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id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Botswana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Angola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania_and_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania_and_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Tanzania and elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania_and_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_diaspora_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_diaspora_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 British diaspora in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_diaspora_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle British diaspora in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-British_diaspora_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa_and_the_Cape_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_and_the_Cape_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 South Africa and the Cape Colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_and_the_Cape_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Since_1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Since 1994 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 By province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Zambia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livingstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livingstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Livingstone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livingstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angola_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angola_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Angola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angola_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Mozambique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scots_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Scots in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scots_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nyasaland_(Malawi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyasaland_(Malawi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Nyasaland (Malawi) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyasaland_(Malawi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 French in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle French in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-French_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francophone_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francophone_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Francophone West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francophone_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Djibouti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djibouti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Djibouti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djibouti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Madagascar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayotte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayotte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Mayotte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayotte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Réunion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Réunion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Réunion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Réunion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huguenots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huguenots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Huguenots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huguenots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco_Mauritians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco_Mauritians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.2 Franco Mauritians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco_Mauritians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Portuguese in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portuguese_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Portuguese in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_South_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_South_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Portuguese South Africans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_South_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italians_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italians_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Italians in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italians_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Italians in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Italians_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Somalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Italians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Italians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 South African Italians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Italians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Elsewhere in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greeks_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeks_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Greeks in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greeks_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Greeks in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Greeks_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germans_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Germans in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germans_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Germans in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Germans_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namibia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Tanzania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Togo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Portuguese_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Portuguese_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Former Portuguese colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Portuguese_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Ghana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Spanish in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spanish in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equatorial_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Equatorial Guinea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Canary Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plazas_de_soberanía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plazas_de_soberanía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Plazas de soberanía </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plazas_de_soberanía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moriscos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moriscos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Moriscos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moriscos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgians_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgians_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Belgians in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belgians_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Belgians in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Belgians_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Belgian Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flemings_in_Rwanda,_South_Africa,_and_the_DRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flemings_in_Rwanda,_South_Africa,_and_the_DRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Flemings in Rwanda, South Africa, and the DRC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flemings_in_Rwanda,_South_Africa,_and_the_DRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegians_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegians_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Norwegians in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Norwegians_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Norwegians in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Norwegians_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbs_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbs_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Serbs in Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Serbs_in_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Serbs in Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Serbs_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarians_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarians_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Hungarians in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarians_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_diaspora_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_diaspora_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Other European diaspora in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_diaspora_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrikaans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrikaans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Afrikaans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrikaans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.4 Other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">White Africans of European ancestry</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الأفارقة البيض من أصل أوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأفارقة البيض من أصل أوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бели хора в Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бели хора в Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanos_blancos_de_ascendencia_europea" title="Africanos blancos de ascendencia europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Africanos blancos de ascendencia europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankuloj_en_Afriko" title="Blankuloj en Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blankuloj en Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africains_blancs_d%27ascendance_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Africains blancs d'ascendance européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Africains blancs d'ascendance européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africani_bianchi_di_origine_europea" title="Africani bianchi di origine europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africani bianchi di origine europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropie%C5%A1u_izcelsmes_afrik%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Eiropiešu izcelsmes afrikāņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropiešu izcelsmes afrikāņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanes_blanca_de_desende_european" title="Africanes blanca de desende european – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africanes blanca de desende european" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvite_afrikanere" title="Hvite afrikanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvite afrikanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African citizens and residents born in or with ancestors from Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">White people in Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">White people in Zambia</a> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="Talk:White Africans of European ancestry">Discuss</a>) Proposed since October 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="Special:EditPage/White Africans of European ancestry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22">"White Africans of European ancestry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> White Africans of European ancestry refers to citizens or residents in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> who can trace full or partial ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. They are distinguished from indigenous <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> people who are sometimes identified as white but not European.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 1989, there were an estimated 4.6 million white people with European ancestry on the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a> Most are of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> origin; to a lesser extent, there are also those who descended from <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">Scandinavians</a>. The majority once lived along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast or in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a> The earliest permanent European communities in Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> were formed at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>;<a href="#cite_note-roskinstudies-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé Island</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a><a href="#cite_note-Cybriwsky-4">[4]</a> through the introduction of Portuguese and Dutch traders or military personnel. Other groups of white settlers arrived in newly established French, German, Belgian, and British settlements in Africa over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before regional <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonisation</a>, whites of European ancestry may have numbered up to 6 million persons at their peak<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and were represented in every part of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Grolier-6">[6]</a> An exodus of colonists accompanied independence in most African nations.<a href="#cite_note-Comms-7">[7]</a> Over half the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambican" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Mozambican">Portuguese Mozambican</a> population, which numbered about 200,000 in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-Transition-8">[8]</a> departed en masse because of discriminatory economic policies directed against them.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In Zimbabwe, recent white exodus was spurred by an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">land reform programme</a> introduced by late President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> in 2000 and the parallel collapse of that country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Cybriwsky-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, the local white population was blatantly expelled via a decree issued by the post-colonial government upon independence.<a href="#cite_note-Topics-10">[10]</a> The African country with the largest population of European descendants both numerically and proportionally is <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, where <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white South Africans</a> number 4.3 million people (9% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The second-largest European population proportionally is in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, at about 150,000 or 8%,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey.com-13">[13]</a> while the second-largest European population numerically is in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> with about 200,000 people but only comprising 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey.com-13">[13]</a> Smaller European-descended populations exist in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and elsewhere. Although white minorities no longer hold exclusive political power, some continue to retain key positions in industry and commercial agriculture in a number of African states.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/220px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png/330px-European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/European_settlement_in_Africa_map1962.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of Europeans and their descendants on the African continent in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Under 1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Over 1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Over 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Over 50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Over 100,000</div> </div></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Colonisation of Africa</a>, European settlement patterns generally favoured territories with a substantial amount of land at least 910 metres (3,000 ft) above sea level, an annual rainfall of over 510 millimetres (20 in) but not exceeding 1,020 millimetres (40 in), and relative freedom from the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Tsetse fly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley-17">[17]</a> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, the milder, drier climates of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> thus attracted substantial numbers of permanent European immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann-18">[18]</a> A modest annual rainfall of under 1020 mm was considered especially suitable for the temperate farming activities to which many were accustomed.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley-17">[17]</a> Therefore, the first parts of Africa to be populated by Europeans were located at the northern and southern extremities of the continent; between these two extremes, disease and the tropical climate precluded most permanent European settlement until the late nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-West-19">[19]</a> The discovery of valuable resources in Africa's interior and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> as a cure for malaria altered this longstanding trend, and a new wave of European colonists arrived on the continent between 1890 and 1918.<a href="#cite_note-West-19">[19]</a> Most European colonists granted land in African colonies cultivated <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops or raised <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, which were far more popular among the immigrants rather than managing the tropical <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> aimed at producing export-oriented crops such as <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley-17">[17]</a> A direct consequence of this preference was that the territories with a rainfall exceeding 1020 mm developed strong plantation-based economies but produced almost no food beyond what was cultivated by small-scale indigenous producers; drier territories with large white farming communities became more self-sufficient in food production.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley-17">[17]</a> The latter often resulted in sharp friction between European colonists and black African tribes as they competed for land. By 1960, at least seven <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonies</a>—in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>—had passed legislation reserving a fixed percentage of land for white ownership.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley-17">[17]</a> This allowed colonists to legitimise their land seizures and began a process that had the ultimate consequence of commodifying land in colonial Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Njoh-20">[20]</a> Land distribution thus emerged as an extremely contentious issue in those territories with large numbers of permanent European colonists.<a href="#cite_note-Sithole-21">[21]</a> During the 1950s, black Africans owned about 13.7% of the land in South Africa and a little under 33% of the land in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sithole-21">[21]</a> An inevitable trend of this factor, exacerbated by high rates of population growth, was that large numbers of black farmers as well as their livestock began to be concentrated in increasingly overcrowded areas.<a href="#cite_note-Sithole-21">[21]</a> Before 1914, colonial governments encouraged European settlement on a grand scale, based on the assumption that this was a prerequisite to long-term development and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> The concept lost popularity when it became clear that multinational corporations financed by overseas capital, coupled with cheap African labour, were far more productive and efficient at building export-oriented economies for the benefit of the metropolitan powers.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, locally owned, small-scale businesses managed by individual whites suffered immense losses attempting to compete with large commercial enterprises and the lower costs of black labour (South Africa being the sole exception to the rule, as its white businesses and labour were heavily subsidised by the state).