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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software run in userspace that offers kernel functionality</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:OS_rumparch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/OS_rumparch.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Graphic overview of the rump kernel</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> <b>rump kernel</b> is the first implementation of the "anykernel" concept where <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> either can be compiled into or run in the monolithic kernel or in user space on top of a light-weight kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NetBSD drivers can be used on top of the rump kernel on a wide range of <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> operating systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurd">Hurd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOSDEM16_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOSDEM16-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> kernels and even <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>, along with the file system utilities<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built with the rump libraries. The rump kernels can also run without POSIX directly on top of the <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> hypervisor, an <a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L4 microkernel">L4 microkernel</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode">Genode OS Framework</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even on OS-less <a href="/wiki/Bare_machine" title="Bare machine">bare metal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anykernel">Anykernel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anykernel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An anykernel is different in concept from <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">exokernels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_kernel" title="Separation kernel">partitioned kernels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid kernels</a> in that it tries to preserve the advantages of a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a>, while still enabling the faster driver development and added security in user space.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "anykernel" concept refers to an architecture-agnostic approach to drivers where drivers can either be compiled into the monolithic kernel or be run as a userspace process, microkernel-style, without code changes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With drivers, a wider concept is considered where not only <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> are included but also <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Network_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Network stack">networking</a> stack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_System_Access_Utilities">File System Access Utilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: File System Access Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The File System Access Utilities (fs-utils) is a subproject built with the rump libraries. It aims to have a set of utilities to access and modify a file system image without having to mount it. The fs-utils does not require a superuser account to access the image or device. The advantage of fs-utils over similar projects such as <a href="/wiki/Mtools" title="Mtools">mtools</a> is supporting the usage of familiar <a href="/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">Unix commands</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></code>, etc.) for a large number of file systems which are supported by NetBSD.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">Filesystem in Userspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netbsd.org/docs/rump/">"The Anykernel and Rump Kernels"</a>. Netbsd.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anykernel+and+Rump+Kernels&rft.pub=Netbsd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2Fdocs%2Frump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2013/interviews/2013-antii-kantee/">"FOSDEM 2013 - Interview: Antti Kantee:The Anykernel and Rump Kernels"</a>. 2013-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOSDEM+2013+-+Interview%3A+Antti+Kantee%3AThe+Anykernel+and+Rump+Kernels&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fosdem.org%2F2013%2Finterviews%2F2013-antii-kantee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2013/schedule/event/operating_systems_anykernel/">"FOSDEM 2013 - The Anykernel and Rump Kernels"</a>. 2013-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOSDEM+2013+-+The+Anykernel+and+Rump+Kernels&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fosdem.org%2F2013%2Fschedule%2Fevent%2Foperating_systems_anykernel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fosdem.org/2014/schedule/event/01_uk_rump_kernels/">"FOSDEM 2014 - Rump Kernels, Just Components"</a>. 2014-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOSDEM+2014+-+Rump+Kernels%2C+Just+Components&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fosdem.org%2F2014%2Fschedule%2Fevent%2F01_uk_rump_kernels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOSDEM16-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOSDEM16_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fosdem.org/2016/schedule/event/microkernels_hurd_rump_sound_usb/">"Hurd, Rump kernel, sound, and USB"</a>. FOSDEM 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurd%2C+Rump+kernel%2C+sound%2C+and+USB&rft.pub=FOSDEM+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffosdem.org%2F2016%2Fschedule%2Fevent%2Fmicrokernels_hurd_rump_sound_usb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/stacktic/fs-utils">file system utilities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/17.02">"Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 17.02"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+the+Genode+OS+Framework+17.02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenode.org%2Fdocumentation%2Frelease-notes%2F17.02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantee2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Kantee, Antti (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2012/isbn9789526049175/"><i>The Design and Implementation of the Anykernel and Rump Kernels</i></a> (Ph.D). Aalto university.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Design+and+Implementation+of+the+Anykernel+and+Rump+Kernels&rft.inst=Aalto+university&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kantee&rft.aufirst=Antti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.tkk.fi%2FDiss%2F2012%2Fisbn9789526049175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix09/tech/full_papers/kantee/kantee_html/">"Rump File Systems: Kernel Code Reborn"</a>. Usenix.org. 2002-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rump+File+Systems%3A+Kernel+Code+Reborn&rft.pub=Usenix.org&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Flegacy%2Fevent%2Fusenix09%2Ftech%2Ffull_papers%2Fkantee%2Fkantee_html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanteeYsmal2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Kantee, Antti; Ysmal, Arnaud (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netbsd.org/~stacktic/ebc09_fs-utils_paper.pdf"><i>Fs-utils: File Systems Access Tools for Userland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fs-utils%3A+File+Systems+Access+Tools+for+Userland&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kantee&rft.aufirst=Antti&rft.au=Ysmal%2C+Arnaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netbsd.org%2F~stacktic%2Febc09_fs-utils_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rump_kernel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantee2016" class="citation book cs1">Kantee, Antti (2016-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fixup.fi/misc/rumpkernel-book/"><i>The Design and Implementation of the Anykernel and Rump Kernels</i></a> (Second ed.). p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+and+Implementation+of+the+Anykernel+and+Rump+Kernels&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Kantee&rft.aufirst=Antti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fixup.fi%2Fmisc%2Frumpkernel-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARump+kernel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_1410_03_kantee.pdf"><i>Rump Kernels: No OS? No Problem!</i></a> by Antti Kantee and Justin Cormack (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/ddekit/">DDEKit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1503.3/00254.html">LibOS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Notable subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veriexec" title="Veriexec">Veriexec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busdma" title="Busdma">busdma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTrace" title="DTrace">DTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envsys" title="Envsys">envsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">LKM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rump kernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_disklabel" title="BSD disklabel">disklabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUFFS_(NetBSD)" title="PUFFS (NetBSD)">PUFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs#BSD" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers#NetBSD" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">802.11 drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTQ" title="ALTQ">ALTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack#NetBSD" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Address_Redundancy_Protocol" title="Common Address Redundancy Protocol">CARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFilter" title="IPFilter">IPFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPF_(firewall)" title="NPF (firewall)">NPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF_(firewall)" title="PF (firewall)">PF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pfsync" title="Pfsync">pfsync</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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