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<span>Huxley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huxley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_19th-century_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_19th-century_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other 19th-century usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_19th-century_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Esoteric usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Darwinism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="داروينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داروينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinismu" title="Darvinismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Darvinismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizm" title="Darvinizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Darvinizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дарвинизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismus" title="Darwinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Darwinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismus" title="Darwinismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Darwinismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinism" title="Darvinism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Darvinism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δαρβινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαρβινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinismo" title="Darvinismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Darvinismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="داروینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="다윈주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다윈주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Դարվինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դարվինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="डार्विनवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डार्विनवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizam" title="Darvinizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Darvinizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%B3unarkenning_Darwins" title="Þróunarkenning Darwins – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þróunarkenning Darwins" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דרוויניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרוויניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დარვინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარვინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дарвинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дарвинизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismus" title="Darwinismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Darwinismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizmas" title="Darvinizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Darvinizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinizmus" title="Darwinizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Darwinizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дарвинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ダーウィニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダーウィニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinisme" title="Darwinisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Darwinisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizm" title="Darvinizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Darvinizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ډاروینیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډاروینیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinizm" title="Darwinizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Darwinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Darwinismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарвинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="जीवविकासवादः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवविकासवादः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Darwinism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizmus" title="Darvinizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Darvinizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinizem" title="Darvinizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Darvinizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дарвинизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дарвинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvinismi" title="Darvinismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Darvinismi" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theory of biological evolution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about concepts called Darwinism. For biological evolution in general, see <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a>. For modern evolutionary theories, see <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis" title="Modern synthesis">Modern synthesis</a>. For Wallace's defence of the theory of natural selection, see <a href="/wiki/Darwinism_(book)" title="Darwinism (book)">Darwinism (book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron,_c._1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1868</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Darwinism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Term_(argumentation)" title="Term (argumentation)">term</a> used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> developed by the English naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of organisms arise and develop through the <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduce</a>. Also called <b>Darwinian theory</b>, it originally included the broad concepts of <a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transmutation of species</a> or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> coined the term <i>Darwinism</i> in April 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Westminster_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westminster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darwinism subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the <a href="/wiki/Weismann_barrier" title="Weismann barrier">Weismann barrier</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">central dogma of molecular biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antidarwinian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antidarwinian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationists</a> have appropriated it to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmic evolution</a>, that are distinct to biological evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore consider it to be the belief and acceptance of Darwin's and of his predecessors' work, in place of other concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">divine design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">extraterrestrial origins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOflunks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOflunks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GalacticDarwinism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalacticDarwinism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English biologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> coined the term <i>Darwinism</i> in April 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-westminster_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westminster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general, including earlier concepts published by English philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>. Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time, including Huxley, had reservations about the significance of natural selection, and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>. The strict <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">neo-Darwinism</a> of German evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a> gained few supporters in the late 19th century. During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">the eclipse of Darwinism</a>", scientists proposed various <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternatives to Darwinism">alternative evolutionary mechanisms</a> which eventually proved untenable. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a> in the early 20th century, incorporating natural selection with <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian genetics</a>, revived Darwinism in an updated form.