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For the album by Moonspell, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligious_(album)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligious (album)">Irreligious (album)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Irreligion is the absence or rejection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belief">beliefs</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiritual_practice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiritual practice">practices</a>. It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intellectual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> perspectives, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_skepticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious skepticism">religious skepticism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiritual but not religious">non-religious spirituality</a>. These perspectives can vary, with individuals who identify as irreligious holding diverse beliefs about religion and its role in their lives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> Relatively little scholarly research was published on non-belief until about 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Over the past several decades,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the number of secular persons has increased, with a rapid rise in early 21st century, in many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Country">countries</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 4 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">[6]</a> In virtually every <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income country</a> and many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Least_developed_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Least developed countries">poor countries</a>, religion has declined.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 Highly secular societies tend to be societally healthy and successful.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion-7">[7]</a> Social scientists have predicted declines in religious beliefs and their replacement with more scientific/naturalistic outlooks (secularization hypothesis).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017-8">[8]</a> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a>, this trend seems likely to continue and a reverse rarely lasts long because the trend is driven by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technological_innovation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technological innovation">technological innovation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> However, other researchers disagree (contra-secularization hypothesis).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017-8">[8]</a> By 2050, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> (Pew) expects irreligious people to probably decline as a share of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World population">world population</a> (16.4% to 13.2%), at least for a time, because of faster population growth in highly religious countries and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-replacement fertility">shrinking populations</a> in at least some less religious countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a> Many countries may also be gradually becoming more secular, generation by generation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a> Younger generations tend to be less religious than their elders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2018pdf-11">[11]</a>: 5 They might become more religious as they age, but still be less religious than previous generations if their countries become more affluent and stable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2018pdf-11">[11]</a>: 13 Nonetheless, secularization is compatible with religion since most versions of secularity do not lead to atheism or irreligion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Religious congruence, that is consistency between beliefs and behaviors, in individuals is rare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chaves2010-13">[13]</a>: 2 Religious incongruence is not the same thing as religious insincerity or hypocrisy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chaves2010-13">[13]</a>: 5 The widespread religious congruence fallacy occurs when interpretations or explanations unjustifiably presume religious congruence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chaves2010-13">[13]</a>: 19 This fallacy also infects "new atheist" critiques of religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chaves2010-13">[13]</a>: 21 Estimating the number of irreligious people in the world is difficult.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AtheismThroughouttheWorld-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> Those who do not affiliate with a religion are diverse. In many countries censuses and demographic surveys do not separate atheists, agnostics and those responding "nothing in particular" as distinct populations, obscuring significant differences that may exist between them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 60 People can feel reasonable anxieties about giving a politically ‘wrong’ answer – in either direction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AtheismThroughouttheWorld-14">[14]</a> Measurement of irreligiosity requires a high degree of cultural sensitivity, especially outside the West, where the concepts of "religion" or "the secular" are not always rooted in local culture or even exist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 31–34 The sharp distinction, and often antagonism, between "religious" and "secular" is culturally and historically unique to the West since in most of human history and cultures, there was little differentiation between the natural and supernatural and concepts do not always transfer across cultures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 31 Forms of secularity always reflect the societal, historical, cultural and religious contexts in which they emerge, and distinctions are sharp in religiously dominant contexts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 31 Also, there's considerable prevalence of atheism and agnosticism in ancient Asian texts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SigneCohen-16">[16]</a> Atheistic traditions <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nontheistic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nontheistic religion">have played a significant part in those cultures</a> for millennia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SigneCohen-16">[16]</a> "Cultural religion" must be taken into account: non-religious people can be found in religious categories, especially where religion has very deep-seated religious roots in a culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 Many of the religiously unaffiliated have some religious beliefs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 Also, some of them engage in certain kinds of religious practices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 In 2016, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman</a>, Galen and Pasquale estimated there were 400 million nonreligious or nontheistic people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016chapter2-19">[19]</a> A 2022 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallup_International_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallup International Association">Gallup International Association</a> (GIA) survey, done in 61 countries, reported that 62% of respondents said they are religious, one in four that they aren't, 10% that they're atheists and the rest are not sure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gallup2022-20">[20]</a> In 2016, it found similar results (62%, 25%, 9% and 5%), also in 2014.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gallup2022-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WIN/GallupInternational2016-21">[21]</a>: 1 : 3 People in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> were the least religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gallup2022-20">[20]</a> In 2010, according to Pew, the religiously unaffiliated numbered more than 1.1 billion, about one-in-six people (16.3% of an estimated 6.9 billion).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew_Global-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 : 25 76% of them resided in the 60 countries of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 25 : 46 : 66 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State atheism">atheist state</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State religion">religious state</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">world's most populous country</a>, alone held the majority (62.2% or about 700 million).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuo2017OxfordAcademic-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuo2017-24">[24]</a>: 1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WorldPopulationReview-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 25 : 46 : 66 Several smaller countries eclipse China's percent of residents who are irreligious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WorldPopulationReview-25">[25]</a> Shares were relatively similar in three of the six regions: Asia-Pacific (21.2% of more than 4 billion), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> (18.2% of more than 742 thousands) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America">North America</a> (17.1% of more than 344 thousands).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 25 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Men?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">Men</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Youth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Youth">younger people</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites">whites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asian people">Asians</a>, and people of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewish_heritage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish heritage">Jewish heritage</a> are more likely to be secular.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion-7">[7]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definition">2 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types">3 Types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">4 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_rights">5 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_population">6.1 By population</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_trends">7 Historical trends</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prior_to_the_1980s">7.1 Prior to the 1980s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1981%E2%80%932019">7.2 1981–2019</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Irreligion is either a borrowing from French or from Latin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-26">[26]</a> The term irreligion is a combination of the noun religion and the ir- form of the prefix in-, signifying "not" (similar to irrelevant). It was first attested in French as irréligion in 1527, then in English as irreligion in 1598. It was borrowed into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as irreligie in the 17th century, though it is not certain from which language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-INT-27">[27]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>, the term irreligion is frequently characterized differently depending on context.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> Sometimes, surveys of religious belief use lack of identification with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion">religion</a> as a marker of irreligion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> This can be misleading: in some cases a person may identify with a religious cultural institution but not hold the doctrines of that institution or take part in its religious practice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> Some scholars define irreligion as the active rejection of religion, as opposed to the mere absence of religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The Encyclopedia of Religion and Society defines it as: "Active rejection of religion in general or any of its more specific organized forms. It is thus distinct from the secular, which simply refers to the absence of religion. [...] In contemporary usage, it is increasingly employed as a synonym for unbelief [...]"