<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> Unlike other former colonies such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Europeans and their descendants on the African continent never outnumbered the indigenous people; nevertheless, they found ways to consolidate power and exert a disproportionate influence on the administrative policies of their respective metropolitan countries.<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann-18">[18]</a> Some lost their sense of identification with Europe and created their own nationalist movements, namely in South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann-18">[18]</a> Permanent white residents were regarded as an increasing liability by colonial administrations as they sought to dominate their adopted African homelands.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> They were also likely to involve the government in conflict with Africans, which required expensive military campaigns and inextricably damaged relations between the latter and the metropolitan powers.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> This was a common trend throughout African colonies from the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries. In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> for instance, governor <a href="/wiki/Joachim_van_Plettenberg" title="Joachim van Plettenberg">Joachim van Plettenberg</a> demarcated the territory's boundaries around 1778 with approval from the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa chiefdoms</a>; the following year Dutch colonists violated the border and attacked the Xhosa, sparking the bloody <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-23">[23]</a> Disputes between German colonists and the <a href="/wiki/Matumbi_people" title="Matumbi people">Matumbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a> peoples contributed significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a> of 1905–07.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton1-24">[24]</a> During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Colonial Kenya</a>'s European residents were largely responsible for provoking a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">revolt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Masai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg/220px-BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg/330px-BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg/440px-BSAC_settlers_Southern_Rhodesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>White farmers in Southern Rhodesia, early 1920s.</figcaption></figure> White settlers wielded enormous influence over many colonial administrations; for example, they often occupied influential positions on elected legislatures and held most of the senior administrative posts in the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-16">[16]</a> Due to the relative poverty of most black Africans, whites of European ancestry also controlled the capital for development and dominated the import and export trade as well as commercial agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-16">[16]</a> They often represented a disproportionate percentage of the skilled workforce due to much higher educational attainment. This was heightened by the discriminatory practices of the colonial authorities, which devoted more public funding to their education and technical training.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sithole-21">[21]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>, the colonial authorities were estimated to have allocated up to twenty-six times more funding per year for white schools than black schools.<a href="#cite_note-Sithole-21">[21]</a> In most of colonial Africa, local whites sought employment with foreign companies, often in technical or managerial positions, or with the public service.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> The exception were those colonies with large white farming populations, such as Kenya and Southern Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> The white residents there were likelier to form their own business communities and invest heavily in the economies of their adopted homelands.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> The advent of global <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation</a> ushered in a radical change of perspectives towards European settlement in Africa. Metropolitan governments began to place more emphasis on their relations with the indigenous peoples rather than the progressively independent colonist populations.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-22">[22]</a> In direct opposition to the growing tide of African nationalism, whites of European descent in colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> began to forge new nationalist identities of their own.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-26">[26]</a> Attitudes towards rapid decolonisation among individual white African communities were hardened by fears of irresponsible or incompetent postcolonial governments, coupled to a parallel decline in public infrastructure, service delivery, and consequently, their own standards of living.<a href="#cite_note-Cowan-16">[16]</a> On some occasions the granting of independence to African states under majority rule was influenced by the desire to preempt unilateral declarations of independence or secession attempts by white nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-Moodleyadam-27">[27]</a> Nevertheless, Rhodesia's white minority did succeed in issuing its own <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a> in 1965 and later retain power up until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Dowden-28">[28]</a> Less successful was an attempted coup d'état by white Mozambicans in 1974, which was forcibly crushed by Portuguese troops.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> White rule in South Africa ended with the country's first <a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1994">non-racial elections in 1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston1-31">[31]</a> A <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> phenomenon accompanied regional decolonisation and to a lesser extent, the termination of white minority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Uncertain-32">[32]</a> A considerable reverse exodus of former colonials returning to Western Europe occurred; because they had controlled key sectors of many African economies prior to independence, their abrupt departure often resulted in devastating economic repercussions for the emerging states.<a href="#cite_note-Pitcher1-33">[33]</a> Consequently, some African governments have made a concerted attempt to retain sizable white communities in the interests of preserving their capital and much-needed technical skills.<a href="#cite_note-Beggar-34">[34]</a> A few colonies had no permanent white populations at all, and in such cases the European powers preferred to construct forts and trading posts rather than large settlements accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-Njoh-20">[20]</a> Transient administrators and soldiers were posted there initially as deterrents to rival governments attempting to effectuate treaties concerning land and other resources with local African populations.<a href="#cite_note-Njoh-20">[20]</a> Their numbers were sometimes bolstered by civilian expatriates employed as missionaries, public servants, or employees of large transnational companies with headquarters located aside the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> Few of these expatriates came to immigrate permanently, and typically worked in the colonies for a short period before returning to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> This made them less embedded in the economy and social structure, less interested in influencing local politics, and less likely to form cohesive communities than the colonist populations elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Schools1-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lara_Logan_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lara_Logan_crop.jpg/170px-Lara_Logan_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lara_Logan_crop.jpg/255px-Lara_Logan_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lara_Logan_crop.jpg/340px-Lara_Logan_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lara_Logan" title="Lara Logan">Lara Logan</a>, South African journalist and war correspondent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Scott.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/170px-Guy_Scott.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/255px-Guy_Scott.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Guy_Scott.png/340px-Guy_Scott.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Zambia">Vice President of Zambia</a> from September 2011 to January 2015 and Interim President from October 2014 -January 2015.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>European percentage peaks from total population during the colonial era:<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: 21%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>: 16%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>): 14%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>: 13%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia Protectorate</a>: 10%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>): 8%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>: 5–10%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>: 6.6%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>: 1–5%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaziland_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland Protectorate">Swaziland Protectorate</a>: 1–5%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>): 1–5%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>): 2%<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zambia-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>: 1%</li> <li>Rest of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>: <1%</li></ul></li></ul> In most of colonial Africa, Europeans accounted for under 1% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-Time04-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a> except for the colonies in Northern and Southern Africa, which had the highest proportion of European colonists.<a href="#cite_note-Hamlyn-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_population">Current population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current population">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are 4.5 million white South Africans. Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Namibia all have white communities numbering in the tens of thousands, and thousands more are scattered among Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Congo, Senegal, Gabon, and beyond. Many hold onto their British, Portuguese, German, French or Italian citizenships, but most have been on this continent all their lives.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a> correspondent Danna Harman, on Africa's white population of European descent in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></cite></div></blockquote> It is impossible to verify the number of white Africans of European ancestry, as a number of African nations do not publish census data on race or ethnic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Salverda-42">[42]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> editorial team estimated the size of Africa's total white population of European descent at 4.6 million, with the vast majority residing in coastal regions of North Africa or in the Republic of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-World-2">[2]</a> The white population of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> was much higher in the 1960s and 1970s (when the country was known as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>); about 296,000 in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This peak of around 8% of the population in 1975<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> dropped to possibly 120,000 in 1999, and had fallen to under 50,000 people by 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_1999-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afrikaners">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/220px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/330px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/440px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, and one of the earliest European colonists in sub-Saharan Africa.</figcaption></figure> In the late sixteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (known more formally as the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) began routinely searching for sites on the African continent where its trading fleets could obtain fresh water and other supplies while en route to the Orient.<a href="#cite_note-vaque1989-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-swapo-47">[47]</a> Dutch ships began calling at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> as early as 1595, since the shoreline was not treacherous and fresh water could be easily obtained by landing parties without venturing too far inland.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> In 1651, the company built a storage facility and watering station, which included a vegetable garden to resupply its passing ships, at the Cape.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>, a small Dutch party also constructed a fort known as the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> Van Riebeeck obtained permission to bring Dutch immigrants to the Cape, and resettle former company employees there as farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> The colonists were known as "vrijlieden", also denoted as vrijburgers (free citizens), to differentiate them from bonded VOC employees still serving on contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Parthesius-49">[49]</a> Since the primary purpose of the Cape colony at the time was to stock provisions for passing Dutch ships, the VOC offered grants of farmland to the vrijburgers on the condition they would cultivate crops for company warehouses.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-50">[50]</a> The vrijburgers were granted tax-exempt status for twelve years and loaned all the necessary seeds and farming implements they requested.<a href="#cite_note-Lucas-51">[51]</a> The VOC initially had strict requirements which the prospective vrijburgers had to fulfill: they were to be married Dutch citizens, of good character, and had to undertake to spend twenty years at the Cape.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-50">[50]</a> During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, however, many foreigners were amongst those who boarded ships in the Netherlands to settle in the Dutch sphere.<a href="#cite_note-Kaapstad-52">[52]</a> As a result, by 1691 a third of the vrijburger population of the fledgling colony was not ethnically Dutch. The heterogeneous European community included large numbers of German military recruits in the service of the VOC, as well as <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot</a> refugees driven into overseas exile by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaapstad-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-February-53">[53]</a> As the size of the vrijburger population expanded, the colonists began expanding deeper into the interior of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>; by 1800 the size of the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> was about 170,000 square kilometers; about six times the area of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-vaque1989-46">[46]</a> The vast size of the colony made it almost impossible for the VOC to control the vrijburger population, and the colonists became increasingly independent.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> Attempts by the company administration to reassert its authority and regulate the vrijburgers' activities was met with resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-54">[54]</a> Successive generations of colonists born in the colony became localised in their loyalties and national identity and regarded the colonial government with a mixture of apathy and suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-54">[54]</a> In the early 1700s, this emerging class of people began identifying as <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a>, rather than Dutch subjects, after their adopted homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Lion-55">[55]</a> Afrikaners who settled directly on the colony's frontiers were also known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a>, to describe their agricultural way of life.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> In 1769, the northward migration of Boers was met by a southward migration of <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a>, a Bantu people which laid claim to the Cape region north of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> This triggered a series of bloody frontier conflicts which raged until 1879, known as the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> Both the Boers and Xhosa organised raiding parties that frequently crossed the river and stole livestock from the other group.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> Meanwhile, the VOC had been forced to declare bankruptcy and the Dutch government assumed direct responsibility for the Cape in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s occupation of the Netherlands during the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> captured the Cape Colony to prevent France from laying claim to its strategic harbour.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-56">[56]</a> Although the Dutch authorities were permitted to administer the Cape again for a brief interlude between 1803 and 1806, the British launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">another invasion of the colony</a> as a result of political developments in Europe and became permanent.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-56">[56]</a> Relations between the new colonial leadership and the Boers soon began to deteriorate when the British refused to subsidise the Cape Colony, insisting that it pay for itself by levying larger taxes on the white population.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> In addition to raising taxes, the British administration abolished the burgher senate, the only Dutch-era form of government at the Cape.<a href="#cite_note-Tamarkin-57">[57]</a> It also took measures to bring the Boer population under control by establishing new courts and judiciaries along the frontier.<a href="#cite_note-Tamarkin-57">[57]</a> Boer resentment of the British peaked in 1834, when the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> was passed, outlawing slavery throughout the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> All 35,000 enslaved people registered with the Cape governor were to be freed and given rights on par with other citizens, although in most cases the slavers could retain them as paid apprentices until 1838.<a href="#cite_note-Divide-58">[58]</a> Many Boers, especially those involved in grain and wine production, had enslaved people at the time, and the number of people they had enslaved correlated greatly to their production output.<a href="#cite_note-Divide-58">[58]</a> The British government offered preexisting slavers compensation for the freeing of enslaved people, but payment had to be claimed in person in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and few Boers possessed the funds to travel there.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> The abolition of slavery, along with Boer grievances over taxation and the perceived Anglicisation of the Cape judiciary, triggered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>: an eastward migration of 15,000 Boers determined to escape British rule by homesteading beyond the Cape Colony's frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-48">[48]</a> The Great Trek brought the migrating Boers, known as voortrekkers, into direct conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu Empire">Zulu Empire</a>, upon which they inflicted a decisive defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a> in February 1838.<a href="#cite_note-War-59">[59]</a> The voortrekkers eventually established several independent <a href="/wiki/Boer_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer republic">Boer republics</a> deep in the southern African interior, the most prominent of which were the <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (also known simply as the Transvaal).<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/170px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/255px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/340px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Boer guerrillas during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, 1900.