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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_and_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_and_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Locations and campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_and_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intramural_and_extramural_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intramural_and_extramural_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intramural and extramural research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intramural_and_extramural_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Access_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Access_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public Access Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Access_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Economic return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_discoveries_and_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_discoveries_and_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Notable discoveries and developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_discoveries_and_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NIH_Toolbox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NIH_Toolbox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>NIH Toolbox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NIH_Toolbox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Database_of_Genotypes_and_Phenotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Database_of_Genotypes_and_Phenotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Database_of_Genotypes_and_Phenotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Coronavirus vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Collaboration with Wuhan Institute of Virology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NIH_Interagency_Pain_Research_Coordinating_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NIH_Interagency_Pain_Research_Coordinating_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NIH_Interagency_Pain_Research_Coordinating_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Funding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Budget and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Historical funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extramural_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extramural_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Extramural research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extramural_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Funding criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sex_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sex_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Gender and sex bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sex_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stakeholders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stakeholders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Stakeholders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stakeholders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>General public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extramural_researchers_and_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extramural_researchers_and_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Extramural researchers and scientists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extramural_researchers_and_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commercial partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutes_and_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutes_and_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Institutes and centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutes_and_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ARPA-H" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ARPA-H"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>ARPA-H</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ARPA-H-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Previous directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاهد الصحة الوطنية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهد الصحة الوطنية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_S%C9%99hiyy%C9%99_Agentliyi" title="Milli Səhiyyə Agentliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli Səhiyyə Agentliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Национални институти по здравеопазване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национални институти по здравеопазване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_instituty_zdrav%C3%AD" title="Národní instituty zdraví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní instituty zdraví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A5%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Εθνικά Ινστιτούτα Υγείας (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικά Ινστιτούτα Υγείας (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutos_Nacionales_de_Salud" title="Institutos Nacionales de Salud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Institutos Nacionales de Salud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Instituto_pri_Sano" title="Nacia Instituto pri Sano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Instituto pri Sano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="مؤسسه ملی سلامت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه ملی سلامت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EC%9B%90_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="국립보건원 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국립보건원 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Kesehatan_Nasional" title="Institut Kesehatan Nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institut Kesehatan Nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המכונים הלאומיים לבריאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המכונים הלאומיים לבריאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Улуттук Саламаттыкты Сактоо Институту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуттук Саламаттыкты Сактоо Институту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" 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href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowe_Instytuty_Zdrowia" title="Narodowe Instytuty Zdrowia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodowe Instytuty Zdrowia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutos_Nacionais_da_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Institutos Nacionais da Saúde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Institutos Nacionais da Saúde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Национальные институты здравоохранения США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальные институты здравоохранения США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_in%C5%A1tituti_za_zdravje" title="Nacionalni inštituti za zdravje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalni inštituti za zdravje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیمانگا نەتەوەییەکانی تەندروستی ولایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانگا نەتەوەییەکانی تەندروستی ولایەتە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_instituti_za_zdravlje" title="Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_instituti_za_zdravlje" title="Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Institutes of Health" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தேசிய நல கழகம், ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசிய நல கழகம், ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90)" title="สถาบันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ (สหรัฐ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาบันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ (สหรัฐ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Institutes_of_Health&params=39_00_09_N_77_06_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°00′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°06′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.00250°N 77.10444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.00250; -77.10444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US government medical research agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NIH" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NIH_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NIH (disambiguation)">NIH (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Institutes of Health (NIH)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg/100px-NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg/150px-NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg/200px-NIH_2013_logo_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="329" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg/250px-NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg/375px-NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg/500px-NIH_Clinical_Research_Center_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span><br />Aerial photo of the NIH Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1887<span class="noprint">; 137 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1887-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Hygienic Laboratory</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, U.S.</span><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Institutes_of_Health&params=39_00_09_N_77_06_16_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°00′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°06′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.00250°N 77.10444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.00250; -77.10444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">18,478 (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.edi.nih.gov/people/resources/advancing-racial-equity/nih-workforce-profile-fy21q02">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$45 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Bertagnolli" title="Monica Bertagnolli">Monica Bertagnolli</a>, Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_%26_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health & Human Services">Department of Health & Human Services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases" title="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov">nih.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Institutes of Health</b>, commonly referred to as <b>NIH</b>, is the primary agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> research. It was founded in 1887 and is now part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>. Many NIH facilities are located in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, and other nearby suburbs of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a>, with other primary facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Intramural_Research_Program" title="NIH Intramural Research Program">NIH Intramural Research Program</a> (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the IRP had 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigators</a> and more than 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral">postdoctoral</a> fellows in basic, translational, and clinical research, being the largest biomedical research institution in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while, as of 2003, the extramural arm provided 28% of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S., or about US$26.