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href="#Physical_inactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Physical inactivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_inactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Alcohol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celiac_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celiac_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Celiac disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celiac_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_disadvantage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_disadvantage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Socioeconomic disadvantage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_disadvantage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Air pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_risk_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_risk_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Cardiovascular risk assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_risk_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression_and_traumatic_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression_and_traumatic_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Depression and traumatic stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression_and_traumatic_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Occupational exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-chemical_risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-chemical_risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.1 Non-chemical risk factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-chemical_risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.2 Chemical risk factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somatic_mutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somatic_mutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Somatic mutations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somatic_mutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Radiation therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermittent_fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermittent_fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Intermittent fasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermittent_fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Physical activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dietary supplements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cardiovascular disease</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartbloedvatsiekte" title="Hartbloedvatsiekte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hartbloedvatsiekte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مرض قلبي وعائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض قلبي وعائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaut%C3%ADas_cardiovasculars" title="Malautías cardiovasculars – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malautías cardiovasculars" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedaes_cardiovasculares" title="Enfermedaes cardiovasculares – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enfermedaes cardiovasculares" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اورک‌توتما مریضلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورک‌توتما مریضلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="রক্ত সংবহনতন্ত্রের রোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ত সংবহনতন্ত্রের রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сърдечносъдови заболявания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сърдечносъдови заболявания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_cardiovascular" title="Malaltia cardiovascular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiovaskul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_onemocn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Kardiovaskulární onemocnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kardiovaskulární onemocnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd_cardiofasgwlar" title="Clefyd cardiofasgwlar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd cardiofasgwlar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte-kar-sygdom" title="Hjerte-kar-sygdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerte-kar-sygdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankung" title="Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हृदय रोग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हृदय रोग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiovaskulaarsed_haigused" title="Kardiovaskulaarsed haigused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kardiovaskulaarsed haigused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Καρδιαγγειακές παθήσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρδιαγγειακές παθήσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedades_cardiovasculares" title="Enfermedades cardiovasculares – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedades cardiovasculares" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvaskula_malsano" title="Korvaskula malsano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korvaskula malsano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaixotasun_kardiobaskular" title="Gaixotasun kardiobaskular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaixotasun kardiobaskular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C" title="بیماری قلبی-عروقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری قلبی-عروقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_cardiovasculaire" title="Maladie cardiovasculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie cardiovasculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenza_cardiovascular" title="Doenza cardiovascular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doenza cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84_%EC%A7%88%ED%99%98" title="심혈관계 질환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심혈관계 질환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar_zuciya" title="Cutar zuciya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cutar zuciya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սիրտ-անոթային հիվանդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրտ-անոթային հիվանդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हृदयवाहिका रोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हृदयवाहिका रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_kardiovaskular" title="Penyakit kardiovaskular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit kardiovaskular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattie_cardiovascolari" title="Malattie cardiovascolari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattie cardiovascolari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מחלה קרדיווסקולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלה קרדיווסקולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91am%C9%A9y%C9%9B_n%C9%9B_cal%C9%A9m_hosi_k%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_(maladie_cardio-vasculaire)" title="Ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔŋ (maladie cardio-vasculaire) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñamɩyɛ nɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔŋ (maladie cardio-vasculaire)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಹೃದಯರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೃದಯರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_moyo" title="Ugonjwa wa moyo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa wa moyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbus_cardiovascularis" title="Morbus cardiovascularis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Morbus cardiovascularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirds_slim%C4%ABbas" title="Sirds slimības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirds slimības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia_cardiovascular" title="Maladia cardiovascular – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maladia cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADv-_%C3%A9s_%C3%A9rrendszeri_betegs%C3%A9gek" title="Szív- és érrendszeri betegségek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szív- és érrendszeri betegségek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Срцево заболување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Срцево заболување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_kardiovaskular" title="Penyakit kardiovaskular – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit kardiovaskular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart-_en_vaatziekten" title="Hart- en vaatziekten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hart- en vaatziekten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हृदय रोग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हृदय रोग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="नुगः ल्वय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नुगः ल्वय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" title="心血管疾患 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心血管疾患" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte-_og_karsykdommer" title="Hjerte- og karsykdommer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerte- og karsykdommer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ହୃଦରକ୍ତନାଳୀ ରୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୃଦରକ୍ତନାଳୀ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurak-qon_tomir_kasalliklari" title="Yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਾਰਡੀਓਵੈਸਕੁਲਰ ਰੋਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਡੀਓਵੈਸਕੁਲਰ ਰੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroby_uk%C5%82adu_kr%C4%85%C5%BCenia" title="Choroby układu krążenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroby układu krążenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_cardiovascular" title="Doença cardiovascular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boli_cardiovasculare" title="Boli cardiovasculare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boli cardiovasculare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="हृदयरोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हृदयरोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABmundjet_e_zemr%C3%ABs" title="Sëmundjet e zemrës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sëmundjet e zemrës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="හෘද රෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෘද රෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cardiovascular disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochorenie_srdca" title="Ochorenie srdca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ochorenie srdca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%8Dno-%C5%BEilna_bolezen" title="Srčno-žilna bolezen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srčno-žilna bolezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5_%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="نەخۆشیی دڵ و لوولەکانی خوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشیی دڵ و لوولەکانی خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiovaskularna_bolest" title="Kardiovaskularna bolest – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kardiovaskularna bolest" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiovaskularna_bolest" title="Kardiovaskularna bolest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kardiovaskularna bolest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%A4n-_ja_verisuonitauti" title="Sydän- ja verisuonitauti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sydän- ja verisuonitauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rt-_och_k%C3%A4rlsjukdomar" title="Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="இதயக் குழலிய நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இதயக் குழலிய நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Йөрәк-кан тамырлары чирләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йөрәк-кан тамырлары чирләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="โรคระบบหัวใจหลอดเลือด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคระบบหัวใจหลอดเลือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiyovask%C3%BCler_hastal%C4%B1k" title="Kardiyovasküler hastalık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kardiyovasküler hastalık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Серцево-судинні захворювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серцево-судинні захворювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="عارضہ قلب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عارضہ قلب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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navigation-not-searchable">"Heart condition" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heart_condition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heart condition (disambiguation)">Heart condition (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cardiovascular disease</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg/220px-Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg/330px-Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg/440px-Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a> (yellow) and <a href="/wiki/AL_amyloidosis" title="AL amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a> (brown). <a href="/wiki/Movat%27s_stain" title="Movat's stain">Movat's stain</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">Chest pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">loss of consciousness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Heart failure, heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, sudden cardiac arrest.