</figcaption></figure> British expansion of the Cape Colony into South Africa's interior followed the Boer migration within the subsequent decades; in 1843 Britain annexed the <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a>, and in 1877 it annexed the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> The Transvaal Boers subsequently went to war with the British in 1880, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> The war was resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Convention" title="Pretoria Convention">Pretoria Convention</a>, by which Great Britain restored independence to the Transvaal and withdrew from the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> However, relations between the Boer republics and the British administration at the Cape remained poor, with the latter concerned that Boer independence was a lingering threat to the Cape's strategic security.<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> In 1899, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> broke out when the British rejected an ultimatum by the Transvaal to remove its military presence from the latter's borders.<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-60">[60]</a> The first stages of the war consisted of several unsuccessful Boer sieges of British colonies, followed by a British push into the two Boer republics. The last stage of the war consisted of Boer <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a>, termed "bitter-enders", who refused to lay down their arms and took several years to defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-61">[61]</a> In early 1902, the Boers finally surrendered under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a>, which annexed the Transvaal and Orange Free State into the Cape (forming the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>) in exchange for allowing the former Boer republics some form of political autonomy and granting financial assistance to aid in postwar reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-61">[61]</a> The postwar years saw the dramatic rise of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a>, as many of the former Boer military leaders turned to politics and came to dominate the legislatures of the Transvaal and Orange Free State.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-61">[61]</a> An Afrikaner party was also elected for the first time in the Cape Colony in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-62">[62]</a> Afrikaner politicians heavily promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, a language derived from the Middle Dutch dialect spoken by the colonial vrijburger population, as a fundamental part of Afrikaner identity and national consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-61">[61]</a> In 1908 and 1909, a constitutional convention was held for the establishment of a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> which incorporated the old Boer republics into a unitary state with the Cape Colony and the Natal.<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-62">[62]</a> This emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-61">[61]</a> Due to the fact that the electorate was limited predominantly to white South Africans, Afrikaners–which composed over half the white population at the time–quickly achieved political ascendancy.<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-62">[62]</a> Afrikaners occupied the top political positions in South African government from 1910 until 1994, when the country held its first multiracial elections under a universal franchise.<a href="#cite_note-Guelke-63">[63]</a> Prior to 1994, the Afrikaner ruling party with the longest tenure in South Africa was the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>, which was noted for introducing a strict system of racial segregation known as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in 1948, and declaring the country a republic in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-62">[62]</a> The size of the Afrikaner population in South Africa was estimated at 2.5 million people in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Kriger-64">[64]</a> According to the country's 2011 census, there were about 2.7 million white South Africans who spoke Afrikaans as a first language, or slightly over 5% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-2011ZACensus-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Namibia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg/220px-Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg/330px-Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg/440px-Oliver_Risser_-_2009-09-27_at_19-27-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Risser" title="Oliver Risser">Oliver Risser</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Namibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibians">Namibian</a> footballer of <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German origin</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid to late 19th century and beforehand, South African trekboers found their way into <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (then South-West Africa) and established colonies. A significant number even penetrated as far north as Angola during the <a href="/wiki/Dorsland_Trek" title="Dorsland Trek">Dorsland Trek</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The South-West became a <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colony</a> during the late 19th century, and with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> a number of local Boers volunteered to serve with the imperial authorities against invading Allied troops.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> After that conflict left the territory under South African occupation, thousands of fresh Afrikaner migrants poured into the region to occupy available plots of prime stock-farming land and exploit <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">untapped resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swapo-47">[47]</a> Their government further encouraged new colonists by offering easy loans, necessary infrastructure, and more expropriated land to white newcomers. This policy was generally considered a success, as South-West Africa's white population more than doubled between 1913 and 1936.<a href="#cite_note-sparks-67">[67]</a> Current estimates for the Afrikaner population in Namibia range from 60,000 to 120,000; they continue to make up the majority of the country's white citizens.<a href="#cite_note-swapo-47">[47]</a> 45% of the best ranging and agricultural land is presently owned by Namibians of European background, mostly Afrikaner ranchers.<a href="#cite_note-swapo-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botswana">Botswana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Botswana">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1815, individual Afrikaners had begun to arrive in what is today modern <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, mainly traders and ivory hunters from the Cape of Good Hope.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> By the mid nineteenth century, some of these itinerant Afrikaners had settled in <a href="/wiki/Molepolole" title="Molepolole">Molepolole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> In 1852, the Transvaal Boers organised a failed expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Northern Tswana people</a> which included several relatively large engagements such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dimawe" title="Battle of Dimawe">Battle of Dimawe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> As a result of this raid, the Tswana launched a series of retaliatory raids into the northern Transvaal which forced the Boers to evacuate <a href="/wiki/Swartruggens" title="Swartruggens">Swartruggens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> In 1853, Transvaal President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> signed an armistice with Tswana chief <a href="/wiki/Sechele_I" title="Sechele I">Sechele I</a>, ending the state of war and checking further Boer expansion into Botswana for decades.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GantsiHighStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GantsiHighStreet.jpg/220px-GantsiHighStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GantsiHighStreet.jpg/330px-GantsiHighStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GantsiHighStreet.jpg/440px-GantsiHighStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghanzi" title="Ghanzi">Ghanzi</a>, Botswana, home to a large Afrikaner community.</figcaption></figure> A notable voortrekker community was established inadvertently near <a href="/wiki/Ghanzi" title="Ghanzi">Ghanzi</a> in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> Ghanzi was settled by migrating Boers from the <a href="/wiki/Dorsland_Trek" title="Dorsland Trek">Dorsland Trek</a> who had lost their wagons and supplies in the central Kalahari, and were forced to seek sanctuary near the water source there.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> in the 1880s, the British colonial authorities and the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (BSAC) designated several parts of the region as freehold farming areas, open to white farmers of any nationality.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> This induced hundreds of Boer migrants to resettle there.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> In 1894 the BSAC made a concentrated attempt to recruit Boers from the Transvaal and Orange Free State to settle the area around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ngami" title="Lake Ngami">Lake Ngami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> This was an attempt to control the large numbers of wandering <a href="/wiki/Trekboers" title="Trekboers">trekboers</a> in both regions by diverting them into territory already under British control rather than risk them establishing new Boer republics further abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> The British also hoped that a large Boer population along the frontiers of Bechuaneland would serve as a potential buffer to German colonial expansionism from the west.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> From 1898 until the early 1900s, a small but steady stream of Boers began trekking towards Lake Ngami from South Africa, with the vast majority concentrating around the previously established Afrikaans-speaking community at Ghanzi.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> In 1928, the size of Ghanzi's population was bolstered by the arrival of a number of Boer exiles from Angola, who had departed that territory due to disputes with the Portuguese colonial government there.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> Most of the Boers were engaged in cattle ranching, using the vast, unpopulated lands around Ghanzi as a massive range to drive their herds.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanzi-15">[15]</a> For a number of years, one of Botswana's most prominent white politicians was <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Graaff" title="Christian de Graaff">Christian de Graaff</a>, who represented Ghanzi's southern district in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Botswana)">National Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> Aside from those engaged in ranching and farming, a small number of recent Afrikaner migrants have moved to Botswana in the postcolonial era to manage small businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Historicalbots-68">[68]</a> As a group, Afrikaners formed 1.2% of Botswana's total population in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Putterman-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> While Afrikaners were always a small minority in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>'s population, some did arrive with the early pioneer columns and permanently settled, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Enkeldoorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Enkeldoorn">Enkeldoorn</a> farming areas.<a href="#cite_note-blackfire-70">[70]</a> After 1907, an increasing number of dispossessed Boers arrived in what was then the British territory of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, seeking better economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-chanock-71">[71]</a> They soon found themselves discriminated against by the other Europeans, who expressed alarm at an "invasion" of "poor Dutch" and what they described as the "human wreckage of the Union". This aversion was condemned by elements in the South African press, which charged that "the settlement of Afrikaners in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> is being emphatically worked against".<a href="#cite_note-chanock-71">[71]</a> During World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">Maritz Rebellion</a> in South Africa caused consternation among Rhodesian authorities, prompting them to conclude that their colony's Afrikaner inhabitants could not be relied upon against the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chanock-71">[71]</a> In the following decades a sharp cleavage continued to divide Afrikaners from their English-speaking countrymen,<a href="#cite_note-hodder-williams-72">[72]</a> reflecting entrenched divisions in class and culture. The former generally earned lower incomes, and never advanced far in capital, education, and influence. They were also considered to be Rhodesia's single most conservative white community, almost unanimously opposing a multiracial school system and any concessions to black Africans regarding land apportionment.<a href="#cite_note-hodder-williams-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers-73">[73]</a> With the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> and Zimbabwean independence under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> by 1980, over one-fifth of white Rhodesians, including most resident Afrikaners, emigrated from the country.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> During and following the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a> some Afrikaners chose to leave South Africa. The first 700 Afrikaner colonists that migrated to <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> were supporters of the British during the various conflicts. This first wave settled in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province" title="Rift Valley Province">Rift Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The community founded the colony of <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> in 1903 and played an important part in establishing agriculture in the region. An additional 100 Afrikaners arrived in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune.com-76">[76]</a> At the height of British rule in the colony, the population composed of several thousand Afrikaners farming 2,600 square kilometres (1,000 square miles) around Eldoret. The Mau Mau Rebellion sparked great panic among the white community in the country and much of the Afrikaner community left the country and mostly returned to South Africa. However some continued to farm in the region long after independence, and were very successful in doing so.<a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune.com-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola">Angola</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Angola">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">White Angolans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dorsland_Trek" title="Dorsland Trek">Dorsland Trek</a></div> There were originally around 2,000 Afrikaners in Angola, descendants of those who had survived Namibia's unforgiving Dorsland Trek. For fifty years they formed a distinct enclave in the underdeveloped Portuguese territory, joined by new Afrikaner migrants in 1893 and 1905.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> By 1928, however, the South African authorities arranged to have 300 such households repatriated to <a href="/wiki/Outjo" title="Outjo">Outjo</a>, where they settled comfortably into farming. The few Afrikaners who remained fled their homes during Angola's subsequent <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">civil wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania_and_elsewhere">Tanzania and elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tanzania and elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> In the early 20th century a number of Afrikaners trekked into <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German Tanganyika</a>, where they were parceled land by colonial authorities then attempting to boost agricultural production. After Tanganyika became a British trust territory on Germany's defeat during World War I, London reaffirmed such grants as they existed. Few Afrikaners stayed beyond the eve of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> independence in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> With the retreat of European colonialism, Afrikaner communities outside South Africa and its immediate neighbours generally diminished in size and a significant number of colonists returned to their countries of origin during the decades which followed the Second World War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_diaspora_in_Africa">British diaspora in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: British diaspora in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="Special:EditPage/White Africans of European ancestry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22">"White Africans of European ancestry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22White+Africans+of+European+ancestry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British diaspora in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whenwe" title="Whenwe">Whenwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White South African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ghanaian">White Ghanaian</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa_and_the_Cape_Colony">South Africa and the Cape Colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South Africa and the Cape Colony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg/220px-Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg/330px-Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg/440px-Cecil_Rhodes_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil John Rhodes</a>, the 6th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Cape Colony">Prime Minister of the Cape Colony</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> diamond company.</figcaption></figure> Although there were small British colonies along the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> coast from the 18th century onwards, mostly consisting of trading posts and castles, British colonisation of Africa began in earnest only at the end of the 18th century, in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. It gained momentum following British annexation of the Cape from the Dutch East India Company, and the subsequent encouragement of <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">migrating colonists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> in an effort to consolidate the colony's eastern border.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late 19th century, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British. The search for gold drove expansion north into the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesias</a> (now Zimbabwe, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>). Simultaneously, British colonists began expansion into the fertile uplands (often called the "<a href="/wiki/White_Highlands" title="White Highlands">White Highlands</a>") of <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> (in Kenya). Most of these colonies were not planned by the British government, with many colonial officials concluding they upset the balance of power in the region and left the long-established British interests vulnerable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> utilized his wealth and connections towards organizing this ad hoc movement and colonisation into a unified British policy. This policy had as its general aim the securing of a <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to Cape Town railway system, and colonising the upper highlands of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> south of the Zambezi with British colonies in a manner akin to that of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, prioritization of British power around the globe in the years before World War I, initially reduced the resources appropriated toward colonisation. World War I and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the general decline of British and European birthrates further hobbled the expected colonist numbers. Nonetheless, thousands of colonists arrived each year during the decades preceding World War II, mostly in South Africa, where the birthrates of British Africans increased suddenly. Despite a general change in British policy against supporting the establishment of European colonies in Africa, and a slow abandonment in the overall British ruling and common classes for a separate European identity, large colonial appendages of European <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> supporters of continued colonial rule were well entrenched in South Africa, Rhodesia, and Kenya.