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Medical_Research_Spending_Doubled_Over_Past_Decade_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medical_Research_Spending_Doubled_Over_Past_Decade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NIH comprises <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutes_and_centers_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health">27 separate institutes and centers</a> of different biomedical disciplines and is responsible for many scientific accomplishments, including the discovery of fluoride to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">lithium</a> to manage <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccines">vaccines</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> (HIB), and <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the NIH was ranked number two in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, for biomedical sciences in the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>, which measured the largest contributors to papers published in a subset of leading <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journals</a> from 2015 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Index_Biomedical_Sciences_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Index_Biomedical_Sciences_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Index_FAQs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Index_FAQs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ida_Bengston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ida_Bengston.jpg/220px-Ida_Bengston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ida_Bengston.jpg/330px-Ida_Bengston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ida_Bengston.jpg/440px-Ida_Bengston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ida_A._Bengtson" title="Ida A. Bengtson">Ida A. Bengtson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a> who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/220px--President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="793" data-mwtitle="President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda,_Maryland,_October_31,_1940.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda,_Maryland,_October_31,_1940.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm/President_Roosevelt_dedicates_the_National_Institute_of_Health_-_Bethesda%2C_Maryland%2C_October_31%2C_1940.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dedication of first six NIH buildings by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg/220px-NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg/330px-NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg/440px-NIH_buildings_1-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the <b>Hygienic Laboratory</b>, was established within the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service" title="Marine Hospital Service">Marine Hospital Service</a>, which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Public_Health_Service_Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Public Health Service Hospitals">system of Marine Hospitals</a> into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the <a href="/wiki/Bayley_Seton_Hospital" title="Bayley Seton Hospital">New York Marine Hospital</a> on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the <a href="/wiki/Butler_Building" title="Butler Building">Butler Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Naval_Observatory" title="Old Naval Observatory">Old Naval Observatory</a>, which grew to include five major buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the <b>Division of Scientific Research</b> was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a> (PHS).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>. This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the <a href="/wiki/Ransdell_Act" title="Ransdell Act">Ransdell Act</a>, and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part.<sup id="cite_ref-:222_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, NIH moved to <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_campus" title="National Institutes of Health campus">its current campus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH, and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> was approved, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> became a division of NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher <a href="/wiki/Chester_M._Southam" title="Chester M. Southam">Chester M. Southam</a> injected <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadway_Paperbacks_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadway_Paperbacks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadway_Paperbacks_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadway_Paperbacks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadway_Paperbacks_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadway_Paperbacks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadway_Paperbacks_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadway_Paperbacks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cancer Act">National Cancer Act</a>, initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurie_J._Price_1992_128–146_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurie_J._Price_1992_128–146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">Director of the National Institutes of Health</a></div> <p>The NIH <b>Office of the Director</b> is the central office responsible for setting policy for NIH, and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The NIH Director plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The Director is responsible for providing leadership to the Institutes and Centers by identifying needs and opportunities, especially in efforts involving multiple Institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Director's Office is the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Program_Coordination,_Planning,_and_Strategic_Initiatives" title="Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives">Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives</a> with 12 divisions including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_AIDS_Research_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council">Office of AIDS Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li>Office of Disease Prevention</li> <li>Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office</li> <li>Tribal Health Research Office</li> <li>Office of Program Evaluation and Performance</li></ul> <p>The Agency Intramural Research Integrity Officer "is directly responsible for overseeing the resolution of all research misconduct allegations involving <b>intramural research</b>, and for promoting research integrity within the NIH Office of Intramural Research (OIR)."<sup id="cite_ref-nihori_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nihori-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Division of Extramural Activities, which has its own Director.<sup id="cite_ref-nihdea_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nihdea-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office of Ethics has its own Director,<sup id="cite_ref-nihooe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nihooe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does the Office of Global Research.<sup id="cite_ref-nihogr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nihogr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations_and_campuses">Locations and campuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locations and campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intramural research is primarily conducted at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_campus" title="National Institutes of Health campus">main campus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, Maryland</a>, and the surrounding communities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg/220px-SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg/330px-SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg/440px-SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH_-0114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Clinical Research Center at NIH</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/220px-MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/330px-MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/440px-MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Main Lobby Wall at the Clinical Research Center at NIH</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg/220px-Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg/330px-Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg/440px-Looking_at_the_Main_Lobby_at_the_Clinical_Research_Center_at_NIH_-0091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Looking at the Main Lobby at the Clinical Research Center at NIH</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/220px-LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/330px-LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg/440px-LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Looking at the Main Lobby at the Clinical Research Center at NIH</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bayview Campus in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland houses the research programs of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Frederick_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick National Laboratory">Frederick National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_MD" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick, MD">Frederick, MD</a> and the nearby Riverside Research Park, houses many components of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, including the Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Research Triangle</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. </p><p>Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Montana" title="Hamilton, Montana">Hamilton, Montana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIAD_Overview_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIAD_Overview-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level" title="Biosafety level">BSL3</a> and BSL4 laboratory work. NIDDK operates the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg/220px-NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg/330px-NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg/440px-NIH_Clinical_Center_south_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Clinical Center – Building 10</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2017, 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> and 195 have been awarded a <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Award" title="Lasker Award">Lasker Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intramural_and_extramural_research">Intramural and extramural research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intramural and extramural research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIH devotes 10% of its funding to research within its own facilities (intramural research), and gives >80% of its funding in <a href="/wiki/Research_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Research grant">research grants</a> to extramural (outside) researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-philippides2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippides2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this extramural funding, a certain percentage (2.8% in 2014) must be granted to small businesses under the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Innovation_Research" title="Small Business Innovation Research">SBIR/STTR</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the extramural funding consisted of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this rate of granting remained reasonably steady, at 47,000 grants to 2,700 organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-philippides2019_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippides2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a> 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, NIH spent <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$10.7bn</span> (not including temporary funding from the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a>, <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$7.4bn</span> on <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>-related research, <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$6.0bn</span> on prevention research, <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$5.8bn</span> on cancer, and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$5.7bn</span> on <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-researchfunding_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchfunding-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Access_Policy">Public Access Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public Access Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></div> <p>In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>'s research repository, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a> (PMC), no later than 12 months after the official date of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_Public_Access_Policy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH_Public_Access_Policy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a> was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_return">Economic return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research, which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000, that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US. It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992, public funding was "instrumental" for 15.