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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Venous system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Venous_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Venous system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Venous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venous_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venous_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Venous valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venous_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Circulatory routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venous_insufficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venous_insufficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Venous insufficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venous_insufficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venous_thrombosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venous_thrombosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Venous thrombosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venous_thrombosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deep_vein_thrombosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_vein_thrombosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Deep vein thrombosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_vein_thrombosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superficial_vein_thrombosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superficial_vein_thrombosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Superficial vein thrombosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superficial_vein_thrombosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portal_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portal_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Portal hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portal_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phlebitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phlebitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Phlebitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phlebitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular_anomalies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular_anomalies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Vascular anomalies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular_anomalies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venous_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venous_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Venous access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venous_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognition_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Recognition techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aar" title="Aar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="وريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܘܪܝܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܪܝܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="সিৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সিৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Бидурихь – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бидурихь" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قارا دامار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا دامار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শিরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%93ng-me%CC%8Dh" title="Chēng-me̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chēng-me̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вена (анатомия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вена (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Вена (анатомія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вена (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene" title="Vene – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vene" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B" title="སྡོད་རྩ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྡོད་རྩ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C3%ADla_(biologie)" title="Žíla (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žíla (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyth%C3%AFen" title="Gwythïen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwythïen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene" title="Vene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C4%8Desuotna" title="Morčesuotna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Morčesuotna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene" title="Vene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen" title="Veen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Φλέβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλέβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejno" title="Vejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vejno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain" title="Zain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سیاهرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاهرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veine" title="Veine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Veine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ith" title="Féith – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vea" title="Vea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пха – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пха" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%A5" title="정맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शिरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veino" title="Veino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Veino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_balik" title="Pembuluh balik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembuluh balik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1%C3%A6%C3%B0" title="Bláæð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bláæð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="וריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambuluh_balik" title="Pambuluh balik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pambuluh balik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98)" title="ვენა (სისხლძარღვი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენა (სისხლძარღვი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Көктамыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көктамыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn" title="Venn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Venn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AEnh%C3%AAner" title="Xwînhêner – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwînhêner" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Вена тутуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вена тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Тунну – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Тунну" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93nas" title="Vēnas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēnas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen" title="Veen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Veen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9na" title="Véna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Véna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0" title="സിര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8" title="नस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98)" title="ვენა (ზისხირჯერღვი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენა (ზისხირჯერღვი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Санць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Санць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Вена (анатоми) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вена (анатоми)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="သွေးပြန်ကြော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွေးပြန်ကြော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ader_(anatomie)" title="Ader (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ader (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शिरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="भेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%88" title="静脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene" title="Vene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene" title="Vene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujummoo_dhiigdeebistuu" title="Ujummoo dhiigdeebistuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ujummoo dhiigdeebistuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venalar" title="Venalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ਿਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulat" title="Ulat – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Ulat" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen" title="Veen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Veen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBy%C5%82a" title="Żyła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żyła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veia" title="Veia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%83" title="Venă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Venă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27illa_sirk%27a" title="Ch'illa sirk'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'illa sirk'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вена (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вена (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina_(anatum%C3%ACa)" title="Vina (anatumìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vina (anatumìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein" title="Vein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نسن جو نظام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نسن جو نظام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDila" title="Žila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86" title="خوێنھێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێنھێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena" title="Vena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskimo" title="Laskimo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laskimo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven_(blodk%C3%A4rl)" title="Ven (blodkärl) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ven (blodkärl)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena" title="Bena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சிரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0" title="సిర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="หลอดเลือดดำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดเลือดดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Варид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Варид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplardamar" title="Toplardamar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplardamar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вена (анатомия) – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вена (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ورید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ۋېنا تومۇرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنا تومۇرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Tĩnh mạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tĩnh mạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisuun" title="Verisuun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Verisuun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voenne_(antomeye)" title="Voenne (antomeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Voenne (antomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oader" title="Oader – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oader" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena_(anatomiya)" title="Bena (anatomiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bena (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89" title="静脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="静脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88" title="靜脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靜脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bloods vessels that carry blood towards the heart</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vein (disambiguation)">Vein (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-{{{name=Unbalanced_human-centric}}} plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Man_walking_icon_1410105361.svg/40px-Man_walking_icon_1410105361.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Man_walking_icon_1410105361.svg/60px-Man_walking_icon_1410105361.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="861" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article about <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> may be <b>excessively human-centric</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit">improve coverage for other species</a> and discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vein" title="Talk:Vein">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Vein</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vein_(retouched).