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Sociologist Colin Campbell also describes it as "deliberate indifference towards religion", in his 1971 Towards a Sociology of Irreligion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> has two definitions, one of which is labelled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obsolescence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obsolescence">obsolete</a> (first published in 1900).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-26">[26]</a> It is want of religion; hostility to or disregard of religious principles; irreligious conduct.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-26">[26]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merriam_Webster_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster Dictionary">Merriam Webster Dictionary</a> defines it as "the quality or state of being irreligious" and "irreligious" as "neglectful of religion: lacking religious emotions, doctrines, or practices", also "indicating lack of religion".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Also for "religion", there is no universally agreed-upon definition, even within the social sciences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 15 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Types">Types</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnostic_atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a> is a philosophical position that encompasses both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not believe in the existence of any deity and agnostic because they claim that the existence of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deity">deity</a> is either unknowable in principle or unknown in fact.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> is the view that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_existence_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The existence of God">the existence of God</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divinity">divine</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supernatural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> are unknown or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uncertainty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uncertainty">unknowable</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alatrism&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alatrism (page does not exist)">Alatrism</a> or alatry (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: from the privative ἀ- + λατρεία (latreia) = worship) is the recognition of the existence of one or more gods, but with a deliberate lack of worship of any deity. Typically, it includes the belief that religious rituals have no supernatural significance and that gods ignore all prayers and worship.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-clericalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antireligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a> is opposition to or rejection of religion of any kind.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apatheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a> is the attitude of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apathy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apathy">apathy</a> or indifference toward the existence or non-existence of any deity.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> is the lack of belief that any deities exist; in a narrower sense, positive atheism is specifically the position that there are factually no deities. There are ranges of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negative and positive atheism">negative and positive atheism</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antitheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a> is the explicit opposition to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theism">theism</a>. The term has had a range of applications. It typically refers to direct opposition to belief in any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deity">deity</a>.</li> <li>"Cultural religion"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 </li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deism">Deism</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophy">philosophical position</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural theology">rationalistic theology</a> that rejects <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revelation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revelation">revelation</a> as a source of knowledge and asserts that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empirical_evidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empirical evidence">empirical</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reason?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Observation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Observation">observation</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature">natural world</a> are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God">Supreme Being</a> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creator_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creator deity">creator of the universe</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freethought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freethought">Freethought</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 14 It holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dogma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dogma">dogma</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignosticism">Ignosticism</a>, also known as igtheism, is the idea that the question of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Existence_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> is meaningless because the word "God" has no coherent, unambiguous definition.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ietsism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a> is an unspecified belief in an undetermined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> reality.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> is the idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the universe.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a> is the position of some atheist academics, writers, scientists, and philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Dawkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sam_Harris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Dennett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>.</li> <li>Nontheism<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 14 </li> <li>Nones can be used to refer to those who are unaffiliated with any organized religion. This use derives from surveys of religious affiliation, in which "None" (or "None of the above") is typically the last choice. Since this status can be chosen because of lack of organizational affiliation or lack of personal belief, it is a more specific concept than irreligion. A 2015 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallup,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup, Inc.</a> poll concluded that in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> "nones" were growing as a percentage of the population, while Christians were declining and non-Christians also increasing but to a much lesser degree, since the 1950s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gallup-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_ethics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a> is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties, such as logic, empathy, reason, and ethical intuition, and not derived from belief in supernatural revelation or guidance—a source of ethics in many religions.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_humanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a> is a system of thought that prioritizes human rather than divine matters.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_liberalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a> is a form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in which secularist principles and values, and sometimes non-religious ethics, are especially emphasised.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_paganism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a> is an outlook that upholds the virtues and principles associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganism">paganism</a> while maintaining a secular worldview.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-theism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a> is a variant of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nontheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nontheism">nontheism</a> that proposes that the division of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theism">theism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atheism">atheism</a> is obsolete and that the God-idea belongs to a stage of human development now past. Within nontheism, post-theism can be contrasted with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antitheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antitheism">antitheism</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_skepticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a> is a type of skepticism about religion.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularism">Secularism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 14 It is also used to describe a political conviction in favor of minimizing religion in the public sphere that may be advocated for regardless of personal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religiosity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>. Sometimes, especially in the United States, it is also a synonym for naturalism or atheism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a>" (SBNR) is a designation coined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_C._Fuller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert C. Fuller">Robert C. Fuller</a> for people who reject traditional or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organized_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> but have strong metaphysical beliefs. The SBNR may be included under the definition of nonreligion,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> but are sometimes classified as a wholly distinct group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a> is the argument that religious language—specifically, words such as God—are not cognitively meaningful. It is sometimes considered synonymous with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignosticism">ignosticism</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transtheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a> refers to a system of thought or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious philosophy">religious philosophy</a> that is neither <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theism">theistic</a> nor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> but beyond them.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In the early 1970s, Colin Campbell began a sociological study of irreligion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 13 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Human rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> </div> In 1993, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> declared that article 18 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> "protects theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The committee further stated that "the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views." Signatories to the convention are barred from "the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers" to recant their beliefs or convert.