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011 NIH-supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA-approved drugs, vaccines, and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA-approved drugs from 2010 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_discoveries_and_developments">Notable discoveries and developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable discoveries and developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its inception, the NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries. Some of these include: </p> <ul><li>1908: <a href="/wiki/George_W._McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. McCoy">George W. McCoy</a>'s discovery that rodents were a reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>.</li> <li>1911: George W. McCoy, Charles W. Chapin, William B. Wherry, and B. H. Lamb described the previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>.</li> <li>1924: Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a>.</li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Rosenthal" title="Sanford Rosenthal">Sanford M. Rosenthal</a> developed a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a> used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol.</li> <li>1943: Wilton R. Earle pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a> process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro, Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell, and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro.</li> <li>1940s–1950s: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Horecker" title="Bernard Horecker">Bernard Horecker</a> and colleagues described the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a>.</li> <li>1950s: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> discovered a new class of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> monooxygenases, a fundamental of drug metabolism.</li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Stadtman</a> discovered phosphotransacetylose, elucidating the role of <a href="/wiki/Acetyl_CoA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl CoA">acetyl CoA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty acid metabolism</a>.</li> <li>1960s: Discovered the first human slow virus disease, kuru, which is a degenerative, fatal infection of the central nervous system. This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>.</li> <li>1960s: Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline, one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain.</li> <li>1960s: Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing.</li> <li>1960s: Developed an effective combination drug regimen for <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodgkin's lymphoma">Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>.</li> <li>1960s: Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria.</li> <li>1970s: Developed the assay for <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a> that evolved into the home pregnancy tests.</li> <li>1970s: Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation.</li> <li>1980s: Determined the complete structure of the <a href="/wiki/IgE_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE receptor">IgE receptor</a> that is involved in allergic reactions.</li> <li>1990s: <a href="/wiki/A._Hari_Reddi" title="A. Hari Reddi">Hari Reddi</a>'s identification and purification of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic proteins</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990s: First trial of <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> in humans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NIH_Toolbox">NIH Toolbox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: NIH Toolbox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Toolbox" title="NIH Toolbox">NIH Toolbox</a> for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012, the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on <a href="/wiki/Item_Response_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Item Response Theory">Item Response Theory</a> and adapted for testing by computer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Database_of_Genotypes_and_Phenotypes">Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data is available to the general public whereas the individual-level data is accessible to researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a> NIH denies access to such attributes as intelligence, education and health on the grounds that studying their genetic basis would be stigmatizing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronavirus_vaccine">Coronavirus vaccine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coronavirus vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NIH partnered with <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a> in 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> to develop a vaccine. The final phase of testing began on July 27 with up to 30,000 volunteers assigned to one of two groups—one receiving the <a href="/wiki/MRNA-1273" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA-1273">mRNA-1273</a> vaccine and the other receiving salt water injections—and continued until there had been approximately 100 cases of COVID-19 among the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the NIH contributed $4,395,399 towards the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) program.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collaboration_with_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology">Collaboration with Wuhan Institute of Virology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Wuhan Institute of Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">COVID-19 lab leak theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">Investigations into the origin of COVID-19</a></div> <p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, NIH-funded <a href="/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance" title="EcoHealth Alliance">EcoHealth Alliance</a> has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under political pressure, the NIH withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NIH_Interagency_Pain_Research_Coordinating_Committee">NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 13, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain. This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to "coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration… and providing an important avenue for public involvement" ("Members of new", 2012). With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available. With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for those with arthritis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Beth_Darnall" title="Beth Darnall">Beth Darnall</a>, American scientist and pain psychologist, was appointed as scientific member of the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_and_politics">Budget and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Budget and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Historical NIH budget<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Budget (millions) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>52.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>81.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>399.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>959.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>1,061.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>2,092.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>3,428.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>5,149.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>7,567.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>11,299.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>17,840.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>28,594.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>31,238.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>30,311.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>32,311.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>34,300.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>37,311.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>39,311.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>41,690.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>42,940.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>45,183.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>47,683.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from the Director. NIH submits its budget request to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends NIH's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year's allocations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Government_shutdown_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government shutdown in the United States">government shutdown</a> occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_funding">Historical funding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last century, the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes. In the 1970s, Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research, and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS/HIV research.<sup id="cite_ref-Funding_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funding-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurie_J._Price_1992_128–146_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurie_J._Price_1992_128–146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1993 to 2001 the NIH budget doubled. For a time, funding essentially remained flat, and for seven years following the financial crisis, the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999 Congress increased the NIH's budget by $2.3 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Funding_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funding-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to $17.2 billion in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-OfficeOfBudget_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficeOfBudget-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-OfficeOfBudget_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficeOfBudget-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed laws with bipartisan support that substantially increasing appropriations for NIH, which was 37.3 billion dollars annually in FY2018.