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Older adults<a href="#cite_note-Go2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">hypertensive heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic heart disease">rheumatic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">high blood lipids</a>, excess weight, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a>, excessive drug use, and excessive <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> intake</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthy eating">Healthy eating</a>, exercise, avoiding tobacco smoke, limited alcohol intake,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Overall lifestyle changes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Treating <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">high blood lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">blood thinners</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">17.9 million / 32% (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery diseases</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>), <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">hypertensive heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic heart disease">rheumatic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carditis" title="Carditis">carditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">peripheral artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thromboembolic disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thrombosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-4">[4]</a> The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> This may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercholesterolaemia">high blood cholesterol</a>, poor diet, excessive <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> consumption,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> and poor <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-8">[8]</a> among other things. High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, and obesity 5%.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">strep throat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable.<a href="#cite_note-McGill2008-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: <a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthy eating">healthy eating</a>, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Treating people who have strep throat with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Cardiovascular diseases are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">leading cause of death</a> worldwide except Africa.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_standardized_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Age standardized deaths">Deaths, at a given age</a>, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, while rates have declined in most of the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a> since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-IOM2010-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD.<a href="#cite_note-Go2013-2">[2]</a> The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80, while it is around 68 in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-IOM2010-14">[14]</a> CVD is typically diagnosed seven to ten years earlier in men than in women.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a>: 48  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/310px-Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/465px-Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/620px-Inflammatory_heart_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for inflammatory heart diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-16">[16]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  No data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Less than 70</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–140</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  140–210</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  210–280</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  280–350</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  350–420</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  420–490</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  490–560</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  560–630</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  630–700</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  700–770</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 770</div> </div></figcaption></figure> There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medl-17">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> (coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_arterial_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral arterial disease">Peripheral arterial disease</a> – a disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular disease</a> – a disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a></li></ul> There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a> – diseases of cardiac muscle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">Hypertensive heart disease</a> – diseases of the heart secondary to high <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> – a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood to the tissues to meet their metabolic requirements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">Pulmonary heart disease</a> – a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_dysrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac dysrhythmias">Cardiac dysrhythmias</a> – abnormalities of heart rhythm</li> <li>Inflammatory heart diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the inner layer of the heart, the <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a>. The structures most commonly involved are the <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a>.</li> <li>Inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cardiomegaly" title="Cardiomegaly">cardiomegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a> – inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, the muscular part of the heart, caused most often by viral infection and less often by bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. It is characterized in part by infiltration of the heart by <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocyte</a> types of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_myocarditis" title="Eosinophilic myocarditis">Eosinophilic myocarditis</a> – inflammation of the myocardium caused by pathologically activated <a href="/wiki/Eosinophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophils">eosinophilic</a> white blood cells. This disorder differs from myocarditis in its causes and treatments.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">Valvular heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">Congenital heart disease</a> – heart structure malformations existing at birth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic heart disease">Rheumatic heart disease</a> – heart muscles and valves damage due to <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a> a <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">group A streptococcal infection</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2></div> There are many risk factors for heart diseases: age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, <a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a>, excessive <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (<a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>), raised blood sugar (<a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>), raised blood cholesterol (<a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>), undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuster-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-MichaMichas2012-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CiaccioLewis2017-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duell2022-22">[22]</a> While the individual contribution of each risk factor varies between different communities or ethnic groups the overall contribution of these risk factors is very consistent.<a href="#cite_note-interheart-23">[23]</a> Some of these risk factors, such as age, sex or family history/genetic predisposition, are immutable; however, many important cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by lifestyle change, social change, drug treatment (for example prevention of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes).<a href="#cite_note-McPhee2012-24">[24]</a> People with obesity are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> Cardiovascular disease in a person's parents increases their risk by ~3 fold,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> There are more than 40 inherited cardiovascular disease that can be traced to a single disease-causing DNA variant, although these conditions are rare.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> Most common cardiovascular diseases are non-Mendelian and are thought to be due to hundreds or thousands of genetic variants (known as single nucleotide polymorphisms), each associated with a small effect.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacRae_2634–2639-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcified_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Calcified_Heart.jpg/220px-Calcified_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Calcified_Heart.jpg/330px-Calcified_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Calcified_Heart.jpg/440px-Calcified_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Calcified heart of an older woman with cardiomegaly</figcaption></figure> Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life.<a href="#cite_note-Finegold-30">[30]</a> Coronary fatty streaks can begin to form in adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is estimated that 82 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 and older.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Simultaneously, the risk of stroke doubles every decade after age 55.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Multiple explanations are proposed to explain why age increases the risk of cardiovascular/heart diseases. One of them relates to serum cholesterol level.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> In most populations, the serum total cholesterol level increases as age increases. In men, this increase levels off around age 45 to 50 years. In women, the increase continues sharply until age 60 to 65 years.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> Aging is also associated with changes in the mechanical and structural properties of the vascular wall, which leads to the loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance and may subsequently lead to coronary artery disease.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated357-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex">Sex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease_in_women" title="Cardiovascular disease in women">Cardiovascular disease in women</a></div> Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-Finegold-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHF-36">[36]</a> Once past <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, it has been argued that a woman's risk is similar to a man's<a href="#cite_note-WHF-36">[36]</a> although more recent data from the WHO and UN disputes this.<a href="#cite_note-Finegold-30">[30]</a> If a female has diabetes, she is more likely to develop heart disease than a male with diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Coronary heart diseases are 2 to 5 times more common among middle-aged men than women.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> In a study done by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, sex contributes to approximately 40% of the variation in sex ratios of coronary heart disease mortality.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Another study reports similar results finding that sex differences explains nearly half the risk associated with cardiovascular diseases<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> One of the proposed explanations for sex differences in cardiovascular diseases is hormonal difference.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> Among women, estrogen is the predominant sex hormone. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> may have protective effects on glucose metabolism and hemostatic system, and may have direct effect in improving <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> cell function.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> The production of estrogen decreases after menopause, and this may change the female lipid metabolism toward a more atherogenic form by decreasing the <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</a> cholesterol level while increasing LDL and total cholesterol levels.<a href="#cite_note-Jou99-34">[34]</a> Among men and women, there are differences in body weight, height, body fat distribution, heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial compliance.