CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>统计学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"03fd8067-843f-4c63-8852-e0820a2e0308","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"统计学","wgTitle":"统计学","wgCurRevisionId":82810437,"wgRevisionId":82810437,"wgArticleId":2175,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有过时参数的引用的页面","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目", "包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目","包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目","概率与统计","應用數學","统计学","数理经济学","数学科学职业","研究方法","評價方法"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"统计学","wgRelevantArticleId":2175,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12483","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents" ,"ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/1200px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/800px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/640px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="统计学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-统计学 rootpage-统计学 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-总览" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总览"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>总览</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总览-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-統計學的觀念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#統計學的觀念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>統計學的觀念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-統計學的觀念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-統計方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#統計方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>統計方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-統計方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关統計方法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-統計方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-实验与观察性研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实验与观察性研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>实验与观察性研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实验与观察性研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-实验研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实验研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>实验研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实验研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-观察研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#观察研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>观察研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-观察研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-測量的尺度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#測量的尺度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>測量的尺度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-測量的尺度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计术语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计术语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>统计术语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统计术语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-零假设" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#零假设"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>零假设</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-零假设-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-误差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#误差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>误差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-误差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-区间估計" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#区间估計"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>区间估計</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-区间估計-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-显著性的差异" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#显著性的差异"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>显著性的差异</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-显著性的差异-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-范畴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#范畴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>范畴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-范畴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸的科目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸的科目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>延伸的科目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸的科目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计计算" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计计算"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>统计计算</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统计计算-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-滥用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#滥用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>滥用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-滥用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">统计学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。154种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5_(%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5)" title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ) – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إحصاء – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰিসংখ্যা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিসংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C4%97st%C4%97ka" title="Statėstėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Statėstėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikis" title="Statistikis – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Statistikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিসংখ্যান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিসংখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadegouriezh" title="Stadegouriezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadegouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistica" title="Estadistica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Estadistica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئامار – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystadegaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Στατιστική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στατιστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistika" title="Estatistika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%ADstica" title="Estaística – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaística" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilastotiede" title="Tilastotiede – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilastotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiga" title="Statistiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Statistiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hagfrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hagfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistique" title="Statistique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiche" title="Statistiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Statistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistyk" title="Statistyk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Statistyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistic" title="Staitistic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staitistic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistearachd" title="Staitistearachd – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Staitistearachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrekokuaa" title="Papyrekokuaa – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papyrekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staydraa" title="Staydraa – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Staydraa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuhana" title="Kumuhana – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumuhana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סטטיסטיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטיסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सांख्यिकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankrraa" title="Aankrraa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankrraa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistik" title="Estatistik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estatistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisztika" title="Statisztika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիճակագրություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիճակագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Tölfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%93%AF%E1%91%A6%E1%93%AF%E1%93%AF%E1%96%95%E1%96%91%E1%95%90%E1%93%97%E1%92%8B%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%B9%E1%93%AF%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%94%85%E1%93%B4%E1%91%A6" title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="統計学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統計学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistix" title="Statistix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Statistix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addadan_(tussna)" title="Addadan (tussna) – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addadan (tussna)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C9%A3_%C3%B1%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%C9%A9l%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%ED%95%99" title="통계학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통계학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar" title="Amar – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystek" title="Statystek – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Statystek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtatistiek" title="Sjtatistiek – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtatistiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika_(mokslas)" title="Statistika (mokslas) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statistika (mokslas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संख्याशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संख्याशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkaan" title="Perangkaan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangkaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ADstica" title="Statística – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Statística" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinannoo" title="Xiinannoo – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetistiks" title="Stetistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Stetistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystyka" title="Statystyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرشمیرنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرشمیرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khipukamay" title="Khipukamay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khipukamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штатістіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штатістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateestics" title="Stateestics – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stateestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماريات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شماريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඛ්‍යානය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඛ්‍යානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tatistika" title="Štatistika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štatistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwimu" title="Takwimu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Takwimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புள்ளியியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புள்ளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstika" title="Estatístika – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Estatístika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Омор – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Омор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถิติศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstega" title="Statìstega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Statìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%AA" title="Thống kê – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thống kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistik%C3%A1" title="Estadistiká – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estadistiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="סטאטיסטיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאטיסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csir%C3%B2_Statistiki" title="Ìsirò Statistiki – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsirò Statistiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3ng-k%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibalomininingo" title="Izibalomininingo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izibalomininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&oldid=82810437" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&id=82810437&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistics" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12483" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-60ef224e" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-60ef224e" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Math"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">统计学</a>系列条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率論</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/100px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/150px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg/200px-Standard_deviation_diagram_micro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="概率">概率</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%85%AC%E8%A8%AD" title="機率公設">概率公理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="非決定論">非決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%80%A7" title="随机性">随机性</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="機率空間">概率空間</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="概率测度">概率测度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="样本空间">样本空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机试验">随机试验</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="伯努利試驗">伯努利試驗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="事件 (概率论)">事件</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A3%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="互補事件">互補事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5" title="互斥">互斥</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基本事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elementary_event"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基本事件（页面不存在）">基本事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event" class="extiw" title="en:Elementary event"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elementary_event</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C_(%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C)" title="结果 (随机试验)">结果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88" title="单元素集合">单元素</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F" title="随机变量">随机变量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC" title="期望值">期望值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="条件概率">條件概率</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">概率分布</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E5%9E%8B%E5%9D%87%E5%8B%BB%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="離散型均勻分佈">離散型均勻分佈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="伯努利分布">伯努利分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%A0%85%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="二項式分布">二項式分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="幾何分佈">幾何分佈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9F%E4%BA%8C%E9%A1%B9%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="负二项分布">负二项分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="超几何分布">超几何分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="泊松分布">泊松分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E5%9E%8B%E5%9D%87%E5%8C%80%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="连续型均匀分布">连续型均匀分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="正态分布">正态分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%95%B0%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="对数正态分布">对数正态分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="多元正态分布">多元正态分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="指数分布">指数分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma分布">Gamma分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta分布">Beta分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%AF%E6%89%98%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="帕累托分布">帕累托分布</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="联合分布">联合分布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="边缘分布">边缘分布</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="随机过程">随机过程</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="伯努利过程">伯努利过程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%BC%AB%E6%AD%A5" title="隨機漫步">隨機漫步</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="维纳过程">维纳过程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="馬可夫過程">馬可夫過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="伊藤過程">伊藤過程</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="独立 (概率论)">統計獨立性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="条件独立">条件独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="全機率定理">全概率公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="大數法則">大数定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="贝叶斯定理">贝叶斯定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="布尔不等式">布尔不等式</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B0%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="文氏图">文氏图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="樹形圖">樹形圖</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Probability_fundamentals" title="Template:Probability fundamentals"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Probability_fundamentals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Probability fundamentals（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Probability_fundamentals" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Probability fundamentals"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/140px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/210px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg/280px-Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>统计学</b>是在資料分析的基础上，研究测定、收集、整理、归纳和分析反映數據資料，以便给出正确訊息的科學。這一门学科自17世纪中叶产生并逐步发展起来，它廣泛地應用在各門<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="學科列表">學科</a>，從<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="自然科学">自然科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文學科</a>，甚至被用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="工商業">工商業</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>的情報決策。隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="大数据">大数据</a>時代來臨，統計的面貌也逐漸改變，與資訊、計算等領域密切結合，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">數據科學</a>中的重要主軸之一。 </p><p>譬如自一組數據中，可以摘要並且描述這份數據的集中和離散情形，這個用法稱作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述統計學</a>。另外，觀察者以<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="數據">數據</a>的形態，建立出一個用以解釋其<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="隨機">隨機性</a>和不確定性的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="数学模型">數學模型</a>，以之來推論研究中的步驟及母體，這種用法被稱做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a>。這兩種用法都可以被稱作為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="應用統計學（页面不存在）">應用統計學</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數理統計學">數理統計學</a>则是討論背後的理論基礎的學科。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="总览"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E8.A7.88"></span>总览</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：总览"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loess_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Loess_curve.svg/220px-Loess_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Loess_curve.svg/330px-Loess_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Loess_curve.svg/440px-Loess_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>统计可以推测趋势和规律，说明自然和人文现象。</figcaption></figure> <p>很多人认为统计学是一种科学的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>分支，是关于收集、分析、解释、陈述<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="数据">数据</a>的科学。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一些人认为它是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>的一个分支，因为统计学是关于收集解释<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="数据">数据</a>的。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由于它基于观测、重视应用，统计学常被看作是一门独特的数学科学，而不是一个数学分支。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>很多统计学都不是数学的：如确保所收集来的数据能得出有效的结论；将数据编码、存档以使得信息得以保存，可以在国际上进行比对；汇报结果、总结数据，以便统计员可以明白它们的意思；采取必要措施，保护数据来源对象的隐私。 </p><p>统计学家通过专门的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">试验设计</a>和调查样本来提升数据质量。统计学自身也为数据的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="概率模型">概率模型</a>提供了预测工具。统计学在其他学术科目上得到了广泛的应用，如自然科学、社会科学、政府、商业等。统计顾问可以帮助没有入户调查经验组织与公司进行问卷研究。 </p><p>总结敘述收集来的数据被称之为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述統計學</a>。这在进行实验研究信息交流中十分有用。另外，从数据的分布上也可以得出观测上的随机性和不确定性。 </p><p>將資料中的數據模型化，計算它的機率並且做出對於母群體的推論被称之为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a>。推論是科学进步的重要因素，因为它可能从随机变量中得出数据的结论。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a>将命题进行更深入的研究，将结果进行检测。这些都是科学方式的一部分。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述統計學</a>和对新数据的分析更倾向于提供更多的信息，逼近命题所述的真理。 </p><p>“应用统计学”包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述統計學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a>中的应用成分。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>理论统计学则注重统计推论背后的逻辑证明，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a>不但包括推导估测推论法的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">概率分布</a>，还包括了计算统计和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">试验设计</a>。 </p><p>统计学与<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>联系紧密，并常以后者为理论基础。简单地讲，两者不同点在于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>从母群體中推导出样本的概率。统计推论则正好相反——从小的样本中得出大的母群體的信息。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>统计手法最早可以追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D5%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前5世纪">公元前5世纪</a>。最早的统计著作来自公元9世纪的《密码破译》（<i>Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages</i>）一书，由阿拉伯人<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E8%BF%AA" title="肯迪">肯迪</a>编著。在书中，肯迪详细记录了如何使用统计数据和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="频率分析">频率分析</a>进行密码破译。根据沙特阿拉伯工程师易卜拉欣·阿凯笛（Ibrahim Al-Kadi）的说法，统计学和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密码学</a>分析便如此一同诞生了<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Normal_Distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/350px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/525px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/700px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="常態分配">常態分配</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E5%9E%8B%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鐘型曲線">鐘型曲線</a>的圖</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>银行家、执政官<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" title="乔瓦尼·维拉尼">乔瓦尼·维拉尼</a>编订了佛罗伦萨14世纪历史书籍<i>Nuova Cronica</i> ,包括了如人口、法令、商贸、教育、宗教场所在内的统计数据，被誉之为历史上统计学入门的第一本书。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些学者将1663年约翰·格兰特根据死亡率统计表编订出版的《自然与政治观察》（<i>Natural and Political Observations</i>）一书定格为统计学的诞生。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>統計學的英语词statistics是源於現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>statisticum collegium（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國會">國會</a>）以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">義大利语</a>statista（國民或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>）。德语Statistik，最早是由Gottfried Achenwall（1749）所使用，代表對國家的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="資料">資料</a>進行分析的學問，也就是“研究國家的科學”。