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<li id="toc-Early_wines_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_wines_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early wines in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_wines_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_the_Americas_and_opening_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_the_Americas_and_opening_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Changes in the Americas and opening of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_the_Americas_and_opening_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World_wines_in_the_Industrial_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World_wines_in_the_Industrial_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New World wines in the Industrial Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World_wines_in_the_Industrial_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_New_World_wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_New_World_wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics of New World wines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_New_World_wines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine produced outside the traditional wine-growing areas of Europe and the Middle East</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg/250px-Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg/375px-Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg/500px-Vi%C3%B1edoCafayate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Vineyard in <a href="/wiki/Cafayate" title="Cafayate">Cafayate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>New World wines</b> are those <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> produced outside the traditional winegrowing areas of Europe and the Middle East, in particular from <a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Tokachi" class="mw-disambig" title="Tokachi">Tokachi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a>). The phrase connotes a distinction between these "New World" wines and those wines produced in "<a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>" countries with a long-established history of wine production, essentially in Europe and the Middle East, most notably: France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Israel, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_wines_in_the_Americas">Early wines in the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early wines in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcoholic beverages were made by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. Indigenous peoples are known to have used <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schinus" title="Schinus">pepper tree fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a> to make alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existence of species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i> (to which <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> belongs) in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, indigenous peoples did not ferment these species and therefore did not make wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish settlers in the Americas initially brought <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> animals and plants to the Americas for self-consumption in their attempt to reproduce the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> they had in Spain and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further stimulus for the production of New World wine in Spanish America might have been that European wines exported to the Americas were in general not transported in bottles nor sealed with <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> which made them prone to be <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to grow vines in the Americas began in <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Second_voyage_(1493–1496)" title="Christopher Columbus">second voyage of Columbus</a> in 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, King of Spain, banned the planting of vines in Hispaniola in 1503.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of vines in Hispaniola in early 16th century vineyards were successfully established in Mexico in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, conqueror of Mexico, promoted the establishment of vines and made it in 1524 a requirement for Spanish settlers that wanted to acquire land in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a> to establish vineyards in their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing of vines in Peru is known to have been ventured by Bartolomé de Terrazas and Francisco de Carabantes in the 1540s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter established vineyards in <a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica</a> from where vines then were taken into Chile and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common of the early grapes was a black grape called <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_(grape)" title="Mission (grape)">Mission</a></i> (Spanish: Misión) which was planted in Mexico and subsequently also in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_751_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_751-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Grapes of the same stock were planted in Peru where it received the name <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negra_peruana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negra peruana (page does not exist)">Negra peruana</a></i> (Peruvian black) and from this came the most common Chilean grape: the <i><a href="/wiki/Pais" title="Pais">País</a></i>. This Chilean grape was introduced into what is now Argentina where it came to be known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criolla_chica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criolla chica (page does not exist)">Criolla chica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grapes are supposed to have originated from Spain but there is also a possibility that they originated from Italy as they resemble very much the variety <i><a href="/wiki/Monica_(grape)" title="Monica (grape)">Mónica</a></i> grown in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> as well as Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 16th century, the demand for wine among Spanish settlers caused a surge in Spanish wine exports to Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. However, this was not the case for <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, where cultivation of vineyards had proven to be a success and, thus, required fewer imports of Spanish wines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative to Peru and Chile, Spanish settlers in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> established very few vineyards by comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th and 17th century the principal winegrowing area of the Americas was in the central and southern coast of Peru,<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically in the area of Ica and <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from Peru and Chile <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> developed despite its high temperatures into a wine-making area in the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Arias_de_Saavedra" title="Hernando Arias de Saavedra">Hernando Arias de Saavedra</a> who visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> in 1602 said there was 187 vineyards totalling 1.768.000 individual plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources cite 2.000.000 and 1.778.000 plants around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguayan wine</a> was exported downstream to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina" title="Santa Fe, Argentina">Santa Fe</a> and from there to the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Platine market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paraguayan wine is also known to have reached <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a> in central Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_the_Americas_and_opening_of_South_Africa">Changes in the Americas and opening of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes in the Americas and opening of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulo-CIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitulo-CIX.jpg/250px-Capitulo-CIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitulo-CIX.jpg/375px-Capitulo-CIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Capitulo-CIX.jpg/500px-Capitulo-CIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Mining activity in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> created a huge demand for wine in 17th century South America. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a> from 1553.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stellenbosch-region.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stellenbosch-region.JPG/250px-Stellenbosch-region.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stellenbosch-region.JPG/375px-Stellenbosch-region.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stellenbosch-region.JPG/500px-Stellenbosch-region.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Vineyard in <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1595 the Spanish Crown banned the establishment of new vineyards in <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>, but this order was largely ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban sought to protect Iberian wine from <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> by Peruvian wine and can be considered an example of <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Spanish Crown banned the export of Peruvian wine to <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá">Panamá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in 1614 and 1615 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enforcement of the restrictions on wine growth and trade in the Spanish Empire was in general lax.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishkin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only market in the Americas the Spanish Crown managed – to some degree – to secure for Iberian wine was Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of mining in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, which became the largest city in the Americas in the 17th century, created a constant demand for wine which was supplied mainly from Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Potosí part of salaries were paid with wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Peruvian wine growers supplied the city of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, the most important political centre in South America in the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chile wine demand was guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Arauco" title="Army of Arauco">Army of Arauco</a>, a permanent army <a href="/wiki/Real_Situado" title="Real Situado">financed with silver from Potosí</a> which fought native <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the view that Parauguayan wine could not compete in these three markets Paraguayans abandoned winegrowing and sought instead income from <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a> exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century practically no winegrowing occurred in Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1687 the whole southern coast of Peru was struck by the <a href="/wiki/1687_Peru_earthquake" title="1687 Peru earthquake">1687 Peru earthquake</a> which destroyed the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Villa de Pisco</a> and Ica.<sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake destroyed <a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">wine cellars</a> and mud containers used for wine storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event marked the end of the Peruvian wine-boom.<sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">suppression of the Society of Jesus</a> in Spanish America in 1767 caused the Jesuit vineyards in Peru to be <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auctioned</a> at high prices but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits contributing to a production decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peruvian wine-making was further challenged by the fact that production of <a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">pisco</a>, also made from grapes, rose from being exceeded in the early 18th century by wine to represent 90% of the grape beverages prepared in Peru in 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the shift to pisco making vineyards in Peru encountered economic troubles since in the late 18th century the Spanish Crown lifted the ban on the production of <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> in Peru which was cheaper to make but of lower quality than pisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Huertas_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of Peruvian wine even caused Peru to import some wine from Chile as it happened in 1795 when Lima imported 5.000 troves (Spanish: <i>botijas</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> in southern Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200435–45_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200435–45-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular export showed the emergence of Chile relative to Peru as a wine-making region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Friedrich_Poeppig" title="Eduard Friedrich Poeppig">Eduard Friedrich Poeppig</a> claimed, as some others did before him, that the wines from Concepción were the best of Chile, likely due to the less arid <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">climate of southern Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200435–45_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200435–45-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New World imported wine from the early days of European colonisation, particularly for religious purposes. Perhaps the first significant example of the trade going the other way was <a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wine)" title="Constantia (wine)">Constantia</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a>, which by the 18th century had become a firm favourite among European royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw-con_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-con-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ta-saf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ta-saf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World_wines_in_the_Industrial_Age">New World wines in the Industrial Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New World wines in the Industrial Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vine cuttings from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> were brought to the <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Governor Phillip</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788).<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt at wine making from these first vines failed, but with perseverance, other settlers managed to successfully cultivate vines for <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, and Australian-made wine was available for sale domestically by the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1822 <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Blaxland" title="Gregory Blaxland">Gregory Blaxland</a> became the first person to export Australian wine, and was the first winemaker to win an overseas award.