a href="#cite_note-Woordenboek-27">[27]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Low German">Old Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_German" title="Northern Low German">Northern Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleswigsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswigsch">Schleswigsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsteinisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Holsteinisch">Holsteinisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburgisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldenburgisch">Oldenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westniederdeutsch" title="Westniederdeutsch">Westniederdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Slavic Pommeranian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pomeranians">Slavic Pomeranians</a> language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbingian" title="Elbingian">Elbingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundart_des_K%C3%BCrzungsgebiets" title="Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets">Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Low_Prussian" title="Eastern Low Prussian">Eastern Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natangian" title="Natangian">Natangian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehrungisch" title="Nehrungisch">Nehrungisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostk%C3%A4slausch" title="Ostkäslausch">Ostkäslausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlandic" title="Samlandic">Samlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulan_dialect" title="Vistulan dialect">Vistulan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werdersch" title="Werdersch">Werdersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westk%C3%A4slausch" title="Westkäslausch">Westkäslausch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Low_German" title="Southern Low German">Southern Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastphalian dialect">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">We</a><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Westphalian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Westphalian">East Westphalian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/British_language" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="British language">British language </a> and also <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> substrates in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and mainly <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> substrate in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Scots" title="Southern Scots">Southern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Scots" title="Central Scots">Central Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Scots" title="Northern Scots">Northern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Scots" title="Insular Scots">Insular Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">English English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk dialect">Norfolk dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffolk dialect">Suffolk dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex dialect">Essex dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Potteries dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool dialect</a> / Scouse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbrian dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrovian dialect">Barrovian dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_southern_England" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in southern England">South English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a> / <a href="/wiki/London_Regional_General_British" class="mw-redirect" title="London Regional General British">London Regional General British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey dialect">Surrey dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltshire dialect">Wiltshire dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristolian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristolian dialect">Bristolian dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish Englis</a>h <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glaswegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West Irish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ulster_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ulster English">Mid-Ulster English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English#Alderney_English" title="Channel Island English">Alderney English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English#Guernsey_English" title="Channel Island English">Guernsey English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English#Jersey_English" title="Channel Island English">Jersey English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritime_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritime English">Canadian Maritime English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec Canadian English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">First Nations English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Aboriginal English in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">North Central American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Mid-Atlantic American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American English">Black American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">Bahamian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Creole" title="Turks and Caicos Creole">Turks and Caicos Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands English </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Puerto_Rico" title="English language in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian English">Barbadian English </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian English">Trinidadian and Tobagonian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyanese English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strine" title="Strine">Broad Country Australian English </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">Cultivated Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">General Australian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori English">Māori English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji English">Fiji English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English#White_South_African_English" title="South African English">White South African English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English#Cape_Flats_English" title="South African English">Cape Flats English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English#Black_South_African_English" title="South African English">Black South African English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English#Indian_South_African_English" title="South African English">Indian South African English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namlish </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltarian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish/Urglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepalese English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">General Indian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler_English" title="Butler English">Butler English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English </a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese English">Burmese / Myanmar English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinglish" title="Tinglish">Thai English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish#Coño_English" title="Taglish">Coño English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taglish#Swardspeak" title="Taglish">Swardspeak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palauan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan English </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heligolandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Heligolandic dialect">Haligolandic Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylt Frisian">Sylt Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand Frisian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bökingharde Frisian">Bökingharde Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt Frisian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frisian Language">East Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay Frisian">Clay Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood Frisian">Wood Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian">East Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Swedish" title="Modern Swedish">Modern Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Swedish">Early Modern Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern Swedish">Late Modern Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Svealandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_dialects" title="Stockholm dialects">Stockholm dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppl%C3%A4ndska_dialect" title="Uppländska dialect">Uppländska dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="North Swedish">North Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_dialects" title="Luleå dialects">Luleå dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalix_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalix dialect">Kalix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiruna_dialect" title="Kiruna dialect">Kiruna dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="East Swedish">East Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Åland Swedish">Åland Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrobothnian">Ostrobothnian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål dialect">Götalandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5l%C3%A4ndska" title="Småländska">Northern Smålandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkeby Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Danish">Old Danish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danish">Middle Danish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Danish">Eastern Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Old Scanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholmsk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornholmsk dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jutlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jutlandic">Eastern Jutlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Jutlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jutlandic">Western Jutlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Jutlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Jutlandic">Southern Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Norwegian Riksmål</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian">Dalecarlian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalarna dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jamtlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian">West Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Norwegian Høgnorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Norwegian Nynorsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Østnorsk">Østnorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8lam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Dølamål">Dølamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingmål-Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdalsmål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestnorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendal dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnes dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavanger dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Sognamål">Sognamål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic">Jamtlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Medalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheimsk" title="Trondheimsk">Trondheimsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">Nordnorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøy dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Norwegian" title="American Norwegian">American Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Early Faroese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Old Faroese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balto-Slavic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Balto-Slavic languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Slavic_lng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/220px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/330px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/440px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto_Slavic_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balto_Slavic_countries.svg/220px-Balto_Slavic_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balto_Slavic_countries.svg/330px-Balto_Slavic_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balto_Slavic_countries.svg/440px-Balto_Slavic_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Political map of Europe with countries where a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> languages, pale green represents <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> languages, and sea green represents <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Baltic languages">Eastern Baltic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/220px-Baltic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/330px-Baltic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/440px-Baltic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Slavic_languages_map_en.svg/220px-Slavic_languages_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Slavic_languages_map_en.svg/330px-Slavic_languages_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Slavic_languages_map_en.svg/440px-Slavic_languages_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_ruso.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/220px-Idioma_ruso.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/330px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Idioma_ruso.PNG/440px-Idioma_ruso.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> language both in number of <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (extinct)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baltic languages">edit</a>]</div> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Baltic">Proto-Baltic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Baltic languages">Eastern Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">East Galindian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Old Latvian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lithuanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lithuanian">Old Lithuanian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Highland Lithuanian</a> / Aukštaitian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Lowland Lithuanian</a> / Samogitian</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Baltic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Baltic language">Western Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Prussian">Baltic Prussian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language#Revitalization" title="Old Prussian language">New Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalvians" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">West Galindian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_languages"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Slavic languages">edit</a>]</div> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> / Carpathian Rusyn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn</a> / Bačka Rusyn</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokuttia%E2%80%93Bukovina_dialect" title="Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect">Pokuttia–Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polesian language">Polesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polesian language">Polisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_microlanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian microlanguage">West Polesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motolian_dialect" title="Motolian dialect">Motolian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Russian">Southern Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Russian">Central Russian</a> / Middle Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus_dialect" title="Lake Peipus dialect">Lake Peipus dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Russian" title="Astrakhan Russian">Astrakhan Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Russian">Northern Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialects" title="Pomor dialects">Pomor dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Belarus" title="Russian language in Belarus">Belarusian Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Ukrainian Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">Latvian Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestani_Russian" title="Dagestani Russian">Dagestani Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Israeli Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryun language">Goryun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Goryun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryun language">Horyun</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish" title="Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Polish dialect">Lesser Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Borderlands dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Goralian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podhale_dialect" title="Podhale dialect">Podhale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian dialect">Masovian</a> / Mazovian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_dialect" title="Warsaw dialect">Warsaw dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Northern Borderlands dialect">Northern Borderlands dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mixed_dialects" title="New mixed dialects">New Mixed Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulkovian_dialect" title="Sulkovian dialect">Sulkovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudnik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudnik dialect">Prudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemodlin_dialect" title="Niemodlin dialect">Niemodlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lachian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech-Slovak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech-Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Standard Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Czech">Common Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachian_dialect" title="Moravian Wallachian dialect">Moravian Wallachian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>/<a href="/wiki/Slovakian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakian language">Slovakian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slova</a>k</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western South Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_dialect_group" title="Pannonian dialect group">Pannonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrian_dialect_group" title="Styrian dialect group">Styrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_dialect_group" title="Carinthian dialect group">Carinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_dialect_group" title="Littoral dialect group">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Upper Carniolan dialect group">Upper Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniolan_dialect_group" title="Lower Carniolan dialect group">Lower Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovte_dialect_group" title="Rovte dialect group">Rovte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Chakavian" title="Central Chakavian">Central Chakavian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chakavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Chakavian">Middle Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Chakavian" title="Southern Chakavian">Southern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Chakavian" title="Southeastern Chakavian">Southeastern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Istrian" title="Southwestern Istrian">Southwestern Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chakavian" title="Northern Chakavian">Northern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzet_dialect" title="Buzet dialect">Buzet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo-Vršac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik subdialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užice</a> / <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užican</a> / <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Zlatibor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik subdialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Timok-Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gora dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Transitional Bulgarian dialects">Transitional Bulgarian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tran_dialect" title="Tran dialect">Tran dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breznik_dialect" title="Breznik dialect">Breznik dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_dialect" title="Belogradchik dialect">Belogradchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a> / <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Western Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Northwestern Bulgarian dialects">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidin-Lom_dialect" title="Vidin-Lom dialect">Vidin-Lom dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byala_Slatina-Pleven_dialect" title="Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect">Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Southwestern Bulgarian dialects">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vratsa_dialect" title="Vratsa dialect">Vratsa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botevgrad_dialect" title="Botevgrad dialect">Botevgrad dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtiman_dialect" title="Ihtiman dialect">Ihtiman dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samokov_dialect" title="Samokov dialect">Samokov dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Pelin_dialect" title="Elin Pelin dialect">Elin Pelin dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_dialect" title="Sofia dialect">Sofia dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupnitsa_dialect" title="Dupnitsa dialect">Dupnitsa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyustendil_dialect" title="Kyustendil dialect">Kyustendil dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Eastern Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_dialects" title="Moesian dialects">Moesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumen_dialect" title="Shumen dialect">Shumen dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_dialects_of_Bulgarian" title="Balkan dialects of Bulgarian">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Balkan_dialect" title="Central Balkan dialect">Central Balkan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo_dialect" title="Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect">Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_dialect" title="Panagyurishte dialect">Panagyurishte dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirdop_dialect" title="Pirdop dialect">Pirdop dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teteven_dialect" title="Teteven dialect">Teteven dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkech_dialect" title="Erkech dialect">Erkech dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbalkan_dialect" title="Subbalkan dialect">Subbalkan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rup_dialects" title="Rup dialects">Rup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_dialect" title="Strandzha dialect">Strandzha dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_dialect" title="Thracian dialect">Thracian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvoyna_dialect" title="Hvoyna dialect">Hvoyna dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan_dialect" title="Smolyan dialect">Smolyan dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepino_dialect" title="Chepino dialect">Chepino dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulician_dialect" title="Paulician dialect">Paulician dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatograd_dialect" title="Zlatograd dialect">Zlatograd dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babyak_dialect" title="Babyak dialect">Babyak dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlog_dialect" title="Razlog dialect">Razlog dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_dialect" title="Kumanovo dialect">Kumanovo dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriva_Palanka_dialect" title="Kriva Palanka dialect">Kriva Palanka dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora_dialect" title="Skopska Crna Gora dialect">Skopska Crna Gora dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetovo_dialect" title="Tetovo dialect">Tetovo dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male%C5%A1evo-Pirin_dialect" title="Maleševo-Pirin dialect">Maleševo-Pirin dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip-Ko%C4%8Dani_dialect" title="Štip-Kočani dialect">Štip-Kočani dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strumica_dialect" title="Strumica dialect">Strumica dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop_dialect" title="Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect">Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solun-Voden_dialect" title="Solun-Voden dialect">Solun-Voden dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostur_dialect" title="Kostur dialect">Kostur dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestram-Kostenar_dialect" title="Nestram-Kostenar dialect">Nestram-Kostenar dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilep-Bitola_dialect" title="Prilep-Bitola dialect">Prilep-Bitola dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo-Pore%C4%8De_dialect" title="Kičevo-Poreče dialect">Kičevo-Poreče dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje-Veles_dialect" title="Skopje-Veles dialect">Skopje-Veles dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Prespa_dialect" title="Lower Prespa dialect">Lower Prespa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Prespa_dialect" title="Upper Prespa dialect">Upper Prespa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_dialect" title="Ohrid dialect">Ohrid dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struga_dialect" title="Struga dialect">Struga dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vev%C4%8Dani-Rado%C5%BEda_dialect" title="Vevčani-Radožda dialect">Vevčani-Radožda dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debar_dialect" title="Debar dialect">Debar dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dnik_dialect" title="Galičnik dialect">Galičnik dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reka_dialect" title="Reka dialect">Reka dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostivar_dialect" title="Gostivar dialect">Gostivar dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_Macedonian" title="Spoken Macedonian">Spoken Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Macedonian" title="Standard Macedonian">Standard Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-Iranian_languages"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indo-Iranian languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG/220px-Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG/330px-Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG/440px-Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (extinct)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_languages"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iranian languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png/220px-Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png/330px-Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png/440px-Map_of_Attested_and_Hypothetical_Old_Indo-Iranian_Dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> descend from the language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta Culture</a> people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, between the upper <a href="/wiki/Ural" class="mw-disambig" title="Ural">Ural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobol" title="Tobol">Tobol</a> rivers basins. <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian languages">Old Iranian languages</a> , were spoken in a large <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> area that included most of south <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, south west <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, including parts of western China, and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a> , that belonged to the Northern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a> subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, matching most of the western half of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>, which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, all of modern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a> were also present in northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by migration of part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/220px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/330px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/440px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="14915" data-file-height="8658" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of modern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian Languages</a></figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Iranian languages">Northeastern Iranian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Iranian">Old Northeast Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Sarmatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scytho-Sarmatian language">Scytho-Sarmatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian languages">Sarmatian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanic language">Alanic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Digor language">Digor Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka languages">Scytho-Khotanese</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumshuqese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumshuqese">Tumshuqese</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka languages">Kanchaki</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese</a> (extinct)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian language">Khwarazmian</a> / Chorasmian<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi language</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeastern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Southeastern