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extramural_research">Extramural research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Extramural research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NIH_grant" title="NIH grant">NIH grant</a></div> <p>Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of NIH can apply for <a href="/wiki/NIH_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH grants">research project grants</a> (RPGs) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types (e.g., basic research, clinical research, etc.) and career stages (e.g., early career, postdoc fellowships, etc.). The NIH regularly issues "requests for applications" (RFAs), e.g., on specific programmatic priorities or timely medical problems (such as <a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a> research in early 2016). In addition, researchers can apply for "investigator-initiated grants" whose subject is determined by the scientist. </p><p>The total number of applicants has increased substantially, from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, the "cumulative investigator rate", that is, the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5-year window, has declined from 43% to 31%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="anchor" id="R01_grant"></span> </p><p>R01 grants are the most common funding mechanism and include investigator-initiated projects. The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17-19% during 2012 though 2014. Similarly, the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13-14% during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In FY 2016, the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220, with approximately 19% being awarded funding.<sup id="cite_ref-2016funding_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016funding-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutes have varying funding rates. The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12% of applicants, while the National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30% of applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-2016funding_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016funding-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_criteria">Funding criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Funding criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy. First, ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease. Third, maintain a diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, address public health needs according to the disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). And fifth, construct and support the scientific infrastructure (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and safe research facilities) necessary to conduct research.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advisory committee members advise the institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_and_sex_bias">Gender and sex bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gender and sex bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals, or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures, and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex-specific diseases (for example, ovarian or testicular cancer).<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stakeholders">Stakeholders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stakeholders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_public">General public</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the goals of the NIH is to "expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from the taxpayers, making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research. Thus, the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented, and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extramural_researchers_and_scientists">Extramural researchers and scientists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Extramural researchers and scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy include researchers and scientists. Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but may apply for funding. Throughout the history of the NIH, the amount of funding received has increased, but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant. The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted. </p><p>Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affect researchers. For example, the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first-time NIH R01 applicants or the research grant applications of young scientists. To encourage the participation of young scientists, the application process has been shortened and made easier.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, first-time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_partnerships">Commercial partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commercial partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 and 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000–2010, institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes, in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutes_and_centers">Institutes and centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Institutes and centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_NIH_ICs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NIH ICs">List of NIH ICs</a></div> <p>The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers that conduct and coordinate biomedical research.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> (NCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eye_Institute" title="National Eye Institute">National Eye Institute</a> (NEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> (NHLBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (NHGRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a> (NIA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a> (NIAAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (NIAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arthritis_and_Musculoskeletal_and_Skin_Diseases" title="National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases</a> (NIAMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Biomedical_Imaging_and_Bioengineering" title="National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering">National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering</a> (NIBIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Child_Health_and_Human_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a> (NICHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Deafness_and_Other_Communication_Disorders" title="National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders">National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders</a> (NIDCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dental_and_Craniofacial_Research" title="National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research">National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</a> (NIDCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases" title="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a> (NIDDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> (NIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a> (NIEHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_General_Medical_Sciences" title="National Institute of General Medical Sciences">National Institute of General Medical Sciences</a> (NIGMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> (NIMH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Minority_Health_and_Health_Disparities" title="National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities">National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities</a> (NIMHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke" title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</a> (NINDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Nursing_Research" title="National Institute of Nursing Research">National Institute of Nursing Research</a> (NINR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology" title="Center for Information Technology">Center for Information Technology</a> (CIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Scientific_Review" title="Center for Scientific Review">Center for Scientific Review</a> (CSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogarty_International_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogarty International Center">Fogarty International Center</a> (FIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences" title="National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences</a> (NCATS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a> (NCCIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Clinical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH Clinical Center">NIH Clinical Center</a> (NIH CC)</li></ul> </div> <p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Research_Resources" title="National Center for Research Resources">National Center for Research Resources</a> operated from April 13, 1962, to December 23, 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ARPA-H">ARPA-H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: ARPA-H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a> (ARPA-H) is an entity formerly within the Office of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a>, which was created by Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modeled after <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSARPA" title="HSARPA">HSARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/IARPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IARPA">IARPA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">ARPA-E</a>, it is intended to pursue unconventional research projects through methods not typically used by federal agencies or private sector companies. Secretary <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> delegated ARPA-H to the NIH on May 24, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received $1 billion in appropriations in 2022, and $1.5 billion in 2023, and as of June 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is requesting $2.5 billion for 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-ARPA-H_Budget_and_Justification_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARPA-H_Budget_and_Justification-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_directors">Previous directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Previous directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">Director of the National Institutes of Health</a></div> <p>Source: <sup id="cite_ref-National_Institutes_of_Health_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Institutes_of_Health-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Directors </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_(6916215501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg/100px-Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg/150px-Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg/200px-Dr._Joseph_J._Kinyoun_%286916215501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="2823" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Kinyoun" title="Joseph J. Kinyoun">Joseph J. Kinyoun</a> </td> <td>August 1887 </td> <td>April 30, 1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_J_Rosenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Milton_J_Rosenau.jpg/100px-Milton_J_Rosenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Milton_J_Rosenau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_J._Rosenau" title="Milton