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830 vineyards were established in the Hunter Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833 <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> returned from France and Spain with a serious selection of grape varieties including most classic French grapes and a good selection of grapes for fortified wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-OZ_AWC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZ_AWC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Australian winemakers faced many difficulties, particularly due to the unfamiliar Australian climate. However they eventually achieved considerable success. "At the 1873 Vienna Exhibition the French judges, tasting blind, praised some wines from Victoria, but withdrew in protest when the <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> of the wine was revealed, on the grounds that wines of that quality must clearly be French."<sup id="cite_ref-shw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian wines continued to win high honours in French competitions. A Victorian <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> (also called Shiraz) competing in the 1878 Paris Exhibition was likened to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margaux" title="Château Margaux">Château Margaux</a> and "its taste completed its trinity of perfection."<sup id="cite_ref-shw_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Australian wine won a gold medal "first class" at the 1882 Bordeaux International Exhibition and another won a gold medal "against the world" at the 1889 Paris International Exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-shw_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chilean wine begun to modernize in 1851 when <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Ochagavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre Ochagavia">Silvestre Ochagavia</a> imported <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cuttings</a> of French varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Rytkonen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rytkonen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silvestre Ochagavia is credited with introducing the varieties <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Cot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> into Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Rytkonen_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rytkonen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other wealthy wine growers followed suite. By the 1870s the wine industry was the most developed area of Chilean agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Rytkonen_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rytkonen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendimia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vendimia.png/250px-Vendimia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vendimia.png/375px-Vendimia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vendimia.png/500px-Vendimia.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Grape harvest in <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza Province</a> of Argentina <i>c</i>. 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza</a>, or historically <a href="/wiki/Cuyo_(Argentina)" title="Cuyo (Argentina)">Cuyo</a>, experienced an unprecedented wine-boom in the 19th century and early 20th century which turned it into the fifth winegrowing area of the world and the first in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Buenos Aires-Mendoza railroad</a> in 1885 ended the lengthy and costly trade with <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> that connected these two regions of Argentina and sparked development of vineyards in Mendoza.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">massive immigration</a> to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_La_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Río de La Plata">Río de La Plata</a> mainly from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> increased demand and bought know-how to the old-fashioned Argentine wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vineyards of Mendoza totalled 1.000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> in 1830 but grew to 45.000 in 1910, surpassing Chile which had during the 19th century had a larger areas planted with vines and a more modern industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910 around 80% of the area of Argentine vineyards were planted with French stock, mainly <i><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century Peruvian wine-making went further into decline. Demand in industrialized Europe caused many Peruvian winegrowers to shift the land use from vineyards to lucrative cotton fields, contributing further to the decline of the wine and pisco industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly true during the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865) when the cotton prices skyrocketed due to the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Blockade of the South</a> and its cotton fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in South Africa did wine making suffer a stunning blow in the 1860s with the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</a> in 1860 that forced South African wines to compete with French wines in Britain and resulted a doubling of French wine imports to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South African vineyards also suffered a second setback after the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a> plague in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="width=70%; font-size:90%;border:1px solid darkgray;" border="1"> <caption>Wine production in the Americas in 1907<sup id="cite_ref-lacoste2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacoste2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top">Country </td> <td valign="top" style="text-align:center;">Share (%) </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Argentina </td> <td align="right" valign="top">39.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Chile </td> <td align="right" valign="top">33.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">United States </td> <td align="right" valign="top">19.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Brazil </td> <td align="right" valign="top">3.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Peru </td> <td align="right" valign="top">1.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Uruguay </td> <td align="right" valign="top">1.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Bolivia </td> <td align="right" valign="top">0.