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contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Life in Hell</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_en_el_Infierno" title="La vida en el Infierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La vida en el Infierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Жизнь в аду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь в аду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4_on_helvetti%C3%A4" title="Elämä on helvettiä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämä on helvettiä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Hell" title="Life in Hell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Life in Hell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic; background-color: #99C2FF; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; font-size: 125%;">Life in Hell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life-in-Hell-No-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Life-in-Hell-No-4.jpg/200px-Life-in-Hell-No-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Life-in-Hell-No-4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="335" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of <i>Life in Hell</i> No. 4, published in 1978</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status/schedule</th><td class="infobox-data">Ended</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End date</th><td class="infobox-data">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Print_syndication#Comic_strip_syndication" title="Print syndication">Syndicate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Press" title="Copley Press">Copley News Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gag-a-day" title="Gag-a-day">gag-a-day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Life in Hell</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a> that was published weekly from 1977 to 2012. Its main characters include <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> rabbits and a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> couple. The comic covers a wide range of subjects, such as love, sex, work, and death, and explores themes of angst, social alienation, self-loathing, and fear of inevitable doom. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> began development as an animated adaptation for a segment of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show" title="The Tracey Ullman Show">The Tracey Ullman Show</a></i>, before Groening decided to adapt his character archetypes as original characters to avoid a loss of ownership rights to publish <i>Life in Hell</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg/220px-Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg/330px-Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg/440px-Matt_Groening_by_Gage_Skidmore_-retouch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a> created <i>Life in Hell</i> to describe life in Los Angeles to his friends</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Life in Hell</i> started in 1977 as a <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-published</a> comic book Groening used to describe life in Los Angeles to his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-salon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inspired by his move to the city that year; in an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy (magazine)">Playboy</a></i>, Groening commented on his arrival: "I got [to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>] on a Friday night in August; it was about a hundred and two <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">degrees</a>; my car broke down in the fast lane of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway" title="Hollywood Freeway">Hollywood Freeway</a> while I was listening to a drunken DJ who was giving his last program on a local rock station and bitterly denouncing the station's management. And then I had a series of lousy jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-Ortved_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortved-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the comic book, Groening attacked what many young adults found repellent: school, work, and love. He described it as "every ex-campus protester's, every <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Boomer</a> idealist's, conception of what adult existence in the '80s had turned out to be."<sup id="cite_ref-Ortved_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortved-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groening photocopied and distributed the magazines to friends, and also sold them for two dollars a copy<sup id="cite_ref-Ortved_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortved-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a> corner of the record store in which he worked, <a href="/wiki/Licorice_Pizza_(store)" title="Licorice Pizza (store)">Licorice Pizza</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard" title="Sunset Boulevard">Sunset Boulevard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These magazines contained comic strips, comedy sketches, letters, and photo collages. The magazine covers were humorous as well: the first issue saw Binky, a rabbit-humanoid character, standing in a cloud of smog and declaring, "What you see is what you breathe." Groening also worked other imagery into the covers, such as drawings from <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s books and a photo of his family's living room. </p><p>An editor from <a href="/wiki/Wet_(magazine)" title="Wet (magazine)"><i>Wet</i></a> magazine bought one of the magazines and liked it, and offered Groening a spot in the magazine; soon after, in 1978, <i>Life in Hell</i> debuted as a <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> in the avant-garde <i>Wet</i>, to which Groening made his first professional cartoon sale. The first strip, entitled "Forbidden Words", appeared in the September/October issue.