在十九世紀統計學在廣泛的數據以及資料中探究其意義，並且由John Sinclair引進到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>世界。 </p><p>統計學的初衷是作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>（通常是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a>）以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="管理階層">管理階層</a>的工具。它大量透過國家以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="國際">國際</a>統計服務蒐集國家以及本土的資料。另外依照各方面，普查則提供關母體的資訊。統計背後牽涉到更多數學導向的領域，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>，或是從經驗科學（特別在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>）中獲得的經驗證據設定估計<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="參數">參數</a>。在今日的世界裡統計已經被使用在不僅僅是國家或政府的事務，更延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="商業">商業</a>，自然以及社會科學，<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5" title="醫療保健">醫療</a>等甚至更多方面。因為統計學擁有深厚的歷史以及廣泛的應用性，統計學通常不只被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>所處理的對象，而是與數學本身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>定義與意義有密切的關聯。許多知名的大學擁有獨立的數理統計學系。統計學也在如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="教育学">教育学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="公共卫生学">公共衛生學</a>系中被視為是一門主科。 </p><p>统计学的数学基础建立在17世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱兹·帕斯卡">布莱兹·帕斯卡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%A6%AC" title="皮埃爾·德·費馬">皮埃爾·德·費馬</a>发展的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>上。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>从研究几率得来。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="最小二乘法">最小二乘法</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯</a>于1794年第一次得出。现代计算机可以进行更大尺度的统计运算，生成了许多无法用人工计算的新公式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="統計學的觀念"><span id=".E7.B5.B1.E8.A8.88.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.80.E5.BF.B5"></span>統計學的觀念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：統計學的觀念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/250px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/375px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/500px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>费舍尔<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A2%E5%B0%BE%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鸢尾花">鸢尾花</a>数据集之中杂色鸢尾花萼片宽度数据的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="直方图">分布直方图</a></figcaption></figure> <p>為了將統計學應用到科學、工業以及社會問題上，我們由研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a>開始。這可能是一個國家的人民，石頭中的水晶，或者是某家特定工廠所生產的商品。一個母群體甚至可能由許多次同樣的觀察程序所組成;由這種資料蒐集所組成的母群體我們稱它叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="時間序列">時間序列</a>。 </p><p>為了實際的理由，我們選擇研究母群體的子集代替研究母群體的每一筆資料，這個子集稱做<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="樣本 (統計學)">樣本</a>。以某種經驗設計實驗所蒐集的樣本叫做資料。資料是統計分析的對象，並且被用做兩種相關的用途：描述和推論。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述統計學</a>處理有關敘述的問題：是否可以摘要的說明資料的情形，不論是以數學或是圖片表現，以用來代表母群體的性質？基礎的數學描述包括了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均數</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a>等。圖像的摘要則包含了許多種的表和圖。主要是就說明資料的集中和離散情形。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a>被用來將資料中的數據模型化，計算它的機率並且做出對於母群體的推論。這個推論可能以對/錯問題的答案所呈現（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="假設檢定">假設檢定</a>），對於數字特徵量的估計（估計），對於未來觀察的預測，關聯性的預測（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%80%A7" title="相關性">相關性</a>），或是將關係模型化（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="迴歸">迴歸</a>）。其他的模型化技術包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="變異數分析">變異數分析</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="時間序列">時間序列</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">数据挖掘</a>。</li></ul> <p>相關的觀念特別值得被拿出來討論。對於資料集合的統計分析可能顯示兩個變數（母群體中的兩種性質）傾向於一起變動，好像它們是相連的一樣。舉例來說，對於人收入和死亡年齡的研究期刊可能會發現窮人比起富人平均來說傾向擁有較短的生命。這兩個變數被稱做相關的。但是實際上，我們不能直接推論這兩個變數中有因果關係;參見相關性推論因果關係（邏輯謬誤）。 </p><p>如果樣本足以代表母群體的，那麼由樣本所做的推論和結論可以被引申到整個母群體之上。最大的問題在於決定樣本是否足以代表整個母群體。統計學提供了許多方法來估計和修正樣本和蒐集資料過程中的隨機性（誤差），如同上面所提到的透過經驗所設計的實驗。參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗設計">實驗設計</a>。 </p><p>要了解隨機性或是機率必須具備基本的數學觀念。數理統計（通常又叫做統計理論）是應用數學的分支，它使用機率論來分析並且驗證統計的理論基礎。 </p><p>任何統計方法是有效的只有當這個系統或是所討論的母群體滿足方法論的基本假設。誤用統計學可能會導致描述面或是推論面嚴重的錯誤，這個錯誤可能會影響社會政策，醫療實踐以及橋樑或是核能發電計畫結構的可靠性。 </p><p>即使統計學被正確的應用，結果對於不是專家的人來說可能會難以陳述。一些統計科學的結果對於大眾而言相當費解。舉例來說，統計資料中顯著的改變可能是由樣本的隨機變量所導致，但是這個顯著性可能與大眾而言難以理解。另外，某些統計學分析（尤其當涉及概率論時）得出的結論可能非常違悖一般人的直覺，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%8F%90%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="蒙提霍爾問題">蒙提霍爾問題</a>。人們（甚至包括一些科學家）往往需要統計的技巧（或懷疑）才能理解其正確性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="統計方法"><span id=".E7.B5.B1.E8.A8.88.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>統計方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：統計方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="实验与观察性研究"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C.E4.B8.8E.E8.A7.82.E5.AF.9F.E6.80.A7.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>实验与观察性研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：实验与观察性研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>统计研究中的共同目标是分析<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果关系</a>，具体来讲就是从预估数据变化中得出结论，或是研究自变量与因变量之间的关系。因果统计研究主要有两种：实验研究和观察研究。在两种研究中，自变量改变对因变量所造成的影响可以被观测到。两种实验间的不同在于实验时如何进行的。两种实验都很厉害。实验研究包括将系统尺度进行研究、操纵系统、使用更多的尺度进行同样的实验来确定操作是否改变了尺度的值。与之相对的是观察研究，观察研究不包括实验性操作。在此，数据被收集，预估数据与回复数据间的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="相关系数">相关系数</a>被研究。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="实验研究"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>实验研究</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：实验研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>统计实验的基本步骤如下： </p> <ol><li>设立研究计划，包括找到代表研究项目的数据，使用如下信息：根据处理效应进行初步预估，备用假说，预估实验变率。对实验目标的选择和道德上的考虑也是必不可少的。统计学家推荐实验（至少）应与另一个相同标准、不同项目的参照组进行对比，以减少<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="偏差">偏差</a>。</li> <li>试验设计，使用区组变量来减少干扰变量的影响，将对象进行随机处理，消除估算处理效用与实验误差中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="偏差">偏差</a>。在此阶段，实验参与者和统计学家填写<i>实验草案</i>，并依此指导实验进程，对实验数据的原始分析进行细化。</li> <li>根据实验草案进行实验、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a>。</li> <li>在第二次分析中进一步解析数据，为进一步研究提出新<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="假说">假说</a>。</li> <li>汇报研究结果并将其存档。</li></ol> <p>对人类行为的实验研究应该多加谨慎。著名的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%A1%91%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="霍桑效应">霍桑效应</a>在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方電器公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western Electric"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%BB%E5%99%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方電器公司（页面不存在）">西方電器公司</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electric" class="extiw" title="en:Western Electric"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western Electric</span></a></span>）</span></span>位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%9E" title="伊利诺伊州">伊利诺伊州</a>的霍桑工厂（Hawthorne Works）进行心理学实验，研究工作环境改变对<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%8E%87" title="生产率">生产率</a>的影响。研究人员尝试增强照明，观察它是否有助于提高流水线工人的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%8E%87" title="生产率">生产率</a>。研究人员首先检测了工厂的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%8E%87" title="生产率">生产率</a>，尔后改变车间的照明强度，观察结果。结果是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%8E%87" title="生产率">生产率</a>在实验环境下的确提升了。然而，该实验因其流程<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>在今天饱受批评，特别是实验缺乏参照组和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="双盲">双盲</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%A1%91%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="霍桑效应">霍桑效应</a>指仅从观测来得出结论。该实验中<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%8E%87" title="生产率">生产率</a>的提升不是因为照明强度的改变，而是因为工人们发觉他们被围观了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="观察研究"><span id=".E8.A7.82.E5.AF.9F.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>观察研究</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：观察研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>观察研究的具体例子是研究吸烟与肺癌之间的相关系数。这种研究常用调查来收集所需信息的观测结果，并对其进行统计分析。在本案例中，研究人员会收集吸烟和不吸烟者的观察数据，进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a>，然后观察每组中肺癌患者的数量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="測量的尺度"><span id=".E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.B0.BA.E5.BA.A6"></span>測量的尺度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：測量的尺度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="測量的尺度">測量的尺度</a></div> <p>根據Stevens（1951）對數字的尺度分類，統計學一共有四種測量的尺度或是四種測量的方式。這四種測量（名目、順序、等距、等比）在統計過程中各具有不等的實用性。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等比尺度（页面不存在）">等比尺度</a>（Ratio measurements）擁有零值及資料間的距離是相等被定義的；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E8%B7%9D%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等距尺度（页面不存在）">等距尺度</a>（Interval measurements）資料間的距離是相等被定義的，但是它的零值並非絕對的無，而是自行定義的（如智力或溫度的測量）；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順序尺度（页面不存在）">順序尺度</a>（Ordinal measurements）的意義並非表現在其值而是在其順序之上；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名目尺度（页面不存在）">名目尺度</a>（Nominal measurements）的測量值則不具量的意義。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="统计术语"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1.E6.9C.AF.E8.AF.AD"></span>统计术语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：统计术语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="零假设"><span id=".E9.9B.B6.E5.81.87.E8.AE.BE"></span>零假设</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：零假设"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a></div> <p>对统计信息的解释时常涉及到构建<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>，在该假设中，所有因素对变量都不起任何作用。 </p><p>对新手来说最佳的比喻就是法庭窘境了。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>H<sub>0</sub>认为被告是清白的，而备择假设H<sub>1</sub>则认为被告有罪。起诉是因为怀疑被告有罪。H<sub>0</sub>（现状）与H<sub>1</sub>对立并且被认可，除非H<sub>1</sub>被“超过合理质疑”的证据证伪。然而，“无法排除H<sub>0</sub>”并不能代表被告清白，只是说证据无法将其定罪。所以，陪审团没有必要在H<sub>0</sub>“无法推翻”的情况下将其“接受”。当<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>无法被“证明”时，可以通过强度检测判断假设是否近似成立，即进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="第一型及第二型錯誤">第二型错误</a>检测。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="误差"><span id=".E8.AF.AF.E5.B7.AE"></span>误差</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：误差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="第一型及第二型錯誤">第一型及第二型錯誤</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>中存在两种基本<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="第一型及第二型錯誤">第一型錯誤</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>被错误地证伪，得出测试结果为“偽阳性”。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="第一型及第二型錯誤">第二型錯誤</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>没有被及时排除，母群體中的实际差异被错误判断为“偽阴性”。</li></ul> <p>当对样本的个体观察偏离了中心数据，如样本或母群體平均数，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>就出现了。许多统计方法尝试将中位数乘法的误差最小化，这种方法被称之为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="最小二乘法">最小二乘法</a>”。 </p><p>生成统计数据的过程也会产生<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>。很多类似<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>被是随机（噪音）性的，或是系统（偏倚）性的。但很多其他类型的重大<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差</a>（如疏忽：分析员把单位填错了）也是不容忽视的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="区间估計"><span id=".E5.8C.BA.E9.97.B4.E4.BC.B0.E8.A8.88"></span>区间估計</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：区间估計"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="置信区间">置信区间</a></div> <p>许多时候研究只观察母群體的样本部分，所以结果并不能完全代表整个母群體。任何来自样本的估算只能得到母群體的近似值。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="置信区间">置信区间</a>是统计学家用来表述样本结果离整个母群體真实数值之间的差距。这常被表述为95%置信区间。形式上，数值为95%<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="置信区间">置信区间</a>意味着如果在同样情况下重复样本分析（这回生成不同的数据集），95%的区间会得出符合（母群體）情况的实际结果。这并不意味着真实数值的概率也在95%<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="置信区间">置信区间</a>之内。从频率论的角度来说，这样的说法毫无意义，因为真实数值不是一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F" title="随机变量">随机变量</a>。真实数值要么在，要么不再给定的区间里。然而，任何数据在被抽取样本，设计置信区间之前，将要被计算的区间确实有95%的概率能代表真实数值：在这一点上，区间的极限仍然是有待被观测的随机变量。利用贝叶斯统计置信区间可以得出区间包涵真实数值的概率：这种方法对“概率”有另一种解释，即<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="贝叶斯概率">贝叶斯概率</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="显著性的差异"><span id=".E6.98.BE.E8.91.97.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.AE.E5.BC.82"></span>显著性的差异</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：显著性的差异"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a></div> <p>对于给出的问题，统计学很少回答简单的是或否。