Iranian languages">Southeastern Iranian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Iranian">Old Southeast Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Avestan">Old Avestan</a> / "Gathic Avestan"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Avestan">Young Avestan</a> / Younger Avestan (extinct)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> (extinct)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Northern Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Southern Munji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a> / <a href="/wiki/Old_Wanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Wanji">Old Wanji</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazgulyam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushani">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroshori language">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> / Khughni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartangi">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tashkorghani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkorghani language">Tashkorghani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi-Ishkashimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanglechi-Ishkashimi">Sanglechi-Ishkashimi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zebaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebaki">Zebaki</a> <a href="#cite_note-Antje_Wendtland_2009-38">[38]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> <a href="#cite_note-Antje_Wendtland_2009-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri-Parachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormuri-Parachi">Ormuri-Parachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachi">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhto" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhto">Old Pakhto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakhto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhto language">Pakhto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pashto_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto Language">Pashto</a> / Pathan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusufzai_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusufzai dialect">Yusufzai dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central Pashto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Durrani</a> dialect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannuchi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannuchi dialect">Bannuchi dialect</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Tsalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazirwola" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazirwola">Wazirwola</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masidwola_dialect" title="Masidwola dialect">Masidwola dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Northwestern Iranian languages">Northwestern Iranian languages</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Iranian">Northern Western Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a> / <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Medic</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza-Gorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaza-Gorani">Zaza-Gorani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Northern Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Southern Zaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawrami" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawrami">Hawrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajelani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajelani">Bajelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarli_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarli dialect">Sarli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaki_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabaki dialect">Shabaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takestani" class="mw-redirect" title="Takestani">Takestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshtehardi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eshtehardi language">Eshtehardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kiliti</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkhal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkhal language">Khalkhal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzandi_dialect" title="Harzandi dialect">Harzandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho%27ini_dialect" title="Kho'ini dialect">Kho'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Taromi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Taromi language">Upper Taromi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabatei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabatei">Kabatei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Rudbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taromi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taromi language">Taromi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozarkhani_language" title="Gozarkhani language">Gozarkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajali_language" title="Kajali language">Kajali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresh-e_Rostam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koresh-e Rostam language">Koresh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraghei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraghei language">Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razajerdi_language" title="Razajerdi language">Razajerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrudi_language" title="Shahrudi language">Shahrudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vafsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vafsi language">Vafsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alviri-Vidari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alviri-Vidari language">Alviri-Vidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamadani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamadani language">Judeo-Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunsari_language" title="Khunsari language">Khunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_language" title="Gazi language">Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarquya%E2%80%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarquya’i">Jarquya’i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuzaydabadi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuzaydabadi language">Abuzaydabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_language" title="Soi language">Soi</a> / Sohi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanzi_language" title="Natanzi language">Natanzi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natanzi_language" title="Natanzi language">Natanzi Proper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judeo-Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazdi language">Yazdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayini_language" title="Nayini language">Nayini</a> / Na'ini / Biyabanak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuri language">Khuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_balochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western balochi">Northern Baloch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Western Baloch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshani language">Rakhshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarhadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhadi">Sarhadi</a> / Sarhaddi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Eastern Baloch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Southern Baloch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashari" title="Lashari">Lashari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koroshi_dialect" title="Koroshi dialect">Koroshi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koroshi_dialect" title="Koroshi dialect">Koroshi Balochi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_languages" title="Caspian languages">Caspian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biyabanaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biyabanaki language">Biyabunaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a> / Sangisari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftari language">Aftari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tabari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabari language">Tabari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgani dialect">Gorgani</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a> / Daylami (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Gilaki" title="Western Gilaki">Western Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Gilaki" title="Eastern Gilaki">Eastern Gilaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Southwestern Iranian languages">Southwestern Iranian languages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian">Southern Western Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – Ariya) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – Pārsīk or Pārsīg) (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadani dialect">Abadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Afghanistan Persian</a> / Dari Persian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Afghanistan Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavni language">Pahlavni</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pahlavani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavani">Pahlavani</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a> / Aimaqi / Aimaq Persian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a> / Hazaragi Persian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tajiki_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiki Persian">Tajiki Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Tat language">Tat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tat_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Tat language">Caucasus Tat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tat_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Tat language">Persian Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Tat language">Muslim/Christian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a> / Judeo-Persian Tat' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Fars" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Fars">Northwestern Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivandi_language" title="Sivandi language">Sivandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Davani dialect">Davani dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luri" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luri">Southern Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_dialect" title="Mamasani dialect">Mamasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luri" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luri">Northern Luri</a> / Central Luri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestani Persian">Khuzestani Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dezfuli_dialect" title="Dezfuli dialect">Dezfuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtari_dialect" title="Shushtari dialect">Shushtari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lari_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Lari language">Lari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a> / Bashagerdi / Bashaka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuristani_languages"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nuristani languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg/220px-Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg/330px-Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg/440px-Nuristan_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where most speakers live.