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Mexico </td> <td align="right" valign="top">0.22 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chilean wine exports to Argentina were hampered by the lack of effective land transport and a series of war scares. This situation changed after the <a href="/wiki/Pactos_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pactos de Mayo">Pactos de Mayo</a> were signed in 1902 and the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Transandine_Railway" title="Transandine Railway">Transandine Railway</a> in 1909, making war unlikely and trade across the Andes easy. Governments agreed to sign a free trade agreement. Argentine winegrowers association, <i><a href="/wiki/Centro_Vitivin%C3%ADcola_Nacional" title="Centro Vitivinícola Nacional">Centro Vitivinícola Nacional</a></i>, dominated by European immigrants protested vigorously against the free trade agreement since Chilean wines were considered a threat to the local industry. The complaints of Argentine wine growers in conjunction with that of <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Nacional_de_la_Agricultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociedad Nacional de la Agricultura">cattle farmers in Chile</a> ended up tearing down the plans for a free trade agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-lacoste2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacoste2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_New_World_wines">Characteristics of New World wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics of New World wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_World_wine" title="Special:EditPage/New World wine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since New World vineyards are generally in hotter climates than those of Central-Northern Europe – in fact some major New World regions are irrigated <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> – New World grapes tend to be <a href="/wiki/Riper_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riper (wine)">riper</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus New World wines tend to be correspondingly more alcoholic and full-bodied. Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Parker,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Parker, Jr.">Robert M. Parker, Jr.</a> have influenced New World producers and consumers towards a fruitier style, with more use of new oak. However, in recent years there has been a reaction against some of the very oaky, alcoholic styles that typified late 1980s Australian Chardonnays for example,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as cooler vineyards have been identified and winemakers have become more sophisticated and more restrained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varietal_labelling">Varietal labelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Varietal labelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_brands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Montana_brands.jpg/250px-Montana_brands.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Montana_brands.jpg/375px-Montana_brands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Montana_brands.jpg/500px-Montana_brands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Varietal wines from <a href="/wiki/Montana_Wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Wines">Montana</a> of New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally New World wine used names of well-known European regions, such as Burgundy, Champagne, Sherry, Port, and Hock. This gave consumers a general idea of how the wine might taste. This changed as winemakers developed the confidence to develop their own styles of wine such as Grange. Europeans producers objected to the use of their regional names, and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schoonmaker" title="Frank Schoonmaker">Frank Schoonmaker</a> in the US encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> names as used on <a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace wine</a>. One reason was that unlike Europe, there was no history of particular localities being associated with particular styles of wine, and winemakers might buy in grapes from many sources. Indeed, wines such as Grange specifically ignored the origin of the grapes in order to achieve a more consistent style. So led by winemakers such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mondavi" title="Robert Mondavi">Robert Mondavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> labelling became common during the 1960s and 1970s, and has since spread to most of Eastern Europe and much of Western Europe. </p><p>Subsequently, New World winemakers have 'rediscovered' the art of blending wines, with blends such as <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and the Rhone combination of <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mourvedre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourvedre">Mourvedre</a> ("<a href="/wiki/GSM_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM (wine)">GSM</a>") all becoming more common. And as New World viticulturists have better understood the soils and climates of their vineyards, <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a> has come to the New World, with the 'terra rossa' of <a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_wine_region" title="Coonawarra wine region">Coonawarra</a> known for its <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Valley_wine_region" title="Eden Valley wine region">Eden Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a> and Chile's <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo-B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío-Bío River">Bío-Bío Valley</a> for <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being less dependent on geography, New World wines have placed more emphasis on branding as a marketing tool, following the example set by Germany's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nun" title="Blue Nun">Blue Nun</a> and Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(wine)" title="Mateus (wine)">Mateus Rosé</a>, brands created in 1927 and in 1942 respectively. One particular style of branding has been the 'critter wines' that use animals on their labels. Without the <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic code</a> to worry about, New World vineyards tend to be very much bigger than those in Burgundy for example, which has allowed economies of scale and a better ability to negotiate with mass market retailers. With supermarkets selling an increasing proportion of wine in many markets, New World producers are better positioned to take advantage of this trend towards high volumes and low margins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greater size of New World wine companies has made them attractive targets for multinational drinks companies seeking to exploit the trend towards drinking wine rather than beer or spirits. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Group" title="Foster's Group">Foster's Group</a> bought up both <a href="/wiki/Beringer_Blass" class="mw-redirect" title="Beringer Blass">Beringer Blass</a> (a holding company for <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Blass" title="Wolf Blass">Wolf Blass</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mildara_Wines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mildara Wines (page does not exist)">Mildara Wines</a> and many others) and <a href="/wiki/Southcorp_Wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Southcorp Wines">Southcorp Wines</a> (holding company for <a href="/wiki/Penfolds" title="Penfolds">Penfolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindeman%27s" title="Lindeman's">Lindeman's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wynns_(wine)" title="Wynns (wine)">Wynns</a> and many others). Pernod-Ricard have bought <a href="/wiki/Montana_Wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Wines">Montana Wines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a> own Blossom Hill, and <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Brands" title="Constellation Brands">Constellation Brands</a> have a portfolio that spans the New World, from Ravenswood and Vincor to Nobilo and Hardys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine-making_countries">Wine-making countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wine-making countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_World_wine" title="Special:EditPage/New World wine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentine wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapiz_Winery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tapiz_Winery.jpg/220px-Tapiz_Winery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Tapiz_Winery.