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated357-35">[35]</a> In the very elderly, age-related large artery pulsatility and stiffness are more pronounced among women than men.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated357-35">[35]</a> This may be caused by the women's smaller body size and arterial dimensions which are independent of menopause.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated357-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco">Tobacco</h3></div> Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking;<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_inactivity">Physical inactivity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></div> Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> In 2008, 31.3% of adults aged 15 or older (28.2% men and 34.4% women) were insufficiently physically active.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> The risk of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus is reduced by almost a third in adults who participate in 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week (or equivalent).<a href="#cite_note-OrganizationUNAIDS2007-42">[42]</a> In addition, physical activity assists weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity. These effects may, at least in part, explain its cardiovascular benefits.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat#Cardiovascular_disease" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat § Cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">Salt and cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lipid_hypothesis" title="Lipid hypothesis">Lipid hypothesis</a></div> High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. The World Health Organization attributes approximately 1.7 million deaths worldwide to low fruit and vegetable consumption.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Frequent consumption of high-energy foods, such as processed foods that are high in fats and sugars, promotes obesity and may increase cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> The amount of dietary salt consumed may also be an important determinant of blood pressure levels and overall cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> There is moderate quality evidence that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> High <a href="/wiki/Trans-fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-fat">trans-fat</a> intake has adverse effects on blood lipids and circulating inflammatory markers,<a href="#cite_note-BookerMann2008-44">[44]</a> and elimination of trans-fat from diets has been widely advocated.<a href="#cite_note-RemigFranklin2010-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-46">[46]</a> In 2018 the World Health Organization estimated that trans fats were the cause of more than half a million deaths per year.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-46">[46]</a> There is evidence that higher consumption of sugar is associated with higher blood pressure and unfavorable blood lipids,<a href="#cite_note-Te_MorengaHowatson2014-47">[47]</a> and sugar intake also increases the risk of diabetes mellitus.<a href="#cite_note-Wylie-Rosett2002-48">[48]</a> High consumption of processed meats <a href="/wiki/Meat#Heart_disease" title="Meat">is associated with an increased risk</a> of cardiovascular disease, possibly in part due to increased dietary salt intake.<a href="#cite_note-MichaMichas2012-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Alcohol and cardiovascular disease</a></div> The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> There is a direct relationship between high levels of drinking alcohol and cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease,<a href="#cite_note-MukamalChen2010-50">[50]</a> but there is evidence that associations between moderate alcohol consumption and protection from stroke are non-causal.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> At the population level, the health risks of drinking alcohol exceed any potential benefits.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Organization2011-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celiac_disease">Celiac disease</h3></div> Untreated <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a> can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a> and intestinal healing. However, delays in recognition and diagnosis of celiac disease can cause irreversible heart damage.<a href="#cite_note-CiaccioLewis2017-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. Recommendations suggest that infants typically need 12 or more hours of sleep per day, adolescents at least eight or nine hours, and adults seven or eight. About one-third of adult Americans get less than the recommended seven hours of sleep per night, and in a study of teenagers, just 2.2 percent of those studied got enough sleep, many of whom did not get good quality sleep. Studies have shown that short sleepers getting less than seven hours sleep per night have a 10 percent to 30 percent higher risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cespedes-53">[53]</a> Sleep disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_breathing#Sleep-disordered_breathing_(abnormal_sleep_and_breathing_or_sleep-related_breathing_disorders)" title="Sleep and breathing">sleep-disordered breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, are also associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27647451-54">[54]</a> An estimated 50 to 70 million Americans have insomnia, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a> or other chronic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, sleep research displays differences in race and class. Short sleep and poor sleep tend to be more frequently reported in ethnic minorities than in whites. African-Americans report experiencing short durations of sleep five times more often than whites, possibly as a result of social and environmental factors. Black children and children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods have much higher rates of sleep apnea.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_disadvantage">Socioeconomic disadvantage</h3></div> Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income.<a href="#cite_note-Di_Cesare_2013-55">[55]</a> Although data on the social patterns of cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries is limited,<a href="#cite_note-Di_Cesare_2013-55">[55]</a> reports from high-income countries consistently demonstrate that low educational status or income are associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Policies that have resulted in increased socio-economic inequalities have been associated with greater subsequent socio-economic differences in cardiovascular disease<a href="#cite_note-Di_Cesare_2013-55">[55]</a> implying a cause and effect relationship. Psychosocial factors, environmental exposures, health behaviours, and health-care access and quality contribute to socio-economic differentials in cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2009-57">[57]</a> The Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommended that more equal distributions of power, wealth, education, housing, environmental factors, nutrition, and health care were needed to address inequalities in cardiovascular disease and non-communicable diseases.<a href="#cite_note-CSDoH2008-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">Particulate matter</a> has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter#Health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">effects on cardiovascular disease</a>. Currently, airborne particles under 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) are the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk. Overall, long-term PM exposure increased rate of atherosclerosis and inflammation. In regards to short-term exposure (2 hours), every 25 μg/m3 of PM2.5 resulted in a 48% increase of CVD mortality risk.<a href="#cite_note-DOIthromres-59">[59]</a> In addition, after only 5 days of exposure, a rise in systolic (2.8 mmHg) and diastolic (2.7 mmHg) blood pressure occurred for every 10.5 μg/m3 of PM2.5.<a href="#cite_note-DOIthromres-59">[59]</a> Other research has implicated PM2.5 in irregular heart rhythm, reduced heart rate variability (decreased vagal tone), and most notably heart failure.<a href="#cite_note-DOIthromres-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doicirculationaha-60">[60]</a> PM2.5 is also linked to <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a> thickening and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction.<a href="#cite_note-DOIthromres-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doicirculationaha-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_risk_assessment">Cardiovascular risk assessment</h3></div> Existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, is the strongest predictor of a future cardiovascular event.<a href="#cite_note-Tunstall-Pedoe2011-61">[61]</a> Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes are important predictors of future cardiovascular disease in people who are not known to have cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Organization2007-62">[62]</a> These measures, and sometimes others, may be combined into composite risk scores to estimate an individual's future risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Tunstall-Pedoe2011-61">[61]</a> Numerous risk scores exist although their respective merits are debated.<a href="#cite_note-Hernandezvan_Staa2014-63">[63]</a> Other diagnostic tests and biomarkers remain under evaluation but currently these lack clear-cut evidence to support their routine use. They include family history, coronary artery <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> score, <a href="/wiki/High_sensitivity_C-reactive_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="High sensitivity C-reactive protein">high sensitivity C-reactive protein</a> (hs-CRP), <a href="/wiki/Ankle%E2%80%93brachial_pressure_index" title="Ankle–brachial pressure index">ankle–brachial pressure index</a>, lipoprotein subclasses and particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>, white blood cell count, <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a>, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and markers of kidney function.<a href="#cite_note-HlatkyGreenland2009-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-EckelCornier2014-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_blood_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood phosphorus">High blood phosphorus</a> is also linked to an increased risk.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_and_traumatic_stress">Depression and traumatic stress</h3></div> There is evidence that mental health problems, in particular depression and traumatic stress, is linked to cardiovascular diseases. Whereas mental health problems are known to be associated with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as smoking, poor diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, these factors alone do not explain the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases seen in depression, stress, and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> is independently associated with increased risk for incident coronary heart disease, even after adjusting for depression and other covariates.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_exposure">Occupational exposure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Occupational cardiovascular disease</a></div> Little is known about the relationship between work and cardiovascular disease, but links have been established between certain toxins, extreme heat and cold, exposure to tobacco smoke, and mental health concerns such as stress and depression.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-chemical_risk_factors">Non-chemical risk factors</h4></div> A 2015 SBU-report looking at non-chemical factors found an association for those:<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> <ul><li>with mentally stressful work with a lack of control over their working situation — with an effort-reward imbalance<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></li> <li>who experience low social support at work; who experience injustice or experience insufficient opportunities for personal development; or those who experience job insecurity<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></li> <li>those who work night schedules; or have long working weeks<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></li> <li>those who are exposed to noise<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a></li></ul> Specifically the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> was also increased by exposure to ionizing radiation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> Hypertension develops more often in those who experience job strain and who have shift-work.<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> Differences between women and men in risk are small, however men risk having and dying of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a> or stroke twice as often as women during working life.