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fdih1-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a> protect the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> or belief, and it is largely implied in respective <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal systems">legal systems</a> that those who do not believe or observe any religion are allowed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_thought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>. A noted exception to ambiguity, explicitly allowing non-religion, is Article 36 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of China">Constitution of China</a> (as adopted in 1982), which states that "No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Article 46 of China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978 Constitution</a> was even more explicit, stating that "Citizens enjoy freedom to believe in religion and freedom not to believe in religion and to propagate atheism."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by irreligion">List of countries by irreligion</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/550px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 550px;height: 283px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/550px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png" data-width="550" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/825px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/1100px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion by country">Nonreligious population by country</a>, in 2010<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">Women</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labor_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> are more like men in religiosity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NationalGeographic2016-42">[42]</a> When they are out of it, they tend to be more religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NationalGeographic2016-42">[42]</a> In many countries censuses and demographic surveys do not separate atheists, agnostics and those responding "nothing in particular" as distinct populations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 60 Eleven countries have nonreligious majorities. In 2020, the countries with the highest percentage of "Non-Religious" ("Term encompassing both (a) agnostics; and (b) atheists") were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to the 2018 Chinese General Social Survey, the country had the largest count of unaffiliated people: about one billion adults.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PewAugust2023-44">[44]</a> Some boadly religious practices continue to play a significant role in the lives of a substantial shares of the Chinese population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PewAugust2023-44">[44]</a> Determining objective irreligion, as part of societal or individual levels of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secularity">secularity</a> and religiosity, requires a high degree of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_sensitivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural sensitivity">cultural sensitivity</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Researchers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Researchers">researchers</a>. This is especially so outside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western world</a>, where the concepts of "religious" and "secular" are not necessarily rooted in local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture">culture</a> or even exist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 31–34 "Cultural religion" is a vivid reality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 It must be taken into account when trying to ascertain the numeric strength of atheism and agnosticism in a country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 It is generally not considered more important than self-identification measures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 Non-religious people can be found in religious categories.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 This is especially the case where religion has very deep-seated religious roots in a culture, such as with Christianity in Europe, Islam in the Middle East, Hinduism in India, and Buddhism in South-east Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 59 For instance, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries have among the highest measures of nonreligiosity and even atheism in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>. For example, 58% of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Sweden">Swedish population</a> identify with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Yet, 47% of atheists who live in those countries are still formally members of the national churches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In much of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, ritual behavior holds greater salience than belief.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016-4">[4]</a>: 31 China has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> and is a Leninist religious state, which maintains dominance over all other religions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuo2017OxfordAcademic-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuo2017-24">[24]</a>: 1 About 85% of its population practice various kinds of religious behaviors with some regularity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuo2017-24">[24]</a>: 2 Many East Asians identify as "without religion" (wú zōngjiào in Chinese, mu shūkyō in Japanese, mu jong-gyo in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>), but "religion" in that context refers only to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> or Christianity. Most of the people "without religion" practice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslim_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, those who claim to be "not religious" mostly imply not strictly observing Islam, and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>, being "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiloni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiloni">secular</a>" means not strictly observing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. Vice versa, many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> share the worldviews of nonreligious people though affiliated with a Jewish denomination, and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>, growing identification with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> is mainly motivated by cultural and nationalist considerations, without much concrete belief.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the United States, the majority of the "Nones", those without a religious affiliation, have belief in a god or higher power, spiritual forces beyond the natural world, and souls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2016, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman</a>, Galen and Pasquale estimated there were 400 million nonreligious or nontheistic people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016chapter2-19">[19]</a> In their 2013 essay, Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera estimated there were about 450 to 500 million nonbelievers, including both "positive" and "negative" atheists, or approximately 7% of the world population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> These estimates come from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey Programme</a> 2008 survey in which 40 countries took part.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2010, the religiously unaffiliated numbered more than 1.1 billion (around 1,126,500,000 persons), about one-in-six people (16.3% of an estimated 6,9 billion <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World population">world population</a>), according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew_Global-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 : 25 In Pew reports, "unaffiliated" are atheists, agnostics, and people who checked "nothing in particular".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>: 60 76% of them resided in one of the six regions: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>-Pacific.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 25 A 2012 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIN/GIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WIN/GIA">WIN/Gallup International</a> report on a poll from 57 countries reported that 59% of the world's population identified as a religious person, 23% as not a religious person, 13% as "convinced atheists", and also a 9% decrease in identification as "religious" when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GallupInt2012-51">[51]</a> A 2015 WIN/Gallup International poll found that 63% of the globe identified as a religious person, 22% as not a religious person, and 11% as "convinced atheists".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GallupInt2015-52">[52]</a> Their 2016 survey found that 62% of the globe identified as a religious person, less than 25% as not a religious person, 9% others as "convinced atheists" and 5% others "Do not know/no response".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WIN/GallupInternational2016-21">[21]</a> Keysar and Navarro-Rivera advised caution with these figures since other surveys have consistently reached lower figures for the number of atheists worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a>: 553 : 554 Inverse association between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religiosity_and_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiosity and intelligence">intelligence and religiosity</a>, and the inverse correlation between intelligence and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fertility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fertility">fertility</a> might lead to a decline in non-religious identity (contra-secularization hypothesis) in the foreseeable future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a>: 2 In 2007, sociologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Phil Zuckerman</a>'s global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-zucker-55">[55]</a> A Pew 2015 global projection study for religion and nonreligion, projected that between 2010 and 2050, there will be some initial increases of the unaffiliated followed by a decline by 2050.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Some theorists think religion will fade away but Pew reveals a more complicated picture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a> Pew predicts the unaffiliated share of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World population">world population</a> will decrease, at least for a while, from 16.4% to 13.2% by 2050.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2015-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a> Pew states that religious areas are experiencing the fastest growth because of higher fertility and younger populations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2022-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> By 2060, Pew says the number of unaffiliated will increase by over 35 million, but the overall population-percentage will decrease to 13% because the total population will grow faster.