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In keeping with the general trend toward non-European rule evident throughout most of the globe during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the abandonment of colonial possessions in the face of American and Soviet pressure, the vestigial remnants of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>' vision was abruptly ended, leaving British colonists in an exposed, isolated, and weak position. Black Nationalist guerrilla forces aided by Soviet expertise and weapons soon drove the colonists into a fortress mentality which led to the break-off of ties with perceived collaborationist governments in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The result was a series of conflicts which eventually led to a reduced presence of White Africans due to <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> and natural death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_1994">Since 1994</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Since 1994">edit</a>]</div> Hundreds of thousands of British-South Africans left the nation to start new lives abroad, settling in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the Netherlands. In spite of the high emigration rates, a large number of white foreign immigrants from countries such as United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> have settled in the country. For example, by 2005, an estimated 212,000 British citizens were residing in South Africa. By 2011, this number may have grown to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Since 2003, the numbers of British immigrants coming to South Africa has risen by 50%. An estimated 20,000 British immigrants moved to South Africa in 2007. South Africa is ranked as the top destination of British retirees and pensioners in Africa. There was also a significant number of arrivals of <a href="/wiki/Whites_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites in Zimbabwe">white Zimbabweans</a> of British ancestry, fleeing their home country in light of the economic, political problems which faced the country and persecution at the hands of the ZANU government. As well as recent arrivals, a significant number of white Zimbabweans of British descent emigrated to South Africa after the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. The greatest white British populations in South Africa are in the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> province and in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_province">By province</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By province">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_white_South_Africans" title="Distribution of white South Africans">Distribution of white South Africans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambia">Zambia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zambia">edit</a>]</div> At the brink of the country's independence in 1964, there were roughly 70,000 Europeans (mostly British) in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> before independence), making up roughly 2.3% of the 3 million inhabitants at the time.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Zambia had a different situation compared to other African countries. It included segregation, similar to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>); but as the Europeans constituted a smaller fraction of the population they did not dominate politics. There were a few cities in Northern Rhodesia that had British place names, but all except one (<a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>) were changed when the country became independent or soon after. These included: <ul><li>Abercorn → <a href="/wiki/Mbala,_Zambia" title="Mbala, Zambia">Mbala</a> (1964)</li> <li>Bancroft → <a href="/wiki/Chililabombwe" title="Chililabombwe">Chililabombwe</a></li> <li>Broken Hill → <a href="/wiki/Kabwe" title="Kabwe">Kabwe</a> (1966)</li> <li>Feira → <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luangwa (town)">Luangwa</a> (1964)</li> <li>Fort Jameson → <a href="/wiki/Chipata" title="Chipata">Chipata</a></li> <li>Fort Rosebery → <a href="/wiki/Mansa,_Zambia" title="Mansa, Zambia">Mansa</a></li></ul> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a> served as acting president of Zambia after the death of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a>, the first (and so far only) white head of state of an African country since <a href="/wiki/FW_de_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="FW de Klerk">FW de Klerk</a> in 1994, and the first outside South Africa since <a href="/wiki/Henry_Everard" title="Henry Everard">Henry Everard</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Livingstone">Livingstone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Livingstone">edit</a>]</div> A good example of segregation in Zambia before independence was in the city of <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>, on the border with Zimbabwe. This featured a white town, with black townships, which were also found in South Africa and Namibia. In Zambia, however, Livingstone was one of the few places in the country that used this system and was close to the Rhodesian border. British influence was reflected in town and city names. Livingstone (which is currently the only town left with a British name) was nearly changed to Maramba, but the decision was later dismissed. When Zambia became independent in 1964, the majority of white colonists left for Rhodesia, just by crossing the border. An almost identical town of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls</a> lies on the other side.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya_2">Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">White people in Kenya</a></div> There were 60,000 mostly Anglophone <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">white people</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> in 1965. However, encouraged by the fear brought by the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a>, nearly half of Kenya's European population emigrated out of the country after Kenya's independence from colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Today, they are estimated to be around 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Well known white people born in Kenya include <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road racing cyclist</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Froome" title="Chris Froome">Chris Froome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe_2">Zimbabwe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White Zimbabweans</a></div> In contrast to the rest of Central Africa, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) was once intended to become a "white man's country" – to be settled and ruled by European colonists who would remain there permanently.<a href="#cite_note-africapolitics-85">[85]</a> Until Zimbabwean independence in 1980, White Rhodesians prevailed over the nation politically, socially, and economically. They numbered some 240,000 by late-1979.<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-86">[86]</a> Most were fairly recent immigrants, particularly blue collar workers attracted by the promise Rhodesia's economic opportunities offered. Throughout the 1960s they were joined by White South Africans and white colonists fleeing independent colonies elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-86">[86]</a> The white population in Zimbabwe dropped from a peak of around 300,000 in 1975 to 170,000 in 1982<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-86">[86]</a> and was estimated at no more than 50,000 in 2002, possibly much lower.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_1999-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola_2">Angola</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Angola">edit</a>]</div> When Angola won independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people in Angola resettled in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia (South-West Africa), Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Portugal or Brazil. Meanwhile, most from Mozambique left for either Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), South Africa or the UK. However, even before 1975, the number of British people in Angola and Mozambique was small, especially compared to the inhabiting Portuguese population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mozambique">Mozambique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mozambique">edit</a>]</div> When Mozambique gained independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people left for either Rhodesia or South Africa, while others resettled in Portugal and Brazil. However, just like Angola, the British population in Mozambique is/was tiny compared to both their share of the nation's population and in comparison to the Portuguese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> Sizable numbers of people of British descent are also nationals of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, Namibia, Tanzania, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> (3% of the population),<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In addition, nearly 10,000 white <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandans</a> of British extraction were living under the regime of <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> as recorded by Time Magazine in 1972. Due to the subsequent deterioration of conditions under Amin (Including the constant threat of forced expulsion), most of the local British diaspora emigrated to the United Kingdom and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> 2,500 people from the United Kingdom currently live in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scots_in_Africa">Scots in Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Scots in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nyasaland_(Malawi)">Nyasaland (Malawi)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nyasaland (Malawi)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots people">Scots</a> played an enormous part in <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> overseas <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>. Scotland supplied colonial troops, <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of the Government">administrators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">prospectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> to help construct the colonies all over the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From the 1870s, Scottish churches began <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> work in <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, in the wake of their illustrious predecessor, <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>. Their pressure on the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> resulted in Nyasaland being declared a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British Protectorate</a>. A small Scottish community was established here, and other Scots immigration occurred in Southern Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Northern Rhodesia/Zambia, and South Africa. The table below represents how small their numbers were compared to other sections of the future <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Numbers of white and black inhabitants in the federation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th colspan="2">Southern Rhodesia</th> <th colspan="2">Northern Rhodesia</th> <th colspan="2">Nyasaland </th></tr> <tr> <td>White</td> <td>Black</td> <td>White</td> <td>Black</td> <td>White</td> <td>Black </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td>38,200</td> <td>922,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>1,700</td> <td>1,350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>80,500</td> <td>1,600,000</td> <td>21,919</td> <td>1,634,980</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>2,340,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> The largest city and commercial capital of the country, <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre</a>, is named after <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">a town in Scotland</a> and birthplace of David Livingstone. The reason for the small number of Europeans was mainly the lack of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral resources">mineral resources</a> (Northern Rhodesia had <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and Southern Rhodesia has <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>). After Nyasaland became independent (and upon adopting a new name, Malawi), many Scots returned to Scotland or moved to South Africa or <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> and later known as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>). Despite this, Scots had an enormous South African community (compared to that of Nyasaland).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To this day most Scots in Africa reside in South Africa and until the 21st century, also in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia). Most Scottish colonists from Rhodesia left for South Africa after Rhodesia's independence and after economic and political problems in 2001. Evidence of the continued Scottish influence is seen in the continuing traditions of <a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe bands</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a>. Ties between Scotland and Malawi also remain strong.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_in_Africa">French in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: French in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieds_noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds noirs">Pieds noirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Mauritian">Franco-Mauritian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">French people in Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Franco-Seychellois</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg/220px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg/330px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg/440px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="3517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Notre Dame d'Afrique</a>, a church built by the French Pieds-Noirs in Algeria.</figcaption></figure> Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> from the 1840s onward. By the end of French rule in the early 1960s there were over one million European Algerians, mostly of French origin and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-Naylor-92">[92]</a> (known as pieds noirs, or "black feet"), living in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, consisting about 16% of the population in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> There were 255,000 Europeans in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> was home to half a million Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, to live in mainland France. After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 Pieds-Noirs of French nationality were evacuated to mainland France while about 200,000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-ladepeche-96">[96]</a> 1.6 million European colons migrated from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As of December 31, 2011, there were 94,382 French citizens in all three countries, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francophone_West_Africa">Francophone West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Francophone West Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg/220px-A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg/330px-A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg/440px-A_Child_in_Gabon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>A European child in Gabon</figcaption></figure> Unlike Algeria, permanent European colonisation in most of France's tropical African colonies was not especially successful; during World War II the entire white population of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> numbered only about 22,000.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> Immigration to French West Africa spiked after the war due to an influx of French people seeking to escape depressed economic opportunities at home.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> In June 1951, there were 49,904 whites of French origin in French West Africa, as well as an undetermined number of Europeans of other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> The total number of white residents in these colonies never exceeded 0.3% of the population, and was predominantly urban: two-thirds of them lived in one of French West Africa's nine administrative capitals.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> Their most popular destination was <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, where over half the French-speaking whites resided.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> Nevertheless, French West Africa's white population remained subject to a high turnover rate; in 1951 78% of this group had been born in France, and the number of European families which had lived in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> for more than a generation was described as "negligible".<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> The postwar influx also introduced the phenomenon of unemployed whites in French West Africa, who were mostly unskilled workers that secured only temporary jobs or were not engaged in any specific profession, and found themselves having to compete with a growing skilled black workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> It also contributed to a rise in housing segregation as exclusively white neighbourhoods became more common.<a href="#cite_note-Mercier-98">[98]</a> Following the dissolution of French <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and the independence of its constituent states, sizable white minorities survived in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile-99">[99]</a> 2,500 French people reside in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> 4,500 French soldiers reside in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> 3,000 French reside in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and 1,000 French soldiers reside in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Djibouti">Djibouti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Djibouti">edit</a>]</div> In 1917, Djibouti (then <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>) had a European population of 294, of which 107 were French.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 1974, 10,255 Europeans lived in the colony, which gained independence just 3 years later.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Madagascar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">French people in Madagascar</a></div> A sizeable number of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> reside in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, many of whom trace their ties to Madagascar back to the <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">colonial period</a>. An estimated 20,000 French citizens lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The numbers make Madagascar the home of the largest ethnic French population in terms of absolute numbers in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, other than the French <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritians" title="Franco-Mauritians">Franco-Mauritians</a> account for approximately 2% of the population of Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayotte">Mayotte</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mayotte">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Réunion">Réunion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Réunion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Demographics of Réunion">Demographics of Réunion</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, a French island in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, white islanders, mostly of ethnic French origin, are estimated to make up approximately 30% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-advan-107">[107]</a> 260,000 white people live in Réunion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa_2">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huguenots">Huguenots</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Huguenots">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots in South Africa</a></div> A large number of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> settled in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, following their expulsion from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the 17th century. However, the use of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> was discouraged and many of their descendants intermarried with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>. This early contact is visible in the Francophone names of a few historic towns in <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Courtrai,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtrai, Western Cape">Courtrai</a> and in the surnames of some Afrikaners and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloureds</a>, such as Marais, Joubert, de Lille, and du Plessis. The Huguenot-descended South African community is the largest in France's African diaspora.