J. Rosenau">Milton J. Rosenau</a> </td> <td>May 1, 1899 </td> <td>September 30, 1909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F_Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_F_Anderson.jpg/100px-John_F_Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_F_Anderson.jpg/150px-John_F_Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_F_Anderson.jpg/200px-John_F_Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1491" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_F._Anderson_(scientist)" title="John F. Anderson (scientist)">John F. Anderson</a> </td> <td>October 1, 1909 </td> <td>November 19, 1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._McCoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/George_W._McCoy.jpg/100px-George_W._McCoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/George_W._McCoy.jpg/150px-George_W._McCoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/George_W._McCoy.jpg/200px-George_W._McCoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. McCoy">George W. McCoy</a> </td> <td>November 20, 1915 </td> <td>January 31, 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg/100px-Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg/150px-Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg/200px-Lewis_Ryers_Thompson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Ryers_Thompson" title="Lewis Ryers Thompson">Lewis Ryers Thompson</a> </td> <td>February 1, 1937 </td> <td>January 31, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolla_Dyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rolla_Dyer.jpg/100px-Rolla_Dyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rolla_Dyer.jpg/150px-Rolla_Dyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rolla_Dyer.jpg/200px-Rolla_Dyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolla_Dyer" title="Rolla Dyer">Rolla Dyer</a> </td> <td>February 1, 1942 </td> <td>September 30, 1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png/100px-Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png/150px-Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png/200px-Henry_Sebrell_Jr.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sebrell_Jr." title="William H. Sebrell Jr.">William H. Sebrell Jr.</a> </td> <td>October 1, 1950 </td> <td>July 31, 1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Shannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/James_A._Shannon.jpg/100px-James_A._Shannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/James_A._Shannon.jpg/150px-James_A._Shannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/James_A._Shannon.jpg/200px-James_A._Shannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_A._Shannon" title="James A. Shannon">James A. Shannon</a> </td> <td>August 1, 1955 </td> <td>August 31, 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Marston_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Robert_Marston_3.jpg/100px-Robert_Marston_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Robert_Marston_3.jpg/150px-Robert_Marston_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Robert_Marston_3.jpg/200px-Robert_Marston_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2680" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Q._Marston" title="Robert Q. Marston">Robert Q. Marston</a> </td> <td>September 1, 1968 </td> <td>January 21, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg/100px-Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg/150px-Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Acting_NIH_Director_John_F._Sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td> <td>John F. Sherman (acting) </td> <td>January 21, 1973 </td> <td>May 28, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg/100px-Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg/150px-Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg/200px-Robert_Stone_NIH_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stone (scientist)">Robert Stone</a> </td> <td>May 29, 1973 </td> <td>January 31, 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/100px-Noimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/150px-Noimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/200px-Noimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_W._Lamont-Havers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald W. Lamont-Havers (page does not exist)">Ronald W. Lamont-Havers</a> (acting) </td> <td>February 1, 1975 </td> <td>June 30, 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg/100px-Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg/150px-Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg/200px-Donald_S._Fredrickson_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Fredrickson" title="Donald S. Fredrickson">Donald S. Fredrickson</a> </td> <td>July 1, 1975 </td> <td>June 30, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/100px-Noimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/150px-Noimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/200px-Noimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td>Thomas E. Malone </td> <td>July 1, 1981 </td> <td>April 28, 1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Wyngaarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_Wyngaarden.jpg/100px-James_Wyngaarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_Wyngaarden.jpg/150px-James_Wyngaarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_Wyngaarden.jpg/200px-James_Wyngaarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Wyngaarden" title="James Wyngaarden">James Wyngaarden</a> </td> <td>April 29, 1982 </td> <td>July 31, 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/100px-Noimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/150px-Noimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Noimage.svg/200px-Noimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td>William F. Raub (acting) </td> <td>August 1, 1989 </td> <td>April 8, 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Bernadine_Healy_(14172776968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg/100px-Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg/150px-Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg/200px-Dr._Bernadine_Healy_%2814172776968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernadine_Healy" title="Bernadine Healy">Bernadine Healy</a> </td> <td>April 9, 1991 </td> <td>July 30, 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirschstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/100px-Kirschstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/150px-Kirschstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/200px-Kirschstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruth_L._Kirschstein" title="Ruth L. Kirschstein">Ruth L. Kirschstein</a> (acting) </td> <td>July 1, 1993 </td> <td>November 22, 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg/100px-Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg/150px-Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg/200px-Harold_E._Varmus_Nlm_nlmuid-101441494-img.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="3517" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a> </td> <td>November 23, 1993 </td> <td>December 31, 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirschstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/100px-Kirschstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/150px-Kirschstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kirschstein.jpg/200px-Kirschstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruth_L._Kirschstein" title="Ruth L. Kirschstein">Ruth L. Kirschstein</a> (acting) </td> <td>January 1, 2000 </td> <td>May 2, 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png/100px-Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png/150px-Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png/200px-Elias_Zerhouni_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="654" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elias_Zerhouni" title="Elias Zerhouni">Elias Zerhouni</a> </td> <td>May 2, 2002 </td> <td>October 31, 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kington_NIH_Director.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kington_NIH_Director.jpg/100px-Kington_NIH_Director.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kington_NIH_Director.jpg/150px-Kington_NIH_Director.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kington_NIH_Director.jpg/200px-Kington_NIH_Director.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raynard_S._Kington" title="Raynard S. Kington">Raynard S. Kington</a> (acting) </td> <td>October 31, 2008 </td> <td>August 16, 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/100px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/150px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/200px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4131" data-file-height="5163" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_S._Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis S. Collins">Francis S. Collins</a> </td> <td>August 17, 2009 </td> <td>December 19, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg/100px-Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg/200px-Lawrence_A._Tabak_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Lawrence A. Tabak</a> (acting) </td> <td>December 20, 2021 </td> <td>November 8, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monica_M._Bertagnolli,_NCI_Director.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png/100px-Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png/150px-Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png/200px-Monica_M._Bertagnolli%2C_NCI_Director.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monica_Bertagnolli" title="Monica Bertagnolli">Monica Bertagnolli</a> </td> <td>November 9, 2023 </td> <td>Present </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutes_and_centers_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health">List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Foundation for the National Institutes of Health">Foundation for the National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Stroke_Scale" title="National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale">National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_International_Research_Organizations" title="Heads of International Research Organizations">Heads of International Research Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Toolbox" title="NIH Toolbox">NIH Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Engineering_and_Instrumentation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program">Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program</a> (BEIP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Health&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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February 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601194716/http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/historical/directors.