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This would be mostly because of relatively <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_ageing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population ageing">old age</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-replacement fertility">low fertility rates</a> in less religious societies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>, but also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2015-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> By 2019, 43 out of 49 countries studied continued to become less religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 110 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">[6]</a> Relatively few unbelievers select ‘Atheist’ or ‘Agnostic’ as their preferred (non)religious or secular identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a>: 3 Being nonreligious is not necessarily equivalent to being an atheist or agnostic. Many of the nonreligious have some religious beliefs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 Also, some of the unaffiliated engage in certain kinds of religious practices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 For example, "belief in God or a higher power is shared by 7% of Chinese unaffiliated adults, 30% of French unaffiliated adults and 68% of unaffiliated U.S. adults.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 Being unaffiliated with a religion on polls does not automatically mean objectively nonreligious since there are, for example, unaffiliated people who fall under religious measures, just as some unbelievers may still attend a church or other place of worship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JohnsonZurlo2016-15">[15]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] Out of the global nonreligious population, 76.2% reside in Asia-Pacific, while the remainder reside in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> (12%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America">North America</a> (5.2%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (4%), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> (2.4%) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (0.2%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012pdf-18">[18]</a>: 24 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="By_population">By population</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: By population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Pew Research Centre in the table below reflects "religiously unaffiliated" in 2010 which "include atheists, agnostics, and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys". The Zuckerman data on the table below only reflect the number of people who have an absence of belief in a deity only (atheists, agnostics). These do not include the broader number of people who do not identify with a particular religion, such as deists, pantheists, and spiritual but not religious people. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Pew (2012)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew2012-17">[17]</a></th> <th>Zuckerman (2004)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td> <td>700,680,000</td> <td>103,907,840 – 181,838,720</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a></td> <td></td> <td>102,870,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>72,120,000</td> <td>81,493,120 – 82,766,450</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>26,040,000</td> <td>66,978,900</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>23,180,000</td> <td>34,507,680 – 69,015,360</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>20,350,000</td> <td>33,794,250 – 40,388,250</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a></td> <td>17,580,000</td> <td>25,982,320 – 32,628,960</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td></td> <td>18,684,010 – 26,519,240</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>22,350,000</td> <td>14,579,400 – 25,270,960</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td></td> <td>9,546,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>50,980,000</td> <td>8,790,840 – 26,822,520</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td></td> <td>6,364,020 – 7,179,920</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td></td> <td>6,176,520 – 9,752,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td></td> <td>6,042,150 – 9,667,440</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td></td> <td>5,460,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td></td> <td>5,240,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td></td> <td>5,328,940 – 6,250,121</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td></td> <td>4,779,120 – 4,978,250</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td></td> <td>4,346,160 – 4,449,640</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td></td> <td>4,133,560 – 7,638,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td></td> <td>3,483,420 – 8,708,550</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td> <td>17,350,000</td> <td>3,404,700</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td></td> <td>3,210,240 – 4,614,720</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td></td> <td>2,556,120 – 3,007,200</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td></td> <td>2,327,590 – 4,330,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,956,990 - 6,320,550</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,752,870</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,703,680</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,665,840 – 1,817,280</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,565,800 – 3,131,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,471,500 – 2,125,500</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,460,200 – 3,129,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,418,250 – 3,294,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td></td> <td>1,266,670 – 2,011,770</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td></td> <td>929,850 – 2,293,630</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td></td> <td>798,800 – 878,680</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td></td> <td>791,630</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td></td> <td>703,850 – 764,180</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td></td> <td>657,580</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominican_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td></td> <td>618,380</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td></td> <td>566,020</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td></td> <td>542,400 – 1,518,720</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td></td> <td>469,040</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td></td> <td>461,200 – 668,740</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td></td> <td>420,960 – 947,160</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td> <td></td> <td>118,740</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uruguay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td></td> <td>407,880</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyzstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td></td> <td>355,670</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td></td> <td>314,790</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td></td> <td>283,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> <td></td> <td>247,590</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iceland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td></td> <td>47,040 – 67,620</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>15,410,000</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Historical_trends">Historical trends</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical trends" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Since 2007, there has been a surprising remarkably sharp trend away from religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a> From about 2007 to 2019, 43 out of 49 countries studied became less religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">[6]</a> Past influential thinkers from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Weber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> thought that the spread of scientific knowledge would dispel religion throughout the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 Industrialization also didn't cause religion to disappear.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 110 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political science">Political scientists</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pippa_Norris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pippa Norris">Pippa Norris</a> argue faith is "more emotional than cognitive", and both advance an alternative thesis termed "existential security." They postulate that rather than knowledge or ignorance of scientific learning, it is the weakness or vulnerability of a society that determines religiosity. They claim that increased poverty and chaos make religious values more important to a society, while wealth and security diminish its role. As need for religious support diminishes, there is less willingness to "accept its constraints, including keeping women in the kitchen and gay people in the closet".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ikenberry-review-2004-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prior_to_the_1980s">Prior to the 1980s</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prior to the 1980s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rates of people identifying as non-religious began rising in most societies at least as early as the turn of the 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nones-65">[65]</a> In 1968, sociologist Glenn M. Vernon wrote that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States census">US census</a> respondents who identified as "no religion" were insufficiently defined because they were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Definition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#problems" title="Definition">defined in terms of a negative</a>. He contrasted the label with the term "independent" for political affiliation, which still includes people who participate in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civic_engagement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civic engagement">civic activities</a>. He suggested this difficulty in definition was partially due to the dilemma of defining religious activity beyond membership, attendance, or other identification with a formal religious group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nones-65">[65]</a> During the 1970s, social scientists still tended to describe irreligion from a perspective that considered religion as normative for humans. Irreligion was described in terms of hostility, reactivity, or indifference toward religion, and or as developing from radical theologies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-schumaker-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1981–2019">1981–2019</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1981–2019" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:Irreligion">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DIrreligion%26action%3Dedit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section. (July 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In a study of religious trends in 49 countries (they contained 60 percent of the world’s population) from 1981 to 2007, Inglehart and Norris found an overall, but not universal, increase in religiosity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 110 Respondents in 33 of 49 countries rated themselves higher on a scale from one to ten when asked how important God was in their lives. This increase occurred in most former communist and developing countries. Most high-income countries became less religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 A sharp reversal of the global trend occurred from 2007 to 2019, when 43 out of 49 countries studied became less religious. This reversal appeared across most of the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a> The decline in belief was not confined to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a> and appeared across most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">[6]</a> In virtually every high-income country, religion has continued to decline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 At the same time, many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Least_developed_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Least developed countries">poor countries</a>, together with most of the former communist states, have also become less religious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 From 2007 to 2019, only five