<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_risk_factors">Chemical risk factors</h4></div> A 2017 SBU report found evidence that workplace exposure to <a href="/wiki/Silica_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica dust">silica dust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_exhaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine exhaust">engine exhaust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Welding_fumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding fumes">welding fumes</a> is associated with heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-SBU2017-71">[71]</a> Associations also exist for exposure to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">benzopyrenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulphide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">metalworking fluids</a> and occupational exposure to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SBU2017-71">[71]</a> Working with the <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytic">electrolytic</a> production of aluminium or the production of paper when the sulphate pulping process is used is associated with heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-SBU2017-71">[71]</a> An association was also found between heart disease and exposure to compounds which are no longer permitted in certain work environments, such as <a href="/wiki/Phenoxy_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenoxy acid">phenoxy acids</a> containing <a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">TCDD</a>(dioxin) or <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SBU2017-71">[71]</a> Workplace exposure to silica dust or asbestos is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">pulmonary heart disease</a>. There is evidence that workplace exposure to lead, carbon disulphide, phenoxyacids containing TCDD, as well as working in an environment where aluminum is being electrolytically produced, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SBU2017-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somatic_mutations">Somatic mutations</h3></div> As of 2017, evidence suggests that certain <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>-associated <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> may also lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several large-scale research projects looking at human genetic data have found a robust link between the presence of these mutations, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Clonal_hematopoiesis" title="Clonal hematopoiesis">clonal hematopoiesis</a>, and cardiovascular disease-related incidents and mortality.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_therapy">Radiation therapy</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation treatments (RT) for cancer</a> can increase the risk of heart disease and death, as observed in breast cancer therapy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Therapeutic radiation increases the risk of a subsequent heart attack or stroke by 1.5 to 4 times;<a href="#cite_note-pmid:20298931-74">[74]</a> the increase depends on the dose strength, volume, and location. Use of concomitant chemotherapy, e.g. anthracyclines, is an aggravating risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-Benveniste-75">[75]</a> The occurrence rate of RT induced cardiovascular disease is estimated between 10% and 30%.<a href="#cite_note-Benveniste-75">[75]</a> Side-effects from radiation therapy for cardiovascular diseases have been termed radiation-induced heart disease or radiation-induced cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid:28911261-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belzile-Dugas-77">[77]</a> Symptoms are dose-dependent and include <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_fibrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial fibrosis">myocardial fibrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">heart arrhythmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">peripheral artery disease</a>. Radiation-induced fibrosis, vascular <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction" title="Endothelial dysfunction">cell damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> can lead to these and other late side-effect symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid:28911261-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cardiovascular_calcification_-_Sergio_Bertazzo.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Density-Dependent Colour Scanning Electron Micrograph SEM (DDC-SEM) of cardiovascular calcification, showing in orange calcium phosphate spherical particles (denser material) and, in green, the extracellular matrix (less dense material)<a href="#cite_note-Bertazzo-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> Population-based studies show that atherosclerosis, the major precursor of cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study demonstrated that intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and more than half of the right coronary arteries of youths aged 7–9 years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Obesity and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> are linked to cardiovascular disease,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> as are a history of chronic <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercholesterolaemia">hypercholesterolaemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nps01-81">[81]</a> In fact, cardiovascular disease is the most life-threatening of the diabetic complications and diabetics are two- to four-fold more likely to die of cardiovascular-related causes than nondiabetics.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screening">Screening</h2></div> Screening <a href="/wiki/ECG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECG">ECGs</a> (either at rest or with exercise) are not recommended in those without symptoms who are at low risk.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This includes those who are young without risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In those at higher risk the evidence for screening with ECGs is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-Annals2012-87">[87]</a> Additionally <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">myocardial perfusion imaging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">cardiac stress testing</a> is not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)" title="Biomarker (medicine)">biomarkers</a> may add to conventional cardiovascular risk factors in predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease; however, the value of some biomarkers is questionable.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ankle-brachial_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle-brachial index">Ankle-brachial index</a> (ABI), <a href="/wiki/High-sensitivity_C-reactive_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="High-sensitivity C-reactive protein">high-sensitivity C-reactive protein</a> (hsCRP), and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery calcium">coronary artery calcium</a>, are also of unclear benefit in those without symptoms as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The NIH recommends lipid testing in children beginning at the age of 2 if there is a family history of heart disease or lipid problems.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It is hoped that early testing will improve lifestyle factors in those at risk such as diet and exercise.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Screening and selection for primary prevention interventions has traditionally been done through absolute risk using a variety of scores (ex. Framingham or Reynolds risk scores).<a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a> This stratification has separated people who receive the lifestyle interventions (generally lower and intermediate risk) from the medication (higher risk). The number and variety of risk scores available for use has multiplied, but their efficacy according to a 2016 review was unclear due to lack of external validation or impact analysis.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Risk stratification models often lack sensitivity for population groups and do not account for the large number of negative events among the intermediate and low risk groups.<a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a> As a result, future preventative screening appears to shift toward applying prevention according to randomized trial results of each intervention rather than large-scale risk assessment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided.<a href="#cite_note-McGill2008-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Currently practised measures to prevent cardiovascular disease include: <ul><li>Maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Direct-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Replacing <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> with healthier choices: Clinical trials show that replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by 30%. Prospective observational studies show that in many populations lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Decrease body fat if overweight or obese.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The effect of weight loss is often difficult to distinguish from dietary change, and evidence on weight reducing diets is limited.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In observational studies of people with severe obesity, weight loss following bariatric surgery is associated with a 46% reduction in cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Direct-97">[97]</a> People who moderately consume alcoholic drinks have a 25–30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostofsky_979–987-106">[106]</a> However, people who are genetically predisposed to consume less alcohol have lower rates of cardiovascular disease<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> suggesting that alcohol itself may not be protective. Excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostofsky_979–987-106">[106]</a> and consumption of alcohol is associated with increased risk of a cardiovascular event in the day following consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Mostofsky_979–987-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Decrease non-<a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL cholesterol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statin</a> treatment reduces cardiovascular mortality by about 31%.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Stopping smoking</a> and avoidance of second-hand smoke.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Direct-97">[97]</a> Stopping smoking reduces risk by about 35%.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate exercise per week.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Lower blood pressure, if elevated. A 10 mmHg reduction in blood pressure reduces risk by about 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Ettehad_957–967-115">[115]</a> Lowering blood pressure appears to be effective even at normal blood pressure ranges.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Decrease <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">psychosocial stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This measure may be complicated by imprecise definitions of what constitute psychosocial interventions.<a href="#cite_note-ThompsonSki2013-120">[120]</a> Mental stress–induced <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial ischemia">myocardial ischemia</a> is associated with an increased risk of heart problems in those with previous heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as <a href="/wiki/Takotsubo_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Takotsubo syndrome">Takotsubo syndrome</a> in some people.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Stress, however, plays a relatively minor role in hypertension.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Relax2006-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Not enough sleep also raises the risk of high blood pressure. Adults need about 7–9 hours of sleep. Sleep apnea is also a major risk as it causes breathing to stop briefly, which can put stress on the body which can raise the risk of heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li></ul> Most guidelines recommend combining preventive strategies. There is some evidence that interventions aiming to reduce more than one cardiovascular risk factor may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference; however, evidence was limited and the authors were unable to draw firm conclusions on the effects on cardiovascular events and mortality.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> There is additional evidence to suggest that providing people with a cardiovascular disease risk score may reduce risk factors by a small amount compared to usual care.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> However, there was some uncertainty as to whether providing these scores had any effect on cardiovascular disease events. It is unclear whether or not dental care in those with <a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">periodontitis</a> affects their risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> According to a 2021 WHO study, working 55+ hours a week raises the risk of stroke by 35% and the risk of dying from heart conditions by 17%, when compared to a 35-40 hours week.