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+NIH+Directors&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fabout%2Falmanac%2Fhistorical%2Fdirectors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institutes+of+Health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eye_Institute" title="National Eye Institute">National Eye Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arthritis_and_Musculoskeletal_and_Skin_Diseases" title="National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Biomedical_Imaging_and_Bioengineering" title="National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering">National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Child_Health_and_Human_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Child Health and Human Development">National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Deafness_and_Other_Communication_Disorders" title="National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders">National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dental_and_Craniofacial_Research" title="National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research">National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Diabetes_and_Digestive_and_Kidney_Diseases" title="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_General_Medical_Sciences" title="National Institute of General Medical Sciences">National Institute of General Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Minority_Health_and_Health_Disparities" title="National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities">National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke" title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Nursing_Research" title="National Institute of Nursing Research">National Institute of Nursing Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology" title="Center for Information Technology">Center for Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Scientific_Review" title="Center for Scientific Review">Center for Scientific Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Fogarty_International_Center" title="John E. Fogarty International Center">John E. Fogarty International Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences" title="National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Research_Center" title="Vaccine Research Center">Vaccine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Clinical_Center" title="National Institutes of Health Clinical Center">National Institutes of Health Clinical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Human_Project" title="Visible Human Project">Visible Human Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diabetes_Education_Program" title="National Diabetes Education Program">National Diabetes Education Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative" title="BRAIN Initiative">BRAIN Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">Directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Kinyoun" title="Joseph J. Kinyoun">Joseph J. Kinyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_J._Rosenau" title="Milton J. Rosenau">Milton J. Rosenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fleetezelle_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fleetezelle Anderson">John F. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. McCoy">George W. McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_R._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis R. Thompson">Lewis R. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolla_Dyer" title="Rolla Dyer">Rolla Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sebrell,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Sebrell, Jr">William H. Sebrell, Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Q._Marston" title="Robert Q. Marston">Robert Q. Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stone (scientist)">Robert Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Fredrickson" title="Donald S. Fredrickson">Donald S. Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Wyngaarden" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Wyngaarden">James B. Wyngaarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadine_Healy" title="Bernadine Healy">Bernadine Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Zerhouni" title="Elias Zerhouni">Elias Zerhouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Bertagnolli" title="Monica Bertagnolli">Monica Bertagnolli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NIH_Record" title="NIH Record">NIH Record</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Intramural_Research_Program" title="NIH Intramural Research Program">Division of Intramural Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_campus" title="National Institutes of Health campus">National Institutes of Health campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Director%27s_Pioneer_Award" title="National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award">National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Research_Resources" title="National Center for Research Resources">National Center for Research Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Police" title="National Institutes of Health Police">National Institutes of Health Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Laboratory_Animal_Welfare" title="Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare">Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Template:United States Department of Health and Human Services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Template talk:United States Department of Health and Human Services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Department of Health and Human Services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Headquarters: <b><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Building" title="Hubert H. Humphrey Building">Hubert H. Humphrey Building</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palm" title="Andrea Palm">Andrea Palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services">Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretariat staff offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services</li> <li>Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General,_U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Office of Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Coordinator_for_Health_Information_Technology" title="Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology">Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/150px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/225px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/300px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="406" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Assistant_Secretary_for_Health" title="Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Office of the Surgeon General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Injury_Prevention_and_Control" title="National Center for Injury Prevention and Control">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration" title="Health Resources and Services Administration">Health Resources and Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Behavioral_Health_Statistics_and_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality">Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human services agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Children_and_Families" title="Administration for Children and Families">Administration for Children and Families</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Native_Americans" title="Administration for Native Americans">Administration for Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Community_Living" title="Administration for Community Living">Administration for Community Living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_on_Aging" title="Administration on Aging">Administration on Aging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_%26_Medicaid_Services" title="Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Welfare_Information_Gateway" title="Child Welfare Information Gateway">Child Welfare Information Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br />Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office<br />of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Montgomery_County,_Maryland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montgomery_County,_Maryland_topics" title="Template:Montgomery County, Maryland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montgomery_County,_Maryland_topics" title="Template talk:Montgomery County, Maryland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montgomery_County,_Maryland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montgomery County, Maryland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Montgomery_County,_Maryland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Police_Department" title="Montgomery County Police Department">Montgomery County Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Public_Schools_(Maryland)" title="Montgomery County Public Schools (Maryland)">Montgomery County Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service">Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery County Sheriff's Office (Maryland)">Montgomery County Sheriff's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/85px-Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/128px-Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg/170px-Seal_of_Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="983" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Grove_Adventist_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Shady Grove Adventist Hospital">Shady Grove Adventist Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed National Military Medical Center">Walter Reed National Military Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s_Ferry" title="White's Ferry">White's Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackRock_Center_for_the_Arts" title="BlackRock Center for the Arts">BlackRock Center for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Flag of Montgomery County, Maryland">Flag of Montgomery County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenstone" title="Glenstone">Glenstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine" title="National Museum of Health and Medicine">National Museum of Health and Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathmore_(Maryland)" title="Strathmore (Maryland)">Strathmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Big_Train" title="Bethesda Big Train">Bethesda Big Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg_Giants" title="Gaithersburg Giants">Gaithersburg Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville_Express" title="Rockville Express">Rockville Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring-Takoma_Thunderbolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts">Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_SoccerPlex" title="Maryland SoccerPlex">Maryland SoccerPlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ana_G._M%C3%A9ndez_University" title="Ana G. Méndez University">Ana G. Méndez University Capital Area Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_College" title="Montgomery College">Montgomery College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_at_Shady_Grove" title="Universities at Shady Grove">Universities at Shady Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Adventist_University" title="Washington Adventist University">Washington Adventist University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda-Chevy_Chase_High_School" title="Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School">Bethesda-Chevy Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair_High_School" title="Montgomery Blair High School">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Blake_High_School" title="James Hubert Blake High School">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Winston Churchill High School (Maryland)">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksburg_High_School" title="Clarksburg High School">Clarksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_High_School" title="Damascus High School">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_High_School_of_Technology" title="Thomas Edison High School of Technology">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_High_School" title="Albert Einstein High School">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg_High_School" title="Gaithersburg High