countries became more religious, whereas the vast majority of the countries studied moved in the opposite direction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 India is the most important exception to the general pattern of declining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religiosity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a>: 112 The United States was a dramatic example of declining religiosity – with the mean rating of importance of religion dropping from 8.2 to 4.6 – while India was a major exception. Research in 1989 recorded disparities in religious adherence for different faith groups, with people from Christian and tribal traditions leaving religion at a greater rate than those from Muslim, Hindu, or Buddhist faiths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Inglehart and Norris speculate that the decline in religiosity comes from a decline in the social need for traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender">gender</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sexual_norms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual norms">sexual norms</a>, ("virtually all world religions instilled" pro-fertility norms such as "producing as many children as possible and discouraged <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divorce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abortion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homosexuality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contraception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sexual_behavior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual behavior">sexual behavior</a> not linked to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reproduction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>" in their adherents for centuries) as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Life_expectancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> rose and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_mortality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> dropped. They also argue that the idea that religion was necessary to prevent a collapse of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_cohesion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_morality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public morality">public morality</a> was belied by lower levels of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murder">murder</a> in less religious countries. They argue that both of these trends are based on the theory that as societies develop, survival becomes more secure: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starvation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, once pervasive, becomes uncommon; life expectancy increases; murder and other forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Violence">violence</a> diminish. As this level of security rises, there is less social/economic need for the high birthrates that religion encourages and less emotional need for the comfort of religious belief<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a> Change in acceptance of "divorce, abortion, and homosexuality" has been measured by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Values_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> and shown to have grown throughout the world outside of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">[5]</a> Several very comprehensive surveys in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> have come to similar conclusions: there is an increase in secularization and growing calls for reforms in religious political institutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostasy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faith_deconstruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faith deconstruction">Faith deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Importance of religion by country">Importance of religion by country</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infidel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La%D1%97cit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Laїcité">Laїcité</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Growth_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Growth of religion">Growth of religion</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_1-10">k</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEldridge" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eldridge, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/irreligion">"irreligion"</a>. In Duignan, Brian (ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901233736/https://www.britannica.com/topic/irreligion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=irreligion&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Firreligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.explainingatheism.org/resources/overview">"Resources Overview"</a>. Explaining Atheism. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 15 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explaining+Atheism&rft.atitle=Resources+Overview&rft.date=2025-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.explainingatheism.org%2Fresources%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/book/11828">"The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies"</a>. Oxford Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2016. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facprof%253Aoso%252F9780199924950.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992495-0</bdi></a>. 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(24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scribd.com/document/407943624/Phil-Zuckerman-Luke-W-Galen-Frank-L-Pasquale-The-Nonreligious-Understanding-Secular-People-and-Societies-Oxford-University-Press-2016-pdf">The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facprof%253Aoso%252F9780199924950.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992495-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonreligious%3A+Understanding+Secular+People+and+Societies&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199924950.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992495-0&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Galen%2C+Luke+W.&rft.au=Pasquale%2C+Frank+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F407943624%2FPhil-Zuckerman-Luke-W-Galen-Frank-L-Pasquale-The-Nonreligious-Understanding-Secular-People-and-Societies-Oxford-University-Press-2016-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-InglehartForeignAffairs2020-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartForeignAffairs2020_5-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglehart2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Inglehart">Inglehart, Ronald F.</a> (11 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054651/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-08-11/religion-giving-god">"Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. pp. 110–118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-08-11/religion-giving-god">the original</a> on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Giving+Up+on+God%3A+The+Global+Decline+of+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Inglehart&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fworld%2F2020-08-11%2Freligion-giving-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021_6-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021_6-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021_6-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglehart2021" class="citation web cs1">Inglehart, Ronald (20 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSNewsShow.jsp?ID%3D421%26ID%3D421">"Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion - Revisited"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Values_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Values+Survey&rft.atitle=Giving+Up+on+God%3A+The+Global+Decline+of+Religion+-+Revisited&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft.aulast=Inglehart&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSNewsShow.jsp%3FID%3D421%26ID%3D421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/book/11828/chapter-abstract/160923581">"Conclusion"</a>. Oxford Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2016. pp. 223–226. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facprof%253Aoso%252F9780199924950.003.0012">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0012</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992495-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992495-0</bdi></a>. 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Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3 (3): 224–242. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs40806-017-0090-z">10.1007/s40806-017-0090-z</a>. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. 12–13. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313351839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780313351839"><bdi>9780313351839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Atheism%3F&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313351839&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Chaves2010-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chaves2010_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chaves2010_13-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chaves2010_13-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chaves2010_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaves2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chaves, Mark (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/bitstreams/63baac91-b6c5-4b42-88b3-eb2beb68e711/download">"Rain Dances in the Dry Season: Overcoming the Religious Congruence Fallacy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a>. 49 (1): 1–14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1468-5906.2009.01489.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Rain+Dances+in+the+Dry+Season%3A+Overcoming+the+Religious+Congruence+Fallacy&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2009.01489.x&rft.aulast=Chaves&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fbitstreams%2F63baac91-b6c5-4b42-88b3-eb2beb68e711%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AtheismThroughouttheWorld-14">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AtheismThroughouttheWorld_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AtheismThroughouttheWorld_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivant2021" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-atheism/atheism-throughout-the-world/5437753323F426D7A1E7E7D7341EE14B">"59 - Atheism Throughout the World"</a>. 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"Unaffiliated, Yet Religious: A Methodological and Demographic Analysis". 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The Conversation Media Group Ltd. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28028/chapter-abstract/211853241">"15 Sacred, Secular, and Neosacred Governments in China and Taiwan"</a>. 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"15. Sacred, Secular, and Neo-sacred Governments in China and Taiwan". In Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/item?item_id%3D83894">The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199988457?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199988457"><bdi>9780199988457</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Sacred%2C+Secular%2C+and+Neo-sacred+Governments+in+China+and+Taiwan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780199988457&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Cheng-tian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fah.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fitem%3Fitem_id%3D83894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WorldPopulationReview-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WorldPopulationReview_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WorldPopulationReview_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/least-religious-countries">"Least Religious Countries 2024"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituut+voor+Nederlandse+Lexicologie&rft.atitle=Irreligie&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgtb.inl.nl%2FiWDB%2Fsearch%3Factie%3Darticle_content%26wdb%3DWNT%26id%3DA009369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, Colin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C%26pg%3DPA239">"Irreligion"</a>. In Swatos, William H. Jr. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek, California</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rowman & Littlefield">AltaMira Press</a>. p. 239. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-8956-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-8956-0"><bdi>0-7619-8956-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37361790">37361790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irreligion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37361790&rft.isbn=0-7619-8956-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/irreligion.htm">"Irreligion"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irreligion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Hartford+Institute+for+Religion+Research&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirr.hartsem.edu%2Fency%2Firreligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMc_Bennett2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mc Bennett, Padraig (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1474225X.2023.2292397">"Increasing irreligious trends among a younger demographic in Ireland: are there potential benefits?"</a>. International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 23 (4). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 365–381. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F1474225X.2023.2292397">10.1080/1474225X.2023.2292397</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.atitle=Increasing+irreligious+trends+among+a+younger+demographic+in+Ireland%3A+are+there+potential+benefits%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1474225X.2023.2292397&rft.aulast=Mc+Bennett&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1474225X.2023.2292397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irreligious">Merriam Webster, irreligious</a></li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gallup_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2015" class="citation web cs1">Newport, Frank (24 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.gallup.com/poll/187955/percentage-christians-drifting-down-high.aspx">"Percentage of Christians in U.S. Drifting Down, but Still High"</a>. Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106163050/https://news.gallup.com/poll/187955/percentage-christians-drifting-down-high.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Percentage+of+Christians+in+U.S.+Drifting+Down%2C+but+Still+High&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F187955%2Fpercentage-christians-drifting-down-high.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Berlinerblau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Berlinerblau">Jacques Berlinerblau</a>, How to be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom (2012, Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt). p. 53.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> Zuckerman, Galen et al., p. 119.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> Zuckerman, Shook, (in bibliography), p. 575.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116043952/http://www.minorityrights.org/3273/normative-instruments/ccpr-general-comment-22-300793-on-iccpr-article-18.html">"CCPR General Comment 22: 30/07/93 on ICCPR Article 18"</a>. Minority Rights Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.minorityrights.org/3273/normative-instruments/ccpr-general-comment-22-300793-on-iccpr-article-18.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=CCPR+General+Comment+22%3A+30%2F07%2F93+on+ICCPR+Article+18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F3273%2Fnormative-instruments%2Fccpr-general-comment-22-300793-on-iccpr-article-18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-fdih1-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fdih1_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf">"Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran"</a> (PDF). International Federation for Human Rights. 1 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discrimination+against+religious+minorities+in+Iran&rft.pub=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fir0108a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Derek H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210828/http://www.law2.byu.edu/lawreview/archives/2002/2/dav2.pdf">"The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right: Examining the Role of the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief"</a> (PDF). BYU Law Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.law2.byu.edu/lawreview/archives/2002/2/dav2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BYU+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Religious+Liberty+as+a+Universal+Human+Right%3A+Examining+the+Role+of+the+1981+United+Nations+Declaration+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Intolerance+and+of+Discrimination+Based+on+Religion+or+Belief&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Derek+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law2.byu.edu%2Flawreview%2Farchives%2F2002%2F2%2Fdav2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323100707/http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const03.html">"Chapter two – the fundamental rights and duties of citizens"</a>. Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const03.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=Chapter+two+%E2%80%93+the+fundamental+rights+and+duties+of+citizens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkhrm.org.hk%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fconst03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595_(1978%25E5%25B9%25B4)%23%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25AB%25A0_%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%259D%2583%25E5%2588%25A9%25E5%2592%258C%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%258A%25A1"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国宪法 (1978年)</bdi></a> [People's Republic of China 1978 Constitution] (in Chinese). 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524133527/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595_(1978%25E5%25B9%25B4)%23%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25AB%25A0_%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%259D%2583%25E5%2588%25A9%25E5%2592%258C%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%258A%25A1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021 – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95+%281978%E5%B9%B4%29&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595_%281978%25E5%25B9%25B4%29%23%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2589%25E7%25AB%25A0_%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%259C%25AC%25E6%259D%2583%25E5%2588%25A9%25E5%2592%258C%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%258A%25A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405134913/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010%E2%80%932050&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Freligious-projection-table%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NationalGeographic2016-42">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NationalGeographic2016_42-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NationalGeographic2016_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Bullard, Gabe (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/160422-atheism-agnostic-secular-nones-rising-religion">"The World's Newest Major Religion: No Religion"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Newest+Major+Religion%3A+No+Religion&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F160422-atheism-agnostic-secular-nones-rising-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var%3DADH_704%26var%3DADH_1679">"World Religion"</a>. Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Religion&rft.pub=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnp-sort%3Fvar%3DADH_704%26var%3DADH_1679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PewAugust2023-44">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PewAugust2023_44-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PewAugust2023_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2023" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Conrad (30 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/30/is-china-a-religious-country-or-not-its-a-tricky-question-to-answer/">"Is China a religious country or not? It's a tricky question to answer"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pew Charitable Trusts">The Pew Charitable Trusts</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Is+China+a+religious+country+or+not%3F+It%27s+a+tricky+question+to+answer&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F08%2F30%2Fis-china-a-religious-country-or-not-its-a-tricky-question-to-answer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik">"Svenska kyrkan i siffror"</a>. www.svenskakyrkan.se (in Swedish). 11 November 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101191748/https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.svenskakyrkan.se&rft.atitle=Svenska+kyrkan+i+siffror&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskakyrkan.se%2Fstatistik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil, ed. (2010). "Ch. 9 Atheism And Secularity: The Scandinavian Paradox". Atheism and Secularity Vol.2. Praeger. p. 191. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313351815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313351815"><bdi>978-0313351815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+9+Atheism+And+Secularity%3A+The+Scandinavian+Paradox&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity+Vol.2&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313351815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> Zuckerman, Galen et al., "Secularity Around the World". pp. 30–32, 37–40, 44, 50–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128115906/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/01/24/are-all-nones-nonbelievers/">"Are all religiously unaffiliated adults in the US nonbelievers?"</a>. Pew Research Center. 24 January 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/01/24/are-all-nones-nonbelievers/">the original</a> on 28 January 2024. <q>Not all 'nones' are nonbelievers. Far from it. While the "nones" include many nonbelievers, 70% of "nones" say they believe in God or another higher power, and 63% say they believe in spiritual forces beyond the natural world...Roughly two-thirds of "nones" say they think humans have souls or spirits in addition to their physical bodies. This includes 60% of agnostics and 78% of U.S. adults whose religion is "nothing in particular." By comparison, 31% of atheists believe a person has a soul or spirit in addition to a body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Are+all+religiously+unaffiliated+adults+in+the+US+nonbelievers%3F&rft.date=2024-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2024%2F01%2F24%2Fare-all-nones-nonbelievers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/37199">"36 A World of Atheism: Global Demographics"</a>. Oxford Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2013. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Foxfordhb%252F9780199644650.013.011">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.011</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0"><bdi>978-0-19-964465-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=36+A+World+of+Atheism%3A+Global+Demographics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199644650.013.011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964465-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F37199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.prri.org/academic/book-chapter-world-atheism-global-demographics/">"Book Chapter The Oxford Handbook of Atheism"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> (PRRI). 