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPNuristani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MAPNuristani.png/220px-MAPNuristani.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MAPNuristani.png/330px-MAPNuristani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MAPNuristani.png/440px-MAPNuristani.png 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> languages.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Proto-Nuristani</a> (extinct) <a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Kamboja_1981,_p_278-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Thomas_H_p_102-03-40">[40]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Askunu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-ala language">Kalasha-ala</a> / <a href="/wiki/Waigali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waigali language">Waigali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waigali" class="mw-redirect" title="Waigali">Waigali</a> / Waigali Proper</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamkata-vari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamkata-vari language">Kamkata-vari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata-vari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata-vari">Kata-vari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata-vari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata-vari dialect">Western Kata-vari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata-vari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata-vari dialect">Kt'ivřâ·i vari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata-vari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata-vari dialect">Eastern Kata-vari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumviri">Mumviri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani">Shekhani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasi-vari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasi-vari language">Vasi-vari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Wasi-wari</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Aryan_languages"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg/330px-Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg/495px-Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg/660px-Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a> are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is Eastern, purple is Dardic, blue is Northwestern, red is Southern, green is Western, brown is Northern and orange is Central. Data is from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@ArainGang/the-indo-aryan-languages-b249d5ece305">"The Indo Aryan Languages"</a> as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.<a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pashai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashai languages">Pashai</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Chitral_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitral languages">Chitrali</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Shina_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shina languages">Shina</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kohistani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani languages">Kohistani</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri languages">Kashmiri</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi languages">Punjabi</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indo-Aryan languages">Western</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhili</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pahari languages">Himachali-Dogri</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Central_Pahari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pahari languages">Garhwali-Kumaoni</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nepali_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali languages">Nepali</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hindi">Eastern Hindi</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese languages">Bengali-Assamese</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Odia_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia languages">Odia</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Halbi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halbi languages">Halbi</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indo-Aryan languages">Southern</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi-Konkani</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sinhala-Maldivian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala-Maldivian languages">Sinhala-Maldivian</a> </div> .</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png/250px-Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png/375px-Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png/500px-Indo-Aryan_languages_grouped.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of major <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> languages. <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is included under <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a> are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indo-Aryan languages">Western</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indo-Aryan languages">Southern</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romany_dialects_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Romany_dialects_Europe.svg/220px-Romany_dialects_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Romany_dialects_Europe.svg/330px-Romany_dialects_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Romany_dialects_Europe.svg/440px-Romany_dialects_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> but are spoken out of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>. They are related to the <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> speakers, the <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Doma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic peoples</a>.</figcaption></figure> {{tree list}} <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indo-Aryan">Old Indo-Aryan</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni#Indo-Aryanlinguisticinfluences" title="Mitanni">Mitanni-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indo-Aryan">Early Old Indo-Aryan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic Sanskrit">Rigvedic Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indo-Aryan">Late Old Indo-Aryan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indo-Aryan">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari Prakrit</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya Prakrit">Niya Prakrit</a><a href="#cite_note-cordis.europa.eu-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitral languages">Chitral languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun language">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> / Koshur <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashtawari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtawari">Kashtawari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poguli" class="mw-redirect" title="Poguli">Poguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambani_dialect" title="Rambani dialect">Rambani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani languages">Kohistani languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gabaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gawri_language" title="Gawri language">Gawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a> / Dardù</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katargalai</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotapuri">Wotapuri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a> / Pashai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Pashayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Pashayi">Southwest Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Pashayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Pashayi">Southeast Pashayi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laghmani" title="Laghmani">Laghmani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Pashayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Pashayi">Northwest Pashayi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbahar" title="Gulbahar">Gulbahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Pashayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Pashayi">Northeast Pashayi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korangal_Valley" title="Korangal Valley">Korangal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunar languages">Kunar languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a> / Narsati / Aranduyiwar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangalami">Nangalami</a> / Grangali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shina languages">Shina languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phalura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalura language">Phalura</a> / Ashreti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Sawi language">Sawi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sawi_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Sawi language">Savi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sawi_language" class="mw-disambig" title="Sawi language">Sauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a> / Goedijaa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ushojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushojo">Ushojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgiti">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astori" title="Astori">Astori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Drasi">Drasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani Shina language">Kohistani Shina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palasi" title="Palasi">Palasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolai">Kolai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokskat language">Brokskat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Dah-Hanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Domaaki language">Domaaki</a> / Dumaki</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Indo-Aryan languages">North-Western Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi languages">Punjabi languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Western Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pothohari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothohari">Pothohari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pothwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothwari">Pothwari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pothohari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothohari">Pothohari</a>' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirpuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpuri language">Mirpuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_language" title="Pahari language">Pahari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dhundi-Kairali" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhundi-Kairali">Dhundi-Kairali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poonchi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonchi dialect">Poonchi</a> / Punchhi</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hindko" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Hindko">Northern Hindko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Hindko" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara Hindko">Hazara Hindko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kaghani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaghani language">Kaghani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hindko" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Hindko">Southern Hindko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Peshawari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhachi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhachi dialect">Chhachi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chacchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacchi">Chacchi</a> / Chachi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Derawali">Derawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali_dialect" title="Thali dialect">Thali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani dialect">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riasti_dialect" title="Riasti dialect">Riasti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Riasti_dialect" title="Riasti dialect">Bhawalpuri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Riasti_dialect" title="Riasti dialect">Choolistani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Western Punjabi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Eastern Saraiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_dialect" title="Dhani dialect">Dhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahpuri">Shahpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhangochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhangochi">Jhangochi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Changvi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jhangvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhangvi">Jhangvi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rachnavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachnavi">Rachnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhangvi_dialect" title="Jhangvi dialect">Jangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenavari">Chenavari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Punjabi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Punjabi language">Eastern Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doabi">Doabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadhi_dialect" title="Puadhi dialect">Puadhi</a> / Pawadhi / <a href="/wiki/Poadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Poadhi">Poadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</a> / Malwi</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubanki_dialect" title="Lubanki dialect">Lubanki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Labanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Labanki">Labanki</a> (extinct) (it was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a> tribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakati_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakati language">Jakati</a> / Jataki (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jafri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafri">Jafri</a> (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a> language)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siroli" class="mw-redirect" title="Siroli">Siroli</a> / Northern Sindhi / "Siraiki"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thareli" title="Thareli">Thareli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasi language">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Bhil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Bhil language">Sindhi Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathiawari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathiawari dialect">Kathiawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachchi language">Kachchi</a> / Kutchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Lawati</a> /</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeali language">Mandeali</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullu language">Kullu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kulvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a> / Handuri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasu Pahari language">Mahasu Pahari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghati_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghati language">Baghati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampuri" title="Rampuri">Rampuri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pahari">Central Pahari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badhani" title="Badhani">Badhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuriya_dialect" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nagpuriya dialect">Nagpuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salani_dialect" title="Salani dialect">Salani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpuri_dialect" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jaunpuri dialect">Jaunpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangadi">Gangadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dotyali" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotyali">Dotyali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajhangi">Bajhangi</a> / Bajhangi Nepali</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinja">Sinja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_language" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Palpa language">Palpa</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> / Khas Kura / Parbatiya / Gorkhali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajhangi">Bajhangi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indo-Aryan languages">Western Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati">Gurjar apabhraṃśa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> / Marwari Proper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatki">Dhatki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Thari language">Thari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewati">Mewati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godwari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Godwari language">Godwari language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhundari">Dhundari</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jaipuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipuri">Jaipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewari">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godwari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Godwari language">Godwari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balvi" title="Balvi">Balvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuni">Khuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirohi" title="Sirohi">Sirohi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gade_Lohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gade Lohar">Gade Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a> / Bagari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a> / Gurjari / <a href="/wiki/Gojri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojri">Gojri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgula_language" title="Gurgula language">Gurgula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambadi language">Lambadi</a> / Lamani / Gor-Bol / Banjari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a> / Malwi / Malavi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujjaini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujjaini">Ujjaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajawadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajawadi">Rajawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect" title="Rangri dialect">Rangri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a> / Nimari</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati">Old