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Franschhoek" title="Franschhoek">Franschhoek</a> (meaning French Corner in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) is a large town in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, so named for the French Huguenots, who traveled and settled there. There is a striking French influence in the town, which can be found firstly in street names which include <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> Street, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> Street, Huguenot Street, Roux Malherbe Street, and Cabriere Street. Nearby farms, hamlets, and villages often hold French names such as La Roux; a township north of Franschhoek, Chamonix Estate, and so forth. Many Huguenot-dedicated buildings have been erected in Franschhoek, the major one being the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Monument" title="Huguenot Monument">Huguenot Monument</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1979, there were 49 Huguenot congregations in South Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franco_Mauritians">Franco Mauritians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Franco Mauritians">edit</a>]</div> Between 1945 and 1969, many Franco-Mauritians emigrated to South Africa. In 1981, their population in the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu_Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="KwaZulu Natal">KwaZulu Natal</a> province was estimated at more than 12,000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_in_Africa">Portuguese in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Portuguese in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg/170px-Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg/255px-Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg/340px-Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca_2014_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca" title="Jorge Carlos Fonseca">Jorge Carlos Fonseca</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Cape Verde">President of Cape Verde</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Portuguese Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angolans" title="Portuguese Angolans">Portuguese Angolans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Portuguese Mozambicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese South African</a></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonies in Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931542)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1415–1542)">were built in the 15th century</a>. The descendants of the soldiers who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Christopher_da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher da Gama">Christopher da Gama</a> expedition to support the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> throne in the 16th century continued to exert a significant influence in that country's history over the next two centuries; for example, the Empress <a href="/wiki/Mentewab" title="Mentewab">Mentewab</a> was extremely proud of her Portuguese ancestry. In the late 17th century, much of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese Mozambique</a> was divided into prazos, or agricultural estates, which were settled by Portuguese families. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese West Africa">Portuguese Angola</a>, namely in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a>, there was a significant <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese population</a>. 20,000 people from the former Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> currently live in Angola. In the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, besides Portuguese colonists, most of the population was of mixed Portuguese and African origin. The descendants of the Portuguese colonists who were born and raised locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos. In the early 20th century, the Portuguese government encouraged white migration to the Portuguese territories of <a href="/wiki/Angola_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (Portugal)">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique (Portugal)">Mozambique</a>, and by the 1960s, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>, there were around 650,000 Portuguese colonists living in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">their overseas African provinces</a>, and a substantial Portuguese population living in other African countries. In 1974, there were up to 1,000,000 Portuguese colonists living in their overseas African provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Portugal_-_Emigration-108">[108]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> had a community of approximately 400,000 Portuguese, while Mozambique had approximately more than 350,000 colonists from Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_from_Angola-109">[109]</a> Most Portuguese colonists were forced to return to Portugal (the <a href="/wiki/Retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Retornados">retornados</a>) as the country's African possessions gained independence in the mid-1970s,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> while others moved south to South Africa, which now has the largest Portuguese-African population (who between 50 and 80% came from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>), and to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992) began suddenly, large numbers of both Portuguese-born colonists and Mozambican-born colonists of Portuguese blood went out again. However, after the war in Mozambique, more Portuguese colonists returned and the newer ones settled Mozambique while <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White Brazilians</a>, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">Portuguese descent</a>, moved to Mozambique to work as aid workers and investors and have adopted Mozambique as their home. It is estimated the population of Portuguese people in Mozambique has increased to over 20,000 since the peace settlement of Mozambique in 1992. Notable demographics of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Portuguese Mozambicans</a> could be found in cities like <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nampula" title="Nampula">Nampula</a> with Maputo accumulating the highest percentage. In recent years, some Portuguese have migrated to Angola for economic reasons, mainly the country's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">recent economic boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tv1.rtp.pt-111">[111]</a> In 2008, Angola was the preferred destination for Portuguese migrants in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-tv1.rtp.pt-111">[111]</a> 300,000 white people with Portuguese heritage currently live in Angola. 3% of the population of Angola, 1 million people, are mixed race, half white and half black.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> 4% of the population of Angola is white or half white. The majority of Angolan whites live in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, the capital of Angola. They represent 260,000 from the 2.5 million inhabitants (over 10%) of Luanda.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_South_Africans">Portuguese South Africans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Portuguese South Africans">edit</a>]</div> South Africa largely featured two Portuguese waves of immigration, one was a constant but small flow of Portuguese from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and Portugal itself, while the second was ethnic Portuguese fleeing from Angola and Mozambique after their respective independences. The reason behind the immigration of Madeirans to South Africa was both a political and economic one. After 1950, prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a> encouraged immigration from Protestant northern Europeans, such as his own ethnic group the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, to bolster the white population. He later began to approve immigration policies also favouring Southern Europeans, including Madeirans, who were facing high unemployment rates. Many Madeirans and other Portuguese who immigrated were at first isolated from other white populations due to their differences, such as the fact that few could speak English or Afrikaans and were Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-Flight_from_Angola-109">[109]</a> Eventually they ended up setting up businesses in Johannesburg or coastal fisheries, and a substantial number intermarried with other white South African groups.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> One known Portuguese South African creation was the restaurant chain <a href="/wiki/Nando%27s" title="Nando's">Nando's</a>, created in 1987, which incorporated influences from former Portuguese colonists from Mozambique, many of whom had settled on the south-eastern side of Johannesburg, after Mozambique's independence in 1975. There is currently a 300,000-strong Portuguese community in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italians_in_Africa">Italians in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Italians in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian settlers in Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg/220px-The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg/330px-The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg/440px-The_first_Locomotive_arrived_in_Tripoli_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of the first Italian locomotive in Tripoli, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a>, in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> had some 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian colonists</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, constituting about 18% of the total population in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Italians in Libya resided (and many still do) in most major cities like <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> (37% of the city was Italian), <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> (31%), and <a href="/wiki/Hun,_Libya" title="Hun, Libya">Hun</a> (3%). Their numbers decreased after World War II. Most of Libya's Italians were expelled from the North African country in 1970, a year after <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> seized power (a "day of vengeance" on 7 October 1970),<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> but a few hundred Italian colonists returned to Libya in the 2000s. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Italians</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>Total Libya</th> <th>Source for data on population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>112,600</td> <td>13.26%</td> <td>848,600</td> <td>Enciclopedia Geografica Mondiale K-Z, De Agostini, 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939</td> <td>108,419</td> <td>12.37%</td> <td>876,563</td> <td>Guida Breve d'Italia Vol.III, C.T.I., 1939 (Censimento Ufficiale) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td>35,000</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>1,681,739</td> <td>Enciclopedia Motta, Vol.VIII, Motta Editore, 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>2,856,000</td> <td>Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori, 1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>22,530</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>5,631,585</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/libye.htm">L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426013808/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/libye.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Somalia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> had over 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somali</a> colonists during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, constituting more than 5% of the total population in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Italians resided in most major cities in the central and southern parts of the territory, with around 22,000 living in the capital <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. Other major areas of colonisation included <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a>, which was founded by the Italian prince <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> used to be a major language, but its influence significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations and the educated.<a href="#cite_note-Dubnov-119">[119]</a> 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italian Somalis</a> currently live in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Italians">South African Italians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South African Italians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italian South Africans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg/220px-South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg/330px-South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg/440px-South_Africa_-_Italian_club_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Italian Club in <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a></figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> did not immigrate to South Africa in large numbers, those who have arrived have nevertheless made an impact on the host country. Before World War II, relatively few Italian immigrants arrived, though there were some prominent exceptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape</a>'s first Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molteno">John Molteno</a>, who was of Anglo-Italian descent. South African Italians made big headlines during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Italians captured in <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> needed to be sent to a safe <a href="/wiki/Stronghold" class="mw-redirect" title="Stronghold">stronghold</a> to be kept as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs). South Africa was the perfect destination, and the first POWs arrived in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Despite being POWs, the Italians were treated well, with a good food <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and friendly hospitality. These factors, along with the peaceful, cheap, and sunny landscape, made it very attractive for Italians to settle down, and therefore, the Italian South African community was born. Although over 100,000 Italian POW were sent to South Africa, only a handful decided to stay. During their capture, they were given the opportunity to build chapels, churches, dams, and many more structures. Most Italian influence and architecture can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> area. Esselenpark (Railway College) is particularly notable. Today there are roughly 77,400 South Africans of Italian descent.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italians of Ethiopia</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian occupation of Ethiopia</a>, roughly 300,000 Italians settled in <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (1936-1947). Over 49,000 lived in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> (now located in and the capital of Eritrea) in 1939 (around 10% of the city's population), and over 38,000 resided in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. After independence, many Italians remained for decades after receiving full pardon by Emperor Selassie, as he saw the opportunity to continue the modernization efforts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Italoethiopians-123">[123]</a> However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> in 1974, nearly 22,000 Italo-Ethiopians left the country.<a href="#cite_note-Italoethiopians-123">[123]</a> 80 original Italian colonists remained alive in 2007, and nearly 2000 mixed descendants of Italians and Ethiopians. In the 2000s, some Italian companies returned to operate in Ethiopia, and a large number of Italian technicians and managers arrived with their families, residing mainly in the metropolitan area of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> 3,400 Italians still live in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and 1,300 British people live in Ethiopia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_Africa">Elsewhere in Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Italian Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Italian Tunisians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Moroccans" title="Italian Moroccans">Italian Moroccans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_Church.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/220px-Asmara_Church.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/330px-Asmara_Church.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asmara_Church.jpeg/440px-Asmara_Church.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Church of Our Lady of the Rosary in Asmara, built by Italian Eritreans in 1923.</figcaption></figure> The Italians had a significantly large, but very quickly diminished population in Africa. In 1926, there were 90,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Italians in Tunisia</a>, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen (unusual since Tunisia was a French protectorate).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Former Italian communities also once thrived in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, with about 50,000 Italian colonists living in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> with 49,000 of them lived in Asmara, like mentioned above. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritrean</a> population grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Of all the former Italian territories, Eritrea is the only one where the educated population can speak Italian, as there is 1 Italian-language school in Asmara, the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Italiana_di_Asmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Italiana di Asmara">Scuola Italiana di Asmara</a>, and the Italian language is still spoken in Eritrean commerce. The size of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Egyptian">Italian Egyptian</a> community had also reached around 55,000 just before World War II, forming the second-largest expatriate community in Egypt. 100,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritreans</a> living in Eritrea have at least one Italian ancestor, accounting for 2.2% of its total population. A few Italian colonists stayed in Portuguese colonies in Africa after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As the Portuguese government had sought to enlarge the small Portuguese population through emigration from Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Portugal_-_Emigration-108">[108]</a> the Italian migrants gradually assimilated into the Angolan Portuguese community. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg/220px-Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg/330px-Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg/440px-Italian_Catholic_church_in_Tangier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Italian Catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first Italian presence in Morocco dates back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_maritime_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian maritime republics">Italian maritime republics</a>, when many merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> settled on the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> This presence lasted until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> The Italian community had a notable development in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>; already in the 1913 census about 3,500 Italians were registered, almost all concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, and mostly employed as excavators and construction workers.<a href="#cite_note-istitutoeuroarabo-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> The Italians were mainly dedicated to the trade and the Moroccan construction industry.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Italian presence in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, included in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, was minimal, except in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, an international city, where there was an important community, as evidenced by the presence of the Italian School.