31 January 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Chapter+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.pub=Public+Religion+Research+Institute+%28PRRI%29&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prri.org%2Facademic%2Fbook-chapter-world-atheism-global-demographics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GallupInt2012-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GallupInt2012_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf">"Global Index of Religion and Atheism"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDF+Drive&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdfdrive.com%2Fthe-cambridge-companion-to-atheism-d187156887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ibb.co/nBN7JT6">"81-F77-Aeb-A404-447-C-8-B95-Dd57-Adc11-E98"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024054500/https://ibb.co/nBN7JT6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=81-F77-Aeb-A404-447-C-8-B95-Dd57-Adc11-E98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibb.co%2FnBN7JT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ikenberry-review-2004-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ikenberry-review-2004_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkenberry2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ikenberry, G. John (November–December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2004-11-01/sacred-and-secular-religion-and-politics-worldwide">"Book review. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide"</a>. 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Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 7 (2): 219–229. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1384629">10.2307/1384629</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384629">1384629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Religious+%22Nones%22%3A+A+Neglected+Category&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1384629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1384629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=Glenn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-schumaker-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-schumaker_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Schumaker, John F. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506985-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506985-4"><bdi>0-19-506985-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Mental+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-506985-4&rft.aulast=Schumaker&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukeJohnson1989" class="citation journal cs1">Duke, James T.; Johnson, Barry L. 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Retrieved 14 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Middle+East%3A+Are+people+losing+their+religion%3F&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Holleis&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east-are-people-losing-their-religion%2Fa-56442163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanHoodStreib2018" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Thomas J.; Hood, Ralph W.; Streib, Heinz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://psyarxiv.com/4bv7w/">"An introduction to atheism, agnosticism, and nonreligious worldviews"</a>. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 10 (3): 203–206. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1037%252Frel0000213">10.1037/rel0000213</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149580199">149580199</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619005530/https://psyarxiv.com/4bv7w/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. 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BiblioBazaar. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-171-06863-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-171-06863-1"><bdi>978-1-171-06863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irreligion%3A+Thought%2C+Rationale%2C+History&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-171-06863-1&rft.au=Eric+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2015" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michele (2015). "Christian Affiliation and Disaffiliation in the United States: Generational and Cultural Change". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_J._Hunt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen J. Hunt">Hunt, Stephen J.</a> (ed.). Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 10. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brill_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 346–365. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F9789004291027_019">10.1163/9789004291027_019</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26538-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26538-7"><bdi>978-90-04-26538-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Affiliation+and+Disaffiliation+in+the+United+States%3A+Generational+and+Cultural+Change&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Global+Contemporary+Christianity%3A+Themes+and+Developments+in+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004291027_019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26538-7&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). "What Is Atheism?". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a> (ed.). Atheism and Secularity. Volume 1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 1–18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9"><bdi>978-0-313-35183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Atheism%3F&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity.+Volume+1%3A+Issues%2C+Concepts%2C+Definitions&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35183-9&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2017" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2017). "Varieties of Secular Experience". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 499ff. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Foxfordhb%252F9780199988457.013.31">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.31</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Secular+Experience&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499ff&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasner1977" class="citation book cs1">Glasner, Peter E. (1977). The Sociology of Secularisation: A Critique of a Concept. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8455-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8455-2"><bdi>978-0-7100-8455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Secularisation%3A+A+Critique+of+a+Concept&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8455-2&rft.aulast=Glasner&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIversen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Iversen, Hans Raun (2013). "Secularization, Secularity, Secularism". In Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 2116–2121. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-1-4020-8265-8_1024">10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1024</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8265-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8265-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularization%2C+Secularity%2C+Secularism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sciences+and+Religions&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2116-%3C%2Fspan%3E2121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8265-8_1024&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8265-8&rft.aulast=Iversen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Raun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226412337?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780226412337"><bdi>9780226412337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780226412337&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+%C4%80nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lois Lee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2014.904035">Secular or nonreligious? Investigating and interpreting generic 'not religious' categories and populations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428222344/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2014.904035">Archived</a> 28 April 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion (journal)">Religion</a>, Vol. 44, no. 3. October 2013.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins2011" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Mark R. (2011). "Religion in Contemporary Japanese Lives". In Lyon Bestor, Victoria; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodore_C._Bestor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore C. Bestor">Bestor, Theodore C.</a>; Yamagata, Akiko (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00best">Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society</a>. Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00best/page/n81">63</a>–74. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43649-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43649-6"><bdi>978-0-415-43649-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Contemporary+Japanese+Lives&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Japanese+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=63-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43649-6&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgehandboo00best&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffnerCragun2020" class="citation book cs1">Schaffner, Caleb; Cragun, Ryan T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000022.xml?body%3Dpdf-43180">"Chapter 20: Non-Religion and Atheism"</a>. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brill_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 242–252. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F9789004331471_021">10.1163/9789004331471_021</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33092-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33092-4"><bdi>978-90-04-33092-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214237/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000022.xml?body%3Dpdf-43180">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20%3A+Non-Religion+and+Atheism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004331471_021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33092-4&rft.aulast=Schaffner&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft.au=Cragun%2C+Ryan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004331471%2FBP000022.xml%3Fbody%3Dpdf-43180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_K._A._Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James K. A. Smith">Smith, James K. A.</a> (2014). How (Not) to Be Secular: Reading Charles Tayor. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6761-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6761-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-6761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+%28Not%29+to+Be+Secular%3A+Reading+Charles+Tayor&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6761-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a> (2007). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Secular_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Secular Age">A Secular Age</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02676-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secular+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02676-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)"> ——— </a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/powerofrelig_xxxx_2011_000_10862422/page/34">"Why We Need a Radical Redefinition of Secularism"</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Mendieta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduardo Mendieta">Mendieta, Eduardo</a>; VanAntwerpen, Jonathan (eds.). The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/powerofrelig_xxxx_2011_000_10862422/page/34">34–59</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52725-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52725-5"><bdi>978-0-231-52725-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/butl15645.6">10.7312/butl15645.