<sup id="cite_ref-b222_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term <i>Darwinism</i> has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Judson" title="Olivia Judson">Olivia Judson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Safina" title="Carl Safina">Carl Safina</a> that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Branch_09_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Branch_09-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> scientist and <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>. He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and, like Mendel himself, knew nothing of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-GeneticDrift_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneticDrift-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States and to some extent in the United Kingdon, <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationists</a> often use the term "Darwinism" as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term in reference to beliefs such as <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">scientific materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Branch_09_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Branch_09-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huxley">Huxley</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Huxley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/170px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/255px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/340px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>As <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> became widely accepted in the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Caricatures_of_Charles_Darwin_and_his_evolutionary_theory_in_19th-century_England" title="Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England">caricatures of Charles Darwin</a> with the body of an ape or monkey symbolised evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Huxley, upon first reading Darwin's theory in 1858, responded, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term <i>Darwinism</i> had been used previously to refer to the work of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> in the late 18th century, the term as understood today was introduced when Charles Darwin's 1859 book <i>On the Origin of Species</i> was reviewed by Thomas Henry Huxley in the April 1860 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Review" title="The Westminster Review">The Westminster Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlThe_Huxley_File_§_4_Darwins_Bulldog_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlThe_Huxley_File_§_4_Darwins_Bulldog-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having hailed the book as "a veritable <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth gun</a> in the armoury of liberalism" promoting <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">scientific naturalism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and praising the usefulness of Darwin's ideas while expressing professional reservations about Darwin's <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualism</a> and doubting if it could be proved that natural selection could form new species,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huxley compared Darwin's achievement to that of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> in explaining planetary motion: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular? What if species should offer residual phenomena, here and there, not explicable by natural selection? Twenty years hence naturalists may be in a position to say whether this is, or is not, the case; but in either event they will owe the author of "The Origin of Species" an immense debt of gratitude.... And viewed as a whole, we do not believe that, since the publication of Von Baer's "Researches on Development," thirty years ago, any work has appeared calculated to exert so large an influence, not only on the future of Biology, but in extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated.<sup id="cite_ref-westminster_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westminster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These are the basic tenets of evolution by natural selection as defined by Darwin: </p> <ol><li>More individuals are produced each generation than can survive.</li> <li>Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable.</li> <li>Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.</li> <li>When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_19th-century_usage">Other 19th-century usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other 19th-century usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Darwinism" soon came to stand for an entire range of evolutionary (and often revolutionary) philosophies about both biology and society. One of the more prominent approaches, summed in the 1864 phrase "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>" by Herbert Spencer, later became emblematic of Darwinism even though Spencer's own understanding of evolution (as expressed in 1857) was more similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> than to that of Darwin, and predated the <a href="/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Publication of Darwin's theory">publication of Darwin's theory</a> in 1859. What is now called "<a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>" was, in its day, synonymous with "Darwinism"—the application of Darwinian principles of "struggle" to society, usually in support of anti-<a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic</a> political agenda. Another interpretation, one notably favoured by Darwin's half-cousin <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>, was that "Darwinism" implied that because natural selection was apparently no longer working on "civilized" people, it was possible for "inferior" strains of people (who would normally be filtered out of the <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>) to overwhelm the "superior" strains, and voluntary corrective measures would be desirable—the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Darwinismus"></span> In Darwin's day there was no rigid definition of the term "Darwinism", and it was used by opponents and proponents of Darwin's biological theory alike to mean whatever they wanted it to in a larger context. The ideas had international influence, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> developed what was known as <i>Darwinismus</i> in Germany, although, like Spencer's "evolution", Haeckel's "Darwinism" had only a rough resemblance to the theory of Charles Darwin, and was not centred on natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> went on a lecture tour across the United States, starting in New York and going via Boston, Washington, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska to California, lecturing on what he called "Darwinism" without any problems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Darwinism_(book)" title="Darwinism (book)">Darwinism</a></i> (1889), Wallace had used the term <i>pure-Darwinism</i> which proposed a "greater efficacy" for <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Romanes" title="George Romanes">George Romanes</a> dubbed this view as "Wallaceism", noting that in contrast to Darwin, this position was advocating a "pure theory of natural selection to the exclusion of any supplementary theory."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking influence from Darwin, Romanes was a proponent of both natural selection and the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of acquired characteristics">inheritance of acquired characteristics</a>. The latter was denied by Wallace who was a strict selectionist.