Gujarati</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Gujarati" title="Middle Gujarati">Middle Gujarati</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathiawari dialect">Kathiawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi Gujarati">Parsi Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jandavra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandavra">Jhandoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a> / Waghri / Baghri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wardiyara Koli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadiyara Koli">Tharadari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauraseni_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauraseni Prakrit">Sauraseni Prakrit</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vasavi_Bhil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasavi Bhil">Vasavi Bhil</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a> / Bavri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagdi language">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungra_Bhil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungra Bhil language">Dungra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bhil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bhil languages">Central Bhil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajput_Garasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajput Garasia">Rajput Garasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhilali">Bhilali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathawi">Rathawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Parya Bhilali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a> / Chowdhary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia-Kukna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhodia-Kukna language">Dhodia-Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubli">Dubli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareli language">Bareli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a> / Bahelia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahirani_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahirani Language">Ahirani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dangri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a>-<a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garachi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Garachi language">Karachi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Garachi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Garachi language">Garachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seb_Seliyer_language" title="Seb Seliyer language">Seb Seliyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelian_Romani" title="Rumelian Romani">Rumelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash_Romani_language" title="Kalderash Romani language">Kalderash Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machvano" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvano">Machvano</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romungro_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Romungro Romani">Romungro</a> / Romungro Romani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Romani">Roman</a> / Roman Romani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vend_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vend Romani">Vend</a> / Vend Romani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slovak_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slovak Romani">East Slovak Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slovak_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slovak Romani">West Slovak Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Polish_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="South Polish Romani">South Polish Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a> (Sintenghero / Tschib(en) / Sintitikes / Manuš / Romanes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-Romani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-Romani language">Welsh-Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauraseni_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauraseni Prakrit">Sauraseni Prakrit</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> / Manak or Shuddh Hindi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Modern Standard Hindi</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Mumbai Hindi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkari language">Lashkari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Urdu">Modern Standard Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a> / Dakkhani / <a href="/wiki/Deccan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan language">Deccani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Southern Dakhni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansiboli</a> / Bhilki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Braj language">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundelkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghera_language" title="Ghera language">Ghera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ghera_language" title="Ghera language">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowli language">Gowli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi Prakrit</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgujia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgujia language">Surgujia</a> / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali Language">Pali</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Bhojpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian Bhojpuri">Mauritian Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Guyanese Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnami_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarnami Hindustani">Sarnami Hindustani</a> / Sarnami Hindoestani</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> / Magadhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Khortha dialect">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%93thi" title="Thēthi">Thēthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajjika language">Bajjika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudmali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudmali language">Kudmali</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a> / <a href="/wiki/Panchpargania_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchpargania language">Panchpargania</a> / Tamaria (কুর্মালী]] – কুড়মালি]] – Kur(a)mālī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a> / Sadani / Nagpuri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oraon_Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oraon Sadri language">Oraon Sadri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese languages">Bengali-Assamese languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varendri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Varendri dialect">Varendri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarhi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarhi dialect">Rarhi </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabadi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Maldohiyo </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadhu-bhasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhu-bhasha">Shadhubasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholit_Bhasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholit Bhasha">Chôlitôbhasha</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbhumi_dialect" title="Manbhumi dialect">Manbhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangali_(ethnic_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali (ethnic dialect)">Bangali</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bangali_(ethnic_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali (ethnic dialect)">Vangi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Kutti" title="Dhakaiya Kutti">Dhakaiya Kutti </a> or Puran Dhakaiya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bengali">Christian Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla">Noakhailla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a> / Chattal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangchangya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangchangya language">Tangchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a> (?)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi Prakrit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamrupi Apabhramsa</a> (extinct) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surajpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuriya</a> / Rangpuri / Rajbanshi / Rajbangsi / <a href="/wiki/Kamtapuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamtapuri language">Kamtapuri</a> / Deshi Bhasha / Uzani <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Kamtapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbanshi language">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assamese">Old Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Standard Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalpariya dialect">Goalpariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupi dialect">Kamrupi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupi dialect">Kamarupi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Odia" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Odia">Old Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singhbhumi_Odia" title="Singhbhumi Odia">Singhbhumi Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baleswari_Odia" title="Baleswari Odia">Baleswari Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjami_Odia" title="Ganjami Odia">Ganjami Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulbani_Odia" title="Phulbani Odia">Phulbani Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundargadi_Odia" title="Sundargadi Odia">Sundargadi Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandia_Odia" title="Kalahandia Odia">Kalahandia Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi_Oriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Adivasi Oriya">Adivasi Oriya</a> / Adivasi Odia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a> / Jharia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a> / Western Odia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a> / Relli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhunjia language">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatri">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirgan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirgan language">Mirgan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirgan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirgan language">Panika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indo-Aryan languages">Southern Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unclassified_Indo-European_languages_(all_extinct)">Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)">edit</a>]</div> Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brygian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brygian language">Brygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesian">Moesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygdonia" title="Mygdonia">Mygdonian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgic language">Belgic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Assinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Gushiean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_Indo-European_languages_(all_extinct)">Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)">edit</a>]</div> Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocypriot">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan">Minoan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocretan">Eteocretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pidgins,_Creoles,_Mixed_languages_and_Cants_based_on_Indo-European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages">List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Human_language" title="Proto-Human language">Proto-Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostratic">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasiatic">Eurasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralo-Siberian">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Uralic">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Anatolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Anatolian">Indo-Anatolian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Balkans">Paleo-Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Atavoidirc/I.E._languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2023-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cordis.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Niya+Tocharian%3A+language+contact+and+prehistory+on+the+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcordis.europa.eu%2Fproject%2Fid%2F626656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBereznay2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4"><bdi>978-80-89286-45-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erd%C3%A9ly+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%C3%A9nek+atlasza&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=M%C3%A9ry+Ratio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-80-89286-45-4&rft.aulast=Bereznay&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Pellegrini G., Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1">b</a> Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-Menéndez_Pidal_2005-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menéndez_Pidal_2005_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menéndez_Pidal_2005_18-1">b</a> Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89934-11-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-89934-11-8">84-89934-11-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-19"><a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_19-0">^</a> Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_">https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035335/https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_">Archived</a> 2022-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131122022719/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk">"Ancient Macedonian"</a>. MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/xmk">the original</a> on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MultiTree%3A+A+Digital+Library+of+Language+Relationships&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fxmk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language">"Gothic language | Origins, History & Vocabulary | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 25 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004425/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gothic+language+%26%23124%3B+Origins%2C+History+%26+Vocabulary+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGothic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-23"><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages">"East Germanic languages | History, Characteristics & Dialects | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818123044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=East+Germanic+languages+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Characteristics+%26+Dialects+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEast-Germanic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_24-0">^</a> MacDonald Stearns, Das Krimgotische. In: Heinrich Beck (ed.), Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen, Berlin/New York 1989, p. 175–194, here the chapter Die Dialektzugehörigkeit des Krimgotischen on p. 181–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Harm, Volker , "Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> C. A. M. Noble: Modern German Dialects. Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-Woordenboek-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woordenboek_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woordenboek_27-1">b</a> Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtb.ivdnt.org/search/">De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank</a>: Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal , entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming">VlamingI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153847/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming">Archived</a> 2023-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek , entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink">flāmink</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153846/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink">Archived</a> 2023-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Morfologie: afleiding, basiswoord : flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; suffix: ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek , entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren">Vlaendren</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153845/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren">Archived</a> 2023-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Etymologie: Dat.pl. van flandr- 'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix -dr-.". Cognate to Middle English flēm 'current of a stream': <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260">Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary : flēm n.(2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203632/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260">Archived</a> 2023-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Oxford English Dictionary, "Holland, n. 1," etymology. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hendricks, Frank . "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023151542/https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38">Archived</a> 2022-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery. 3 (2): 6–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Doi">doi</a>:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 2221-4216. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> 197552885. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-30"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_30-0">^</a> "The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html">https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818130603/https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html">Archived</a> 2023-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..." </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script">""Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160005/https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Unknown+Kushan+Script%22+Partially+Deciphered+-+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fnews%2F11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021945/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchorasmia-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3AAtavoidirc%2FI.E.+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">Archived</a> 2023-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">Archived</a> 2023-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence">Archived</a> 2023-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Antje_Wendtland_2009-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antje_Wendtland_2009_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antje_Wendtland_2009_38-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209489738">.mw-parser-output .brokenref{display:none}</style>Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">The named reference <code>Antje Wendtland 2009</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Kamboja_1981,_p_278-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Kamboja_1981,_p_278_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">The named reference <code>Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Thomas_H_p_102-03-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Thomas_H_p_102-03_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">Cite error: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209489738">The named reference <code>Sir Thomas H p 102-03</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow1936" class="citation journal cs1">Burrow, T. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051">"The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit"</a>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 8 (2/3): 419–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00141060">10.1017/S0041977X00141060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051">608051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170991822">170991822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-19. 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