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A further increase of Italian immigrants in Morocco was recorded after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, reaching 12,000 people, who were employed among the workers and as farmers, unskilled workers, bricklayers and operators.<a href="#cite_note-istitutoeuroarabo-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> In the 1930s, Italian-Moroccans, almost all of Sicilian origin, numbered over 15,600 and lived mainly in the Maarif district of Casablanca.<a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, most Italian Moroccans left Morocco for France and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-icsaicstoria-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greeks_in_Africa">Greeks in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Greeks in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greeks in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png/220px-PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png/330px-PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png/440px-PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> was a Greek born in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></figcaption></figure> Greeks have been living in Egypt since and even before <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Egypt at an early stage of his journey of conquests. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC, wrote that the Greeks were the first foreigners that ever lived in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> attested that <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodian</a> <a href="/wiki/Actis_(mythology)" title="Actis (mythology)">Actis</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Heliadae" title="Heliadae">Heliadae</a>, built the city of <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge myth">cataclysm</a>; likewise the <a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a> built <a href="/wiki/Sais" class="mw-redirect" title="Sais">Sais</a>. While all Greek cities were destroyed during the cataclysm, the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis and Sais survived.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In modern times the official 1907 census showed 62,973 Greeks living in Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">expulsion of 2.5 million Greeks from Turkey</a> saw a large number of those <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> move to Egypt and by 1940 Greeks were numbered at around 500,000. Today the Greek community numbers officially about 3,000 people although the real number is much higher since many Greeks have changed their nationality to Egyptian. In Alexandria, apart from the patriarchate, there is a patriarchal theology school that opened recently after being closed for 480 years. Saint Nicolas church and several other buildings in Alexandria have been recently renovated by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greek Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Onassis_Foundation" title="Alexander S. Onassis Foundation">Alexander S. Onassis Foundation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the last decade, there has been a new interest from the Egyptian government for a diplomatic rapprochement with Greece and this has positively affected the Greek diaspora. The diaspora has received official visits of many Greek politicians. Economic relationships have been blossoming between Greece and Egypt. Egypt has been recently the centre of major Greek investments in industries such as banking, tourism, paper, and oil. In 2009, a five years cooperation memorandum was signed among the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Scientific_Research_%22DEMOKRITOS%22" class="mw-redirect" title="National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS"">NCSR Demokritos</a> Institute in <a href="/wiki/Agia_Paraskevi" title="Agia Paraskevi">Agia Paraskevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and the University of Alexandreia, regarding <a href="/wiki/Archeometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeometry">Archeometry</a> research and contextual sectors.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa_3">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks in South Africa</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> have had a presence in South Africa since the late 19th century. After the flight of the Greeks from Egypt in reaction to Nasser's nationalization policy the Greek population of South Africa dramatically increased to around 250,000.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Today the number of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in South Africa is estimated between 60,000 – 120,000.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe_3">Zimbabwe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greeks in Zimbabwe</a></div> The Greek community in Zimbabwe numbered between 13,000 and 15,000 people in 1972 and once comprised <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>'s second largest white community after individuals of British origin.<a href="#cite_note-gmfa-138">[138]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> numbers under 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-gmfa-138">[138]</a> Zimbabwe currently hosts eleven Greek Orthodox churches and fifteen Greek associations and humanitarian organizations.<a href="#cite_note-gopa-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_2">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Greeks in Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks" title="Sudanese Greeks">Sudanese Greeks</a></div> The Greeks have a presence in a number of African countries such as Cameroon (1,200 people),<a href="#cite_note-Globe3-140">[140]</a> Zambia (800 people),<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Ethiopia (500 people),<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Uganda (450 people),<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Democratic Republic of Congo (300 people),<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Kenya (100 families),<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Nigeria (300 people),<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Tanzania (300 people),<a href="#cite_note-Globe3-140">[140]</a> Sudan (200 people),<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Botswana (200–300 people),<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Malawi (200 people),<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and Morocco (150 people).<a href="#cite_note-Globe3-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germans_in_Africa">Germans in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Germans in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia_2">Namibia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Namibia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German Namibians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/220px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/330px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/440px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Examples of daily use of German in Namibia.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germany</a> was late to <a href="/wiki/Colonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonize">colonize</a> Africa (or to have an empire), mainly due to it not being a unified country until the late 19th century. However, many Germans settled in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Those Germans who migrated to South West Africa retained <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">German culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">religion</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">language</a>, while those in South Africa often had to learn English or Afrikaans as a first language and adopt another culture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike other Europeans in Africa, when many African states gained <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, the Germans (along with the English and Dutch/Afrikaners) stayed in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> because they retained political dominance (now being a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> under South African control). The country was administered as a province of South Africa during the apartheid era (though South African rule was not widely recognized internationally.) German influence in Namibia is very strong and noticeable. Because Namibia has not changed any town names since independence, many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Namibia" title="List of cities and towns in Namibia">largest cities</a> in the country retain their German names. These include <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz" title="Lüderitz">Lüderitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnau,_Namibia" title="Grünau, Namibia">Grünau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltah%C3%B6he" title="Maltahöhe">Maltahöhe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasser,_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasser, Namibia (page does not exist)">Wasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhonono" title="Luhonono">Schuckmannsburg</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> has a German name (<a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhuk</a>). In the southern Regions of <a href="/wiki/Karas_Region,_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas Region, Namibia">Karas</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a>, the vast majority of town names are German, or a mixture of German, Afrikaans and English. In the Hardap region, some 80% of colonies have a name of German origin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Namibia is also the only nation outside Europe to have a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> majority. This is due to many German <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> during the 19th century who converted the <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara people</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Until 1990, German was an official language of Namibia, and is now a recognized <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> (the only one of its kind for the German language outside of Europe).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today there are roughly 20,000–50,000 ethnic Germans in Namibia (32% of the white population, and 2% of the nation's population), and they greatly outnumber those of English and many Black ethnic origins. Their precise numbers are unclear because many Namibians of German ancestry no longer speak German, and sometimes would rather be classified as Afrikaners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Wuga,_Schule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0184%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Wuga%2C_Schule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>A classroom in a German East African school.</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">mainland Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> were under German control they were named <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> and received some migration from German communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A number of locations in Tanzania formerly bore German names. The city of <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a> was formerly named Weidmannsheil and <a href="/wiki/Kasanga" title="Kasanga">Kasanga</a> was known as Bismarckburg. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> was known as <a href="/wiki/Kilimandscharo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimandscharo">Kilimandscharo</a>, a German way of spelling it. Despite virtually all German names being reverted since World War I, some places still hold German names. These include the majority of <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">Glaciers</a> on Mount Kilimanjaro, such as <a href="/wiki/Rebmann_Glacier" title="Rebmann Glacier">Rebmann Glacier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furtw%C3%A4ngler_Glacier" title="Furtwängler Glacier">Furtwängler Glacier</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">colonial</a> German-style buildings still exist in some of Tanzania's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tanzania" title="List of cities in Tanzania">largest cities</a> and former German <a href="/wiki/Stronghold" class="mw-redirect" title="Stronghold">strongholds</a>, but they are in bad condition and need extensive renovation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togo">Togo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Togo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_land_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Togo_land_1885.jpg/220px-Togo_land_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Togo_land_1885.jpg/330px-Togo_land_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Togo_land_1885.jpg/440px-Togo_land_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>A map of Togoland in 1885, with Lomé in the south-west. Note that all land above the coast is called 'Unexplored country', despite the whole territory being under German control.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> was a German colony from 1884 to 1914.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> was a German colony in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> between 1884 and 1916. During German control, few German families migrated in comparison with Germany's other colonies, but plantations, <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a>, and infrastructure projects were built to aid the growing <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> with goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and important <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>. These trading posts were most abundant around the former capital city, and largest city in Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Douala itself was known as Kamerunstadt (German for 'Cameroon City') between 1884 and 1907. Most trading took place with <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, and was later made easier by the construction of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> system. Like all German colonies (except South West Africa), after World War I, many Germans left for Europe, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, or South Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After World War I, the colony of Kamerun was split between <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French administrations</a>. Once Germany was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, the new colonial administrations were forced to allow German colonists and missionaries to return and repossess their land beginning in 1925. The German-run factories and plantations in Southern Cameroon employed over 25,000 Cameroonians at this time.<a href="#cite_note-B.2018-150">[150]</a> Sentiment among native Cameroonians at the time remained overwhelmingly pro-German, which was made most evident when only 3,500 Cameroonians enlisted to fight for the British at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FowlerFanso2009-151">[151]</a> By the 1930s, Germans accounted for more than 60% of the white population in British Cameroon and owned more than 300,000 acres of cocoa plantations in both the French and British Cameroons.<a href="#cite_note-Wempe2019-152">[152]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051,_Kamerun,_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Settlers enjoying Christmas in Kamerun."><img alt="German Settlers enjoying Christmas in Kamerun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051%2C_Kamerun%2C_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="537" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German Settlers enjoying <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> in Kamerun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473,_Kamerun,_bei_Tiko,_Bananen-Verladung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bananas heading for Germany in 1912."><img alt="Bananas heading for Germany in 1912." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-034473%2C_Kamerun%2C_bei_Tiko%2C_Bananen-Verladung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="497" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bananas heading for Germany in 1912.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056,_Kamerun,_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884."><img alt="German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-003056%2C_Kamerun%2C_Deutscher_Landvermesser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161,_Kamerun,_Duala,_Polizeitruppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Police force on the Kaiser's birthday, 1901."><img alt="A Police force on the Kaiser's birthday, 1901." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-161%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Polizeitruppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Police force on the Kaiser's birthday, 1901.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219,_Kamerun,_Duala,_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German men in Douala, Kamerun."><img alt="German men in Douala, Kamerun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-219%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_M%C3%A4nnerrunde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German men in Douala, Kamerun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240,_Kamerun,_Duala,_Werkstatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A German built workshop in Kamerun."><img alt="A German built workshop in Kamerun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-240%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_Werkstatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A German built workshop in Kamerun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291,_Kamerun,_Duala,_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oil in Kamerun, one of the many resources that the German Empire needed."><img alt="Oil in Kamerun, one of the many resources that the German Empire needed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-291%2C_Kamerun%2C_Duala%2C_%C3%96lbohrung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oil in Kamerun, one of the many resources that the German Empire needed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053,_Kamerun,_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German settlers in the rainforest."><img alt="German settlers in the rainforest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-053%2C_Kamerun%2C_Wei%C3%9Fe_Siedler_im_Regenwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German settlers in the rainforest.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_(Kamerun).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor's home in Buea, with Mount Cameroon in the background."><img alt="Governor's home in Buea, with Mount Cameroon in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg/120px-E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg/180px-E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg/240px-E_M_Heims_-_Gouvernementshaus_in_Buea_%28Kamerun%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor's home in <a href="/wiki/Buea" title="Buea">Buea</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a> in the background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036,_Kamerun,_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A German cemetery in Kamerun."><img alt="A German cemetery in Kamerun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-036%2C_Kamerun%2C_Grab_von_Theodor_Christaller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="585" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A German cemetery in Kamerun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The schloss (palace) of Jesko von Puttkamer, governor of German Kamerun."><img alt="The schloss (palace) of Jesko von Puttkamer, governor of German Kamerun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg/120px-Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg/180px-Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg/240px-Schloss_von_Puttkamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The schloss (palace) of Jesko von Puttkamer, governor of German Kamerun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The proposed flag for German Kamerun"><img alt="The proposed flag for German Kamerun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg/120px-Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg/180px-Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg/240px-Flag_of_Deutsch-Kamerun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The proposed flag for German Kamerun</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Portuguese_colonies">Former Portuguese colonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Former Portuguese colonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">German Angolans</a></div> A number of German colonists stayed in Portuguese African colonies as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> refugees when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population and during the war, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Portugal_-_Emigration-108">[108]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>, the German population in <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes" title="Moçâmedes">Moçâmedes</a> was very active and had a German-language school in Benguela.