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vein_%28retouched%29.svg/200px-Vein_%28retouched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vein_%28retouched%29.svg/300px-Vein_%28retouched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vein_%28retouched%29.svg/400px-Vein_%28retouched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Structure of a vein, which consists of three main layers: an outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, a middle layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>, and an inner layer lined with <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>vena</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014680">D014680</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.0.00.030%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.0.00.030</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.3.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.3.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3904">3904</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma50723">50723</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9609" class="extiw" title="d:Q9609">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Veins</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> of humans and most other animals that carry <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. Most veins carry <a href="/wiki/Deoxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxygenated blood">deoxygenated blood</a> from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are those of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">fetal circulations</a> which carry <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a> to the heart. In the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, in the deep veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three sizes of veins: large, medium, and small. Smaller veins are called <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>, and the smallest the post-capillary venules are microscopic that make up the veins of the <a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guven_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veins are often closer to the skin than arteries. </p><p>Veins have less <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and wider <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">internal diameters</a> than arteries. Because of their thinner walls and wider lumens they are able to expand and hold more blood. This greater <a href="/wiki/Venous_capacitance" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous capacitance">capacity</a> gives them the term of <i>capacitance vessels</i>. At any time, nearly 70% of the total volume of blood in the human body is in the veins.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medium and large sized veins the flow of blood is maintained by one-way (unidirectional) venous valves to prevent <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)" title="Regurgitation (circulation)">backflow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lower limbs this is also aided by <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle_pump" title="Skeletal muscle pump">muscle pumps</a>, also known as venous pumps that exert pressure on intramuscular veins when they <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contract</a> and drive blood back to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_40_03_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Figure_40_03_07.jpg/330px-Figure_40_03_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Figure_40_03_07.jpg/500px-Figure_40_03_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Figure_40_03_07.jpg/620px-Figure_40_03_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Layers of vein wall shown in comparison to arterial wall</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three sizes of vein, large, medium, and small. Smaller veins are called <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>. The smallest veins are the post-capillary venules. Veins have a similar three-layered structure to arteries. The layers known as <a href="/wiki/Tunica_(biology)" title="Tunica (biology)">tunicae</a> have a concentric arrangement that forms the wall of the vessel. The outer layer, is a thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_externa" title="Tunica externa">tunica externa</a> or <i>adventitia</i>; this layer is absent in the post-capillary venules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle layer, consists of bands of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_media" title="Tunica media">tunica media</a>. The inner layer, is a thin lining of <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_intima" title="Tunica intima">tunica intima</a>. The tunica media in the veins is much thinner than that in the arteries as the veins are not subject to the high <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic</a> pressures that the arteries are. There are valves present in many veins that maintain unidirectional flow. </p><p>Unlike arteries, the precise location of veins varies among individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Maton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. The factors that contribute to this alteration of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">color perception</a> are related to the light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>, rather than the actual colour of the venous blood which is dark red.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venous_system">Venous system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Venous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_veins_of_the_human_body" title="List of veins of the human body">List of veins of the human body</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Veins of the human body</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:555px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2131_Major_Systematic_Veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing the main veins in the systemic circulation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2131_Major_Systematic_Veins.jpg/500px-2131_Major_Systematic_Veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="520" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2131_Major_Systematic_Veins.jpg/960px-2131_Major_Systematic_Veins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Main veins of the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:555px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venous_system_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of the main veins in the human body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/500px-Venous_system_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="342" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/513px-Venous_system_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/684px-Venous_system_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Veins of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The venous system is the system of veins in the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulations</a> that return blood to the heart. In the systemic circulation the return is of deoxygenated blood from the organs and tissues of the body, and in the pulmonary circulation the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Almost 70% of the blood in the body is in the veins, and almost 75% of this blood is in the small veins and venules.<sup id="cite_ref-bmcmed_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmcmed-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the systemic veins are tributaries of the largest veins, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>, which empty the oxygen-depleted blood into the <a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">right atrium</a> of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thin walls of the veins, and their greater internal diameters (<a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumens</a>) enable them to hold a greater volume of blood, and this greater capacitance gives them the term of <i>capacitance vessels</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characteristic also allows for the accommodation of pressure changes in the system. The whole of the venous system, bar the post-capillary venules is a large volume, low pressure system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016134_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venous system is often asymmetric, and whilst the main veins hold a relatively constant position, unlike arteries, the precise location of veins varies among individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Maton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmcmed_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmcmed-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/220px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/330px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/440px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Positions of <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a> and vessels of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Veins vary in size from the smallest post-capillary <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>, and more muscular venules, to small veins, medium veins, and large veins. The thickness of the walls of the veins varies as to their location – in the legs the vein walls are much thicker than those in the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the circulatory system, blood first enters the venous system from <a href="/wiki/Capillary_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary bed">capillary beds</a> where arterial blood changes to venous blood. </p><p>Large arteries such as the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">popliteal arteries</a> lie close to a single vein that drains the same region. Other arteries are often accompanied by a pair of veins held in a connective tissue sheath. The accompanying veins are known as <a href="/wiki/Venae_comitantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venae comitantes">venae comitantes</a>, or <i>satellite veins</i>, and they run on either side of the artery. When an associated nerve is also enclosed, the sheath is known as a <a href="/wiki/Neurovascular_bundle" title="Neurovascular bundle">neurovascular bundle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016127_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016127-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This close proximity of the artery to the veins helps in <a href="/wiki/Venous_return" title="Venous return">venous return</a> due to the pulsations in the artery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS201641_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS201641-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also allows for the promotion of heat transfer from the larger arteries to the veins in a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">counterflow exchange</a> that helps to preserve normal body heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016127_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016127-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Venules</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg/220px-2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg/330px-2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg/440px-2134_Thoracic_Upper_Limb_Veins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Deep and superficial veins of the arm and near thorax</figcaption></figure> <p>The first entry of venous blood is from the convergence of two or more <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> into a microscopic, <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">post-capillary venule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-capillary venules have a diameter of between 10 and 30 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a> (μm), and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a>. Their endothelium is made up of flattened oval or polygon shaped cells surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">basal lamina</a>. Post-capillary venules are too small to have a smooth muscle layer and are instead supported by <a href="/wiki/Pericyte" title="Pericyte">pericytes</a> that wrap around them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-capillary venules become <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">muscular venules</a> when they reach a diameter of 50 μm,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can reach a diameter of 1 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These larger venules feed into small veins. </p> <dl><dt>Small, medium, and large veins</dt></dl> <p>The small veins merge to feed as tributaries into medium-sized veins. The medium veins feed into the large veins which include the <a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">internal jugular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">renal veins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a> that carry the blood directly into the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venae cavae enter the right <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> of the heart from above and below. From above, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a> carries blood from the arms, head, and chest to the right atrium of the heart, and from below, the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> carries blood from the legs and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava is the larger of the two. The inferior vena cava is <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_space" title="Retroperitoneal space">retroperitoneal</a> and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Deep, superficial, and perforator veins</dt></dl> <p>The three main compartments