School">Gaithersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Johnson_High_School" title="Walter Johnson High School">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Montgomery_County,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy High School (Montgomery County, Maryland)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col._Zadok_Magruder_High_School" title="Col. Zadok Magruder High School">Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_High_School_(Montgomery_County,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest High School (Montgomery County, Maryland)">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwood_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Northwood High School (Maryland)">Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_Branch_High_School" title="Paint Branch High School">Paint Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poolesville_High_School" title="Poolesville High School">Poolesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quince_Orchard_High_School" title="Quince Orchard High School">Quince Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery_High_School" title="Richard Montgomery High School">Richard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Rockville High School (Maryland)">Rockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Valley_High_School" title="Seneca Valley High School">Seneca Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Sherwood High School (Maryland)">Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springbrook_High_School" title="Springbrook High School">Springbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkins_Mill_High_School" title="Watkins Mill High School">Watkins Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_High_School" title="Wheaton High School">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Walt Whitman High School (Maryland)">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sprigg_Wootton_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School">Wootton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrie_School" title="Barrie School">Barrie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookewood_School" title="Brookewood School">Brookewood School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_Cristo_Rey_High_School" title="Don Bosco Cristo Rey High School">Cristo Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Preparatory_School" title="Georgetown Preparatory School">Georgetown Prep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_High_School_(Montgomery_County,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel High School (Montgomery County, Maryland)">Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Avalon_School" title="The Avalon School">The Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heights_School_(Maryland)" title="The Heights School (Maryland)">The Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connelly_School_of_the_Holy_Child" title="Connelly School of the Holy Child">Holy Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Academy of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_Christian_School" title="Montrose Christian School">Montrose Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Episcopal_School_(Maryland)" title="St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Maryland)">St. Andrew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ridge_School_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart">Stone Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Airpark" title="Montgomery County Airpark">Montgomery County Airpark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)">Metrobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metrorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_On_(bus)" title="Ride On (bus)">RideOn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)">Capital Beltway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_200" title="Maryland Route 200">Inter-county Connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_270_(Maryland)" title="Interstate 270 (Maryland)">Interstate 270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_370_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 370 (Maryland)">Interstate 370</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_117" title="Maryland Route 117">Clopper Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_185" title="Maryland Route 185">Connecticut Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_410" title="Maryland Route 410">East-West Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_97" title="Maryland Route 97">Georgia Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_118" title="Maryland Route 118">Germantown Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_119" title="Maryland Route 119">Great Seneca Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_650" title="Maryland Route 650">New Hampshire Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_28" title="Maryland Route 28">Norbeck Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_187" title="Maryland Route 187">Old Georgetown Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_124" title="Maryland Route 124">Quince Orchard Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_190" title="Maryland Route 190">River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_355" title="Maryland Route 355">Rockville Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_198" title="Maryland Route 198">Sandy Spring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_193" title="Maryland Route 193">University Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_586" title="Maryland Route 586">Veirs Mill Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hospitals_in_Maryland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hospitals_in_Maryland" title="Template:Hospitals in Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hospitals_in_Maryland" title="Template talk:Hospitals in Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hospitals_in_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hospitals in Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hospitals_in_Maryland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hospitals in Maryland</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General/Acute/Emergency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_HealthCare_Fort_Washington_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist HealthCare Fort Washington Medical Center (page does not exist)">Adventist HealthCare - Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_HealthCare_Shady_Grove_Medical_Center" title="Adventist HealthCare Shady Grove Medical Center">Adventist HealthCare - Shady Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_HealthCare_White_Oak_Medical_Center" title="Adventist HealthCare White Oak Medical Center">Adventist HealthCare - White Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Arundel_Medical_Center" title="Anne Arundel Medical Center">Anne Arundel Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_General_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic General Hospital (page does not exist)">Atlantic General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalvertHealth_Medical_Center" title="CalvertHealth Medical Center">CalvertHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Hospital" title="Carroll Hospital">Carroll Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctors_Community_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctors Community Hospital (page does not exist)">Doctors Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Health_Hospital" title="Frederick Health Hospital">Frederick Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrett_Regional_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrett Regional Medical Center (page does not exist)">Garrett Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Medical_Center_(Baltimore)" title="Grace Medical Center (Baltimore)">Grace Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Baltimore_Medical_Center" title="Greater Baltimore Medical Center">GBMC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Cross_Germantown_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Cross Germantown Hospital (page does not exist)">Holy Cross - Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Hospital_(Silver_Spring)" title="Holy Cross Hospital (Silver Spring)">Holy Cross - Silver Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County_General_Hospital" title="Howard County General Hospital">Howard County General</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Bayview_Medical_Center" title="Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center">Johns Hopkins Bayview</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Franklin_Square_Medical_Center" title="MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center">MedStar Franklin Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Good_Samaritan_Hospital" title="MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital">MedStar Good Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Harbor_Hospital" title="MedStar Harbor Hospital">MedStar Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Montgomery_Medical_Center" title="MedStar Montgomery Medical Center">MedStar Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Southern_Maryland_Hospital_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center">MedStar Southern Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_St._Mary%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="MedStar St. Mary's Hospital">MedStar St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Union_Memorial_Hospital" title="MedStar Union Memorial Hospital">MedStar Union Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Medical_Center_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)">Mercy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meritus_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meritus Medical Center (page does not exist)">Meritus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Hospital_(Randallstown,_Maryland)" title="Northwest Hospital (Randallstown, Maryland)">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_Hospital_(Baltimore)" title="St. Agnes Hospital (Baltimore)">St. Agnes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Hospital_(Maryland)" title="Sinai Hospital (Maryland)">Sinai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Hospital" title="Suburban Hospital">Suburban</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TidalHealth_Peninsula_Regional" title="TidalHealth Peninsula Regional">TidalHealth Peninsula Regional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Hospital_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Hospital (Maryland)">Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UPMC_Western_Maryland" title="UPMC Western Maryland">UPMC Western Maryland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland Medical Center">University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC)</a> (<a href="/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley_Shock_Trauma_Center" title="R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center">R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Medical_Center_Midtown_Campus" title="University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus">UMMC Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Baltimore_Washington_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center">UM Baltimore Washington Medical Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Medical_System#University_of_Maryland_Capital_Region_Health" title="University of Maryland Medical System">UM Capital Region</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Charles_Regional_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland Charles Regional Medical Center">UM Charles Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Harford_Memorial_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Harford