它的解释常常是以统计的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a>出现，汇报可以将<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>精确证伪的概率值（这也被称作是p值、假定值）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a>并不一定代表所有的结果在现实世界里都很显著。例如对药品的研究得出其具有统计的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a>，但是实际上药品可能毫无益处。这样的药品不会很有效地帮助病人康复。 </p><p>由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="假设检验">假设检验</a>中可能更加偏向于某一假设（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="零假设">零假设</a>），在大尺度研究中可能会对微小差异过度夸张，因此这中方法受到批评。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a>所得出的重大差额并不一定在现实中有意义，但是我们仍旧可以据此设计出相应的实验。 </p><p>在报告假设是否被证伪时，一些方法不仅仅报告<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a>和p值。p值并不代表效应的尺度。更好更常用的方法使报告<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="置信区间">置信区间</a>。虽然该值是从相同的假设测试或p值计算过程中得出的，但是它对效应的尺度及其不确定性都给出了描述。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下列出一些有名的統計檢定方法以及可供驗證實驗數據的程序 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="T检验">t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡方分配">卡方分配</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費雪最小顯著差異法（页面不存在）">費雪最小顯著差異法</a>（Fisher's Least Significant Difference test）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC-%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BCU%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼-惠特尼U檢定（页面不存在）">曼-惠特尼U檢定</a>（Mann-Whitney U）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="回归分析">回歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%80%A7" title="相關性">相關性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E7%A7%AF%E7%9F%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="皮尔逊积矩相关系数">皮尔逊积矩相关系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8C%B9%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="史匹曼等級相關係數">史匹曼等級相關係數</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="范畴"><span id=".E8.8C.83.E7.95.B4"></span>范畴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：范畴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="数理统计">数理统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽样</a>与抽样分布</li> <li>统计数据的搜集、整理与显示</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="参数估计">参数估计</a></li> <li>非参数估计</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="假设检验">假设检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%AF%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" title="無母數統計">無母數統計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="时间序列分析">时间序列分析</a></li> <li>统计指数</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="多變量分析">多變量分析</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主成分分析">主成分分析</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="因子分析">因子分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚类分析">聚类分析</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%88%A5%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="判別分析">判别分析</a></li> <li>結構方程式模式</li></ul></li> <li>相关分析与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">回归分析</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸的科目"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E7.9A.84.E7.A7.91.E7.9B.AE"></span>延伸的科目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：延伸的科目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有些科學廣泛的應用統計的方法使得他們擁有各自的統計術語，這些學科包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="農業科學">農業科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="生物統計">生物統計</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商务統計（页面不存在）">商务統計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%8E%A1%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="資料採礦">資料採礦</a>（應用統計學以及圖形從資料中獲取知識）</li> <li>經濟統計學</li> <li>電機統計</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="统计物理学">統計物理學</a></li> <li>人口統計</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理統計學">心理統計學</a></li> <li>教育統計學</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gretl_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/300px-Gretl_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/450px-Gretl_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/600px-Gretl_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>统计软件gretl</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>社會統計（包括所有的社會科學）</li> <li>文獻統計分析</li> <li>化學與程序分析（所有有關化學的資料分析與化工科學）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運動統計學（页面不存在）">運動統計學</a>，特別是棒球以及曲棍球</li></ul> <p>統計對於商業以及工業是一個基本的關鍵。他被用來了解與測量系統變異性，程序控制，對資料作出結論，並且完成資料取向的決策。在這些領域統計扮演了一個重要的角色。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="统计计算"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1.E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97"></span>统计计算</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：统计计算"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>计算机在20世纪后半叶的大量应用对统计科学产生了极大的影响。早期统计模型常常為迴歸线性模型，但强劲的计算机及其算法导致<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="非线性">非线性</a>模型（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">神经网络</a>）和新式算法（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="廣義線性模式">廣義線性模式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="等级线性模型">等级线性模型</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%BA" title="支持向量机">支持向量机</a>）的大量应用。 </p><p>计算机性能的增强使得需要大量计算的再取样算法成为时尚，如置换检验、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%B3%95" title="自助法">自助法</a>。Gibbs取样法也使得贝叶斯模型更加可行。计算机革命使得统计在未来更加注重“实验”和“经验”。大量普通或专业的统计软件现已面市。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="滥用"><span id=".E6.BB.A5.E7.94.A8"></span>滥用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：滥用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misusestatistics_0001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png/250px-Misusestatistics_0001.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png/375px-Misusestatistics_0001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>同样的销售量原点不同，看起来差距很大。</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%A4%E7%94%A8" title="統計誤用">統計誤用</a></div> <p>统计数据时常被滥用，对结果的解释时常有利于演讲者。<sup id="cite_ref-Huff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>对统计的怀疑与误导可被称为：“世上有三种谎言：谎言，该死的谎言，统计数字”。许多对统计的滥用可能出于无意，也可能出于故意。《如何用统计来说谎》一书（<i>How to Lie With Statistics</i>）<sup id="cite_ref-Huff_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>揭露了许多类似诡计，并在统计的应用与滥用中，回顾了许多案例中的统计方法（e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter（2012）。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>预防统计滥用包括使用合适的图表、规避<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="偏差">偏差</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_in_Archaeology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_in_Archaeology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当结论被<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E7%8E%87%E6%A6%82%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="輕率概化">輕率概化</a>，超过了它所能代表的范围时，滥用就出现了。这常常是因无意或故意忽视样本偏差所导致的。<sup id="cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misuse_of_Statistics-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="条形统计图">条形统计图</a>可能是最容易使用、最容易理解的图表了，它可以用手或计算机绘制而成。<sup id="cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misuse_of_Statistics-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不巧的是，许多人忽视其中的偏差、误差，因为他们不留意。因此，虽然图表质量低劣，但人们常常愿意去相信。<sup id="cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misuse_of_Statistics-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>只有当样本可以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="代表">代表</a>总体时，统计结果才是可信、精确的。<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Elementary_Statistics_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Elementary_Statistics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>哈弗（Huff）称：“样本的可靠性可以被<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="偏差">偏差</a>破坏...给你自己点怀疑的空间吧。”<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Lie_with_Statistics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Lie_with_Statistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) Think and Explain with Statistics, Addison-Wesley, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780201156195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-201-15619-5</a> . pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hays, William Lee, (1973) Statistics for the Social Sciences, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p.xii, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780030779459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-03-077945-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, David (1992). "Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject". In F. Gordon and S. Gordon. Statistics for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The Mathematical Association of America. pp. 14–25. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780883850787" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-88385-078-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chance, Beth L.; Rossman, Allan J. (2005). "Preface". Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods. Duxbury Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780495050643" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-495-05064-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A.. (1994) Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications, pp. 5–9. West Group. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780314033093" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-314-03309-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Al-Kadi, Ibrahim A. (1992) "The origins of cryptology: The Arab contributions”, Cryptologia, 16(2) 97–126. doi:10.1080/0161-119291866801</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Simon (2000). The code book : the science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780385495325" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-49532-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Villani, Giovanni. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". Review of the International Statistical Institute 5(4):321–328. JSTOR 1400906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huff_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huff_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huff, Darrell (1954) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_to_Lie_With_Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="How to Lie With Statistics（页面不存在）">How to Lie With Statistics</a></i>, WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780393310726" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-31072-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warne, R. Lazo, M., Ramos, T. and Ritter, N. (2012). Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3) 134–149. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0016986212444122">10.1177/0016986212444122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_in_Archaeology-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_in_Archaeology_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Drennan, Robert D. Statistics in archaeology. Pearsall, Deborah M. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear">Encyclopedia of Archaeology</a>. Elsevier Inc. 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear/page/2093">2093</a>–2100. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-373962-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-373962-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-12-373962-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Statistics+in+archaeology&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.aulast=Drennan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373962-9&rft.pages=2093-2100&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaarch00pear&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misuse_of_Statistics-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misuse_of_Statistics_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cohen, Jerome B. Misuse of Statistics. Journal of the American Statistical Association (JSTOR). 1938年12月, <b>33</b> (204): 657–674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01621459.1938.10502344"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Misuse+of+Statistics&rft.aufirst=Jerome+B.