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Mail Isolation Control and Tracking - Wikipedia

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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surveillance program of the United States Postal Service</div> <p><b>Mail Isolation Control and Tracking</b> (<b>MICT</b>) is an imaging system employed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> (USPS) that takes photographs of the exterior of every piece of mail that is processed in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nytpickering_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Postmaster General has stated that the system is primarily used for mail sorting,<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though it also enables the USPS to retroactively track mail correspondence at the request of <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was created in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a> that killed five people, including two <a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">postal workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usps_confirm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The automated mail tracking program was created so that the Postal Service could more easily track hazardous substances and keep people safe, according to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postmaster_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postmaster General">U.S. Postmaster General</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_R._Donahoe" title="Patrick R. Donahoe">Patrick R. Donahoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) revealed MICT on June 7, 2013, when discussing the Bureau's investigation of <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a>-laced letters sent to <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City mayor">New York City mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytpickering_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HR-MA-14-002_foia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR-MA-14-002_foia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The FBI stated in a criminal complaint that the program was used to narrow its investigation to <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Richardson" title="Shannon Richardson">Shannon Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smokinggun_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smokinggun-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Postmaster General, Patrick R. Donahoe, confirmed in an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> the existence of this program on August 2, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usps_confirm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_confirm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_confirm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In confirming the existence of MICT, Donahoe told the Associated Press that the USPS does not maintain a massive centralized database of the letter images. He said that the images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers around the country, and that each scanning machine at the processing centers only keeps images of the letters it scans. He also stated the images are retained for a week to 30 days and then destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usps_confirm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer security and <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">information privacy</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a> compared MICT to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA), revealed in June 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>. Schneier said, "Basically, [the USPS is] doing the same thing as the [NSA] programs, collecting the information on the outside of your mail, the <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, if you will, of names, addresses, return addresses and <a href="/wiki/Postmark" title="Postmark">postmark</a> locations, which gives the government a pretty good map of your contacts, even if they aren't reading the contents."<sup id="cite_ref-nytpickering_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>James J. Wedick, a former FBI agent, said of MICT, "It's a treasure trove of information. Looking at just the outside of letters and other mail, I can see who you bank with, who you communicate with—all kinds of useful information that gives investigators leads that they can then follow up on with a subpoena."<sup id="cite_ref-nytpickering_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also said the program "can be easily abused because it's so easy to use, and you don't have to go through a judge to get the information. You just fill out a form."<sup id="cite_ref-nytpickering_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Postal Service almost never denies requests to track suspects’ mail on behalf of law-enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_requests_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_requests-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informed_Delivery" title="Informed Delivery">Informed Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_cover" title="Mail cover">Mail cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLOCR" class="mw-redirect" title="MLOCR">MLOCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytpickering-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytpickering_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytpickering_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytpickering_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytpickering_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytpickering_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNixon2013" class="citation news cs1">Nixon, Ron (July 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/us/monitoring-of-snail-mail.html">"U.S. Postal Service Logging All Mail for Law Enforcement"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+Postal+Service+Logging+All+Mail+for+Law+Enforcement&amp;rft.date=2013-07-03&amp;rft.aulast=Nixon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F04%2Fus%2Fmonitoring-of-snail-mail.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap_confirm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap_confirm_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824061517/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-interview-usps-takes-photos-all-mail">"AP Interview: USPS takes photos of all mail"</a>. 2 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-interview-usps-takes-photos-all-mail">the original</a> on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=AP+Interview%3A+USPS+takes+photos+of+all+mail&amp;rft.date=2013-08-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fap-interview-usps-takes-photos-all-mail&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usps_confirm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usps_confirm_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2013" class="citation news cs1">Nixon, Ron (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/postal-service-confirms-photographing-all-us-mail.html?src=recg">"Postal Service Confirms Photographing All U.S. Mail"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Postal+Service+Confirms+Photographing+All+U.S.+Mail&amp;rft.date=2013-08-02&amp;rft.aulast=Nixon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F03%2Fus%2Fpostal-service-confirms-photographing-all-us-mail.html%3Fsrc%3Drecg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR-MA-14-002_foia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR-MA-14-002_foia_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ig/HR-MA-14-002.pdf">"USPS Inspector General report HR-MA-14-002 (redacted FOIA version)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USPS+Inspector+General+report+HR-MA-14-002+%28redacted+FOIA+version%29&amp;rft.date=2013-12-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.theblackvault.com%2Fdocuments%2Fig%2FHR-MA-14-002.