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_2">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_hypothesis" title="Lipid hypothesis">Lipid hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">Salt and cardiovascular disease</a></div> A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-132">[132]</a> A 2021 review found that <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diets</a> can provide a risk reduction for CVD if a healthy plant-based diet is consumed. Unhealthy plant-based diets do not provide benefits over diets including meat.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> A similar meta-analysis and systematic review also looked into dietary patterns and found "that diets lower in animal foods and unhealthy plant foods, and higher in healthy plant foods are beneficial for CVD prevention".<a href="#cite_note-:6-99">[99]</a> A 2018 meta-analysis of <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a> concluded that "In most countries, a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet."<a href="#cite_note-:7-100">[100]</a> Evidence suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> may improve cardiovascular outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> There is also evidence that a Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a <a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">low-fat diet</a> in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol level">cholesterol level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a> (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>;<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> but the long-term benefits have been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A high-<a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a> diet is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Worldwide, dietary guidelines recommend a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2013-140">[140]</a> and although the role of dietary fat in cardiovascular disease is complex and controversial there is a long-standing consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat in the diet is sound medical advice.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> Total fat intake has not been found to be associated with cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-143">[143]</a> A 2020 systematic review found moderate quality evidence that reducing saturated fat intake for at least 2 years caused a reduction in cardiovascular events.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> A 2015 meta-analysis of observational studies however did not find a convincing association between saturated fat intake and cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2015-145">[145]</a> Variation in what is used as a substitute for saturated fat may explain some differences in findings.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> The benefit from replacement with <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a> appears greatest,<a href="#cite_note-Sacks_2017-146">[146]</a> while replacement of saturated fats with <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> does not appear to have a beneficial effect.<a href="#cite_note-Sacks_2017-146">[146]</a> A diet high in <a href="/wiki/Trans_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fatty acids">trans fatty acids</a> is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease,<a href="#cite_note-Chow2014-147">[147]</a> and in 2015 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that there was 'no longer a consensus among qualified experts that partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), which are the primary dietary source of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA), are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for any use in human food'.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> There is conflicting evidence concerning whether dietary supplements of <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> (a type of polyunsaturated essential fatty acid) added to diet improve cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The benefits of recommending a <a href="/wiki/Low-salt_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-salt diet">low-salt diet</a> in people with high or normal blood pressure are not clear.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In those with heart failure, after one study was left out, the rest of the trials show a trend to benefit.<a href="#cite_note-He2011-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterna2008-153">[153]</a> Another review of dietary salt concluded that there is strong evidence that high dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and worsens hypertension, and that it increases the number of cardiovascular disease events; both as a result of the increased blood pressure and probably through other mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Bochud2011-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook2007-155">[155]</a> Moderate evidence was found that high salt intake increases cardiovascular mortality; and some evidence was found for an increase in overall mortality, strokes, and <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">left ventricular hypertrophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bochud2011-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermittent_fasting">Intermittent fasting</h4></div> Overall, the current body of scientific evidence is uncertain on whether <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">intermittent fasting</a> could prevent cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-:52-156">[156]</a> Intermittent fasting may help people lose more weight than regular eating patterns, but was not different from energy restriction diets.<a href="#cite_note-:52-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3></div> Blood pressure medication reduces cardiovascular disease in people at risk,<a href="#cite_note-Ettehad_957–967-115">[115]</a> irrespective of age,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> the baseline level of cardiovascular risk,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> or baseline blood pressure.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The commonly-used drug regimens have similar efficacy in reducing the risk of all major cardiovascular events, although there may be differences between drugs in their ability to prevent specific outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:02-160">[160]</a> Larger reductions in blood pressure produce larger reductions in risk,<a href="#cite_note-:02-160">[160]</a> and most people with high blood pressure require more than one drug to achieve adequate reduction in blood pressure.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Adherence to medications is often poor, and while mobile phone text messaging has been tried to improve adherence, there is insufficient evidence that it alters secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statins" class="mw-redirect" title="Statins">Statins</a> are effective in preventing further cardiovascular disease in people with a history of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Statins20122-163">[163]</a> As the event rate is higher in men than in women, the decrease in events is more easily seen in men than women.<a href="#cite_note-Statins20122-163">[163]</a> In those at risk, but without a history of cardiovascular disease (primary prevention), statins decrease the risk of death and combined fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The benefit, however, is small.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> A United States guideline recommends statins in those who have a 12% or greater risk of cardiovascular disease over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrates">fibrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/CETP_Inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="CETP Inhibitors">CETP Inhibitors</a>, while they may increase <a href="/wiki/HDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL cholesterol">HDL cholesterol</a> do not affect the risk of cardiovascular disease in those who are already on statins.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Fibrates lower the risk of cardiovascular and coronary events, but there is no evidence to suggest that they reduce all-cause mortality.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-diabetic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-diabetic medication">Anti-diabetic medication</a> may reduce cardiovascular risk in people with Type 2 diabetes, although evidence is not conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> A meta-analysis in 2009 including 27,049 participants and 2,370 major vascular events showed a 15% <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk_reduction" title="Relative risk reduction">relative risk reduction</a> in cardiovascular disease with more-intensive glucose lowering over an average follow-up period of 4.4 years, but an increased risk of major <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> has been found to be of only modest benefit in those at low risk of heart disease, as the risk of serious bleeding is almost equal to the protection against cardiovascular problems.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In those at very low risk, including those over the age of 70, it is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> recommends against use of aspirin for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, it is recommended for some older people.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoactive">vasoactive</a> agents for people with pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease or hypoxemic lung diseases may cause harm and unnecessary expense.<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive2-175">[175]</a> Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease Antibiotics may help patients with coronary disease to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-176">[176]</a> However, evidence in 2021 suggests that antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease are harmful, with increased mortality and occurrence of stroke;<a href="#cite_note-:4-176">[176]</a> the use of antibiotics is not supported for preventing secondary coronary heart disease. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_activity">Physical activity</h3></div> Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation following a heart attack reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and leads to less hospitalizations.<a href="#cite_note-AndersonThompson2021-177">[177]</a> There have been few high-quality studies of the benefits of exercise training in people with increased cardiovascular risk but no history of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> A systematic review estimated that inactivity is responsible for 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The authors estimated that 121,000 deaths from coronary heart disease could have been averted in Europe in 2008 if people had not been physically inactive. Low-quality evidence from a limited number of studies suggest that yoga has beneficial effects on blood pressure and cholesterol.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Tentative evidence suggests that home-based exercise programs may be more efficient at improving exercise adherence.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_supplements">Dietary supplements</h3></div> While a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a> is beneficial, the effect of <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> supplementation (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, etc.) or vitamins has not been shown to protect against cardiovascular disease and in some cases may possibly result in harm.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Mineral supplements have also not been found to be useful.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a>, a type of vitamin B3, may be an exception with a modest decrease in the risk of cardiovascular events in those at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> supplementation lowers high blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner.<a href="#cite_note-Jee2002-189">[189]</a> Magnesium therapy is recommended for people with ventricular <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">torsades de pointes</a> who present with <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">long QT syndrome</a>, and for the treatment of people with digoxin intoxication-induced arrhythmias.<a href="#cite_note-Zipes2006-190">[190]</a> There is no evidence that <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a> supplementation is beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A 2022 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">review</a> found that some <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, may reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> Cardiovascular disease is treatable with initial treatment primarily focused on diet and lifestyle interventions.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a> may make heart attacks and strokes more likely and therefore <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza vaccination">influenza vaccination</a> may decrease the chance of cardiovascular events and death in people with heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Proper CVD management necessitates a focus on MI and stroke cases due to their combined high mortality rate, keeping in mind the cost-effectiveness of any intervention, especially in developing countries with low or middle-income levels.