of the venous system are the <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep veins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">superficial veins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perforator_vein" title="Perforator vein">perforator veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliyan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliyan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superficial veins are those closer to the surface of the body, and have no corresponding arteries. Deep veins are deeper in the body and have corresponding arteries. Perforator veins drain from the superficial to the deep veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are usually referred to in the lower limbs and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superficial veins include the very small <a href="/wiki/Spider_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider veins">spider veins</a> of between 0.5 and 1 mm diameter, and <a href="/wiki/Reticular" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular">reticular or feeder veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IJA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Venous plexuses</dt></dl> <p>There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Venous_plexus" title="Venous plexus">venous plexuses</a> where veins are grouped or sometimes combined in networks at certain body sites. The <a href="/wiki/Batson_venous_plexus" title="Batson venous plexus">Batson venous plexus</a>, runs through the inner vertebral column connecting the thoracic and pelvic veins. These veins are noted for being valveless, believed to be the reason for <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> of certain cancers. </p><p>A subcutaneous venous plexus is continuous, and a high rate of flow is supplied by small <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_anastomoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteriovenous anastomoses">arteriovenous anastomoses</a>. The high rate of flow ensures heat transfer to the vein wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venous_valves">Venous valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Venous valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venous_valve_00013.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venous_valve_00013.gif/220px-Venous_valve_00013.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venous_valve_00013.gif/330px-Venous_valve_00013.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Venous_valve_00013.gif/440px-Venous_valve_00013.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Video of a valve in the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">popliteal vein</a> opening to allow blood to flow through and closing to prevent backflow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venous_valve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Venous_valve.svg/250px-Venous_valve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Venous_valve.svg/330px-Venous_valve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Venous_valve.svg/440px-Venous_valve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Venous valve stopping backflow</figcaption></figure> <p>Blood flows back to the heart in the systemic deep veins, with the flow of blood maintained by one-way valves in the deep veins, superficial veins, and in the perforator veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Phlebo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phlebo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venous valves serve to prevent <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)" title="Regurgitation (circulation)">regurgitation</a> (backflow) due to the low pressure of veins, and the pull of gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also serve to prevent the over-widening of the vein.<sup id="cite_ref-Phlebo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phlebo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-openstax_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstax-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A venous valve is bicuspid (having two leaflets) and is formed by an infolding of part of the tunica intima on either side of the lumen of the veins. The leaflets are strengthened with collagen, and elastic fibres, and covered with endothelium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The endothelial cells on the surfaces of the leaflets facing the vein wall, are arranged transversely. On the leaflet surfaces that open to let the blood flow, the cells are arranged longitudinally in the direction of the flow. The leaflets are attached to the venous wall at their convex edges. Their margins are concave and are directed with the flow lying against the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the valve forms, the vein wall where the leaflets attach, becomes dilated on each side. These widenings form the pockets, hollow cup-shaped regions, on the cardial side, known as the valvular sinuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazigou_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazigou-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The endothelial cells in the sinuses are able to stretch twice as much as those in areas without valves.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazigou_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazigou-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the blood tries to reverse its direction (due to low venous pressure and the pull of gravity), the sinuses fill first closing the leaflets and keeping them together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 95% of the venous valves are in the small veins of less than 300 micrometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajeeva_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajeeva-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deep veins of the lower limb include the <a href="/wiki/Common_femoral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Common femoral vein">common femoral vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral vein</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_femoral_vein" title="Deep femoral vein">deep femoral vein</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">popliteal vein</a>, the tibial, and <a href="/wiki/Fibular_veins" title="Fibular veins">fibular veins</a>. In the common femoral vein one valve is located above the <a href="/wiki/Saphenofemoral_junction" title="Saphenofemoral junction">saphenofemoral junction</a> called the <i>suprasaphenic valve</i>. There are sometimes two valves in the same tract. In the femoral vein there are often three valves, the most constantly found valve is just below the joining of the deep femoral vein. The deep femoral vein and its perforators have valves. In the popliteal veins there are between one and three valves; in each <a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_vein" title="Posterior tibial vein">posterior tibial vein</a> there are between 8 and 19 valves, and in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_vein" title="Anterior tibial vein">anterior tibial veins</a> there are between 8 and 11 valves.<sup id="cite_ref-Phlebo_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phlebo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the superficial veins there are between one and seven valves along the thigh portion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">great saphenous vein</a> (GSV); two to six below the knee and one to four in the marginal veins of the foot. There is a valve at the termination of the GSV known as the <i>terminal valve</i> to prevent reflux from the femoral vein A <i>preterminal valve</i> is located just below the openings of the tributaries to prevent reflux form these into the GSV.<sup id="cite_ref-Phlebo_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phlebo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incompetence of the GSV is a common cause of varicose veins. </p><p>The valves also divide the column of blood into segments which helps move the blood unidirectionally to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Meissner_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meissner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their action is supported by the action of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle_pump" title="Skeletal muscle pump">skeletal muscle pumps</a> that contract and compress the veins. A skeletal muscle is confined in its fascia and contraction of the muscle which makes it wider results In compression on the vein that pushes the blood forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valves in the perforating veins close when a calf muscle contracts, to prevent backflow from the deep veins to the superficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are more valves in the lower leg, due to increased gravitational pull, with the number decreasing as the veins travel to the hip. There are no valves in the veins of the thorax or abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a valve at the junction of the inferior vena cava (one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Great vessel">great vessels</a>) and the right atrium known as the <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a> also known as the <i>eustachian valve</i>. This valve is an embryological remnant and is insignificant in the adult. However, when persistent it can cause problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Cai_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cai-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_routes">Circulatory routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Circulatory routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg/330px-2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg/500px-2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg/960px-2101_Blood_Flow_Through_the_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing venous blood flow from <a href="/wiki/Capillary_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary bed">capillary beds</a> in some specific locations including the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are some separate parallel systemic circulatory routes that supply specific regions, and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the coronary circulation, the cerebral circulation, the bronchial circulation, and the renal circulation. </p> <dl><dt>Coronary circulation</dt></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a>, the blood supply to the heart, is drained by <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation#Cardiac_veins" title="Coronary circulation">cardiac veins</a> (or coronary veins) that remove the deoxygenated blood from the <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Great_cardiac_vein" title="Great cardiac vein">great cardiac vein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_cardiac_vein" title="Middle cardiac vein">middle cardiac vein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Small_cardiac_vein" title="Small cardiac vein">small cardiac vein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smallest_cardiac_veins" title="Smallest cardiac veins">smallest cardiac veins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cardiac_veins" title="Anterior cardiac veins">anterior cardiac veins</a>. Cardiac veins carry blood with a poor level of oxygen, from the heart muscle to the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a>. Most of the blood of the cardiac veins returns through the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>. The anatomy of the veins of the heart is very variable, but generally it is formed by the following veins: heart veins that go into the coronary sinus: the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, the posterior vein of the <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_vein_of_the_left_atrium" title="Oblique vein of the left atrium">oblique vein of the left atrium</a> (oblique vein of Marshall). Heart veins that go directly to the right atrium: the anterior cardiac veins, and the smallest cardiac veins (Thebesian veins).