&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=1938-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=204&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.pages=657-674&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1938.10502344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Elementary_Statistics-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Elementary_Statistics_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Freund, J. F. Modern Elementary Statistics. Credo Reference. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Modern+Elementary+Statistics&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Credo+Reference&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_to_Lie_with_Statistics-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Lie_with_Statistics_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huff, Darrell; Irving Geis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoliewithstat0000huff">How to Lie with Statistics</a>. New York: Norton. 1954. <q>The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.btitle=How+to+Lie+with+Statistics&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtoliewithstat0000huff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:统计学">統計學主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="统计学家列表">统计学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计学主题列表（页面不存在）">统计学主题列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="统计学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:統計學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:統計學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:統計學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="统计学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">统计学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="描述统计学">描述统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">连续概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF" title="集中趋势">集中趋势</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平方平均数">平方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术平均数">算術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何平均数">幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="调和平均数">調和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF-%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术-几何平均数">算术-几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95-%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何-调和平均数">几何-调和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" title="希羅平均數">希羅</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="平均数不等式">平均数不等式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">中位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="众数 (数学)">眾數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="离散程度">离散程度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="全距">全距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="变异系数">变异系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="百分位数">百分位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E8%B7%9D" title="四分位距">四分位距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="四分位数">四分位数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%B7%AE" title="平均差">平均差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%AA%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="切比雪夫不等式">切比雪夫不等式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分布形态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shape of the distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分布形态（页面不存在）">分布形态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Shape of the distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shape of the distribution</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="中心极限定理">中心极限定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="矩 (數學)">矩</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="偏度">偏態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="峰度">峰態</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">离散概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次數 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Count data"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次數 (統計學)（页面不存在）">次數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_data" class="extiw" title="en:Count data"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Count data</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>· <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="列聯表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contingency table"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%81%94%E8%A1%A8" title="列联表">列聯表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table" class="extiw" title="en:Contingency table"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contingency table</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/120px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/180px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/240px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%B4%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="信賴區間">置信区间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">实验设计</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7" title="重抽样">重抽样</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E6%B3%95" title="刀切法">刀切法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%B3%95" title="自助法">自助法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="交叉驗證">交叉驗證</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重複 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Replication (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複 (統計學)（页面不存在）">重复</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Replication (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Replication (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BB%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阻碍（页面不存在）">阻碍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="區集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blocking (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區集（页面不存在）">區集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Blocking (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blocking (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="缺失数据">缺失数据</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="样本量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sample size"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="样本量（页面不存在）">样本量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size" class="extiw" title="en:Sample size"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sample size</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="标准误差">標準誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="虛無假說">零假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="對立假說">备择假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%80%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%88%87%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="型一錯誤與型二錯誤">第一类错误与第二类错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="檢定力">统计功效</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E5%80%BC" title="效应值">效应值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常规估计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最小距離估計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minimum distance estimation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最小距離估計（页面不存在）">最小距離估計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum distance estimation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minimum distance estimation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="矩估计">矩估计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大间距（页面不存在）">最大间距</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假设检验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="F检验">F檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="卡方检验">卡方检验</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Wald檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wald test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald檢定（页面不存在）">Wald檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_test" class="extiw" title="en:Wald test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wald test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼-惠特尼檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mann–Whitney U test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC-%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼-惠特尼檢定（页面不存在）">曼-惠特尼檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" class="extiw" title="en:Mann–Whitney U test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mann–Whitney U test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秩和检验（页面不存在）">秩和检验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="生存分析">生存分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="生存函数">生存函数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%98%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乘積極限估計量（页面不存在）">乘積極限估計量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對數秩和檢定（页面不存在）">對數秩和檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="危險比例模式（页面不存在）">危險比例模式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>及<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="干擾因素">干擾因素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E7%A7%AF%E7%9F%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="皮尔逊积矩相关系数">皮尔逊積矩相關係數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="等級相關" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rank correlation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等級相關（页面不存在）">等級相關</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation" class="extiw" title="en:Rank correlation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rank correlation</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="斯皮尔曼等级相关系数">斯皮尔曼等级相关系数</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯德等級相關係數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯德等級相關係數（页面不存在）">肯德等級相關係數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_tau_rank_correlation_coefficient" class="extiw" title="en:Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差和残差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="線性回歸">線性回歸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="線性模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linear model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性模型（页面不存在）">線性模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model" class="extiw" title="en:Linear model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linear model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般线性模型">一般线性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="廣義線性模型">廣義線性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="簡單線性迴歸">簡單線性迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝叶斯回归" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayesian linear regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯回归（页面不存在）">贝叶斯回归</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian linear regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayesian linear regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共變異數分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of covariance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共變異數分析（页面不存在）">协方差分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of covariance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of covariance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非线性回归">非线性回归</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非参数回归模型（页面不存在）">非参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Nonparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semiparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半参数回归模型（页面不存在）">半参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Semiparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semiparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">邏輯斯諦迴歸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="饼图">饼图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE" title="条形图">条形图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A0%87%E5%9B%BE" title="双标图">双标图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="箱形圖">箱形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%96" title="管制圖">管制圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林圖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest plot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林圖（页面不存在）">森林圖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot" class="extiw" title="en:Forest plot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest plot</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="直方图">直方图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E5%9C%96" title="分位圖">分位圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="趋势图">趋势图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="散布圖">散点图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E8%91%89%E5%9C%96" title="幹葉圖">莖葉圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷达图" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radar chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷达图（页面不存在）">雷达图</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Radar chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radar chart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="示意地圖">示意地圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="统计类型" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q47103999"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计类型（页面不存在）">统计类型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47103999" class="extiw" title="d:Q47103999"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q47103999</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="回應過程效度">回應過程效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%A4%E7%94%A8" title="統計誤用">統計誤用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:统计学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Portal:概率与统计">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statistics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:概率与统计专题">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="主要的数学领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template:数学领域"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template talk:数学领域"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:数学领域"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="主要的数学领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="数学领域">领域</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="数学史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of mathematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_mathematics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of mathematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of mathematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学主题列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of mathematics topics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学主题列表（页面不存在）">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of mathematics topics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of mathematics topics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%A8" title="数学符号表">符号表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80" title="数学基础">数学基础</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Math.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/80px-Math.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/120px-Math.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/160px-Math.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="抽象代数">抽象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="交換代數">交換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AE%BA" title="群论">群论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="初等代數">初等代數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="多重线性代数">多重线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="泛代数">泛代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">数学分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微积分">微积分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8F%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="实变函数论">实变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">复变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泛函分析">泛函分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="調和分析">調和分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="傅立叶分析">傅立葉分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="几何分析">几何分析</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="组合数学">组合数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="序理论">序理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="代数几何">代数几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="解析几何">解析几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="微分几何">微分几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="离散几何学">离散几何学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="非欧几里得几何">非欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="有限幾何學">有限几何学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="代數數論">代數數論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="解析数论">解析数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="几何数论">几何数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="算术几何">算术几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E7%95%AA%E5%9B%BE%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="丢番图几何">丢番图几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E9%9B%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="点集拓扑学">点集拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="代数拓扑">代数拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="微分拓扑">微分拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="几何拓扑学">几何拓扑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="测度">测度与概率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">统计推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="统计学习理论">统计学习理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="运算数学">计算数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="計算機代數系統">计算机代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">数理生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="數理金融學">數理金融學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="娛樂數學">娱乐数学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学与艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematics and art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学与艺术（页面不存在）">数学与艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematics and art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematics and art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="数学教育">数学教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">注释</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>数学的领域也可根据“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="数学学科分类标准">MSC分类标准</a>”或“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86/110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国学科分类国家标准/110（页面不存在）">中国学科分类国家标准</a>”进行分类。</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:数学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="机器学习同数据挖掘主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:机器學習"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:机器學習（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:机器學習"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="机器学习同数据挖掘主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">数据挖掘</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="学习">学习</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運算學習論（页面不存在）">運算學習論</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數學模型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸模型</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%97%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="生成对抗网络">生成对抗网络</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transformer%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="Transformer模型">Transformer模型</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型语言模型">大语言模型</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%A0%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="决策树学习">決策樹</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="貝氏網路">貝氏網路</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%BA" title="支持向量机">支持向量机</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="关联规则学习">关联规则学习</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">學習範式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="迁移学习">迁移学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%B0%83_(%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0)" title="微调 (深度学习)">微调 (深度学习)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="监督学习">监督学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="半监督学习">半监督学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="無監督學習">無監督學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="强化学习">强化学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Q%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="Q学习">Q学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="遗传算法">遺傳演算法</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要應用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="统计分类">统计分类</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="表征学习">表征学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%BB%B4" title="降维">降维</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚类分析">聚类分析</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B" title="异常检测">异常检测</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="运算科学">计算科學</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="通用人工智慧">通用人工智慧</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="生成式人工智慧">生成式人工智慧</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="提示工程">提示工程</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">统计学</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">數據科學</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息与计算科学">信息与计算科学</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科学、技术、-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:信息;_zh-tw:資訊;&#125;-的-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:可视化;_zh-tw:視覺化;&#125;-" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="Template:可视化"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="Template talk:可视化"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:可视化"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科学、技术、-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:信息;_zh-tw:資訊;&#125;-的-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:可视化;_zh-tw:視覺化;&#125;-" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="技术">技术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="可视化">可视化</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">领域划分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物学数据可视化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biological data visualization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物学数据可视化（页面不存在）">生物学数据可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" class="extiw" title="en:Biological data visualization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biological data visualization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="化学成像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chemical imaging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学成像（页面不存在）">化学成像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imaging" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical imaging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chemical imaging</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C%E7%BB%98%E5%9B%BE" title="罪行绘图">罪行绘图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="数据可视化">数据可视化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96#教育可视化" title="可视化">教育可视化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流动可视化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flow visualization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流动可视化（页面不存在）">流动可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_visualization" class="extiw" title="en:Flow visualization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flow visualization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%8C%96" title="地理視覺化">地理視覺化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="信息可视化">信息可视化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学可视化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematical diagram"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学可视化（页面不存在）">数学可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematical diagram"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematical diagram</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子图形学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular graphics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子图形学（页面不存在）">分子图形学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphics" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular graphics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular graphics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96#产品可视化" title="可视化">产品可视化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="科学可视化">科学可视化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="软件可视化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Software visualization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软件可视化（页面不存在）">软件可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_visualization" class="extiw" title="en:Software visualization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Software visualization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="工程制图">工程製图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="用户界面设计">用户界面设计</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="视觉文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Visual culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视觉文化（页面不存在）">视觉文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Visual culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Visual culture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" title="立体渲染">立体渲染</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">图像类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%9C%96%E8%A1%A8" title="統計圖表">统计图表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%A7%A3" title="图解">图解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%9C%96" title="工程圖">工程图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="函数图形">函数图形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%84%8F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="形意文字">形意文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="地图">地图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="相片">相片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="象形文字">象形文字</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Plot (图形)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plot (graphics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plot_(%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plot (图形)（页面不存在）">Plot</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" class="extiw" title="en:Plot (graphics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plot (graphics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="示意图">示意图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="表格">表格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BE" title="技术制图">工程製图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%9C%96" title="施工圖">施工圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技术插图" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technical illustration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%8F%92%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术插图（页面不存在）">技术插图</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_illustration" class="extiw" title="en:Technical illustration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technical illustration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="用户界面">用户界面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="图 (数学)">图</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关人士</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅克·贝尔汀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jacques Bertin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅克·贝尔汀（页面不存在）">雅克·贝尔汀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" class="extiw" title="en:Jacques Bertin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jacques Bertin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛西娅·布鲁尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cynthia Brewer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A8%85%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛西娅·布鲁尔（页面不存在）">辛西娅·布鲁尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" class="extiw" title="en:Cynthia Brewer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cynthia Brewer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯图加特·卡德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stuart Card"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯图加特·卡德（页面不存在）">斯图加特·卡德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Card" class="extiw" title="en:Stuart Card"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stuart Card</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·德凡提" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas A. DeFanti"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%A1%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·德凡提（页面不存在）">托马斯·德凡提</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas A. DeFanti"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas A. DeFanti</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博尔登·丹特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Borden Dent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博尔登·丹特（页面不存在）">博尔登·丹特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_Dent" class="extiw" title="en:Borden Dent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Borden Dent</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9" title="迈克尔·路易斯·弗兰德利">迈克尔·路易斯·弗兰德利</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·弗纳斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Furnas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·弗纳斯（页面不存在）">乔治·弗纳斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Furnas" class="extiw" title="en:George Furnas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Furnas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E6%8B%89%E6%81%A9" title="帕特里克·汉拉恩">帕特里克·汉拉恩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奈杰尔·福尔摩斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nigel Holmes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E6%9D%B0%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈杰尔·福尔摩斯（页面不存在）">奈杰尔·福尔摩斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" class="extiw" title="en:Nigel Holmes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nigel Holmes</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯托弗·约翰逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christopher R. Johnson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯托弗·约翰逊（页面不存在）">克里斯托弗·约翰逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher R. Johnson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christopher R. Johnson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戈登·金德尔曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gordon Kindlmann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈登·金德尔曼（页面不存在）">戈登·金德尔曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon Kindlmann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gordon Kindlmann</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92" title="奥古斯特·凯库勒">奥古斯特·凯库勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼努埃尔·利马" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manuel Lima"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E9%A9%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼努埃尔·利马（页面不存在）">曼努埃尔·利马</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lima" class="extiw" title="en:Manuel Lima"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manuel Lima</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿伦·马西阿克伦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alan MacEachren"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿伦·马西阿克伦（页面不存在）">阿伦·马西阿克伦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" class="extiw" title="en:Alan MacEachren"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alan MacEachren</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔克·D·麦金莱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jock D. Mackinlay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E8%8E%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔克·D·麦金莱（页面不存在）">乔克·D·麦金莱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" class="extiw" title="en:Jock D. Mackinlay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jock D. Mackinlay</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迈克尔·马尔茨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michael Maltz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·马尔茨（页面不存在）">迈克尔·马尔茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="extiw" title="en:Michael Maltz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michael Maltz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布鲁斯·麦考密克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bruce H. McCormick"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E8%80%83%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布鲁斯·麦考密克（页面不存在）">布鲁斯·麦考密克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" class="extiw" title="en:Bruce H. McCormick"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bruce H. McCormick</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米里亚·迈耶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miriah Meyer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米里亚·迈耶（页面不存在）">米里亚·迈耶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" class="extiw" title="en:Miriah Meyer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miriah Meyer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="查爾斯·約瑟夫·米納德">查爾斯·約瑟夫·米納德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鲁道夫·莫德利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rudolf Modley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁道夫·莫德利（页面不存在）">鲁道夫·莫德利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" class="extiw" title="en:Rudolf Modley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rudolf Modley</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%97%A5" title="加斯帕尔·蒙日">加斯帕尔·蒙日</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔玛拉·蒙兹纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tamara Munzner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E7%8E%9B%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%85%B9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔玛拉·蒙兹纳（页面不存在）">塔玛拉·蒙兹纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" class="extiw" title="en:Tamara Munzner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tamara Munzner</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="奧圖·紐拉特">奧圖·紐拉特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" title="弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾">弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汉斯珀特·菲斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hanspeter Pfister"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯珀特·菲斯特（页面不存在）">汉斯珀特·菲斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" class="extiw" title="en:Hanspeter Pfister"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hanspeter Pfister</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%AF%87%E5%BC%97" title="柯利弗德·皮寇弗">柯利弗德·皮寇弗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·普莱费尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Playfair"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·普莱费尔（页面不存在）">威廉·普莱费尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Playfair" class="extiw" title="en:William Playfair"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Playfair</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡尔·威廉·波尔克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡尔·威廉·波尔克（页面不存在）">卡尔·威廉·波尔克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" class="extiw" title="en:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="朗伯·阿道夫·雅克·凯特勒">朗伯·阿道夫·雅克·凯特勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·罗伯逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George G. Robertson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·罗伯逊（页面不存在）">乔治·罗伯逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Robertson" class="extiw" title="en:George