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanes' definition of Darwinism conformed directly with Darwin's views and was contrasted with Wallace's definition of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Darwinism</i> is often used in the United States by promoters of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>, notably by leading members of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement" title="Intelligent design movement">intelligent design movement</a>, as an epithet to attack evolution as though it were an ideology (an "ism") based on <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical naturalism">philosophical naturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-genie_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 1993, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> law professor and author <a href="/wiki/Phillip_E._Johnson" title="Phillip E. Johnson">Phillip E. Johnson</a> made this accusation of atheism with reference to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge#Darwinism" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>'s 1874 book <i>What Is Darwinism?</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike Johnson, Hodge confined the term to exclude those like American botanist <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> who combined Christian faith with support for Darwin's natural selection theory, before answering the question posed in the book's title by concluding: "It is Atheism."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creationists use pejoratively the term <i>Darwinism</i> to imply that the theory has been held as true only by Darwin and a core group of his followers, whom they cast as <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> and inflexible in their belief.<sup id="cite_ref-morrissullivan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrissullivan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2008 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a></i>, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> (ID), American writer and actor <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a> refers to scientists as Darwinists. Reviewing the film for <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(editor)" title="John Rennie (editor)">John Rennie</a> says "The term is a curious throwback, because in modern biology almost no one relies solely on Darwin's original ideas ... Yet the choice of terminology isn't random: Ben Stein wants you to stop thinking of evolution as an actual science supported by verifiable facts and logical arguments and to start thinking of it as a dogmatic, atheistic ideology akin to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <i>Darwinism</i> is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish the <a href="/wiki/Modern_evolutionary_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern evolutionary synthesis">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>, which is sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">neo-Darwinism</a>", from those first proposed by Darwin. <i>Darwinism</i> also is used neutrally by historians to differentiate his theory from other evolutionary theories current around the same period. For example, <i>Darwinism</i> may refer to Darwin's proposed mechanism of natural selection, in comparison to more recent mechanisms such as genetic drift and <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a>. It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">history of evolutionary thought</a>—particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a> or later ones such as the modern evolutionary synthesis. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">political discussions in the United States</a>, the term is mostly used by its enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> described the term as being "a rhetorical device to make evolution seem like a kind of faith, like '<a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> [...] Scientists don't call it 'Darwinism'."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example British <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethologist</a> and evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> wrote in his collection of essays <i><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a></i>, published in 2003, that as a scientist he is a Darwinist.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1995 book <i><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_Fairytales" title="Darwinian Fairytales">Darwinian Fairytales</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">David Stove</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term "Darwinism" in a different sense from the above examples. Describing himself as non-religious and as accepting the concept of natural selection as a well-established fact, Stove nonetheless attacked what he described as flawed concepts proposed by some "Ultra-Darwinists". Stove alleged that by using weak or false <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid: for example, Stove suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiological</a> explanation of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> as an evolutionary feature was presented in such a way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism. English philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a> wrote a rejoinder to Stove,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a subsequent essay by Stove's protégé <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(philosopher)" title="James Franklin (philosopher)">James Franklin</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that Blackburn's response actually "confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can 'explain' anything." </p><p>In more recent times, the Australian <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosopher">moral philosopher</a> and professor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>, who serves as the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, has proposed the development of a "Darwinian <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>" based on the contemporary scientific understanding of <a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">biological anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">applied ethics</a> in order to achieve the establishment of a more <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equal</a> and cooperative human society in accordance with the sociobiological explanation of altruism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esoteric_usage">Esoteric usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Esoteric usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">evolutionary aesthetics</a> theory, there is evidence that perceptions of beauty are determined by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> and therefore Darwinian; that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern evolutionary synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a>—Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Westminster-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westminster_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1860" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley, T.H.</a> (April 1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=A32&pageseq=30">"ART. 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Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.atitle=So+You+Want+to+be+an+Anti-Darwinian%3A+Varieties+of+Opposition+to+Darwinism&rft.date=1998-12-21&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fanti-darwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleckmann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bleckmann, Charles A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expelled+Exposed&rft.atitle=...on+what+evolution+explains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpelledexposed.drupalgardens.com%2Fcontest%2Fon-what-evolution-explains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GalacticDarwinism-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GalacticDarwinism_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_FèvreMarinoni2006" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Le Fèvre, Olivier; Marinoni, Christian (6 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0645/">"Do Galaxies Follow Darwinian Evolution?"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Galaxies+Follow+Darwinian+Evolution%3F&rft.place=Marseille%2C+France&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft.aulast=Le+F%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Marinoni%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-westminster-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westminster_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-westminster_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1860" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley, T.H.