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Bronchial circulation</dt></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_circulation" title="Bronchial circulation">bronchial circulation</a> that supplies blood to the lung tissues, <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_veins" title="Bronchial veins">bronchial veins</a> drain <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> from the large <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">main bronchi</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Azygous_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Azygous vein">azygous vein</a>, and ultimately the right atrium. Venous blood from the bronchi inside the lungs drains into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a> and empties into the left atrium; since this blood never went through a capillary bed it was never oxygenated and so provides a small amount of shunted deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberger_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberger-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Cerebral circulation</dt></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_circulation" title="Cerebral circulation">cerebral circulation</a> supplying the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> the venous drainage can be separated into two subdivisions: superficial and deep. The superficial system is composed of <a href="/wiki/Dural_venous_sinuses" title="Dural venous sinuses">dural venous sinuses</a>, which have walls composed of dura mater as opposed to a traditional vein. The dural sinuses are therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum. The most prominent of these sinuses is the <a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">superior sagittal sinus</a> which flows in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault, posteriorly and inferiorly to the <a href="/wiki/Confluence_of_sinuses" title="Confluence of sinuses">confluence of sinuses</a>, where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system. From here, two <a href="/wiki/Transverse_sinuses" title="Transverse sinuses">transverse sinuses</a> bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an S-shaped curve that forms the <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmoid sinuses">sigmoid sinuses</a> which go on to form the two <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular veins</a>. In the neck, the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular veins</a> parallel the upward course of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and drain blood into the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>. </p><p>The deep venous drainage is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the <a href="/wiki/Internal_cerebral_veins" title="Internal cerebral veins">vein of Galen</a>. This vein merges with the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_sagittal_sinus" title="Inferior sagittal sinus">inferior sagittal sinus</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Straight_sinus" title="Straight sinus">straight sinus</a> which then joins the superficial venous system mentioned above at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence_of_sinuses" title="Confluence of sinuses">confluence of sinuses</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Portal venous systems</dt></dl> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_system" title="Portal venous system">portal venous system</a> is a series of veins or venules that directly connect two <a href="/wiki/Capillary_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary bed">capillary beds</a>. The two systems in verebrates are the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system" title="Hepatic portal system">hepatic portal system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypophyseal portal system</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Anastomoses</dt></dl> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomosis</a> is a joining of two structures such as blood vessels. In the circulation these are called <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis" title="Circulatory anastomosis">circulatory anastomoses</a>, one of which is the join between an artery with a vein known as an <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_anastomosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteriovenous anastomosis">arteriovenous anastomosis</a>. This connection which is highly muscular, enables venous blood to travel directly from an artery into a vein without having passed from a capillary bed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abnormal connections can be present known as <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">arteriovenous malformations</a>. These are usually congenital and the connections are made from a tangle of capillaries.<sup id="cite_ref-gosh_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_arteriovenous_malformation" title="Cerebral arteriovenous malformation">cerebral arteriovenous malformation</a> is one that is located in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">brain</a>. An irregular connection between an artery and a vein is known as <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">arteriovenous fistula</a>. </p><p>A small specialised arteriovenous anastomosis known as a <a href="/wiki/Glomus_body" title="Glomus body">glomus body or organ</a> serves to transfer heat in the fingers and toes. The small connection is surrounded by a capsule of thickened connective tissue. In the hands and feet there are a great number of glomera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016135-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Vascular shunt</dt></dl> <p>A vascular shunt can also bypass the capillary bed and provide a route for blood supply directly to a collecting venule. This is achieved by a <a href="/wiki/Metarteriole" title="Metarteriole">metarteriole</a> that supplies around a hundred capillaries. At their junctions are precapillary sphincters that tightly regulate the flow of blood into the capillary bed. When all of the sphincters are closed blood can flow from a metarteriole into a thoroughfare channel and into a collecting venule bypassing the capillary bed.<sup id="cite_ref-openstax_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openstax-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Communicating_vein" title="Communicating vein">communicating vein</a> directly connects two parts of the same system such as the <a href="/wiki/Giacomini_vein" title="Giacomini vein">Giacomini vein</a> that connects the (superficial) <a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous_vein" title="Small saphenous vein">small saphenous vein</a> with the (superficial) <a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">great saphenous vein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vein">Peripheral veins</a> carry blood from the limbs and <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2106_Large_Medium_Vein_Venule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2106_Large_Medium_Vein_Venule.jpg/250px-2106_Large_Medium_Vein_Venule.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2106_Large_Medium_Vein_Venule.jpg/330px-2106_Large_Medium_Vein_Venule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of different sized veins with differing component proportions</figcaption></figure> <p>The three layers of the vein wall are the outer tunica externa, the middle tunica media and the inner tunica intima. There are also numerous valves present in many of the veins. </p><p>The outer tunica externa, also known as the <i>tunica adventitia</i> is a sheath of thick connective tissue. This layer is absent in the post-capillary venules.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle tunica media is mainly of vascular <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle cells">smooth muscle cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fibers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. This layer is much thinner than that in arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016132–134_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016132–134-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">Vascular smooth muscle cells</a> control the size of the vein lumens, and thereby help to regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brozovich_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brozovich-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner tunica intima is a lining of endothelium comprising a single layer of extremely flattened epithelial cells, supported by delicate connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subendothelium is a thin but variable connective tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunica intima has the most variation in blood vessels, in terms of their wall thickness and relative size of their lumen. The endothelial cells continuously produce <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> a soluble gas, to the cells of the adjacent smooth muscle layer. This constant synthesis is carried out by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">endothelial nitric oxide synthase</a> (eNOS).<sup id="cite_ref-Tousoulis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tousoulis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other endothelial secretions are <a href="/wiki/Endothelin" title="Endothelin">endothelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a> (vasoconstrictors), and <a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">prostacyclin</a> a vasodilator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016134_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">development of the embryo</a> is completely reliant on the <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_circulation" title="Vitelline circulation">vitelline circulation</a>, the bidirectional flow of blood between the <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> and the embryo. The yolk sac is the first extraembryonic structure to appear. This circulation is critical in allowing the exchange of nutrients, prior to the full development of the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By day 17 vessels begin to form in the yolk sac, arising from the <a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_mesoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Splanchnic mesoderm">splanchnic mesoderm</a> of the yolk sac wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen's2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen's2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capillaries are formed during <a href="/wiki/Vasculogenesis" title="Vasculogenesis">vasculogenesis</a>, and they lengthen and interconnect to form an extensive primitive vascular network.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen's_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen's-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood is supplied from the primitive aorta, and drained by <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_veins" title="Vitelline veins">vitelline veins</a> from the yolk sac to the embryo. By the end of the third week the yolk sac, <a href="/wiki/Connecting_stalk" title="Connecting stalk">connecting stalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villi" title="Chorionic villi">chorionic villi</a> are entirely vascularised.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen's_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen's-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the fourth week the heart begins to beat and the circulation of blood begins. The primitive outflow tract is of three pairs of aortic arches. The inflow tract is formed of six paired veins, the vitelline veins, <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical veins">umbilical veins</a>, and the cardinal veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen's3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen's3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></div> <p>In the systemic circulation, veins serve to return oxygen-depleted blood from organs, and tissues to the <a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">right heart</a>. From here it passes to the pulmonary arteries for the pulmonary circulation to return oxygen-rich blood to the <a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">left heart</a> in the pulmonary veins, to be pumped back into the systemic circulation to complete the cycle. Veins have thinner walls than arteries, and a wider diameter that allow them to expand and hold a greater volume of blood. This gives them a functional role of <i>capacitance</i> that makes possible the accommodation of different pressures in the system. The venous system apart from the post-capillary venules is a high volume, low pressure system. <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">Vascular smooth muscle cells</a> control the size of the vein lumens, and thereby help to regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brozovich_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brozovich-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-capillary venules are <i>exchange</i> vessels whose ultra-thin walls allow the ready diffusion of molecules from the capillaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRAYS2016130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The return of blood to the heart is assisted by the action of the <a href="/wiki/Skeletal-muscle_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal-muscle pump">muscle pump</a>, and by the thoracic pump action of breathing during respiration. Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous pooling (vascular) shock. <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">Fainting</a> can occur but usually baroreceptors within the aortic sinuses initiate a <a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">baroreflex</a> such that angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate vasoconstriction and heart rate increases to return blood flow. <a href="/wiki/Neurogenic_shock" title="Neurogenic shock">Neurogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)#Hypovolaemic" title="Shock (circulatory)">hypovolaemic shock</a> can also cause fainting. In these cases, the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body, keeping blood away from the brain and causing unconsciousness. Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery#Management_of_venous_diseases" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery § Management of venous diseases</a></div> <p>Most venous diseases involve obstruction such as a <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> or insufficiency of the valves, or both of these.