G. Robertson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George G. Robertson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚瑟·H·鲁滨逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur H. Robinson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%BB%A8%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚瑟·H·鲁滨逊（页面不存在）">亚瑟·H·鲁滨逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur H. Robinson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur H. Robinson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳伦斯·罗森布鲁姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳伦斯·罗森布鲁姆（页面不存在）">劳伦斯·罗森布鲁姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" class="extiw" title="en:Lawrence J. Rosenblum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本·施耐德曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ben Shneiderman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%80%90%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本·施耐德曼（页面不存在）">本·施耐德曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" class="extiw" title="en:Ben Shneiderman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ben Shneiderman</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9" title="弗雷澤·斯托達特">弗雷澤·斯托達特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·塔夫特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Tufte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·塔夫特（页面不存在）">爱德华·塔夫特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tufte" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Tufte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Tufte</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="费尔南达·维加斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fernanda Viégas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费尔南达·维加斯（页面不存在）">费尔南达·维加斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" class="extiw" title="en:Fernanda Viégas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fernanda Viégas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿德·奥卢费科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ade Olufeko"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2%E8%B4%B9%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德·奥卢费科（页面不存在）">阿德·奥卢费科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="extiw" title="en:Ade Olufeko"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ade Olufeko</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍华德·韦纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Howard Wainer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍华德·韦纳（页面不存在）">霍华德·韦纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wainer" class="extiw" title="en:Howard Wainer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Howard Wainer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马丁·瓦滕伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Martin M. Wattenberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%BB%95%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马丁·瓦滕伯格（页面不存在）">马丁·瓦滕伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" class="extiw" title="en:Martin M. Wattenberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Martin M. Wattenberg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黄邦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bang Wong"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄邦（页面不存在）">黄邦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Wong" class="extiw" title="en:Bang Wong"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bang Wong</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关软件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">可视化软件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" title="Protégé">Protégé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="Sirius可视化软件">Sirius可视化软件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisIt" title="VisIt">VisIt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">数值分析软件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E5%9B%BE" title="位图">位图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E5%8C%96" title="视觉化">视觉化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="计算机图形">计算机图形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="计算机动画">计算机动画</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F" title="计算机模拟">计算机模拟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="科學模型">科學模型</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1" title="Template:计算机建模">计算机建模导航模板</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92" title="人机交互">人机交互</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="用户界面">用户界面</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="图形用户界面">图形用户界面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81%E5%8D%B3%E6%89%80%E5%BE%97" title="所见即所得">所见即所得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%A4%BA" title="圖示">图示</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="虚拟现实">虚拟现实</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%BC%8F%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="圖像式思考輔助工具">图像式思考辅助工具</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="故事板">故事板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%9B%BE" title="石川图">魚骨圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E5%BC%95%E5%9C%96" title="導引圖">導引圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%A8%B9" title="記憶樹">記憶樹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E5%9B%BE" title="心智图">心智圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%9B%BE" title="流程图">流程圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="欧拉图">欧拉图</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地图学<small>（又稱“製图学”）</small></a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无效的图表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chartjunk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无效的图表（页面不存在）">无效的图表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartjunk" class="extiw" title="en:Chartjunk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chartjunk</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图形绘制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Graph drawing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%BB%98%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图形绘制（页面不存在）">图形绘制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing" class="extiw" title="en:Graph drawing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Graph drawing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="平面设计">平面设计<small>（又稱“图形设计”）</small></a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成像科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imaging science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成像科学（页面不存在）">成像科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_science" class="extiw" title="en:Imaging science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imaging science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息科学">信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="信息图形">信息图形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="误导性影像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Misleading graph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%AF%BC%E6%80%A7%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="误导性影像（页面不存在）">误导性影像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph" class="extiw" title="en:Misleading graph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Misleading graph</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="神经成像">神经成像</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="专利图" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patent drawing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="专利图（页面不存在）">专利图</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_drawing" class="extiw" title="en:Patent drawing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patent drawing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="空间分析">空间分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AE%BA" title="可视化分析论">可视化分析论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%9F%A5%E8%A7%89" class="mw-redirect" title="视知觉">视知觉</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="圖像學">圖像學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E8%A8%98%E8%AD%9C" title="圖像記譜">圖像記譜</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li>參見：<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科學</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Portal:資訊科技">資訊科技</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="Portal:設計">設計</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="Portal:摄影">攝影</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:图表">圖表</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:图论">圖論</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%8C%96%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Category:視覺化程式設計語言">視覺化程式設計語言</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="模板"><img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:電腦科學">計算機科學主要領域</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Statistique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938470p">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Statistique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938470p">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056995-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531886805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127580">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000071111&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573173">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="statistika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116273&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998008399">韩国</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300026924">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013798">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10659134">NARA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643325">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=统计学&oldid=82810437">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=统计学&oldid=82810437</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Category:概率与统计">概率与统计</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:應用數學">應用數學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:统计学">统计学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A" title="Category:数学科学职业">数学科学职业</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Category:研究方法">研究方法</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Category:評價方法">評價方法</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABHDS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目">包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNARA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年5月28日 (星期二) 08:10。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dnzt","wgBackendResponseTime":259,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.055","walltime":"1.226","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4099,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":534958,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3811,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":85,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":62635,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 819.676 1 -total"," 42.44% 347.845 4 Template:Navbox"," 19.69% 161.428 1 Template:可视化"," 19.19% 157.313 1 Template:Statistics"," 15.69% 128.577 1 Template:Probability_fundamentals"," 15.28% 125.274 1 Template:Sidebar"," 12.04% 98.682 32 Template:Tsl"," 11.84% 97.059 1 Template:Authority_control"," 10.25% 84.026 31 Template:Link-en"," 10.06% 82.436 1 Template:NoteTA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.528","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7999042,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxqwf","timestamp":"20241124104337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12483","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12483","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-04T14:03:39Z","dateModified":"2024-05-28T08:10:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg","headline":"\u5b78\u79d1"}</script> </body> </html>