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Tapiz Winery in Agrelo, Mendoza</figcaption></figure> <p>Argentina is the world's fifth biggest wine producer<sup id="cite_ref-fao2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has traditionally had a high domestic consumption (in 2006, Argentines averaged over 40 litres per capita in one year). It has a long tradition of winemaking under the Spanish, going back to 1557, but the industry has been influenced by more recent immigrants, notably Italians and also Germans. Exports increased during the mid-1990s following the success of their neighbours in Chile, and accelerated after the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)">economic crisis</a> of 2002. </p><p>The long history of viticulture in Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has brought forth the evolution of many local varieties, but perhaps the most typically Argentine grape is the <a href="/wiki/Torront%C3%A9s" title="Torrontés">Torrontés</a>, which makes an aromatic white wine. However, Argentines love red wine to go with their famous steaks. <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a> has proven to be the most successful variety in export markets, with <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Bonarda</a>" (now known to be Corbeau, a minor variety from <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>) being blended into more affordable wines. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendoza Province (wine)">Mendoza Province</a>, which is Argentina's main producer, has also gained recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Wine_tourism" title="Wine tourism">wine tourism</a> business due to important investments in new wineries and hotel accommodations. Other producing areas include <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Province_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Province (Argentina)">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_Province_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja Province (Argentina)">La Rioja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_Province" title="Catamarca Province">Catamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_Province" title="Río Negro Province">Rio Negro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_wines" title="Buenos Aires wines">Buenos Aires wine region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_wine_zones2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/220px-Australian_wine_zones2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/330px-Australian_wine_zones2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Australian_wine_zones2.png/440px-Australian_wine_zones2.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Australian wine areas</figcaption></figure> <p>Vine cuttings from South Africa were brought on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788), and though the settlers took time to adapt to the new conditions, wine exports began in 1822. As mentioned above, by the 1880s Australian wines were winning prizes in Europe. Phylloxera struck in eastern winegrowing regions from the 1870s, leading to the destruction of many vineyards. With South Australia free from Phylloxera it contains some of the <a href="/wiki/Old_vine" title="Old vine">oldest continuously harvested vineyards</a> on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grange_Hermitage" class="mw-redirect" title="Grange Hermitage">Penfolds Grange</a> and others led the revival of interest in table wines, which culminated in 2000, when Australia sold more wine to the United Kingdom than did France. </p><p>While some Australian wines, their Chardonnays in particular, have previously been criticized for being over-oaked and over-ripe, Australian winemaking is now some of the most sophisticated in the world, with vineyards increasingly planted in cooler climates, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmania (wine)">Tasmania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unoaked_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Unoaked wines">unoaked wines</a> becoming popular. Several regional specialities have emerged, notably <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coonawarra_wine_region" title="Coonawarra wine region">Coonawarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Valley_wine_region" title="Eden Valley wine region">Eden Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_wine" title="Hunter Valley wine">Hunter Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutherglen,_Victoria" title="Rutherglen, Victoria">Rutherglen</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscats</a> are perhaps the finest <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a> of the New World. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazilian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia,_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg/220px-Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg/330px-Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg/440px-Propriedade_na_Linha_Eul%C3%A1lia%2C_zona_rural_de_Bento_Gon%C3%A7alves_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards in the <i>Vale dos Vinhedos</i>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil is the third-largest producer of wine in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Better-quality wines (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Portuguese language">Brazilian Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt-BR">vinho fino</i>) are produced from the European grapevine. In 2003, only some 5,000 ha (12,000 acres) were planted with such vines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canadian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/220px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/330px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg/440px-Vineyards_Lake_Okanagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Okanagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Okanagan">Lake Okanagan</a> in British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada followed a similar path to the eastern United States – early attempts to grow <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> failed, leading to a significant export industry based on <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">Vitis riparia</a></i>, fortified to disguise the 'foxy' aromas. The country had its own version of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> until 1927, and after it ended red tape inhibited the industry until 1974. In the following years improved viticulture and grape varieties allowed a substantial expansion of the industry in the 1990s, centered around the parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> warmed by the Great Lakes, and in the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley (wine)">Okanagan Valley</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. While there has been some progress with red wines from the Bordeaux varieties and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, Canada's most successful wines are <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wines</a> made from grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidal_blanc" title="Vidal blanc">Vidal</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg/220px-Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg/330px-Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg/440px-Chilean_vineyard_in_Andes_foothills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Many of Chile's vineyards are found on flat land within the foothills of the Andes.