<a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a> Regarding MI, strategies using aspirin, atenolol, streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator have been compared for quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in regions of low and middle income. The costs for a single QALY for aspirin and atenolol were less than <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>25, streptokinase was about $680, and t-PA was $16,000.<a href="#cite_note-Zip2018-194">[194]</a> Aspirin, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and statins used together for secondary CVD prevention in the same regions showed single QALY costs of $350.<a href="#cite_note-Zip2018-194">[194]</a> There are also surgical or procedural interventions that can save someone's life or prolong it. For heart valve problems, a person could have surgery to replace the valve. For arrhythmias, a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker</a> can be put in place to help reduce abnormal heart rhythms and for a heart attack, there are multiple options two of these are a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_angioplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary angioplasty">coronary angioplasty</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> There is probably no additional benefit in terms of mortality and serious adverse events when blood pressure targets were lowered to ≤ 135/85 mmHg from ≤ 140 to 160/90 to 100 mmHg.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Cardiovascular diseases deaths per million persons in 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  318–925</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  926–1,148</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,149–1,294</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,295–1,449</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,450–1,802</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,803–2,098</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2,099–2,624</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2,625–3,203</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3,204–5,271</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5,272–10233</div></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Cardiovascular_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Disability-adjusted life year for cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-16">[16]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <900</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  900–1650</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1650–2300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2300–3000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3000–3700</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3700–4400</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4400–5100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5100–5800</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5800–6500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6500–7200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7200–7900</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >7900</div> </div></figcaption></figure> Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and in all regions except Africa.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3">[3]</a> In 2008, 30% of all global death was attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low- and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases each year. It is estimated that 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world's population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Heart_Association" title="Indian Heart Association">Indian Heart Association</a> are working with the <a href="/wiki/World_Heart_Federation" title="World Heart Federation">World Heart Federation</a> to raise awareness about this issue.<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Heart-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heart-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-on-a-chip">Heart-on-a-chip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vessel-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Vessel-on-a-chip">Vessel-on-a-chip</a></div> There is evidence that cardiovascular disease existed in pre-history,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and research into cardiovascular disease dates from at least the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields of <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical research">biomedical research</a>, with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis. Recent areas of research include the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> the potential for novel therapeutic interventions,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and the genetics of coronary heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118">"Heart disease"</a>. 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If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Expression_of_concern" title="Template:Expression of concern">expression of concern</a>|...}}</code> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Expression_of_concern" title="Template:Expression of concern">expression of concern</a>|...|intentional=yes}}</code>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bochud2011-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bochud2011_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bochud2011_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochudMarques-VidalBurnierPaccaud2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bochud M, Marques-Vidal P, Burnier M, Paccaud F (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/show/f/85">"Dietary Salt Intake and Cardiovascular Disease: Summarizing the Evidence"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+CHD+in+2016%3A+Common+and+rare+genetic+variants+and+risk+of+CHD&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-74&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13738641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28054577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrcardio.2016.209&rft.aulast=Swerdlow&rft.aufirst=DI&rft.au=Humphries%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiovascular+disease" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)">WHO fact sheet on cardiovascular diseases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/42/34/3227/40326030/ehab484.pdf">2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_coronary_artery_disease/article.htm">Heart Disease</a> <a href="/wiki/MedicineNet" title="MedicineNet">MedicineNet</a> Slides, photos, descriptions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdcalc.com/framingham-risk-score-hard-coronary-heart-disease">Risk calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kennis-research.shinyapps.io/CVRisk-App/">Interactive CV Risk Calculator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/I51.6">I51.6</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=429.2">429.2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002318">D002318</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb28808.htm">28808</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_diseases" title="Template:Heart diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_diseases" title="Template talk:Heart diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiovascular disease</a> (heart)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coronary disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> (CAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_coronary_artery_dissection" title="Spontaneous coronary artery dissection">Spontaneous coronary artery dissection</a> (SCAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">Coronary thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_vasospasm" title="Coronary vasospasm">Coronary vasospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_bridge" title="Myocardial bridge">Myocardial bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active ischemia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">Angina pectoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prinzmetal%27s_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinzmetal's angina">Prinzmetal's angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable angina">Stable angina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">Acute coronary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">Unstable angina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction_complications" title="Myocardial infarction complications">Sequelae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>hours <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibernating_myocardium" title="Hibernating myocardium">Hibernating myocardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_stunning" title="Myocardial stunning">Myocardial stunning</a></li></ul></li> <li>days <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_rupture" title="Myocardial rupture">Myocardial rupture</a></li></ul></li> <li>weeks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_aneurysm" title="Ventricular aneurysm">Ventricular aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressler_syndrome" title="Dressler syndrome">Dressler syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pericarditis" title="Acute pericarditis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis#Acute_vs._chronic" title="Pericarditis">Chronic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Constrictive_pericarditis" title="Constrictive pericarditis">Constrictive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">Pericardial effusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopericardium" title="Hemopericardium">Hemopericardium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">Dilated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia-induced_cardiomyopathy" title="Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy">Tachycardia-induced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathy" title="Restrictive cardiomyopathy">Restrictive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loeffler_endocarditis" title="Loeffler endocarditis">Loeffler endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Cardiac amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocardial_fibroelastosis" title="Endocardial fibroelastosis">Endocardial fibroelastosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_cardiomyopathy" title="Viral cardiomyopathy">Viral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infective_endocarditis" title="Infective endocarditis">infective endocarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis#Non-infective_endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">non-infective endocarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libman%E2%80%93Sacks_endocarditis" title="Libman–Sacks endocarditis">Libman–Sacks endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbacterial_thrombotic_endocarditis" title="Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis">Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_prolapse" title="Mitral valve prolapse">prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation" title="Mitral regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve_stenosis" title="Tricuspid valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation" title="Tricuspid regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_regurgitation" title="Pulmonary regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_bradycardia" title="Sinus bradycardia">Sinus bradycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_sinus_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick sinus syndrome">Sick sinus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">Heart block</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_block" title="Sinoatrial block">Sinoatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_block" title="Atrioventricular block">AV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="First-degree atrioventricular block">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="Second-degree atrioventricular block">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="Third-degree atrioventricular block">3°</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_block" title="Intraventricular block">Intraventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branch_block" title="Bundle branch block">Bundle branch block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_bundle_branch_block" title="Right bundle branch block">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_bundle_branch_block" title="Left bundle branch block">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_anterior_fascicular_block" title="Left anterior fascicular block">Left anterior fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_posterior_fascicular_block" title="Left posterior fascicular block">Left posterior fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifascicular_block" title="Bifascicular block">Bifascicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifascicular_block" title="Trifascicular block">Trifascicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Stokes_syndrome" title="Adams–Stokes