</a> (April 1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=A32&pageseq=29">"ART. VIII.—Darwin on the Origin of Species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a></i> (Book review). <b>17</b>. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 541–570<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beliefnet&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+For+Dummies&rft.aulast=Sheahen&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FNews%2FScience-Religion%2F2003%2F12%2FReligion-For-Dummies.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStove1995">Stove 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Blackburn, Simon</a> (October 1996). "I Rather Think I Am a Darwinian". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_(journal)" title="Philosophy (journal)">Philosophy</a></i>. <b>71</b> (278). Cambridge: 605–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0031819100053523">10.1017/s0031819100053523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8191">0031-8191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751128">3751128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170606849">170606849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=I+Rather+Think+I+Am+a+Darwinian&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=278&rft.pages=605-616&rft.date=1996-10&rft.issn=0031-8191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170606849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3751128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0031819100053523&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(philosopher)" title="James Franklin (philosopher)">Franklin, James</a> (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/stovesantidarwinism.pdf">"Stove's Anti-Darwinism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>72</b> (279). Cambridge: 133–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0031819100056692">10.1017/s0031819100056692</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8191">0031-8191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751309">3751309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143421255">143421255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228164839/http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/stovesantidarwinism.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Stove%27s+Anti-Darwinism&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=279&rft.pages=133-136&rft.date=1997-01&rft.issn=0031-8191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143421255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3751309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0031819100056692&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.maths.unsw.edu.au%2F~jim%2Fstovesantidarwinism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer, Peter</a> (2021) [2010]. "A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Ruse, Michael</a> (ed.). <i>Philosophy after Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 343–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400831296-039">10.1515/9781400831296-039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400831296" title="Special:BookSources/9781400831296"><bdi>9781400831296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Darwinian+Left%3A+Politics%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Cooperation&rft.btitle=Philosophy+after+Darwin%3A+Classic+and+Contemporary+Readings&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey+and+Woodstock%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=343-349&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400831296-039&rft.isbn=9781400831296&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/denis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty.html">"A Darwinian theory of beauty"</a>. <i>ted.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211012601/http://www.ted.com/talks/denis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ted.com&rft.atitle=A+Darwinian+theory+of+beauty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fdenis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Bowler, Peter J.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8"><i>Evolution: The History of an Idea</i></a></span> (3rd completely rev. and expanded ed.). Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23693-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23693-9"><bdi>0-520-23693-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002007569">2002007569</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49824702">49824702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd+completely+rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49824702&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002007569&rft.isbn=0-520-23693-9&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Browne, Janet</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesdarwin00jane"><i>Charles Darwin: The Power of Place</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42932-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42932-8"><bdi>0-679-42932-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94006598">94006598</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733100564">733100564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+The+Power+of+Place&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733100564&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94006598&rft.isbn=0-679-42932-8&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesdarwin00jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge, Charles</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19192/19192-h/19192-h.htm"><i>What is Darwinism?</i></a>. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06012878">06012878</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11489956">11489956</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Darwinism%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner%2C+Armstrong%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11489956&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06012878&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19192%2F19192-h%2F19192-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley, Thomas Henry</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/b21500009#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Darwiniana: Essays</i></a>. Macmillan and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwiniana%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fb21500009%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Petto_&_Godfrey_2007" class="citation book cs1">Petto, Andrew J.; Godfrey, Laurie R., eds. (2007) [Originally published 2007 as <i>Scientists Confront Intelligent Design and Creationism</i>]. <i>Scientists Confront Creationism: Intelligent Design and Beyond</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33073-1"><bdi>978-0-393-33073-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006039753">2006039753</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173480577">173480577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Confront+Creationism%3A+Intelligent+Design+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173480577&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006039753&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33073-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStove1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">Stove, David</a> (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_Fairytales" title="Darwinian Fairytales">Darwinian Fairytales</a></i>. Avebury Series in Philosophy. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, VT: Avebury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85972-306-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85972-306-3"><bdi>1-85972-306-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95083037">95083037</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35145565">35145565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinian+Fairytales&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hants%2C+England%3B+Brookfield%2C+VT&rft.series=Avebury+Series+in+Philosophy&rft.pub=Avebury&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35145565&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95083037&rft.isbn=1-85972-306-3&rft.aulast=Stove&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, John</a>. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/darwinismandothe00fiskiala#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Darwinism, and Other Essays</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin and Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst</a>. (1985). <i>The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Romanes" title="George Romanes">Romanes, John George</a>. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/darwinafterdarwi02romabost#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Darwin and After Darwin: An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions</i></a>. <i>Volume 2: Heredity and Utility</i>. The Open Court Publishing Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace, Alfred Russel</a>. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/darwinismexposit00walluoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications</i></a>. Macmillan and Company.</li> <li>Simon, C. (2019). Taking Darwinism seriously. <i>Animal Sentience</i>, <i>3</i>(23), 47.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwinism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darwinism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Darwinism">Darwinism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/darwinism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/darwinism">darwinism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennox2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Lennox" title="James G. Lennox">Lennox, James</a> (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/darwinism/">"Darwinism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Summer 2015 ed.). Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwinism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=Summer+2015&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information+%28CSLI%29%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Lennox&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdarwinism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwinism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Publication of Darwin's theory">Publication of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Reactions to On the Origin of Species">Reactions to <i>On the Origin of Species</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation" title="Darwin from Orchids to Variation"><i>Orchids</i> to <i>Variation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Descent_of_Man_to_Emotions" title="Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions"><i>Descent of Man</i> to <i>Emotions</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms"><i>Insectivorous Plants</i> to <i>Worms</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Religious views of Charles Darwin">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Health of Charles Darwin">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_and_women" title="Darwin and women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Portraits of Charles Darwin">Portraits of Darwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caricatures_of_Charles_Darwin_and_his_evolutionary_theory_in_19th-century_England" title="Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England">caricatures</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography" title="Charles Darwin bibliography">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow">Extracts from Letters to Henslow</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> (1838–1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America" title="Geological Observations on South America">Geological Observations on South America</a></i> (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties</a>" (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a></i> (1868) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(manuscript)" title="Natural Selection (manuscript)">Natural Selection</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous Plants (book)">Insectivorous Plants</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Movements_and_Habits_of_Climbing_Plants" title="On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants">On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom" title="The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom">The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species" title="The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species">The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Correspondence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin">The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin</a></i>, 1887</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="More Letters of Charles Darwin">More Letters of Charles Darwin</a></i>, 1903</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_described_by_Charles_Darwin" title="List of taxa described by Charles Darwin">List of described taxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation#Influence_and_effects" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"><i>Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Darwin Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_Darwin" title="List of things named after Charles Darwin">things named for Darwin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism" title="Quantum Darwinism">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Eclipse of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Medal" title="Darwin Medal">Darwin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_family" title="Huxley family">Huxley family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template talk:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbok_pronk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/80px-Springbok_pronk.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/120px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/160px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to Darwinian evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_biology" title="Category:Philosophers of biology">Philosophers of biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beatty_(philosopher)" title="John Beatty (philosopher)">John Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Darden" title="Lindley Darden">Lindley Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Fehr" title="Carla Fehr">Carla Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Grene" title="Marjorie Grene">Marjorie Grene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Godfrey-Smith" title="Peter Godfrey-Smith">Peter Godfrey-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Griesemer" title="James R. Griesemer">James R. Griesemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Griffiths" title="Paul E. Griffiths">Paul E. Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">David Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher">Philip Kitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Lewens" title="Tim Lewens">Tim Lewens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Longino" title="Helen Longino">Helen Longino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Maienschein" title="Jane Maienschein">Jane Maienschein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Millstein" title="Roberta Millstein">Roberta Millstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mitchell" title="Sandra Mitchell">Sandra Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Oyama" title="Susan Oyama">Susan Oyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alex Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahotra_Sarkar" title="Sahotra Sarkar">Sahotra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Elliott Sober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sterelny" title="Kim Sterelny">Kim Sterelny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._Tauber" title="Alfred I. Tauber">Alfred I. Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Verschuuren" title="Gerard Verschuuren">Gerard Verschuuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Wimsatt" title="William C. Wimsatt">William C. Wimsatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ghiselin" title="Michael Ghiselin">Michael Ghiselin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Noble" title="Denis Noble">Denis Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Sattler" title="Rolf Sattler">Rolf Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011097-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="darwinismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119327&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=23639">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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