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The German families remaining in Angola today live mainly in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calulo" title="Calulo">Calulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa_4">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans in South Africa</a></div> There is a German community within South Africa, many of whom have been absorbed into the Afrikaner community, but some still maintain a German identity. Migration to South Africa from Germany has existed since the establishment of the first refreshment station in 1652. German missionaries were present throughout the region. Under British rule, there was increased immigration from Germany with significant numbers settling in the <a href="/wiki/Kwa-Zulu_Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwa-Zulu Natal">Natal</a> and in the Eastern Cape. Under apartheid, much of the land given to German colonists was confiscated so many dispersed throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Ghana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburger Gold Coast</a></div> There are some Germans remaining in Ghana. Most of them have ancestors from <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_in_Africa">Spanish in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Spanish in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg/220px-Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg/330px-Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg/440px-Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_of_T%C3%A9touan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="3738" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish Church (Church of Our Lady of Victory of Tétouan) in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> have resided in many African countries (mostly former colonies), including <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. 94,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniards</a> chose to go to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in the last years of the 19th century; 250,000 Spaniards lived in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. Most Spaniards left Morocco after its independence in 1956 and their numbers were reduced to 13,000.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 1950, Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> constitute 14.5% of the population, and the Spanish Morocco was home to 113,000 Catholic settlers.<a href="#cite_note-F._Nyrop_1972_97-158">[158]</a> Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> were mostly of Spanish descent, and to a lesser extent of Portuguese, French and Italian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-F._Nyrop_1972_97-158">[158]</a> Prior to Spain's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">abandoning the Western Sahara</a> in 1975, there were over 20,000 Spanish Catholics, who formed roughly 32% of the total population before the Moroccan occupation.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equatorial_Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Equatorial Guinea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Equatoguineans" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Equatoguineans">Spanish Equatoguineans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg/220px-Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg/330px-Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg/440px-Stamp_Spanish_Guinea_1924_20c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A 1924 stamp depicting a typical Spanish-owned plantation in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a></figcaption></figure> The Spanish have resided in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> (when under Spanish rule known as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>) for many years and first started as temporary <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> owners originally from <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, before returning to Spain. Few Spaniards remained in Spanish Guinea permanently and left only after a few years. At independence in 1968 Spanish Guinea had one of the highest per capita incomes in Africa (US$332).<a href="#cite_note-Lacosta-160">[160]</a> The Spanish also helped Equatorial Guinea achieve one of the continent's highest literacy rates and developed a good network of health care facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Lacosta-160">[160]</a> Many left Spanish Guinea when the colony gained <a href="/wiki/African_independence_movements" title="African independence movements">independence</a> in 1968. After independence, many Spanish-named cities and places in Equatorial Guinea <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">were changed</a> to more <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a> names, the most obvious one being the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a> (formerly Santa Isabel), and the <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> it is located on, <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Bioko</a> (formerly Fernando Poo). 80,000 Mexicans live in the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite a large loss of Spanish residents during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Masie_Nguema_Biyogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Masie Nguema Biyogo">Masie Nguema Biyogo</a>, their numbers have somewhat increased after he was overthrown. They almost exclusively speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> as their first language; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, which are official languages, are often spoken as second languages, sometimes alongside the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. Their religion is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a>, and this can be reflected by the population, which also remains Catholic. Since the discovery of oil, and an economic 'boom', a large number of Europeans of other ancestries have also migrated the country for business and in <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, they are located in the western half of the city and in new housing estates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Canary Islands">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a>, Atlantic islands detached from the African mainland. The <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a> are a mixture of the indigenous North African proto-Berber <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>, Spanish and Portuguese people and the descendants of African slaves. There are many recent residents from Hispanic America, mainly Venezuela and Cuba, and Europe, mainly from Germany, Italy and the UK.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plazas_de_soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Plazas de soberanía">edit</a>]</div> Spain holds the <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a> ("strongholds of sovereignty") on Northern African coast. They are small islands garrisoned by the Spanish Army and two <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>. About 60% of the population of Ceuta is "Christian",<a href="#cite_note-CIS2019Ceuta-161">[161]</a> meaning the descendants of the Portuguese and Spanish ancestral people and recent immigrants mostly linked to the Spanish state. A similar proportion of "Christians" is present in Melilla.<a href="#cite_note-CIS2019Melilla-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moriscos">Moriscos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Moriscos">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> (Christianized descendants of Iberian Muslims of mixed Hispano-Roman, Visigothic, Berber and Arab ancestry) were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expelled from Spain</a> between 1609 and 1614. Thousands of them settled in Muslim North Africa. Some number their descendants as high as 5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-LaTorre2006-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgians_in_Africa">Belgians in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Belgians in Africa">edit</a>]</div> Belgian colonials and their descendants have been especially represented in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, although post-colonial instability in these states has led to exodus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, Belgium's largest overseas possession, European missionaries, corporations, and officials had entrenched a comprehensive political, social, economic, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-young1986-164">[164]</a> This was disrupted as 1955 drew to a close, however, as mild proposals for a form of Congolese self-government provoked furious protests across the Belgian Congo. A Belgian-appointed study commission subsequently recommended a complicated formula which would lead to gradual self-government for the Congo by 1985, although this was opposed by the most militant nationalists, who demanded immediate and full independence.<a href="#cite_note-young1986-164">[164]</a> On 5 July 1960, five days after the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a> gained independence from Belgium, members of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Language">Dutch</a>: Openbare Weermacht) garrison near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville" class="mw-redirect" title="Léopoldville">Léopoldville</a>/<a href="/wiki/Leopoldstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldstad">Leopoldstad</a> mutinied.<a href="#cite_note-UN::_History_Learning_Site-165">[165]</a> African soldiers, resentful over the fact that independence had brought little change to their status, ousted 1,000 of their Belgian officers from the command structure. The new government was slow to react, allowing a state of panic to develop among the 120,000 colonists still resident in the territory as roving bands of mutineers attacked numerous European targets, assaulting and killing with impunity.<a href="#cite_note-UN::_History_Learning_Site-165">[165]</a> Belgium's attempt to defend her nationals with military force only aggravated the situation; within ten days of independence white civil servants were emigrating en masse. As <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo's infamous crisis</a> developed further, the predominantly white magistrate corps also fled the growing chaos, dealing a severe blow to their nation's basic judicial apparatus – considered by several prominent observers to be "the worst catastrophe in this series of disasters".<a href="#cite_note-young1986-164">[164]</a> In 1965, there remained a mere 60,000 Belgians spread throughout the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flemings_in_Rwanda,_South_Africa,_and_the_DRC">Flemings in Rwanda, South Africa, and the DRC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Flemings in Rwanda, South Africa, and the DRC">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> colonists in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> were targeted for extermination as part of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>. This seemed to be largely because <a href="/wiki/Belgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian people">Belgian</a> colonists had offered better education and employment opportunities to <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> tribesmen under colonial rule than the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutus</a>, who controlled the government during the genocide. Many of those remaining today are of Flemish descent, and part of the large "reverse diaspora" currently occurring in Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio messages</a> broadcast by Hutu extremists advocated the killing of white Rwandans should they be of Belgian ancestry, despite the fact that Belgium itself attempted to remain neutral during the 1994 conflict.<a href="#cite_note-morrock2010-168">[168]</a> Furthermore, one of the main radio propagandists was a white Belgian man who moved to Rwanda, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ruggiu" title="Georges Ruggiu">Georges Ruggiu</a>. 3,000 Belgians are living in Burundi,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and 14,000 Belgians are living in Burundi, DR Congo and Rwanda together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegians_in_Africa">Norwegians in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Norwegians in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegian South Africans</a></div> Although <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> in Africa are one of the smallest immigrant communities, they are not unheard of. Emigration to South Africa from Norway in 1876–85 was dominated by emigrants from the districts of <a href="/wiki/Romsdal" title="Romsdal">Romsdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> One notable incident was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debora_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debora Expedition (page does not exist)">Debora Expedition</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debora-ekspedisjonen" class="extiw" title="no:Debora-ekspedisjonen">no</a>], when a dozen families left <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> in 1879 to establish a Norwegian colony on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> atoll of <a href="/wiki/Aldabra" title="Aldabra">Aldabra</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-http://salbu.co.za/debora-171">[171]</a> The mission was aborted because of a lack of fresh water on the atoll, and they instead settled in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, with a few opting to settle in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Marburg,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg, KwaZulu-Natal">Marburg</a> in the South African province of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> was founded by Norwegians in 1882. Marburg's founders were mostly from <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund" title="Ålesund">Ålesund</a> in Sunnmøre.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> It was the only successful Scandinavian colony in southern Africa. Many of the original founders later left the colony, a number of them joining the other Norwegian community already in Durban and a smaller number moving on to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> A number of Norwegian colonists stayed in Portuguese African colonies when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population, although the plan was unsuccessful. They were already <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturated</a> to the Portuguese population.<a href="#cite_note-Portugal_-_Emigration-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serbs_in_Africa">Serbs in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Serbs in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa_2">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs in South Africa</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and people of Serbian descent constitute a fairly large population in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, accounting for 25–30,000 people, mostly residing in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>. Over 22 Serbian folklore groups are active in South Africa, and participate in church-based activities. There are a number of diaspora clubs and associations, as well as several <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> churches in the country. The Serbian community in South Africa has existed since the 19th century, and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the government of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> sent agents to recruit Serbian immigrants, then mostly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Југословенска_колонија-174">[174]</a> In 1952, the Serbian community that left <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federative_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> founded a local <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a> church and school municipality in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glas_Srbije-175">[175]</a> In 1978, a local <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> was built.<a href="#cite_note-Glas_Srbije-175">[175]</a> Today, a local school teaches students Serbian language with support under the program defined by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education (Serbia)">Ministry of Education of Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Politika-176">[176]</a> Additionally, there are Serbian communities in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> numbering nearly 3,000 which has existed in Zambia for over six decades and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. In 2009 the Rector of St. Thomas the Apostle Serbian Orthodox Church in Johannesburg visited the Serbian community of Zambia, who attend the local Greek church.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarians_in_Africa">Hungarians in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Hungarians in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Magyarab_people" title="Magyarab people">Magyarab people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_European_diaspora_in_Africa">Other European diaspora in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Other European diaspora in Africa">edit</a>]</div> The vast diversity of European ethnic groups in Africa were once more scattered, however currently every European ethnic group is greatest in South Africa. Virtually all European ethnic groups can be found in South Africa. Several Sub-Saharan African countries are having more than one million inhabitants with at least one Eurasian ancestor, like Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa and Sudan, according to DNA studies.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> once numbered thousands in Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, before civil wars, revolutions, and nationalization drove most of them out. They still have community centers and churches in these countries. Before 1952 there were around 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt" title="Armenians in Egypt">Armenians in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Today, they number around 6,000 and live primarily in Cairo. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> are in communion as <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches. The 2,127,685 inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> hold a gene pool that is halfway between the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> and the ancient native population, the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> (a proto-Berber population), although with a major Spanish contribution.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> There are an estimated 100,000 <a href="/wiki/European_Tunisian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Tunisian">Europeans</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, most are French with some <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Italians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> has about 100,000 Europeans, most of them French with some Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, around 50% of the population has at least one European ancestor, resulting in many people having blond hair or blue eyes.