<sup id="cite_ref-bigbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground</a>, <i>Life in Hell</i> was picked up by the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Reader" title="Los Angeles Reader">Los Angeles Reader</a></i> (an alternative weekly newspaper where Groening also worked as a typesetter, editor, paste-up artist and music critic) in 1980, where it began appearing weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-bigbook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-publisher of the <i>Reader</i> Jane Levine said Groening arrived at editor-in-chief James Vowell's office one day, showing him his "silly cartoons with the rabbit with one ear." After Groening left, Vowell came out of his office saying, "This guy is gonna be famous someday."<sup id="cite_ref-Ortved_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortved-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character designs of Akbar and Jeff were, in fact, failed attempts by Groening to draw <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown" title="Charlie Brown">Charlie Brown</a>. In a 1999 interview, Groening said that he added Akbar and Jeff to the comic to appease a girlfriend. Early on in the comic, Groening used Binky and his wife to mirror the arguments Groening himself had with this girlfriend. However, she grew irritated with Groening because she felt he was portraying her unfairly. The addition of the twin-like Akbar and Jeff was meant to act as a mask of anonymity to hide who was who in such arguments. According to Groening, however, she still told him, "You think you're Akbar, but you’re really Jeff."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a 1991 interview about <i>The Simpsons</i>, Groening said that <i>Life in Hell</i> was done entirely by himself, describing the comic as "Matt Groening pure and simple," and explained that the strips were often weird or entirely different every week because of however he was feeling at the time of a strip's creation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 1984, Groening's then-girlfriend (and co-worker at the <i>Reader</i>), Deborah Caplan, decided to publish a compilation of Groening's cartoons as a book entitled "Love is Hell".<sup id="cite_ref-loveishell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loveishell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was an underground success, selling 22,000 copies in its first two printings. Caplan had already left her career in advertising sales at the <i>Reader</i> to manage the Life in Hell Co./Acme Features Syndicate full time, which managed <a href="/wiki/Print_syndication" title="Print syndication">syndication</a> and merchandising for Groening's <i>Life in Hell</i> cartoons. The gift line included t-shirts, mugs, calendars, and greeting cards.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesmag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesmag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Caplan's management and promotional talents his cartoon went from being published in 11 free weeklies to over 250 papers nationwide. In 1986, after Groening and Caplan had married, they published <i>Work is Hell</i> plus two calendars, one with cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Barry" title="Lynda Barry">Lynda Barry</a>. Matt's books soon drew the attention of Pantheon/Randomhouse, which obtained the rights to distribute the books. In 1989, Life in Hell Cartoon Co/Acme closed its doors. </p><p><i>Life in Hell</i> reached the attention of Hollywood producer <a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a>, who received one strip—"The Los Angeles Way of Death" from 1982—as a gift from fellow producer <a href="/wiki/Polly_Platt" title="Polly Platt">Polly Platt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-americasfirstfamily_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americasfirstfamily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kim_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Brooks contacted Groening with the proposition of developing a series of short animated <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">skits</a>, called "bumpers", for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show" title="The Tracey Ullman Show">The Tracey Ullman Show</a></i>. Originally, Brooks had wanted Groening to adapt his <i>Life in Hell</i> characters for the show. Fearing the loss of ownership rights to his characters, Groening instead created an entirely new batch of characters: <a href="/wiki/Simpson_family" title="Simpson family">the Simpsons</a>. </p><p>As television began to place more demands on his time, however, Groening came to almost exclusively feature single-panel strips or 16-panel grids in which Akbar and Jeff exchange terse jabs. This later period also saw the increase of autobiographical strips, perhaps because Groening was influenced by this burgeoning trend in <a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">alternative comics</a>. </p><p>Television had also made the strip "safe enough for a number of newspapers to print", according to Groening, who said he had not "toned the strip down at all, other than no longer using profanity"<sup id="cite_ref-flux_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flux-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a concession to daily papers that carried the strip.<sup id="cite_ref-motherjones_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motherjones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 7, 1998, Groening registered the domain mattgroening.com to publish <i>Life in Hell</i> online; however, the website has remained in its "under construction" state since then, although Groening insists he will "get around to it ... [when he is] ready to wade in on a regular basis."<sup id="cite_ref-ojr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 8, 2024, the domain leads to sponsored ad listings with a "This page is under construction - Coming soon!" message in the top right corner below the Network Solutions banner. </p><p>Groening decided in 2007, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">2006 United States elections</a>, to write "Life Is Swell" above the comic instead of "Life in Hell".<sup id="cite_ref-laweekly_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laweekly-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Groening had previously stated that he would never give up the comic strip,<sup id="cite_ref-tvhost_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvhost-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2009 he indicated that due to troubling times for print newspapers and constant involvement with <i>The Simpsons</i> and <i>Futurama</i>, he would likely one day drop the strip.