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in Argentina, Chilean viticulture dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadores</a>. The Bordeaux varieties arrived in the mid-19th century, although for a long time many of the vines thought to be <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> were in fact <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a>, and the latter has become something of a signature grape. It is the seventh biggest producer of wine in the world;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditionally quantity was favored over quality, and red tape discouraged improvement. Under the Pinochet reforms of the 1980s, investments were made in wineries and vineyards, and exports began in earnest in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally Chilean vineyards were in semi-arid areas <a href="/wiki/Irrigated_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated (wine)">irrigated</a> by water from the Andes, but there has been increasing interest in cooler areas such as the Leyda Valley (becoming known for its <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo-B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío-Bío River">Bío-Bío Valley</a>, which suits <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a>. </p><p>Chile is notable for being one of the few vine-growing regions to be free of <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wine history of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> was different from other countries in the region. Wine was mainly produced for religions reasons by Catholic priests in monasteries across the country. Due to the restrictions in allowing European immigrants to enter the country after the independence from Spain, the wine industry didn't develop like in other South American countries. <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">aguardiente</a> became more popular drinks than wine. There are a few areas in Colombia that produce fine wine of excellent quality, but the majority of the wine is consumed locally. <a href="/wiki/Villa_de_Leyva" title="Villa de Leyva">Villa de Leyva</a> is a small region, north of <a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a>, which is known for its <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> climate and the wine produced in these areas is of very high international standards. El <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Cauca">Valle del Cauca</a>, south of Bogotá, is also a well known winery area. Wines in Colombia tend to be sweeter due to the climate of the Andes, hot weather and constant rain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japanese wine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katsunuma_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Katsunuma_1.jpg/300px-Katsunuma_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Katsunuma_1.jpg/450px-Katsunuma_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Katsunuma_1.jpg/600px-Katsunuma_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB,_Yamanashi" title="Kōshū, Yamanashi">Kōshū, Yamanashi</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> and the cultivation of grapes for <a href="/wiki/Table_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Table grapes">table consumption</a> has a long history in Japan, domestic wine production using locally-produced grapes only really began with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji restoration">Meiji restoration</a> in the second half of the 19th century. The Agency states the share of Japanese wine, as defined as domestically-produced wine from domestically-grown grapes, as only 4% of total domestic consumption, or 14,988 kiloliters. Only 58 kiloliters of Japanese wine was exported overseas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexican wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg/220px-Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg/330px-Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg/440px-Grapes_during_pigmentation_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Grapes during pigmentation in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a> is the oldest wine-making region in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </p><p>In 1549, Spanish explorers and settlers came across a fertile valley in the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> where they encountered native vines and founded the Mission of Santa María de las Parras or "Holy Mary of the Vines". In 1597, the Hacienda de San Lorenzo was established by the Spanish settler Don Lorenzo García, where he founded, along with other Spanish missionaries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_Madero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa Madero (page does not exist)">Casa Madero</a> – the oldest winery house in the Americas. </p><p>Many of the vines from <a href="/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuente" class="mw-redirect" title="Parras de la Fuente">Parras de la Fuente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and other places in Mexico were the first to be exported and cultivated in what is now <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, as well as other provinces in Northern <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and other Spanish colonies in South America. In 1699, the King of Spain – alarmed by competition from the New World – prohibited wine production in New Spain, with the exception of wines for the church. The prohibition lasted until the Mexico's independence from Spain in 1810. </p><p>As of the 2013, about 90% of Mexican wine is produced in the northwestern state of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, neighboring the wine-producing region of California in the U.S., particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_Guadalupe,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California">Valley of Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensenada_Municipality,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensenada Municipality, Baja California">Ensenada Municipality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand wine</a></div> <p>The New Zealand viticulture industry was started in a small way by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatian</a> immigrants at the end of the 19th century, but it was not until the 1970s that it began to flourish. Several factors came together at that time - Britain's entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1973 ended favourable terms of agricultural trade, while New Zealanders themselves developed a taste for wine as local alcohol licensing laws changed and cheap air travel exposed them to different cultures. </p><p>Various grapes were tried in the early years, but it was in the 1980s that New Zealand developed the distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> that became its trademark. Since then the Burgundy grapes of <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> have been developed in cooler, more southerly vineyards, with considerable success. More recently there has been increasing popularity for the 'aromatic' white varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a> styles also being attempted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peruvian wine</a></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Grapevines" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevines">grapevines</a> were brought to Peru shortly after its <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peru">conquest by Spain</a>. Spanish <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chroniclers</a> from the time note that the first <a href="/wiki/Vinification" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinification">vinification</a> in South America took place in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a></i> Marcahuasi of <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the largest and most prominent vineyards of the 16th and 17th century Americas were established in the <a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a> valley of south-central Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-disp_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disp-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1540s, Bartolomé de Terrazas and Francisco de Carabantes began vineyards in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter established vineyards in Ica, which Spaniards from <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> used to introduce grapevines into Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1687 the whole southern coast of Peru was struck by the <a href="/wiki/1687_Peru_earthquake" title="1687 Peru earthquake">1687 Peru earthquake</a> which destroyed the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Villa de Pisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake destroyed <a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">wine cellars</a> and mud containers used for wine storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacoste_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event marked the end of the Peruvian wine-boom.