syndrome">Adams–Stokes syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_tachycardia" title="Paroxysmal tachycardia">paroxysmal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia" title="Sinus tachycardia">sinus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">Supraventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia" title="Atrial tachycardia">Atrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_tachycardia" title="Junctional tachycardia">Junctional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia" title="AV nodal reentrant tachycardia">AV nodal reentrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_ectopic_tachycardia" title="Junctional ectopic tachycardia">Junctional ectopic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">Ventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_idioventricular_rhythm" title="Accelerated idioventricular rhythm">Accelerated idioventricular rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catecholaminergic_polymorphic_ventricular_tachycardia" title="Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia">Catecholaminergic polymorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">Torsades de pointes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premature contraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premature_atrial_contraction" title="Premature atrial contraction">Atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_junctional_contraction" title="Premature junctional contraction">Junctional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ventricular_contraction" title="Premature ventricular contraction">Ventricular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-excitation_syndrome" title="Pre-excitation syndrome">Pre-excitation syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lown%E2%80%93Ganong%E2%80%93Levine_syndrome" title="Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome">Lown–Ganong–Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff–Parkinson–White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flutter / <a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">fibrillation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">Atrial flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_flutter" title="Ventricular flutter">Ventricular flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_atrial_fibrillation" title="Familial atrial fibrillation">Familial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">Ventricular fibrillation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pacemaker" title="Ectopic pacemaker">Ectopic pacemaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_beat" title="Ectopic beat">Ectopic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal atrial tachycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_syndrome" title="Pacemaker syndrome">Pacemaker syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasystole" title="Parasystole">Parasystole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_atrial_pacemaker" title="Wandering atrial pacemaker">Wandering atrial pacemaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersen%E2%80%93Tawil_syndrome" title="Andersen–Tawil syndrome">Andersen–Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervell_and_Lange-Nielsen_syndrome" title="Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome">Jervell and Lange-Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano%E2%80%93Ward_syndrome" title="Romano–Ward syndrome">Romano–Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Sudden cardiac death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asystole" title="Asystole">Asystole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulseless_electrical_activity" title="Pulseless electrical activity">Pulseless electrical activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_arrest" title="Sinoatrial arrest">Sinoatrial arrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other / ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">hexaxial reference system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_axis_deviation" title="Right axis deviation">Right axis deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_axis_deviation" title="Left axis deviation">Left axis deviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_QT_syndrome" title="Short QT syndrome">Short QT syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_wave_alternans" title="T wave alternans">T wave alternans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J_wave" title="J wave">J wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_elevation" title="ST elevation">ST elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_depression" title="ST depression">ST depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_pattern" title="Strain pattern">Strain pattern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiomegaly" title="Cardiomegaly">Cardiomegaly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Ventricular hypertrophy">Ventricular hypertrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Right ventricular hypertrophy">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_enlargement" title="Atrial enlargement">Atrial enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_enlargement" title="Left atrial enlargement">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_enlargement" title="Right atrial enlargement">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_heart_syndrome" title="Athletic heart syndrome">Athletic heart syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_fibrosis" title="Cardiac fibrosis">Cardiac fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diastolic_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic heart failure">Diastolic heart failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_asthma" title="Cardiac asthma">Cardiac asthma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_shock" title="Obstructive shock">Obstructive shock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vascular_diseases" title="Template talk:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiovascular disease</a> (vessels)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteritis" title="Arteritis">Arteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortitis" title="Aortitis">Aortitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboangiitis_obliterans" title="Thromboangiitis obliterans">Buerger's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foam_cell" title="Foam cell">Foam cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_streak" title="Fatty streak">Fatty streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">Atheroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycholesterol" title="Oxycholesterol">Oxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monckeberg%27s_arteriosclerosis" title="Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis">Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaline_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaline arteriolosclerosis">Hyaline arteriolosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis">Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">Stenosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortoiliac_occlusive_disease" title="Aortoiliac occlusive disease">Aortoiliac occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_limb_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical limb ischemia">Critical limb ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degos_disease" title="Degos disease">Degos disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">Erythromelalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia" title="Fibromuscular dysplasia">Fibromuscular dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery_thrombosis" title="Hepatic artery thrombosis">Hepatic artery thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_claudication" title="Intermittent claudication">Intermittent claudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">Aneurysm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissection_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissection (medical)">dissection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pseudoaneurysm" title="Pseudoaneurysm">pseudoaneurysm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>torso: <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm" title="Thoracic aortic aneurysm">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm_of_sinus_of_Valsalva" title="Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva">Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">Aortic dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_rupture" title="Aortic rupture">Aortic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li> <li>head / neck <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm" title="Intracranial aneurysm">Intracranial aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_berry_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracranial berry aneurysm">Intracranial berry aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_dissection" title="Carotid artery dissection">Carotid artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery_dissection" title="Vertebral artery dissection">Vertebral artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_aortic_dissection" title="Familial aortic dissection">Familial aortic dissection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_malformation" title="Vascular malformation">Vascular malformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">Arteriovenous fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">Arteriovenous malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">Telangiectasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_essential_telangiectasia" title="Generalized essential telangiectasia">Generalized essential telangiectasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevus#Vascular_nevus" title="Nevus">Vascular nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_hemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry hemangioma">Cherry hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_nevus" title="Halo nevus">Halo nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_angioma" title="Spider angioma">Spider angioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">Phlebitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">Thrombophlebitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>primarily lower limb <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li>abdomen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome" title="May–Thurner syndrome">May–Thurner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_vein_thrombosis" title="Portal vein thrombosis">Portal vein thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein_thrombosis" title="Renal vein thrombosis">Renal vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li>upper limb / torso <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondor%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondor's disease">Mondor's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%E2%80%93Schroetter_disease" title="Paget–Schroetter disease">Paget–Schroetter disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li>head <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis">Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-thrombotic_syndrome" title="Post-thrombotic syndrome">Post-thrombotic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">Varicose veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_varices" title="Gastric varices">Gastric varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portacaval_anastomosis" title="Portacaval anastomosis">Portacaval anastomosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caput_medusae" title="Caput medusae">Caput medusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">Esophageal varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Chronic venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_cerebrospinal_venous_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency">Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Superior vena cava syndrome">Superior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Inferior vena cava syndrome">Inferior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">Venous ulcer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arteries or veins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiopathy" title="Angiopathy">Angiopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macroangiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroangiopathy">Macroangiopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathy" title="Microangiopathy">Microangiopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_embolism" title="Cholesterol embolism">Cholesterol embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_embolism" title="Paradoxical embolism">Paradoxical embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">Hypertensive heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">Hypertensive emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">Hypertensive nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">Essential hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">Secondary hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">Renovascular hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_hypertension" title="Benign hypertension">Benign hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_hypertension" title="Systolic hypertension">Systolic hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat_hypertension" title="White coat hypertension">White coat hypertension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">Orthostatic hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">Shock (circulatory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template talk:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conditions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> period / <a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">fetal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal factors complicating pregnancy, labour or delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">Single umbilical artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">presentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">Small for gestational age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">Large for gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)" title="Birth trauma (physical)">Birth trauma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalohematoma" title="Cephalohematoma">Cephalohematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)" title="Chignon (medical term)">Chignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_succedaneum" title="Caput succedaneum">Caput succedaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage" title="Subgaleal hemorrhage">Subgaleal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">Erb's palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis" title="Klumpke paralysis">Klumpke paralysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affected systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient tachypnea of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Pneumomediastinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome" title="Wilson–Mikity syndrome">Wilson–Mikity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumopericardium" title="Pneumopericardium">Pneumopericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent fetal circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Bleeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding" title="Vitamin K deficiency bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">HDN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">ABO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)">Anti-Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)">Rh c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)">Rh E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">Hyperbilirubinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">Kernicterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion" title="Velamentous cord insertion">Velamentous cord insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular hemorrhage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage" title="Germinal matrix hemorrhage">Germinal matrix hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity" title="Anemia of prematurity">Anemia of prematurity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis" title="Meconium peritonitis">Meconium peritonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum" title="Sclerema neonatorum">Sclerema neonatorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia" title="Periventricular leukomalacia">Periventricular leukomalacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome" title="Gray baby syndrome">Gray baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Congenital hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Congenital hypotonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">mycoplasma hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum infection">ureaplasma urealyticum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis" title="Neonatal sepsis">Neonatal sepsis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder">Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_circulatory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Cardiovascular system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiovascular_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Cardiovascular system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_circulatory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">Chest pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">Referred pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">Angina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levine%27s_sign" title="Levine's sign">Levine's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">Auscultation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">Heart sounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_S2" title="Split S2">Split S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_heart_sound" title="Third heart sound">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_heart_sound" title="Fourth heart sound">S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallop_rhythm" title="Gallop rhythm">Gallop rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">Heart murmur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_heart_murmur" title="Systolic heart murmur">Systolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_murmur" title="Functional murmur">Functional murmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still%27s_murmur" title="Still's murmur">Still's murmur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastolic_heart_murmur" title="Diastolic heart murmur">Diastolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary insufficiency">Pulmonary insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Steell_murmur" title="Graham Steell murmur">Graham Steell murmur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_murmurs" title="Continuous murmurs">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carey_Coombs_murmur" title="Carey Coombs murmur">Carey Coombs murmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral insufficiency">Mitral insufficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presystolic_murmur" title="Presystolic murmur">Presystolic murmur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_friction_rub" title="Pericardial friction rub">Pericardial friction rub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_click" title="Heart click">Heart click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruit" title="Bruit">Bruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_bruit" title="Carotid bruit">carotid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus" title="Pulsus paradoxus">Pulsus paradoxus</a></li> <li>doubled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsus_bisferiens" title="Pulsus bisferiens">Pulsus bisferiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsus_bigeminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsus bigeminus">Pulsus bigeminus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsus_alternans" title="Pulsus alternans">Pulsus alternans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">Palpitations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_beat" title="Apex beat">Apex beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%93ur_en_sabot" title="Cœur en sabot">Cœur en sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_A_waves" title="Cannon A waves">Cannon A waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperaemia" title="Hyperaemia">Hyperaemia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">Shock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic_shock" title="Cardiogenic shock">Cardiogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_shock" title="Obstructive shock">Obstructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">Hypovolemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_shock" title="Distributive shock">Distributive</a></li> <li>See further <a href="/wiki/Template:Shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shock">Template:Shock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiovascular disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">Aortic insufficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collapsing_pulse" title="Collapsing pulse">Collapsing pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Musset%27s_sign" title="De Musset's sign">De Musset's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duroziez%27s_sign" title="Duroziez's sign">Duroziez's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller%27s_sign" title="Müller's sign">Müller's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Flint_murmur" title="Austin Flint murmur">Austin Flint murmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayne%27s_sign" title="Mayne's sign">Mayne's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roth%27s_spot" title="Roth's spot">Roth's spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeway_lesion" title="Janeway lesion">Janeway lesion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Osler%27s_node" title="Osler's node">Osler's node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracht%E2%80%93Wachter_bodies" title="Bracht–Wachter bodies">Bracht–Wachter bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">Pericardial effusion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beck%27s_triad_(cardiology)" title="Beck's triad (cardiology)">Beck's triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart%27s_sign" title="Ewart's sign">Ewart's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anitschkow_cell" title="Anitschkow cell">Anitschkow cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschoff_body" title="Aschoff body">Aschoff body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">EKG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J_wave" title="J wave">J wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallavardin_phenomenon" title="Gallavardin phenomenon">Gallavardin phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardarelli%27s_sign" title="Cardarelli's sign">Cardarelli's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_sign" title="Oliver's sign">Oliver's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_heart_strain" title="Right heart strain">Right heart strain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery sufficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_test" title="Allen's test">Allen's test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohypertension" title="Pseudohypertension">pseudohypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Zahn" title="Lines of Zahn">Lines of Zahn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adson%27s_sign" title="Adson's sign">Adson's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">arteriovenous fistula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicoladoni%E2%80%93Branham_sign" title="Nicoladoni–Branham sign">Nicoladoni–Branham sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Venous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_sign" title="Friedreich's sign">Friedreich's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_medusae" title="Caput medusae">Caput medusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussmaul%27s_sign" title="Kussmaul's sign">Kussmaul's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendelenburg_test" title="Trendelenburg test">Trendelenburg test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Superior vena cava syndrome">superior vena cava syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemberton%27s_sign" title="Pemberton's sign">Pemberton's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_Disease_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disease_groups" title="Template:Disease groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Disease_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Disease groups (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disease_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disease groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_Disease_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major Disease groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">Parasitic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear disease">Ear disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_disease" title="Lymphatic disease">Lymphatic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial disorder">Maxillofacial disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">Urologic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_disease" title="Female genital disease">Female genital disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_disease" title="Breast disease">Breast disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_genital_disease" title="Male genital disease">Male genital disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication" title="Obstetric labor complication">Obstetric labor complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_disorder" title="Postpartum disorder">Postpartum disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">Skin disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue disorder">Soft tissue disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">Connective tissue disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_disease" title="Bone disease">Bone disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondropathy" title="Chondropathy">Chondropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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