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, Groening announced the strip's conclusion and the final new strip ran on June 16, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final strip shows Akbar or Jeff dancing naked, while the other tells him to stop. At the end of the strip he gives up and dances along with him, saying "Well, I tried."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Life_in_Hell" title="Talk:Life in Hell">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The strip was published in a perfect square, unlike most Sunday strips which are published in rectangles. Various formats were used for different strip topics. When Akbar and Jeff were discussing love Groening would use four rows of boxes, each row with four in it. Other strips had one large panel, This is based on the way <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Barry" title="Lynda Barry">Lynda Barry</a> made comics when they were in college, and the way it was published originally in the <i>Reader</i>. Atop each strip is the handwritten title "Life in Hell" and "Copyright Matt Groening" and the year it was made. Sometimes the title would be stylized in different fonts, with "This is your" above "Life in Hell," or with alternate spelling's of Groening's name. In the strip "Why men growl" he wrote his name as Matt "Grrrrroening." In "Are you Easily Provoked?" he misspelled his name three times until getting it right and writing "godamnit" underneath. If the strip is cowritten, Groening writes the contributor's name(s) underneath his. Groening sometimes put where he was when he was making the strip, such as Chicago or Portland, underneath his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Binky</b> is a stressed and thus "normal" rabbit and star of the cartoon. He usually embodies dread and alienation. Binky is usually stuck in a dead end job, has a bad apartment and regularly sees a therapist. Binky is usually full of wise old sayings.</li> <li><b>Sheba</b> is Binky's estranged girlfriend. Her character design is "basically Binky in drag".<sup id="cite_ref-sheba_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheba-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binky and Sheba met at a coffee shop in a 1981 storyline, and are often used as a generic couple whenever Groening needs one.</li> <li><b>Bongo</b> is Binky's illegitimate son, the product of a drunken night of "jungle passion." He was introduced in a 1983 storyline in which his mother, Hulga, left him with Binky so she could seek her fortune in New York. Bongo's defining physical attribute is his one ear, which Groening admits is solely so that the casual viewer can tell him apart from Binky.<sup id="cite_ref-royale_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royale-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bongo made an appearance in the <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Xmas_Story" title="Xmas Story">Xmas Story</a>", where he is seen being sold in a <a href="/wiki/Pet_store" title="Pet store">pet shop</a>. He also appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XII" title="Treehouse of Horror XII">Treehouse of Horror XII</a>" as one of the rabbits that <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer</a> catches in the trap. He appears in <i>The Simpsons</i> again in <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Blue_Flannel_Pants" title="The Man in the Blue Flannel Pants">another episode</a> as a plush toy in <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Simpson" title="Lisa Simpson">Lisa</a>'s room, though he is called Madam Bunny. He is shown as a plush toy in "<a href="/wiki/The_Fool_Monty" title="The Fool Monty">The Fool Monty</a>" where <a href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">Mr. Burns</a> is eating it in Bart's closet. He has a cameo in "<a href="/wiki/Simpsorama" title="Simpsorama">Simpsorama</a>" as one of the rabbit-like creatures rampaging New New York, where he writes on a wall "Crossovers are hell".</li> <li><b>Akbar & Jeff</b> are described in various strips and interviews as "either brothers or lovers — or both. Whatever offends you most, that’s what they are". In one interview, Groening says they are gay.<sup id="cite_ref-flux_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flux-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have large noses and wear <a href="/wiki/Fez_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fez (clothing)">fezzes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown" title="Charlie Brown">Charlie Brown</a>-like striped shirts. They have run numerous businesses over the years, including Akbar & Jeff's Tofu Hut, Akbar & Jeff's Earthquake T-shirt Hut, and Akbar & Jeff's Bootleg "Akbar & Jeff" T-shirt Hut. Like Binky and Sheba, Akbar and Jeff are often used as a generic couple when needed. According to Groening, "the reason why I draw a strip with Akbar and Jeff instead of Binky and Sheba is that I figure that no one can accuse me of trying to score points against men or women if the characters are identical."<sup id="cite_ref-loveishell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loveishell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been given cameo appearances in <i>The Simpsons</i>, such as during "<a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Triple_Bypass" title="Homer's Triple Bypass">Homer's Triple Bypass</a>", where Homer uses finger puppets resembling the characters to describe his surgery to Bart and Lisa.<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Matt Groening</b> appears in the strip as a bearded, bespectacled rabbit. He is also sometimes represented as Binky.</li> <li><b>Will and Abe</b> are Matt Groening's two sons, represented in rabbit form. They usually talk about vampires, zombies, and other child-fantasy topics.</li> <li><b>Snarla</b>, a cat, is Bongo's classmate and love interest. She bears a resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Simpson" title="Lisa Simpson">Lisa Simpson</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></b>, has never spoken—except when he uttered his former catch phrase "Don't have a cow, man!" in a "forbidden words" strip—but is seen in the background of a number of strips.</li> <li><b>Mr. Simpson</b> is Binky's <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> dog boss at his job. His name predates <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>.