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phlebo_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phlebo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conditions may be due to <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, or compression. <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a> is a major independent risk factor for venous disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medical speciality involved with the diagnosis and treatment of venous disorders is known as <a href="/wiki/Phlebology" title="Phlebology">phlebology</a> (also <i>venology</i>), and the specialist concerned is a <a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">phlebologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">vascular surgeries</a> and endovascular surgeries carried out by vascular surgeons to treat many venous diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venous_insufficiency">Venous insufficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Venous insufficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Chronic venous insufficiency</a></div> <p>Venous insufficiency is the most common disorder of the venous system, and is usually manifested as either <a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">spider veins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>. Several treatments are available including <a href="/wiki/Endovenous_thermal_ablation" class="mw-redirect" title="Endovenous thermal ablation">endovenous thermal ablation</a> (using radiofrequency or laser energy), <a href="/wiki/Vein_stripping" title="Vein stripping">vein stripping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_phlebectomy" title="Ambulatory phlebectomy">ambulatory phlebectomy</a>, foam <a href="/wiki/Sclerotherapy" title="Sclerotherapy">sclerotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, or compression. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postphlebitic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Postphlebitic syndrome">Postphlebitic syndrome</a> is venous insufficiency that develops following <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16822286_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16822286-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venous_thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Venous thrombosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</a> is the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> (blood clot) in a vein. This most commonly affects a <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep vein</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT), but can also affect a <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">superficial vein</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein_thrombosis" title="Superficial vein thrombosis">superficial vein thrombosis</a> (SVT). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_vein_thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deep vein thrombosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DVT usually occurs in the veins of the legs, although it can also occur in the deep veins of the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Heil_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heil-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immobility, active cancer, obesity, traumatic damage and congenital disorders that make clots more likely are all risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. It can cause the affected limb to swell, and cause pain and an overlying skin rash. In the worst case, a deep vein thrombosis can extend, or a part of a clot can break off as an <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">embolus</a> and lodge in a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> in the lungs, known as a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>. </p><p>The decision to treat deep vein thrombosis depends on its size, symptoms, and their risk factors. It generally involves <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulation">anticoagulation</a> to prevents clots or to reduce the size of the clot. <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_pneumatic_compression" title="Intermittent pneumatic compression">Intermittent pneumatic compression</a> is a method used to improve venous circulation in cases of edema or in those at risk from a deep vein thrombosis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superficial_vein_thrombosis">Superficial vein thrombosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Superficial vein thrombosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SVT is the development of a thrombus in a superficial vein. SVT is not normally clinically significant, but the thrombus can migrate into the deep venous system where it can also give rise to a pulmonary embolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmi_2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmi_2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main risk factor for SVT in the lower limbs is varicose veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmi_2015_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmi_2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portal_hypertension">Portal hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portal hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a> also known as the <i>hepatic portal vein</i> carries blood drained from most of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> is mainly caused by <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver. Other causes can include an obstructing clot in a <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic vein">hepatic vein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd Chiari syndrome</a>) or compression from tumors or tuberculosis lesions. When the pressure increases in the portal vein, a <a href="/wiki/Collateral_circulation" title="Collateral circulation">collateral circulation</a> develops, causing visible veins such as <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">esophageal varices</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phlebitis">Phlebitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phlebitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">Phlebitis</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of a vein. It is usually accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clot</a> when it is known as <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">thrombophlebitis</a>. When the affected vein is a superficial vein in the leg, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Superficial_thrombophlebitis" title="Superficial thrombophlebitis">superficial thrombophlebitis</a>, and unlike deep vein thrombosis there is little risk of the clot breaking off as an <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">embolus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane2018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression">Compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some disorders as syndromes result from compression of a vein. These include a venous type of <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_outlet_syndrome" title="Thoracic outlet syndrome">thoracic outlet syndrome</a>, due to compression of a <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_vein" title="Subclavian vein">subclavian vein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_syndrome" title="Nutcracker syndrome">nutcracker syndrome</a> most usually due to compression of the left <a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">renal vein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome" title="May–Thurner syndrome">May–Thurner syndrome</a> associated with compression of the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_vein" title="Iliac vein">iliac vein</a> which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Iliofemoral_DVT" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliofemoral DVT">iliofemoral DVT</a>. Compression of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a> most usually by a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">malignant tumor</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Superior vena cava syndrome">superior vena cava syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medscape_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medscape-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vascular_anomalies">Vascular anomalies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vascular anomalies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Vascular_anomaly" title="Vascular anomaly">vascular anomaly</a> can be either a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tumor" title="Vascular tumor">vascular tumor</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmark</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_malformation" title="Vascular malformation">vascular malformation</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a tumor such as <a href="/wiki/Infantile_hemangioma" title="Infantile hemangioma">infantile hemangioma</a> the mass is soft, and easily compressed, and their coloring is due to the dilated anomalous involved veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Chim_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chim-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most commonly found in the head and neck. <a href="/wiki/Venous_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous malformation">Venous malformations</a> are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance, reaching underlying muscle or bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the neck they may extend into the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">lining of the mouth cavity</a> or into the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chim_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chim-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the most common of the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_malformations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular malformations">vascular malformations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Markovic_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markovic-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a <i>lymphaticovenous malformation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chim_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chim-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venous_access">Venous access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Venous access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Venipuncture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Venous_access" title="Venous access">Venous access</a> is any method used to access the bloodstream through the veins, either to administer <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a> such as medication, or fluid, <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">parenteral nutrition</a>, to obtain blood for analysis, or to provide an access point for blood-based treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apheresis" title="Apheresis">apheresis</a>. Access is most commonly achieved via the placement of a <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">central venous catheter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Seldinger_technique" title="Seldinger technique">Seldinger technique</a>, and guidance tools such as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> can also be used to assist with access location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex ultrasound</a>, is the most usual and widely used way of viewing veins in the diagnosis of venous disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a> is an invasive procedure that uses a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> to deliver a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a> in giving an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of veins. An <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> healthcare application is a <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_vein_finder" title="Near-infrared vein finder">near-infrared vein finder</a> that films subcutaneous veins, and projects their image either onto a screen or onto the person's skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recognition_techniques">Recognition techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recognition techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some imaging techniques using veins have been developed for identification purposes. These <a href="/wiki/Vein_matching" title="Vein matching">vein matching</a> technologies, include <a href="/wiki/Finger_vein_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger vein recognition">finger vein recognition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_vein_verification" title="Eye vein verification">eye vein verification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system#History" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system § History</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Medicine">Greek physician</a> <a href="/wiki/Herophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herophilus">Herophilus</a> (born 335 BC) distinguished veins from arteries, noting the thicker walls of arteries, but thought that the <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist <a href="/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a> observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2nd century AD <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Medicine">Greek</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Harvey_(1578-1657)_Venenbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/220px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/330px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/440px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Image of veins from <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>'s <i>Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (<i>manafidh</i> in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body. </p><p>Finally, <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabricius" title="Hieronymus Fabricius">Hieronymus Fabricius</a> (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published <i>Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus</i> in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later discovered by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> in 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance (physiology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMooreGohelDavies2011" class="citation journal cs1">Moore HM, Gohel M, Davies AH 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A new look at an old question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 1151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApOpt..35.1151K">1996ApOpt..35.1151K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.35.001151">10.1364/AO.35.001151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21085227">21085227</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Marcello+Malpighi+%281628%E2%80%931694%29%2C+Founder+of+Microanatomy&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0717-95022011000200015&rft.aulast=Romero+Rever%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0717-95022011000200015%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGRAYS2016" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). <i>Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i> (Forty first ed.). [Philadelphia]: Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5230-9"><bdi>978-0-7020-5230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy%3A+The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Clinical+Practice&rft.place=%5BPhiladelphia%5D&rft.edition=Forty+first&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShojaTubbsLoukasKhalili2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shoja, M. M.; Tubbs, R. S.; Loukas, M.; Khalili, M.; Alakbarli, F.; Cohen-Gadol, A. A. (2009). "Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity". <i>International Journal of Cardiology</i>. <b>134</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijcard.2009.02.035">10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332359">19332359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Vasovagal+syncope+in+the+Canon+of+Avicenna%3A+The+first+mention+of+carotid+artery+hypersensitivity&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijcard.2009.02.035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19332359&rft.aulast=Shoja&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft.au=Tubbs%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Loukas%2C+M.&rft.au=Khalili%2C+M.&rft.au=Alakbarli%2C+F.&rft.au=Cohen-Gadol%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vein&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vein" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vein">vein</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec03/ch036/ch036a.html">Merck Manual article on veins</a></li> <li>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8E6hBG2XQk"><span class="plainlinks">lecture</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> on the veins' and lymphatic systems of the upper limb</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vascular_diseases" title="Template talk:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> (vessels)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteritis" title="Arteritis">Arteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortitis" title="Aortitis">Aortitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboangiitis_obliterans" title="Thromboangiitis obliterans">Buerger's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foam_cell" title="Foam cell">Foam cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_streak" title="Fatty streak">Fatty streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">Atheroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycholesterol" title="Oxycholesterol">Oxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monckeberg%27s_arteriosclerosis" title="Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis">Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaline_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaline arteriolosclerosis">Hyaline arteriolosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis">Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">Stenosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortoiliac_occlusive_disease" title="Aortoiliac occlusive disease">Aortoiliac occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_limb_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical limb ischemia">Critical limb ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degos_disease" title="Degos disease">Degos disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">Erythromelalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia" title="Fibromuscular dysplasia">Fibromuscular dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery_thrombosis" title="Hepatic artery thrombosis">Hepatic artery thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_claudication" title="Intermittent claudication">Intermittent claudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">Aneurysm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissection_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissection (medical)">dissection</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoaneurysm" title="Pseudoaneurysm">pseudoaneurysm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>torso</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm" title="Thoracic aortic aneurysm">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm_of_sinus_of_Valsalva" title="Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva">Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">Aortic dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_rupture" title="Aortic rupture">Aortic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li> <li><i>head / neck</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm" title="Intracranial aneurysm">Intracranial aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_berry_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracranial berry aneurysm">Intracranial berry aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_dissection" title="Carotid artery dissection">Carotid artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery_dissection" title="Vertebral artery dissection">Vertebral artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_aortic_dissection" title="Familial aortic dissection">Familial aortic dissection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_malformation" title="Vascular malformation">Vascular malformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">Arteriovenous fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">Arteriovenous malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">Telangiectasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_essential_telangiectasia" title="Generalized essential telangiectasia">Generalized essential telangiectasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevus#Vascular_nevus" title="Nevus">Vascular nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_hemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry hemangioma">Cherry hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_nevus" title="Halo nevus">Halo nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_angioma" title="Spider angioma">Spider angioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">Phlebitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">Thrombophlebitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primarily lower limb</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>abdomen</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome" title="May–Thurner syndrome">May–Thurner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_vein_thrombosis" title="Portal vein thrombosis">Portal vein thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein_thrombosis" title="Renal vein thrombosis">Renal vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper limb / torso</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondor%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondor's disease">Mondor's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%E2%80%93Schroetter_disease" title="Paget–Schroetter disease">Paget–Schroetter disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>head</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis">Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-thrombotic_syndrome" title="Post-thrombotic syndrome">Post-thrombotic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">Varicose veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_varices" title="Gastric varices">Gastric varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portacaval_anastomosis" title="Portacaval anastomosis">Portacaval anastomosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caput_medusae" title="Caput medusae">Caput medusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">Esophageal varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Chronic venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_cerebrospinal_venous_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency">Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Superior vena cava syndrome">Superior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Inferior vena cava syndrome">Inferior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">Venous ulcer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arteries or veins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiopathy" title="Angiopathy">Angiopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macroangiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroangiopathy">Macroangiopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathy" title="Microangiopathy">Microangiopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_embolism" title="Cholesterol embolism">Cholesterol embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_embolism" title="Paradoxical embolism">Paradoxical embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">Hypertensive heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">Hypertensive emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">Hypertensive nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">Essential hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">Secondary hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">Renovascular hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_hypertension" title="Benign hypertension">Benign hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_hypertension" title="Systolic hypertension">Systolic hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat_hypertension" title="White coat hypertension">White coat hypertension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">Orthostatic hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">Shock (circulatory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arteries_and_veins88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arteries_and_veins" title="Template:Arteries and veins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arteries_and_veins" title="Template talk:Arteries and veins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arteries_and_veins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arteries and veins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arteries_and_veins88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">veins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_artery" title="Nutrient artery">Nutrient artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">Arteriole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metarteriole" title="Metarteriole">Metarteriole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_artery" title="Elastic artery">Elastic artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Fenestrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinusoid (blood vessel)">Sinusoidal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precapillary_sphincter" title="Precapillary sphincter">Precapillary sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precapillary_resistance" title="Precapillary resistance">Precapillary resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vena_comitans" title="Vena comitans">Vena comitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">Superficial vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">Deep vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforator_vein" title="Perforator vein">Perforator vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissary_veins" title="Emissary veins">Emissary veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_plexus" title="Venous plexus">Venous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_capillary" title="Lymph capillary">Lymph capillary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system#Systemic_circulation" title="Circulatory system">Systemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> → <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">Arterioles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venules</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> → <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">Vena cava</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary arteries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lungs</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary vein</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Microanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvessel">Microvessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">Microcirculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_intima" title="Tunica intima">Tunica intima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_elastic_lamina" title="Internal elastic lamina">Internal elastic lamina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_media" title="Tunica media">Tunica media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_externa" title="Tunica externa">Tunica externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_vasorum" title="Vasa vasorum">Vasa vasorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_nervorum" title="Vasa nervorum">Vasa nervorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_nerves" title="Vascular nerves">Vascular nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">Rete mirabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis" title="Circulatory anastomosis">Circulatory anastomosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_in_the_human_body125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Veins_in_the_human_body125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_veins_of_the_human_body" title="List of veins of the human body">Veins in the human body</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_head_and_neck173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_head_and_neck" title="Template:Veins of the head and neck"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_head_and_neck" title="Template talk:Veins of the head and neck"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_head_and_neck" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the head and neck"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_head_and_neck173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">head</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_jugular_vein" title="External jugular vein">External jugular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retromandibular_vein" title="Retromandibular vein">Retromandibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillary veins">maxillary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_plexus" title="Pterygoid plexus">pterygoid plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_temporal_vein" title="Superficial temporal vein">superficial temporal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_auricular_veins" title="Anterior auricular veins">anterior auricular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_vein" title="Posterior auricular vein">posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_cervical_veins" title="Transverse cervical veins">transverse cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_vein" title="Suprascapular vein">suprascapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_jugular_vein" title="Anterior jugular vein">anterior jugular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_arch" title="Jugular venous arch">jugular venous arch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">Internal jugular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diploic_veins" title="Diploic veins">Diploic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_veins" title="Cerebral veins">Cerebral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superficial_cerebral_veins" title="Superficial cerebral veins">Superficial</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebral_veins" title="Superior cerebral veins">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_middle_cerebral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial middle cerebral vein">superficial middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebral_veins" title="Inferior cerebral veins">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_anastomotic_vein" title="Inferior anastomotic vein">inferior anastomotic</a> (Labbé)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_anastomotic_vein" title="Superior anastomotic vein">superior anastomotic</a> (Trolard)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebral_veins" title="Deep cerebral veins">Deep</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_cerebral_vein" title="Great cerebral vein">great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_cerebral_veins" title="Internal cerebral veins">internal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_vein" title="Basal vein">basal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_middle_cerebral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep middle cerebral vein">deep middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thalamostriate_vein" title="Superior thalamostriate vein">superior thalamostriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_veins" title="Choroid veins">choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septal_veins" title="Septal veins">septal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_veins" title="Cerebellar veins">Cerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cerebellar veins">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cerebellar veins">inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dural_venous_sinuses" title="Dural venous sinuses">Sinuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Confluence_of_sinuses" title="Confluence of sinuses">COS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">superior sagittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_sinus" title="Straight sinus">straight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_sagittal_sinus" title="Inferior sagittal sinus">inferior sagittal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_sinus" title="Occipital sinus">occipital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus" title="Cavernous sinus">CS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoparietal_sinus" title="Sphenoparietal sinus">sphenoparietal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercavernous_sinuses" title="Intercavernous sinuses">intercavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ophthalmic_vein" title="Superior ophthalmic vein">superior ophthalmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoidal_veins" title="Ethmoidal veins">ethmoidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" title="Central retinal vein">central retinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasofrontal_vein" title="Nasofrontal vein">nasofrontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" title="Vorticose veins">vorticose veins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ophthalmic_vein" title="Inferior ophthalmic vein">inferior ophthalmic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">IJV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_sinus" title="Sigmoid sinus">sigmoid</a>: <a href="/wiki/Transverse_sinuses" title="Transverse sinuses">transverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosquamous_sinus" title="Petrosquamous sinus">petrosquamous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_petrosal_sinus" title="Superior petrosal sinus">superior petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_petrosal_sinus" title="Inferior petrosal sinus">inferior petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilar plexus">basilar plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_auditory_veins" title="Internal auditory veins">internal auditory veins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_emissary_vein" title="Condylar emissary vein">condylar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_vein" title="Facial vein">Facial</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_facial_vein" title="Common facial vein">common facial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_vein" title="Frontal vein">frontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_vein" title="Supraorbital vein">supraorbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_vein" title="Angular vein">angular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_labial_vein" title="Superior labial vein">superior labial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_labial_vein" title="Inferior labial vein">inferior labial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_facial_vein" title="Deep facial vein">deep facial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_veins" title="Lingual veins">lingual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_lingual_veins" title="Dorsal lingual veins">dorsal lingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_lingual_vein" title="Deep lingual vein">deep lingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_vein" title="Sublingual vein">sublingual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_veins" title="Pharyngeal veins">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thyroid_vein" title="Superior thyroid vein">superior thyroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_vein" title="Superior laryngeal vein">superior laryngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_thyroid_vein" title="Middle thyroid vein">middle thyroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein" title="Brachiocephalic vein">Brachiocephalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_vein" title="Vertebral vein">Vertebral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_vein" title="Occipital vein">occipital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_emissary_vein" title="Occipital emissary vein">occipital emissary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboccipital_venous_plexus" title="Suboccipital venous plexus">suboccipital venous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_cervical_vein" title="Deep cervical vein">deep cervical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_veins" title="Inferior thyroid veins">inferior thyroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_laryngeal_vein" title="Inferior laryngeal vein">inferior laryngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_veins" title="Thymic veins">thymic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column" title="Template:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column" title="Template talk:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_thorax_and_vertebral_column82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">Coronary sinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_cardiac_vein" title="Great cardiac vein">Great cardiac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_marginal_vein" title="Left marginal vein">Left marginal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vein_of_the_left_ventricle" title="Posterior vein of the left ventricle">Posterior of the left ventricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_vein_of_the_left_atrium" title="Oblique vein of the left atrium">Oblique of the left atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fold_of_left_vena_cava" title="Fold of left vena cava">Ligament of the left vena cava</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cardiac_vein" title="Middle cardiac vein">Middle cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_cardiac_vein" title="Small cardiac vein">Small cardiac vein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cardiac_veins" title="Anterior cardiac veins">Anterior cardiac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_marginal_vein" title="Right marginal vein">Right marginal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lungs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary veins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior<br />vena cava</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_vein" title="Brachiocephalic vein">Brachiocephalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_vein" title="Internal thoracic vein">internal thoracic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_intercostal_veins" title="Anterior intercostal veins">anterior intercostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_epigastric_vein" title="Superior epigastric vein">superior epigastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_intercostal_vein" title="Superior intercostal vein">left superior intercostal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_intercostal_vein" title="Supreme intercostal vein">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_vein" title="Vertebral vein">vertebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_vein" title="Subclavian vein">subclavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">axillary</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_thoracic_vein" title="Lateral thoracic vein">lateral thoracic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracoepigastric_vein" title="Thoracoepigastric vein">thoracoepigastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_scapular_vein" title="Dorsal scapular vein">dorsal scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_jugular_vein" title="External jugular vein">external jugular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_veins" title="Pericardiacophrenic veins">pericardiacophrenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">internal jugular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">Azygos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_intercostal_vein" title="Superior intercostal vein">right superior intercostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_veins" title="Bronchial veins">bronchial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_veins" title="Intercostal veins">intercostal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Posterior_intercostal_veins" title="Posterior intercostal veins">posterior intercostal 5-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_hemiazygos_vein" title="Accessory