Memorial Hospital">UM Harford Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Shore_Medical_Center_at_Chestertown" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Shore Medical Center at Chestertown"> UM Shore - Chestertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Shore_Medical_Center_at_Easton" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Shore Medical Center at Easton"> UM Shore - Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_St._Joseph_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center">UM St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Upper_Chesapeake_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Upper Chesapeake Medical Center">UM Upper Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed National Military Medical Center">Walter Reed NMMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freestanding Emergency Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_HealthCare_-_Germantown_Emergency_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist HealthCare - Germantown Emergency Center (page does not exist)">Adventist HealthCare - Germantown EC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TidalHealth_McCready_Pavilion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TidalHealth McCready Pavilion (page does not exist)">TidalHealth McCready Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland_Bowie_Health_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Maryland Bowie Health Center (page does not exist)">UM Bowie Health Center EC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Laurel_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland Laurel Medical Center">UM Laurel Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland_Shore_Medical_Center_at_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Maryland Shore Medical Center at Cambridge (page does not exist)">UM Shore - Cambridge MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Shore_Emergency_Center_at_Queenstown" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Shore Emergency Center at Queenstown">UM Shore - Queenstown EC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long term/rehab/outpatient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_Rehabilitation_Hospital_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist Rehabilitation Hospital of Maryland (page does not exist)">Adventist Rehabilitation Hospital of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburg Center (page does not exist)">Brandenburg Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer%27s_Head_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deer's Head Center (page does not exist)">Deer's Head Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladys_Spellman_Specialty_Hospital_%26_Nursing_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladys Spellman Specialty Hospital & Nursing Center (page does not exist)">Gladys Spellman Specialty Hospital & Nursing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Center (page does not exist)">Holly Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Krieger_Institute" title="Kennedy Krieger Institute">Kennedy Krieger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Rehabilitation_%26_Orthopaedic_Institute" title="University of Maryland Rehabilitation & Orthopaedic Institute">UM Rehab & Ortho Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeBridge_Health#Levindale_Hebrew_Geriatric_Center_and_Hospital" title="LifeBridge Health">Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Washington_Pediatric_Hospital" title="Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital">Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_VA_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore VA Medical Center (page does not exist)">VA Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Point_VA_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perry Point VA Medical Center (page does not exist)">VA Perry Point</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Maryland_Hospital_Center_(Hagerstown)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Maryland Hospital Center (Hagerstown) (page does not exist)">Western Maryland Hospital Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychiatric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_Behavioral_Health_Eastern_Shore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist Behavioral Health Eastern Shore (page does not exist)">Adventist Behavioral Health Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_Behavioral_Health_Rockville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist Behavioral Health Rockville (page does not exist)">Adventist Behavioral Health Rockville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brook_Lane_Psychiatric_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brook Lane Psychiatric Center (page does not exist)">Brook Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_T._Perkins_Hospital_Center" title="Clifton T. Perkins Hospital Center">Clifton T. Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_Hospital_Center" title="Eastern Shore Hospital Center">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_Institute" title="Saint Luke Institute">Saint Luke Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_and_Enoch_Pratt_Hospital" title="Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital">Sheppard Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Pratt_at_Elkridge" title="Sheppard Pratt at Elkridge">Sheppard Pratt at Elkridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Pratt_at_Ellicott_City" title="Sheppard Pratt at Ellicott City">Sheppard Pratt at Ellicott City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Grove_Hospital_Center" title="Spring Grove Hospital Center">Spring Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Hospital_Center" title="Springfield Hospital Center">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Finan_Center" title="Thomas B. Finan Center">Thomas B. Finan Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research/Teaching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Children%27s_Center" title="Johns Hopkins Children's Center">Johns Hopkins Children's Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedStar_Union_Memorial_Hospital" title="MedStar Union Memorial Hospital">MedStar Union Memorial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_Hospital_(Baltimore)" title="St. Agnes Hospital (Baltimore)">St. Agnes Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Medical_Center" title="University of Maryland Medical Center">University of Maryland Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Clinical_Center" title="National Institutes of Health Clinical Center">National Institutes of Health Clinical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed National Military Medical Center">Walter Reed NMMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_General_Dispensary" title="Baltimore General Dispensary">Baltimore General Dispensary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Hospital_(Maryland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Children's Hospital (Maryland) (page does not exist)">Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Home_and_Hospital" title="Church Home and Hospital">Church Home and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownsville_Hospital_Center" title="Crownsville Hospital Center">Crownsville Hospital Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_W._McCready_Memorial_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward W. McCready Memorial Hospital (page does not exist)">McCready Memorial</a></li> <li>Fallston General Hospital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Haven" title="Forest Haven">Forest Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Howard_Veterans_Hospital" title="Fort Howard Veterans Hospital">Fort Howard Veterans Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Dale_Hospital" title="Glenn Dale Hospital">Glenn Dale Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundry_Sanitarium" title="Gundry Sanitarium">Gundry Sanitarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryton_State_Hospital" title="Henryton State Hospital">Henryton State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Hospital" title="Jarvis Hospital">Jarvis Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Sanitarium" title="Laurel Sanitarium">Laurel Sanitarium</a></li> <li>Lutheran Hospital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hospital_(Cumberland)" title="Memorial Hospital (Cumberland)">Memorial of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff_State_Hospital" title="Pine Bluff State Hospital">Pine Bluff State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provident_Hospital_(Baltimore)" title="Provident Hospital (Baltimore)">Provident Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_Center" title="Rosewood Center">Rosewood Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hospital_for_Communicable_Diseases" title="Sydenham Hospital for Communicable Diseases">Sydenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMHS_Braddock_Campus_(Cumberland,_Maryland)" title="WMHS Braddock Campus (Cumberland, Maryland)">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Shore_Medical_Center_at_Dorchester" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Shore Medical Center at Dorchester"> UM Shore - Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland_Prince_George%27s_Hospital_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Maryland Prince George's Hospital Center (page does not exist)">UM Prince George's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Specialty_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Specialty Hospital (page does not exist)">University Specialty Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_P_Carter_Center" title="Walter P Carter Center">Walter P Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_County_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington County Hospital (page does not exist)">Washington County Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Baltimore_Medical_Center#History" title="Greater Baltimore Medical Center">Women's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> denote designated <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma Centers</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390551#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390551#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390551#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119420345">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/223553453">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/528328/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/43109-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78085445">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119305763">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119305763">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276296">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National institutes of health"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV068425">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Institutes of Health (U.S.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36075808">Australia</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35554293">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Institutes of Health (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20020125344&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/48896">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265833705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528224906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01146260?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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