</li> <li><b>Gooey, Screwy, and Ratatouille</b> are Akbar and/or Jeff's triplet nephews. The names are an obvious spoof of the <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> characters <a href="/wiki/Huey,_Dewey_and_Louie" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey, Dewey and Louie">Huey, Dewey and Louie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a>'s nephews).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recurring_jokes_and_situations">Recurring jokes and situations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recurring jokes and situations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Fake magazines</b> such as "Lonely Tyrant: The magazine for abusive bosses whose employees hate their guts". Stories inside include, "The fine art of the meaningless memo".</li> <li><b>The X types of Y:</b> The 9 types of college teachers, the 81 types of high school students, the 16 types of brothers, the 9 types of relationships.</li> <li><b>How-To Guides:</b> Examples include "So You Want to Be an Unrecognized Genius", "How to Be a Clever Film Critic", and "How to Get into the College of Your Choice".</li> <li><b>Miniseries</b> – A series of strips focusing on a particular theme in a mock textbook manner, such as "School is Hell" and "Love is Hell", both of which have been collected in their entirety in book form.</li> <li><b>Akbar & Jeff discussing their relationship</b> – Arguably the most common set-up. A 1992 strip, "The Dart Game of Love", was prefaced with "I hope this cartoon pleases you gripers who whined about all those Akbar & Jeff strips where they stared at each other."</li> <li><b>Binky attempting to meditate</b></li> <li><b>Advertisements for disreputable businesses run by Akbar & Jeff</b> such as "Akbar & Jeff's Lucky Psychic Hut".</li> <li><b>Bongo locked in a detention room or orphanage</b> - Usually, with 1 or 2 pairs of eyes watching him.</li> <li><b>Bongo unsatisfied with the huge assortment of presents he has received on Christmas morning</b></li> <li><b>Shadow rabbit</b> – Binky's looming shadow towers over Bongo, who has clearly committed a crime despite his assurances to the contrary. Several of Bongo's excuses parodied those of politicians, such as "<a href="/wiki/Mistakes_were_made" title="Mistakes were made">Mistakes were made</a>". Occasionally there would also be a shadow Akbar & Jeff looming over Bongo and their nephews, or Binky looming over Bongo, Jeff, and Akbar, whom are pointing fingers at each other. One comic showed Bongo's shadow looming over Binky.</li> <li><b>Pledge of Allegiance:</b> Bongo's class is forced to recite the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a>. Bongo intentionally butchers the Pledge, usually criticizing the government in the process ("and to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> which I can't stand"). One strip, released after the death of musician <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> in 1993, has Bongo replacing most of the words of the Pledge with names of Zappa albums ("With <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Shark" title="The Yellow Shark">yellow sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_Rats" title="Hot Rats">hot rats</a> for all"). The comic would always end with Bongo's teacher angrily leering at him, and often Bongo would be tied to his desk and gagged as punishment.</li> <li><b>Forbidden Words</b> – An annual compilation of buzzwords used over the past year that Groening has deemed "forbidden". This topic was the first ever comic by Groening, published in 1980. These also appear in <i>Simpsons</i> annuals.</li> <li><b>"How to draw Binky"</b> - Often comedic ways on how to draw Binky, usually one of which is drawing randomly with your eyes closed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merchandise_and_advertising">Merchandise and advertising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merchandise and advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the success of <i>Love Is Hell</i>, Deborah Caplan, later Groening's wife, published <i>Work Is Hell</i> and two calendars, one in collaboration with cartoonist Lynda Barry. The books caught the attention of Pantheon/Randomhouse who wanted to expand the market for his books to include bookstores nationwide. The Life in Hell Cartoon Co. reserved the right to continue to sell the books to hip novelty and comic book stores along with the line of novelty items the couple had produced over the previous 5 years. </p><p>In addition to the books, the comic also spawned T-shirts, sweatshirts, greeting cards, posters,<sup id="cite_ref-latimesmag_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesmag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coffee mugs, and a short-lived newsletter called the "Life in Hell Times".<sup id="cite_ref-whatthehell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatthehell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, Groening drew several print advertisements for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> in the form of <i>Life in Hell</i> comic strips.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, after the birth of their first son, Deborah Caplan Groening and Matt decided to end their business because Deborah wanted to focus on motherhood and Matt was launching his career in television. </p><p>At the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Comic-Con_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic-Con International">Comic-Con</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, a series of deluxe <i>Life in Hell</i> vinyl figurines manufactured by CritterBox Toys was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-scs_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scs-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binky and Bongo appear as background and enemy characters in the <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_(video_game)" title="The Simpsons (video game)">Simpsons arcade video game</a> (coin-op). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1984 – <i>Love Is Hell</i> – (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74454-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74454-3">0-394-74454-3</a>)</li> <li>1986 – <i>Work Is Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74864-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74864-6">0-394-74864-6</a>)</li> <li>1987 – <i>School Is Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-75091-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-75091-8">0-394-75091-8</a>)</li> <li>1988 – <i>Box Full of Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72111-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72111-8">0-679-72111-8</a>)</li> <li>1988 – <i>Childhood Is Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72055-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72055-3">0-679-72055-3</a>)</li> <li>1989 – <i>Greetings from Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72678-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72678-0">0-679-72678-0</a>)</li> <li>1989 – <i>Akbar and Jeff's Guide to Life</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72680-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72680-2">0-679-72680-2</a>)</li> <li>1990 – <i>The Big Book of Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72759-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72759-0">0-679-72759-0</a>)</li> <li>1991 – <i>With Love From Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096583-5">0-06-096583-5</a>)</li> <li>1991 – <i>How to Go to Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096879-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096879-6">0-06-096879-6</a>)</li> <li>1992 – <i>The Road to Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096950-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096950-4">0-06-096950-4</a>)</li> <li>1994 – <i>Binky's Guide to Love</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-095078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-095078-1">0-06-095078-1</a>)</li> <li>1994 – <i>Love Is Hell: Special Ultra Jumbo 10th Anniversary Edition</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75665-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75665-5">0-679-75665-5</a>)</li> <li>1997 – <i>The Huge Book of Hell</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026310-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026310-1">0-14-026310-1</a>)</li> <li>2007 – <i>Will and Abe's Guide to the Universe</i> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-134037-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-134037-5">0-06-134037-5</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-salon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChocano2001" class="citation web cs1">Chocano, Carina (January 30, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204032744/http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2001/01/30/groening/index.html">"Matt Groening"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2001/01/30/groening/index.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Matt+Groening&rft.date=2001-01-30&rft.aulast=Chocano&rft.aufirst=Carina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.salon.com%2Fpeople%2Fbc%2F2001%2F01%2F30%2Fgroening%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortved-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ortved_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortved_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortved_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortved_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtved2009" class="citation book cs1">Ortved, John (2009). "The Matt Groening Show". <i>The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History</i>. Greystone Books. pp. 11–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-503-9"><bdi>978-1-55365-503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Matt+Groening+Show&rft.btitle=The+Simpsons%3A+An+Uncensored%2C+Unauthorized+History&rft.pages=11-26&rft.pub=Greystone+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-503-9&rft.aulast=Ortved&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bigbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bigbook_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bigbook_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroening1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Groening, Matt</a> (1990). "About the Author". <i>The Big Book of Hell</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72759-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72759-0"><bdi>0-679-72759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=About+the+Author&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Hell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-679-72759-0&rft.aulast=Groening&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loveishell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loveishell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loveishell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroening1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Groening, Matt</a> (1994). "Introduction". <i>Love is Hell: Special Ultra Jumbo 10th Anniversary Edition</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75665-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75665-5"><bdi>0-679-75665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Love+is+Hell%3A+Special+Ultra+Jumbo+10th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-75665-5&rft.aulast=Groening&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesmag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimesmag_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesmag_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstern1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern" title="Joe Morgenstern">Morgenstern, Joe</a> (April 29, 1990). "Bart Simpson's Real Father". <i>Los Angeles Times Magazine</i>. pp. 12–18, 20, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bart+Simpson%27s+Real+Father&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Times+Magazine&rft.pages=12-18%2C+20%2C+22&rft.date=1990-04-29&rft.aulast=Morgenstern&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americasfirstfamily-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-americasfirstfamily_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">BBC (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/"><i>The Simpsons: America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(DVD)</span>. UK: 20th Century