hemiazygos vein">accessory hemiazygos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemiazygos_vein" title="Hemiazygos vein">hemiazygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_phrenic_vein" title="Superior phrenic vein">superior phrenic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>vertebral venous plexuses</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_vertebral_venous_plexuses" title="External vertebral venous plexuses">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_vertebral_venous_plexuses" title="Internal vertebral venous plexuses">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_veins" title="Spinal veins">spinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_spinal_veins" title="Posterior spinal veins">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinal_veins" title="Anterior spinal veins">anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basivertebral_veins" title="Basivertebral veins">basivertebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_veins" title="Intervertebral veins">intervertebral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Template:Veins of the abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Template talk:Veins of the abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_lumbar_vein" title="Ascending lumbar vein">ascending lumbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_vein" title="Subcostal vein">subcostal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">IVC</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Systemic_venous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic venous system">Systemic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="To_IVC_or_left_renal_vein59" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">To IVC or left renal vein</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_vein" title="Inferior phrenic vein">inferior phrenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veins" title="Hepatic veins">hepatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_veins_of_liver" title="Central veins of liver">central veins of liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">liver sinusoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprarenal_veins" title="Suprarenal veins">suprarenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadal_vein" title="Gonadal vein">gonadal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_vein" title="Ovarian vein">ovarian ♀</a>/<a href="/wiki/Testicular_vein" title="Testicular vein">testicular ♂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">pampiniform plexus ♂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_veins" title="Lumbar veins">lumbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">common iliac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">Common iliac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unpaired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_sacral_vein" title="Median sacral vein">median sacral vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">Internal iliac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>posterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliolumbar_vein" title="Iliolumbar vein">iliolumbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_gluteal_veins" title="Superior gluteal veins">superior gluteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sacral_veins" title="Lateral sacral veins">lateral sacral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_veins" title="Inferior gluteal veins">inferior gluteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_veins" title="Obturator veins">obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_vein" title="Uterine vein">uterine ♀</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_venous_plexus" title="Uterine venous plexus">uterine plexus ♀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_veins" title="Vesical veins">vesical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_venous_plexus" title="Vesical venous plexus">vesical plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_venous_plexus" title="Prostatic venous plexus">prostatic plexus ♂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_veins_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal veins of the penis">deep of penis ♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Deep_dorsal_vein_of_clitoris" title="Deep dorsal vein of clitoris">clitoris ♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_veins" title="Posterior scrotal veins">posterior scrotal ♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_veins" title="Posterior labial veins">labial ♀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">vaginal plexus/vein ♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_rectal_veins" title="Middle rectal veins">middle rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">internal pudendal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectal_veins" title="Inferior rectal veins">inferior rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_of_bulb_of_penis" title="Vein of bulb of penis">bulb of penis ♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">vestibule ♀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_venous_plexus" title="Rectal venous plexus">rectal plexus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">External iliac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_epigastric_vein" title="Inferior epigastric vein">inferior epigastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein" title="Deep circumflex iliac vein">deep circumflex iliac vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">Portal vein</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system" title="Hepatic portal system">Portal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Splenic_vein" title="Splenic vein">Splenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_gastric_veins" title="Short gastric veins">short gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_gastroepiploic_vein" title="Left gastroepiploic vein">left gastroepiploic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_veins" title="Pancreatic veins">pancreatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_vein" title="Inferior mesenteric vein">inferior mesenteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectal_vein" title="Superior rectal vein">superior rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_colic_vein" title="Left colic vein">left colic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_vein" title="Superior mesenteric vein">Superior mesenteric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_gastroepiploic_vein" title="Right gastroepiploic vein">right gastroepiploic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenal_veins" title="Pancreaticoduodenal veins">pancreaticoduodenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunal_veins" title="Jejunal veins">jejunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileal_veins" title="Ileal veins">ileal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_colic_vein" title="Middle colic vein">middle colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_colic_vein" title="Right colic vein">right colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileocolic_vein" title="Ileocolic vein">ileocolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_vein" title="Appendicular vein">appendicular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_vein" title="Cystic vein">cystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_vein" title="Left gastric vein">left gastric</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophageal_veins" title="Esophageal veins">esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_gastric_vein" title="Right gastric vein">right gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraumbilical_veins" title="Paraumbilical veins">paraumbilical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_human_arm56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template:Veins of the upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Veins of the upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_human_arm56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">human arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subscapular_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular vein">Subscapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">Axillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex_scapular_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex scapular vein">Circumflex scapular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>arm:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_vein" title="Cephalic vein">Cephalic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cephalic_vein" title="Accessory cephalic vein">Accessory cephalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_cubital_vein" title="Median cubital vein">Median cubital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilic_vein" title="Basilic vein">Basilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_antebrachial_vein" title="Median antebrachial vein">Median antebrachial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>hand/forearm:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_network_of_hand" title="Dorsal venous network of hand">Dorsal network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercapitular_veins_of_the_hand" title="Intercapitular veins of the hand">Intercapitular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metacarpal_veins" title="Dorsal metacarpal veins">Dorsal metacarpal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_palmar_venous_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial palmar venous arch">Superficial palmar arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_digital_veins" title="Palmar digital veins">Palmar digital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>arm:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_veins" title="Radial veins">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_veins" title="Ulnar veins">Ulnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_veins" title="Brachial veins">Brachial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>hand/forearm:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_palmar_venous_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep palmar venous arch">Deep palmar arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_metacarpal_veins" title="Palmar metacarpal veins">Palmar metacarpal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veins_of_the_human_leg84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Template talk:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veins_of_the_lower_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veins of the lower limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veins_of_the_human_leg84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_femoral_vein" title="Deep femoral vein">deep femoral vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">popliteal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">deep <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_veins" title="Fibular veins">fibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_vein" title="Anterior tibial vein">anterior tibial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_vein" title="Posterior tibial vein">posterior tibial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">superficial leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous_vein" title="Small saphenous vein">small saphenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">great saphenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_pudendal_veins" title="External pudendal veins">external pudendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_veins_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal veins of the penis">superficial of penis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Superficial_dorsal_veins_of_clitoris" title="Superficial dorsal veins of clitoris">clitoris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot" title="Dorsal venous arch of the foot">dorsal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_veins" title="Dorsal metatarsal veins">dorsal metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_veins_of_the_foot" title="Dorsal digital veins of the foot">dorsal digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_venous_arch" title="Plantar venous arch">plantar arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_veins" title="Plantar metatarsal veins">plantar metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_digital_veins" title="Common digital veins">common digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_digital_veins" title="Plantar digital veins">plantar digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9609#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9609#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187475-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Veins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85142544">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Veines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962562h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Veines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962562h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575032">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="žíly"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph205449&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000161155&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534144605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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