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+We+Need+a+Radical+Redefinition+of+Secularism&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Religion+in+the+Public+Sphere&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34-59&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fbutl15645.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52725-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerofrelig_xxxx_2011_000_10862422%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerVanAntwerpenCalhoun2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Warner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Warner">Warner, Michael</a>; VanAntwerpen, Jonathan; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craig_Calhoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig</a>, eds. (2010). Varieties of Secularism in a Secular Age. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04857-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04857-7"><bdi>978-0-674-04857-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Secularism+in+a+Secular+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04857-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (2016). "Secularity Around the World". The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facprof%253Aoso%252F9780199924950.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularity+Around+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Nonreligious%3A+Understanding+Secular+People+and+Societies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199924950.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992494-3&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Galen%2C+Luke+W.&rft.au=Pasquale%2C+Frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanShook2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (2017). "Introduction: The Study of Secularism". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–17. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Foxfordhb%252F9780199988457.013.1">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Study+of+Secularism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.1&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Shook%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrreligion" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irreligion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Irreligion">Irreligion</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://research.kent.ac.uk/understandingunbelief/">Understanding Unbelief</a> program in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141219-will-religion-ever-disappear">"Will religion ever disappear?"</a>, from BBC Future, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rachel Nuwer">Rachel Nuwer</a>, in December 2014</li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DIrreligion%26oldid%3D1275980697">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&oldid=1275980697</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 05:31 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لادينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لادينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeyri-dindarl%25C4%25B1q" title="Qeyri-dindarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qeyri-dindarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="ধর্মহীনতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মহীনতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BB-chong-k%25C3%25A0u" title="Bû-chong-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-chong-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582" title="Нерелигиозност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нерелигиозност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireligija" title="Ireligija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ireligija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligi%25C3%25B3" title="Irreligió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irreligió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireligiozita" title="Ireligiozita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ireligiozita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghrefydd" title="Anghrefydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anghrefydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لادينية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لادينية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfessionslosigkeit" title="Konfessionslosigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konfessionslosigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskmatus" title="Uskmatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uskmatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25B8%25CF%2581%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Αθρησκεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθρησκεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligi%25C3%25B3n" title="Irreligión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irreligión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senreligio" title="Senreligio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senreligio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlijio_eza" title="Erlijio eza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlijio eza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="بی‌دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irr%25C3%25A9ligion" title="Irréligion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irréligion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrreligy" title="Yrreligy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yrreligy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelixi%25C3%25B3n" title="Irrelixión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irrelixión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AC%25B4%25EC%25A2%2585%25EA%25B5%2590" title="무종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AF%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Անկրոնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկրոնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="अधार्मिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अधार्मिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereligioznost" title="Nereligioznost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nereligioznost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidak_beragama" title="Tidak beragama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tidak beragama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligiosit%25C3%25A0" title="Irreligiosità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irreligiosità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2599-%25D7%2593%25D7%25AA" title="אי-דת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אי-דת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligio" title="Irreligio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irreligio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereligingumas" title="Nereligingumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nereligingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="മതരാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മതരാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580" title="निधर्मी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निधर्मी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="لادينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لادينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidak_beragama" title="Tidak beragama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tidak beragama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2599-c%25C5%25ADng-g%25C3%25A1u" title="Ù-cŭng-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ù-cŭng-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25B2%25E1%2580%25B7_%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%2592" title="ဘာသာမဲ့ အယူဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာမဲ့ အယူဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligie" title="Irreligie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irreligie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="अधार्मिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अधार्मिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2584%25A1%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599" title="無宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2585%25E0%25AC%25A3%25E0%25AC%25A7%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A6" title="ଅଣଧର୍ମବାଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଣଧର୍ମବାଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinsizlik" title="Dinsizlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dinsizlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="بی دیني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بی دیني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niereligijno%25C5%259B%25C4%2587" title="Niereligijność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niereligijność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligi%25C3%25A3o" title="Irreligião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irreligião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireligiozitate" title="Ireligiozitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ireligiozitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C" title="Нерелигиозность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нерелигиозность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_credentes" title="Non credentes – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Non credentes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jofeja" title="Jofeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jofeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A" title="නිරාගමික – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිරාගමික" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irreligion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA" title="لادينيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لادينيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireligiozita" title="Ireligiozita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ireligiozita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezverstvo" title="Brezverstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezverstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258E%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="بێدینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێدینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582" title="Нерелигиозност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нерелигиозност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireligioznost" title="Ireligioznost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ireligioznost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonnottomuus" title="Uskonnottomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonnottomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588" title="சமயமின்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயமின்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="Динсезлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Динсезлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="การไม่มีศาสนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การไม่มีศาสนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinsizlik" title="Dinsizlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dinsizlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C" title="Нерелігійність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нерелігійність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="لادینیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لادینیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%25C3%25B4ng_t%25C3%25B4n_gi%25C3%25A1o" title="Không tôn giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Không tôn giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelihiyon" title="Irrelihiyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irrelihiyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2597%25A0%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599" title="无宗教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无宗教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AAdin" title="Bêdin – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bêdin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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