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smokinggun-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smokinggun_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/woman-arrested-for-obama-bloomberg-ricin-letters-687435">"Ricin Suspect Was Tracked Via Mail Scanners"</a>. The Smoking Gun. June 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ricin+Suspect+Was+Tracked+Via+Mail+Scanners&amp;rft.date=2013-06-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fdocuments%2Fwoman-arrested-for-obama-bloomberg-ricin-letters-687435&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_confirm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_confirm_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ap-interview-postal-service-takes-photos-of-all-mail-keeps-images-for-up-to-a-month/2013/08/02/bd459ae2-fb45-11e2-89f7-8599e3f77a67_story.html">"AP Interview: Postal Service takes photos of all mail, keeps images for up to a month"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 2 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=AP+Interview%3A+Postal+Service+takes+photos+of+all+mail%2C+keeps+images+for+up+to+a+month&amp;rft.date=2013-08-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fap-interview-postal-service-takes-photos-of-all-mail-keeps-images-for-up-to-a-month%2F2013%2F08%2F02%2Fbd459ae2-fb45-11e2-89f7-8599e3f77a67_story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_requests-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_requests_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2014/11/20/postal-service-almost-never-denies-mail-surveillance-requests/">"Postal Service almost never denies mail-surveillance requests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 20 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Postal+Service+almost+never+denies+mail-surveillance+requests&amp;rft.date=2014-11-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Ffederal-eye%2Fwp%2F2014%2F11%2F20%2Fpostal-service-almost-never-denies-mail-surveillance-requests%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail+Isolation+Control+and+Tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/American_Letter_Mail_Company" title="American Letter Mail Company">American Letter Mail Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">American Postal Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Postal_Service" title="Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service">Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Transportation" title="Bureau of Transportation">Bureau of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Stamp_Advisory_Committee" title="Citizens&#39; Stamp Advisory Committee">Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Postal_and_Federal_Employees" title="National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees">National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">National Association of Letter Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Presort_Mailers" title="National Association of Presort Mailers">National Association of Presort Mailers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">National Postal Mail Handlers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Letter_Carriers%27_Association" title="National Rural Letter Carriers&#39; Association">National Rural Letter Carriers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Regulatory_Commission" title="Postal Regulatory Commission">Postal Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Transportation_Service" title="Postal Transportation Service">Postal Transportation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostalWatch_Incorporated" title="PostalWatch Incorporated">PostalWatch Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">United States Postal Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General">United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Management_System" title="Address Management System">Address Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Facer-Canceler_System" title="Advanced Facer-Canceler System">Advanced Facer-Canceler System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_Accuracy_Support_System" title="Coding Accuracy Support System">Coding Accuracy Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Bar_Code_Sorter" title="Delivery Bar Code Sorter">Delivery Bar Code Sorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flats_Sequencing_System" title="Flats Sequencing System">Flats Sequencing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locatable_Address_Conversion_System" title="Locatable Address Conversion System">Locatable Address Conversion System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Savings_System" title="United States Postal Savings System">United States Postal Savings System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click-N-Ship" title="Click-N-Ship">Click-N-Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_mail_in_the_United_States" title="Express mail in the United States">Express mail in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Change_Of_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="National Change Of Address">National Change Of Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_mail" 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title="Boat railway post office">Boat railway post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_post_office" title="Community post office">Community post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_letter_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead letter office">Dead letter office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_post_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway post office">Highway post office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._W._Westcott_II" title="J. W. Westcott II">J. W. Westcott II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_post_offices" title="List of United States post offices">List of United States post offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">National Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_distribution_center" title="Network distribution center">Network distribution center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_mail_service_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway mail service library">Railway mail service library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brick_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Brick Roads">Red Brick Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectional_center_facility" title="Sectional center facility">Sectional center facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcar_railway_post_office" title="Streetcar railway post office">Streetcar railway post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_railway_post_office" title="Terminal railway post office">Terminal railway post office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Act_(1872)" title="Post Office Act (1872)">Post Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Accountability_and_Enhancement_Act" title="Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act">Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Reorganization_Act" title="Postal Reorganization Act">Postal Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Service_Act" title="Postal Service Act">Postal Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Service_Reform_Act_of_2022" title="Postal Service Reform Act of 2022">Postal Service Reform Act of 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Express_Statutes" title="Private Express Statutes">Private Express Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Post_Roads_Act_of_1916" title="Rural Post Roads Act of 1916">Rural Post Roads Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_39_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 39 of the United States Code">Title 39 of the United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Postal_Service_crisis" title="2020 United States Postal Service crisis">2020 United States Postal Service crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_airmail_service" title="United States airmail service">United States airmail service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-RT_SORT" class="mw-redirect" title="CAR-RT SORT">CAR-RT SORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catcher_pouch" title="Catcher pouch">Catcher pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_Redoubt" title="Cimarron Redoubt">Cimarron Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_Mail_Manual" title="Domestic Mail Manual">Domestic Mail Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_Identification_Mark" title="Facing Identification Mark">Facing Identification Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flats_(USPS)" title="Flats (USPS)">Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_LLV" title="Grumman LLV">Grumman LLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-Based_Indicia" title="Information-Based Indicia">Information-Based Indicia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Inspectors" title="The Inspectors">The Inspectors</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Mail_barcode" title="Intelligent Mail barcode">Intelligent Mail barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_228" title="Label 228">Label 228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_killings" title="List of postal killings">List of postal killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">List of U.S. state abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_airmail_stamps" title="List of United States airmail stamps">List of United States airmail stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_cover" title="Mail cover">Mail cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail hook">Mail hook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mail Isolation Control and Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_jumping" title="Mail jumping">Mail jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail pouch">Mail pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail sack">Mail sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_satchel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail satchel">Mail satchel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mail_Story&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mail Story (page does not exist)">The Mail Story</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(postal)" title="Nixie (postal)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORM-D" title="ORM-D">ORM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owney_(dog)" title="Owney (dog)">Owney (dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_mochila" title="Pony Express mochila">Pony Express mochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postage stamps and postal history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Alpha_Numeric_Encoding_Technique" title="Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique">Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">Postal worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Order" title="Prohibitory Order">Prohibitory Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Bar_Coding_System" title="Remote Bar Coding System">Remote Bar Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">Rural Free Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_letter_carrier" title="Rural letter carrier">Rural letter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD-4C" title="STD-4C">STD-4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_post_office_murals" title="United States post office murals">United States post office murals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_post_office_murals" title="List of United States post office murals">List of murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USPS_Post_Office_Box_Lobby_Recycling_program" title="USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program">USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service_creed" title="United States Postal Service creed">United States Postal Service creed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mail_and_postal_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_system" title="Template:Postal system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Postal_system" title="Template talk:Postal system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Postal_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Postal system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mail_and_postal_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail and postal systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_postal_history" title="Timeline of postal history">Timeline of postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Africa" title="Template:Postal history of Africa">African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Template:Postal history of Asia">Asian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Template:Postal history of Europe">European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Oceania" title="Template:Postal history of Oceania">Oceanian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Postal history of the Americas">Pan-American countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Envelope for mailing"><img alt="Envelope for mailing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/70px-Cartica.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/105px-Cartica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Cartica.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Envelope for mailing</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_mail" title="Bulk mail">Bulk mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicia_(philately)" title="Indicia (philately)">Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-Based_Indicia" title="Information-Based Indicia">Information-Based Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_box" title="Letter box">Letter box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meter_stamp" title="Meter stamp">Meter stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_post" title="Parcel post">Parcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_locker" title="Parcel locker">Parcel locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_box" title="Post box">Post box&#160;/&#32;Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_box" title="Relay box">Relay box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">Post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office_box" title="Post office box">Post office box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_meter" title="Postage meter">Postage meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_marking" title="Postal marking">Postal marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_value_stamp" title="Variable value stamp">Variable value stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_mail" title="Express mail">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_mail" title="Registered mail">Registered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mail" title="Surface mail">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Air_Lifted" title="Surface Air Lifted">Surface Air Lifted (SAL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mail_carrier" title="Mail carrier">Mail carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">Postal worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Mail_barcode" title="Intelligent Mail barcode">Intelligent Mail barcode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mail Isolation Control and Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiline_Optical_Character_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiline Optical Character Reader">Multiline Optical Character Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_cover" title="Mail cover">Mail cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_sorting" title="Mail sorting">Mail sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_forwarding" title="Package forwarding">Package forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Alpha_Numeric_Encoding_Technique" title="Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique">PLANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSTNET" title="POSTNET">POSTNET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Institutions and systems</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">Postal entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_museum" title="Postal museum">Postal museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_postal_services" title="List of national postal services">Postal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Postal systems by country">Postal systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_trade_unions" title="Category:Postal trade unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_philatelic_items" title="List of most expensive philatelic items">most expensive philatelic items</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">Stamp collecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postage_stamps" title="List of postage stamps">notable stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_catalog" title="Stamp catalog">catalogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philatelic_terminology" title="Category:Philatelic terminology">Philatelic terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of entities that have <br />issued postage stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(F%E2%80%93L)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (F–L)">F–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/24px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/35px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/47px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="534" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philately" title="Portal:Philately">Philately&#32;portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_systems" title="Category:Postal systems">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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