Fox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Simpsons%3A+America%27s+First+Family+%286+minute+edit+for+the+season+1+DVD%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=20th+Century+Fox&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0250735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kim-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kim_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1999" class="citation web cs1">Kim, John W. (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526133854/http://www.snpp.com/other/interviews/groening99d.html">"Keep 'em Laughing"</a>. <i>Scr(i)pt</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Simpsons+Collector+Sector&rft.atitle=Life+Is+Heaven+with+Life+In+Hell+Line&rft.date=2005-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simpsonscollectors.com%2Fnews.asp%3Farchive%3D7%2F2005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+in+Hell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127175912/http://snpp.com/guides/lifeinhell.html"><i>Life In Hell</i> References On The Simpsons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toonopedia.com/lifenhel.htm"><i>Life In Hell</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia" title="Don Markstein's Toonopedia">Don Markstein's Toonopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240527120444/https://www.webcitation.org/6bCQLBEPZ?url=http://toonopedia.com/lifenhel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matt_Groening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matt Groening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Matt_Groening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Matt_Groening" title="List of awards and nominations received by Matt Groening">Awards and nominations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> (1989–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> (1999–2003; 2008–2013; 2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment_(TV_series)" title="Disenchantment (TV series)">Disenchantment</a></i> (2018–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Simpsons</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Daycare" title="The Longest Daycare">The Longest Daycare</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playdate_with_Destiny" title="Playdate with Destiny">Playdate with Destiny</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Balenciaga" title="The Simpsons Balenciaga"><i>The Simpsons</i> | Balenciaga</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deseo_Lo_Mejor" title="Te Deseo Lo Mejor">Te Deseo Lo Mejor</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Disney%2B_shorts" title="The Simpsons Disney+ shorts"><i>The Simpsons</i> Disney+ shorts</a> (2021–present) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Force_Awakens_from_Its_Nap" title="The Force Awakens from Its Nap">The Force Awakens from Its Nap</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bart,_and_the_Loki" title="The Good, the Bart, and the Loki">The Good, the Bart, and the Loki</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plusaversary" title="Plusaversary">Plusaversary</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Billie_Met_Lisa" title="When Billie Met Lisa">When Billie Met Lisa</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Club_(2022_film)" title="Welcome to the Club (2022 film)">Welcome to the Club</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Meet_the_Bocellis_in_%22Feliz_Navidad%22" title="The Simpsons Meet the Bocellis in "Feliz Navidad"">The Simpsons Meet the Bocellis in "Feliz Navidad"</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogue_Not_Quite_One" title="Rogue Not Quite One">Rogue Not Quite One</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/May_the_12th_Be_with_You" title="May the 12th Be with You">May the 12th Be with You</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year_(2024_film)" title="The Most Wonderful Time of the Year (2024 film)">The Most Wonderful Time of the Year</a></i> (2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Futurama_season_5" title="Futurama season 5"><i>Futurama</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama:_Bender%27s_Big_Score" title="Futurama: Bender's Big Score">Bender's Big Score</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama:_The_Beast_with_a_Billion_Backs" title="Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs">The Beast with a Billion Backs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama:_Bender%27s_Game" title="Futurama: Bender's Game">Bender's Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futurama:_Into_the_Wild_Green_Yonder" title="Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder">Into the Wild Green Yonder</a></i> (2007–09)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life in Hell</a></i> (1977–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Simpsons_comics" title="List of The Simpsons comics"><i>The Simpsons</i> comics</a> (1993–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurama_Comics" title="Futurama Comics"><i>Futurama</i> comics</a> (2000–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_shorts" title="The Simpsons shorts"><i>The Simpsons</i> shorts</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show" title="The Tracey Ullman Show">The Tracey Ullman Show</a></i> (1987–89)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive,_the_Other_Reindeer" title="Olive, the Other Reindeer">Olive, the Other Reindeer</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Ride" title="The Simpsons Ride">The Simpsons Ride</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Comics" title="Bongo Comics">Bongo Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ULULU_Company" title="The ULULU Company">The ULULU Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Bottom_Remainders" title="Rock Bottom Remainders">Rock Bottom Remainders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_20th_Anniversary_Special_%E2%80%93_In_3-D!_On_Ice!" title="The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!">The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&oldid=1259210151">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_Hell&oldid=1259210151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1977_comics_debuts" title="Category:1977 comics debuts">1977 comics debuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_comics_endings" title="Category:2012 comics endings">2012 comics endings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2012 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