<sup id="cite_ref-Orich_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, there were some 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) of grape plantations in Peru, including <a href="/wiki/Table_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Table grapes">table grapes</a>, and some 610,000 hectolitres (13,000,000 imp gal; 16,000,000 US gal) of wine was produced, with an increasing trend in both plantations and wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most vineyards are located on the central coast, around <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a>, where most of Peru's winemaking and distillation takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South African wine</a></div> <p>Wine was first produced in South Africa by the founder of Cape Town in 1659, and by the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wine)" title="Constantia (wine)">Constantia</a>, made from Muscat de Frontignan (<a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains</a>), was popular among European royalty. However the vineyards were decimated by <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/KWV" class="mw-redirect" title="KWV">KWV</a> cooperative that ran most of the industry since 1918 gave little encouragement to produce quality wine. The end of apartheid sparked a wave of investment and innovation in the vineyards of the Cape, although there remains large areas of undistinguished grape varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a> can produce world-class wines from the Bordeaux varieties, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz</a> and also from <a href="/wiki/Pinotage" title="Pinotage">Pinotage</a>, a variety bred locally from <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a>. South Africa is also the second home of <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a>, known until the mid-20th century as Steen; <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains</a> is known locally as red and white Muscadel, and is once again being used to make Constantia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">American wine</a></div> <p>Although wine is made throughout the United States, 90% of it comes from <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a>. The Gallo Winery runs an industrial facility in Modesto, California that produces the majority of the state's wine exports. Most of the rest is split between <a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington state</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">New York state</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a>. California's earliest grape vines were imported from <i>New Spain</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which in turn were brought by Spanish explorers and settlers. North America has several native species of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i>, from which wine has been made for a long time in the east of the country, although the 'foxy' aromas of wines produced from these species are not to everyone's taste. The <a href="/wiki/Catawba_(grape)" title="Catawba (grape)">Catawba</a> variety led the way for winemaking from native species, first in Ohio and later in the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> area of <a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">New York</a>. California followed a path similar to Latin American countries, with Spanish missionaries starting the first vineyard of <i>vinifera</i> vines in 1769, and later immigrants from Bordeaux and Italy bringing their native grapes with them. Soon a thriving industry developed, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa Valley</a>, which was stopped in its tracks by <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> and, uniquely, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> (1920–1933). </p><p>One interesting consequence of Prohibition was that vineyards were replanted with lower quality grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a> that could survive transportation to home winemakers, and this tradition of home winemaking changed taste preferences from a dry style before Prohibition to a much sweeter style. In general Prohibition had a devastating effect on commercial winemaking in the country, which only started to recover in the late 1960s and 1970s under major industry pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gallo" title="Ernest Gallo">Ernest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julio_Gallo" title="Julio Gallo">Julio Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mondavi" title="Robert Mondavi">Robert Mondavi</a> and the world-class viticultural scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. The latter institution has played a leading role in the recovery of wine in the United States, in particular identifying just what vines were actually planted (notably California's signature grape, the robust red <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a>, which was found to be Croatia's Crljenak Kaštelanski), and encouraging the use of better clones of the traditional European varieties. In the 1970s, geographical <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellations</a> were designated as <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a>. </p><p>In the years after Prohibition, the domestic market demanded cheap 'jug wines' and sweet fortified wines. These tastes led to local styles such as <a href="/wiki/White_Zinfandel" title="White Zinfandel">White Zinfandel</a> (a sweet <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a>) and "<a href="/wiki/Bum_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bum wines">bum wines</a>". Interest in traditional European varieties increased after Mondavi reinvented <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> in a dry, heavily oaked style called <a href="/wiki/Fum%C3%A9_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumé Blanc">Fumé Blanc</a>, leading to the innovations that triumphed so spectacularly in Paris in 1976. While California is known for its <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> in particular, it produces such a massive amount of wine that just about every grape variety ends up being grown there to a greater or lesser extent. For instance, the "Rhone Rangers" have raised awareness of the Rhone varieties, notably <a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a>, and there has been speculation that climate change will force California to look further south in Europe for grape varieties. The Northwest states of Oregon and Washington are known for their <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Rieslings</a> while New York continues to produce wine mostly from <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i> varieties and hybrids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_variety" title="International variety">International variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">List of wine-producing regions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pozo200424–34_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDel_Pozo2004">Del Pozo 2004</a>, pp. 24–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishkin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishkin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMishkin1966" class="citation thesis cs1">Mishkin, David Joel (1966). <i>The American Colonial Wine Industry: an Economic Interpretation</i> (Ph.D.). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2142%2F61108">2142/61108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+American+Colonial+Wine+Industry%3A+an+Economic+Interpretation&rft.inst=University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2142%2F61108&rft.aulast=Mishkin&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_751-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_751_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeil2001" class="citation book cs1">MacNeil, K. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/751"><i>The Wine Bible</i></a></span>. Workman Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare/page/751">751</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5"><bdi>1-56305-434-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine+Bible&rft.pages=751&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56305-434-5&rft.aulast=MacNeil&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinebible00kare%2Fpage%2F751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Prudence M. (1996). "The Archaeology of Wine: The Wine and Brandy Haciendas of Moquegua, Peru". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 187–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F530503">10.2307/530503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530503">530503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Wine%3A+The+Wine+and+Brandy+Haciendas+of+Moquegua%2C+Peru&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-204&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F530503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Prudence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huertas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huertas_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuertas_Vallejos2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huertas Vallejos, Lorenzo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-23762004000200004&script=sci_arttext">"Historia de la producción de vinos y piscos en el Perú"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universum_(journal)" title="Universum (journal)">Universum: Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>9</b> (2). Talca, Chile: University of Talca: 44–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-23762004000200004">10.4067/S0718-23762004000200004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0716-498X">0716-498X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30658971">30658971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universum%3A+Revista+de+Humanidades+y+Ciencias+Sociales&rft.atitle=Historia+de+la+producci%C3%B3n+de+vinos+y+piscos+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-61&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30658971&rft.issn=0716-498X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-23762004000200004&rft.aulast=Huertas+Vallejos&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0718-23762004000200004%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacoste-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoste2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lacoste, Pablo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-23762004000200005&script=sci_arttext">"La vid y el vino en América del Sur: el desplazamiento de los polos vitivinícolas (siglos XVI al XX)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universum_(journal)" title="Universum (journal)">Universum: Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>19</b> (2). Talca, Chile: University of Talca: 62–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-23762004000200005">10.4067/S0718-23762004000200005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0716-498X">0716-498X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30658971">30658971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universum%3A+Revista+de+Humanidades+y+Ciencias+Sociales&rft.atitle=La+vid+y+el+vino+en+Am%C3%A9rica+del+Sur%3A+el+desplazamiento+de+los+polos+vitivin%C3%ADcolas+%28siglos+XVI+al+XX%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-93&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30658971&rft.issn=0716-498X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-23762004000200005&rft.aulast=Lacoste&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0718-23762004000200005%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orich-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orich_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés_Olivares2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cortés Olivares, Hernán F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Or%C3%ADgen&rft.pub=RREE.gob.pe&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ministerio+de+Relaciones+Exteriores+del+Per%C3%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rree.gob.pe%2Fportal%2Feconomia2.nsf%2F46c87b33a7774be905256c1b00674d91%2F3a3dce8c6693804605256c1b00689a21%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disp-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-disp_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrel2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harrel, Courtney (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1712&context=isp_collection&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D10%26q%3Dpisco%2Baguardiente%26hl%3Des%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22pisco%20aguardiente%22">"Pisco por la razón o la fuerza"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pisco+por+la+raz%C3%B3n+o+la+fuerza&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Harrel&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.sit.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1712%26context%3Disp_collection%26sei-redir%3D1%26referer%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholar.google.com%252Fscholar%253Fstart%253D10%2526q%253Dpisco%252Baguardiente%2526hl%253Des%2526as_sdt%253D0%252C5%23search%3D%2522pisco%2520aguardiente%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oiv.int/it/basededonnees/export/production?type=wine&startedYear=2008&countrys=Peru&ids1=22773">"Statistics"</a>. <i>oiv.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oiv.int&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiv.int%2Fit%2Fbasededonnees%2Fexport%2Fproduction%3Ftype%3Dwine%26startedYear%3D2008%26countrys%3DPeru%26ids1%3D22773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCW_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Robinson, Jancis</a>, ed. (2006). "Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Wine">Oxford Companion to Wine</a></i> (3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/513">513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peru&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World_wine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Pozo2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Pozo, José (2004) [1998]. <i>Historia del vino chileno</i> (in Spanish) (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Editorial_Universitaria" title="Editorial Universitaria">Editorial Universitaria</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-11-1735-5" title="Special:BookSources/956-11-1735-5"><bdi>956-11-1735-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+vino+chileno&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=956-11-1735-5&rft.aulast=Del+Pozo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+World+wine" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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