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Some 15,000 French people lived in the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> was founded and settled mostly by liberated <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indians</a>, most of whom had varying degrees of European ancestry. <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a> comprise 2.5% of Liberia’s population, numbering about 150,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> White Africans speak <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> as their first languages (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Afrikaans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0–20%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–40%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–60%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–80%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–100%</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> is the most common language spoken at home by white South Africans. It is spoken by roughly 60% of South Africa's, 60% of Namibia's, and about 5% of Zimbabwe's white population. In South Africa they make up a major white speaking group in <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">all provinces</a> except <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, where Afrikaans speakers make up 1.5% of the population. In Rhodesia (and later Zimbabwe), Afrikaans was not as common and the country was dominated by English throughout its history. There were however a few Afrikaans inhabitants, mostly from South Africa. Afrikaans was also very limited culturally in Rhodesia and so only a few Afrikaans place names existed, most notably Enkeldoorn (renamed <a href="/wiki/Chivhu" title="Chivhu">Chivhu</a> in 1982). Most Afrikaners in Zimbabwe have now immigrated to South Africa or European countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a></div> English is the second most spoken language among white Africans, spoken by 39% of South Africa's, 7% of Namibia's, and 90% of Zimbabwe's white population. In South Africa they remain the dominant white ethnic group in KwaZulu-Natal, while in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> they also contribute to a large percentage of the English-speaking population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] English is a second language of many non-British white Africans with higher education in almost all non-English-speaking African nations. Outside of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, British White Africans make up a large minority in Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, and Swaziland, therefore growing the presence of English in these countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">German language in Namibia</a></div> German is spoken by 32% of Namibia's white population (making up 2% of the Namibian population). There is also a now nearly <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> German dialect in Namibia known as <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a> (or in German as Küchendeutsch or Kitchen German), and used to be spoken by black domestic servants to German colonists. However, the government has tried to lower the use of German and Afrikaans due to its colonial roots, and instead try and enforce English, the sole official language, and Bantu languages. There is also known to be a German dialect, spoken in the south-east of South Africa, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nataler_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nataler German (page does not exist)">Nataler German</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataler_Deutsch" class="extiw" title="de:Nataler Deutsch">de</a>] (German from <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Other languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese language in Africa</a></div> Most whites in Angola and Mozambique use Portuguese as their first language. The other 1% of whites in South Africa, who do not speak Afrikaans or English, mostly speak Portuguese (from immigrant communities who come from Angola and Mozambique), or German, and Dutch (from European immigration). Equally, in Namibia, the remaining 1% of the white population speaks mostly Portuguese because of the immigration from Angola following independence of all Portuguese colonies in 1975.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Only a small white population in Libya, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia has the fluency of Italian, because it is no longer the official language there. Spanish is also spoken in some areas of Morocco, Western Sahara, Equatorial Guinea, as well as in those territories that form part of Spain such as the Canary Islands and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Very few White Africans speak <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> at home, but still a small percentage of white Africans speak Bantu languages as second languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Greek language has long existed on the continent since antiquity. In South Africa the population estimates vary with the Greek government reporting that roughly 50,000 Greeks lived in the country in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The South African constitution and <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a> seeks to promote and respect the language. Zimbabwe also once held a large Greek-speaking community and there is still a Greek school.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> This is also the case in South Africa. The language was also commonly spoken among Greeks in Egypt in both the ancient era and more recent times. There is a continued presence of the Greek language because of the small Greek community in the country as well as interest among cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/220px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/330px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/440px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="Namibia national rugby sevens team">Namibia Rugby Team 7s team</a> warming up at the <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Telstra Dome">Telstra Dome</a></figcaption></figure> The Namibia National Rugby team is largely white.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many European sports have become popular in Africa after the arrival of Europeans on the continent. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> was first introduced in the 19th century by British colonists in South Africa in 1862. The sport was quickly spread throughout the continent by missionaries, explorers, and other Europeans on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> French colonists in Algeria were the first to introduce formalized clubs on the continent beginning with Club Athlétique d'Oran in 1897. The sport continues to be popular amongst <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese South Africans">Portuguese South Africans</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_(South_Africa)" title="Vasco da Gama (South Africa)">Vasco de Gama</a> Football Club. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was introduced by British serviceman shortly after the takeover of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> from the Dutch. The first known match in South Africa took place in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The sport continues to be popular amongst White Africans of British descent. Since the end of apartheid the sport has seen increased popularity with Afrikaners. Cricket was also played by Europeans in other countries on that are members of the commonwealth. The first recorded match of cricket in Zimbabwe took place in 1890. Following from this point the sport continued to grow with the arrival of more European colonists. The sport continued to be dominated by Europeans throughout much of the 20th century, and in 1983 they successfully defeated Australia in a stunning victory.<a href="#cite_note-espncricinfo.com-191">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_556180_Women%27s_field_hockey_team_from_Zimbabwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Zimbabwean women's field hockey team</a> that won gold at the 1980 Olympics</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> is also popular amongst White Africans. In South Africa the majority of players at the Olympic level are of European descent. Similarly the Zimbabwean field hockey team famous for its <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 gold medal match</a> was historically dominated by white Africans. The sport has a long history on the continent, and its modern iteration was first introduced by European colonists.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Similarly to cricket, football, and field hockey; <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> was first introduced to the continent by the British. The sport was initially played in 1861 at <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_College" title="Diocesan College">Diocesan College</a> but it quickly spread to the local population. The sport became popular among White <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> after the first club outside of Cape Town had been created being in <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>. The expansion of European colonisation on the Cape towards the interior continued to increase the sports popularity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Competitive swimming is also popular amongst white Africans. Such swimmers include <a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</a> of Zimbabwe, and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Dunford" title="Jason Dunford">Jason Dunford</a> of Kenya.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-European">Afro-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Africans" title="Asian Africans">Asian Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_White_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of White Africans">List of White Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzungu">Muzungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aethiopians" title="White Aethiopians">White Aethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Diaspora</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">White people in Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">White Namibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Congolese" class="mw-redirect" title="White Congolese">White Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Ethiopians" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ethiopians">White Ethiopians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Africans_of_European_ancestry&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1926" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, H. R. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41715497">"The White Races of North Africa"</a>. Sudan Notes and Records. 9 (1): 69–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0375-2984">0375-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41715497">41715497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft.atitle=The+White+Races+of+North+Africa&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-74&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41715497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0375-2984&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41715497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl">"Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-1289-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-1289-5"><bdi>0-7166-1289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Africa&rft.btitle=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=World+Book%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7166-1289-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1989worldbookencyclo22worl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roskinstudies-3"><a href="#cite_ref-roskinstudies_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskin" class="citation book cs1">Roskin, Roskin. 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Roberts">Roberts, Andrew</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialmomentin0000unse/page/14">The Colonial Moment in Africa Essays on the Movement of Minds and Materials, 1900–1940</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialmomentin0000unse/page/14">14–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521386746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521386746"><bdi>978-0521386746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Moment+in+Africa+Essays+on+the+Movement+of+Minds+and+Materials%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=14-33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521386746&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialmomentin0000unse%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapleton-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Thomas (2010). 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Algeria: France's Undeclared War. 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New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 9 September 1974. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Mozambique+rebels+grab+radio+station&rft.date=1974-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1309%26dat%3D19740909%26id%3Db4YjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1259%2C824169%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19740907&id=Y5MgAAAAIBAJ&pg=870,1045389&hl=en">"Portugal acts in Mozambique revolt"</a>. Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine (United States). 7 September 1974. 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London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 65–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780931920" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780931920"><bdi>978-1780931920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Nation%3A+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=65-68&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780931920&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncertain-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Uncertain_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawNdegwa2001" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, York; Ndegwa, Stephen (2001). The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253214249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253214249"><bdi>978-0253214249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uncertain+Promise+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0253214249&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=York&rft.au=Ndegwa%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher1_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, M. Anne (2003). Transforming Mozambique: The Politics of Privatization, 1975–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521820110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521820110"><bdi>978-0521820110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Mozambique%3A+The+Politics+of+Privatization%2C+1975%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521820110&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=M.+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beggar-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Beggar_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon1986" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Joseph (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beggaryourneighb00hanl/page/213">Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa</a>. 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Mail & Guardian Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140829020042/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-08-12-white-african-settlers-where-are-they-now">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-29. 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Africa Today. 21 (4): 23–37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185453">4185453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Today&rft.atitle=Whites+in+Angola+on+the+Eve+of+Independence&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=23-37&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4185453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J&rft.au=Yoder%2C+P.+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambia-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_39-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm">1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia</a>. BBC 'On This Day'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Time04-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Time04_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner,_Borgna2003" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Borgna, ed. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2004w00brun/page/875">TIME Almanac 2004</a>. 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New York: Berghahn Books. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-640-7"><bdi>978-1-78238-640-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Mauritian+Elite%3A+Power+and+Anxiety+in+the+Face+of+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-640-7&rft.aulast=Salverda&rft.aufirst=Tijo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114034302/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/almost-out-africa-white-tribes">"(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes"</a>. 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Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629145136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629145136"><bdi>978-1629145136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribe+that+Washed+its+Spears%3A+The+Zulus+at+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=36-55&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1629145136&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zn9AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parthesius-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Parthesius_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthesius2010" class="citation book cs1">Parthesius, Robert (2010). 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Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652-1708. 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An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa. 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Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump. Frank Cass & Co. 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The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape. Claremont: David Philip, Publisher. pp. 31–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0864861160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0864861160"><bdi>978-0864861160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angry+Divide%3A+Social+and+Economic+History+of+the+Western+Cape&rft.place=Claremont&rft.pages=31-35&rft.pub=David+Philip%2C+Publisher&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0864861160&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=James%2C+Wilmot+Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-59"><a href="#cite_ref-War_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">War: The Definitive Visual History. 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The Boer War 1899–1902. 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Oxford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090722-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090722-8"><bdi>978-0-19-090722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenants+of+the+German+Empire%3A+Colonial+Germans%2C+Imperialism%2C+and+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090722-8&rft.au=Sean+Andrew+Wempe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELOYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf">Deutscher Bundestag 4. 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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810884939" title="Special:BookSources/9780810884939"><bdi>9780810884939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Morocco&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780810884939&rft.aulast=F.+Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsaha.html">"Prefecture Apostolic of Western Sahara"</a>. www.catholic-hierarchy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119235515/http://catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsaha.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-19. 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Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Zimbabwe+cricket&rft.pub=ESPN+Cricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fwestindies%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F259980.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Africans+of+European+ancestry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042630/http://www.zimhockey.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=53">"About Us"</a>. Zimhockey.co.zw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimhockey.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=53">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. 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selflink">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a 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identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native population</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a 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title="Template:Whites in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Whites_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Whites in Africa (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whites_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whites in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Africans of European ancestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maghreb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-Saharan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cape_Verde#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Madagascar#Ethnicity" title="Demographics of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritius#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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