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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Central Kurdish,<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> dialect<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> or a language<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston2006vii-11">[10]</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, as well as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_province" title="Kermanshah province">Kermanshah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Central Kurdish is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Central Kurdish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kurdîy Nawendî / Soranî</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">کوردیی ناوەندی / سۆرانی</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/200px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/300px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/400px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Central Kurdish and Sorani written in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Sorani alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.3 million (2020–2021)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages#Northwestern_Iranian" title="Western Iranian languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central Kurdish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Babanî (Silêmanî)</li> <li>Mukriyanî</li> <li>Erdelanî</li> <li>Germiyanî (Cafî)</li> <li>Arbilî (Hewlêrî)</li> <li>Xoşnaw</li> <li>Kerkukî</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdo-Arabic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Hawar alphabet</a>) (occasionally)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ckb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ckb">ckb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent1972">cent1972</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=58-AAA-cae">58-AAA-cae</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/250px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/375px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/500px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="560"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of Kurdish and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> (Northern Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Sorani (Central Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> is included)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> mixed dialect areas</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm&lang=ku&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ku" label="kurdî ‪(ku)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>A Sorani Kurdish speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</figcaption></figure> The term Sorani, named after the <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran Emirate</a>, refers to a variety of Central Kurdish based on the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Slemani" class="mw-redirect" title="Slemani">Slemani</a>. Central Kurdish is written in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdo-Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdo-Arabic alphabet">Kurdo-Arabic alphabet</a>, an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> developed in the 1920s by Sa’ed Sidqi Kaban and <a href="/wiki/Taufiq_Wahby" title="Taufiq Wahby">Taufiq Wahby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1700s%E2%80%931918">1.1 1700s–1918</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1918%E2%80%931930s">1.2 1918–1930s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1940s%E2%80%931950s">1.3 1940s–1950s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1960s%E2%80%931980s">1.4 1960s–1980s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1990s">1.5 1990s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2000s%E2%80%932010s">1.6 2000s–2010s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Writing_system">2 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Media_and_education">3 Media and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Phonology">4 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Vowels">4.1 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes">4.1.1 Some vowel alternations and notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Consonants">4.2 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Syllable">4.3 Syllable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Grammar">5 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Absolute_state">5.1 Absolute state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Indefinite_state">5.2 Indefinite state</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Definite_state">5.2.1 Definite state</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Verbs">5.3 Verbs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Hewl%C3%AAr%C3%AE_Kurdish">6 Hewlêrî Kurdish</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pronunciation_and_Phonology">6.1 Pronunciation and Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Grammar_and_Syntax">6.2 Grammar and Syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Tracing back the historical changes of Central Kurdish is difficult. No predecessors of Kurdish are yet known from Old and Middle Iranian times. The extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Cebtral Kurdish originates from the <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Silêmanî</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021633-634-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700s–1918">1700s–1918</h3></div> The oldest written <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">literature</a> in Central Kurdish is reported to have been Mehdîname (the book of Mahdi) from 1762 by Mulla Muhammed ibn ul Haj. Central Kurdish thus only emerged as a written language after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> vernacular, the <a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a> state and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a> around Silêmanî. During the Baban era, Sorani emerged as an important literary vernacular and many poets such as <a href="/wiki/Nal%C3%AE" title="Nalî">Nalî</a> wrote in Sorani despite being proficient in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Nalî mentioned that he wrote in Kurdish knowing his poetry might not receive the same <a href="/wiki/Dissemination" title="Dissemination">dissemination</a> as it might have done in the more prestigious Arabic or Persian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021637%E2%80%93638-17">[16]</a> Contemporaries of Nalî like <a href="/wiki/Salim_(poet)" title="Salim (poet)">Salim</a> and Mustefa Bêgî Kurdî also wrote in Sorani and their writings would become the foundation for the standard variety of Central Kurdish. When the Baban dynasty was overthrown in 1850, the golden era of Sorani ended and poets including Nalî left the Silêmanî region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haji_Qadir_Koyi" title="Haji Qadir Koyi">Hacî Qadirî Koyî</a> continued the tradition of writing in Sorani and lamented the lack of promotion of Sorani among the Kurdish clergy and called those who did not do so 'bastards'. Beside Koyi, <a href="/wiki/Riza_Talabani" title="Riza Talabani">Riza Talebanî</a> also promoted Sorani as a literary language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638%E2%80%93639-19">[18]</a> Prior to the 20th century, only three non-poetic Central Kurdish works are known to exist being Mewlûdname by Şêx Husên Qazî (1793-1871), a glossary of Arabic-Kurdish by Ehmedî from 1795 and a translation of the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-20">[19]</a> The language of these works heavily relied on Arabic and Persian, which prevented Central Kurdish from enjoying further progress besides being a literary language. Only after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> did this change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-20">[19]</a> Besides poetry and the few other texts mentioned above, linguistic works on Central Kurdish also existed. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chod%C5%BAko" title="Leonard Chodźko">Leonard Chodźko</a> wrote a sketch of the Silêmanî variety (Soran)i in 1857; de Morgan wrote his "Etudea linguistiques: Dialectee Kurdea" in 1904, in which he compared eleven varieties of Kurdish to each other and with Persian and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Later, in 1903, <a href="/wiki/Ely_Bannister_Soane" title="Ely Bannister Soane">Ely Bannister Soane</a> published a learner textbook and vocabulary list on Sorani for British personnel in Kurdistan, while Oskar Mann wrote Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden containing a grammar sketch of the Central Kurdish variety of <a href="/wiki/Mukriyan" title="Mukriyan">Mukriyan</a> in 1906. Lastly, Ludvig Olsen Fossum published a grammar book in 1919 based on the Central Kurdish variety spoken around <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918–1930s">1918–1930s</h3></div> After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, much of the Central Kurdish-speaking region came under <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> rule in present-day Iraq. Central Kurdish subsequently became the language for <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, media, and journalism, and a distinct alphabet was created for the vernacular. Sorani also gained a kurdified vocabulary by the 1950s. The British began publishing <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a> in the language to mobilize Kurds, since the Central Kurdish-speaking contingent of Iraq was more urbanized, better educated, and more inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>-speaking population around <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>. Such nationalism was promoted to prevent any Turkish takeover of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. To this end, the first government press in Sorani was established in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> in 1920, which propelled Central Kurdish into becoming a language of media, education, and administration. The government press had by 1923 published six books, 118 issues of the weekly publication Pêşkewtin (Progress), fourteen issues of Bangî Kurdistan (The Call of Kurdistan), and sixteen issues of Rojî Kurdistan (The Day of Kurdistan).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639%E2%80%93640-21">[20]</a> The period also saw the publication of Central Kurdish works for schools, and courts began using the language as well. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Taufiq_Wahby" title="Taufiq Wahby">Taufiq Wahby</a> was instructed to produce school books in Central Kurdish by the Iraqi government, and his modified <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> for the language would be implemented as the official Central Kurdish script in school textbooks two decades later. His orthography included purging the Arabic letters (ث/ذ/ص/ض/ط/ظ) and creating the new letters (پ/ژ/چ/گ/ڤ/ڕ/ڵ/وو/ێ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021640%E2%80%93641-22">[21]</a> Wahby also supported switching to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, but this idea was not accepted by the literary society or the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641-23">[22]</a> In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> urged Iraq to draft a law guaranteeing the use of the Kurdish language. The authorities reluctantly agreed, but the British knew the law would not be implemented once they left Iraq. This pushed the British to implement the law themselves in May 1931, which made Kurdish an official language in the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a>. Kurds were, however, dissatisfied, since Kurdish was only allowed to be used in elementary schools and Iraq had fully <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">arabized</a> the education and administration systems in Kirkuk and Mosul. In subsequent years, linguistic rights for Kurds were either ignored or reluctantly implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021642%E2%80%93643-24">[23]</a> The development of Central Kurdish was slow in Iran and faced many challenges. The earliest use of the language was during the <a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a> of 1918 to 1922, which saw the use of Central Kurdish side by side with Kurmanji as official languages in the area controlled by the rebels. After the defeat of the revolt, formal use of Central Kurdish ceased until 1946. During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> from 1925 to 1941, Iran was extremely centralist and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was dominant to the detriment of other languages. A decree issued by the government in 1935 suppressed Kurdish and marked its end as a written language. Only a dozen handwritten poetic manuscripts in Central Kurdish exist from this period, including works by Hassan Saifulquzzat, Said Kamil Imani, and Khalamin Barzanji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641%E2%80%93643-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1950s">1940s–1950s</h3></div> By the 1940s, the Silêmanî variant of the dialect had become the standard variant of Central Kurdish and even <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds in Iran</a> accepted this. The 1940s also saw the use of Sorani in radio broadcasting which elevated its prestige but also the urgency in proficiency since it was linked to current events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644-26">[25]</a> <dl><dt>Iraq</dt></dl> The 1940s experienced an intermittent suppression of Kurdish but Central Kurdish still succeeded in becoming considerably standardized by the end of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644-26">[25]</a> By the time the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> took place in 1958, Central Kurdish had incorporated the norms of a standard language which had given it legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646-27">[26]</a> During the new <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> from 1958 to 1968, the number of journals in Central Kurdish increased fast and a Kurdish department was established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> and moreover a Directorate General of Kurdish Studies was established to answer the growing Kurdish demands for mother tongue education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647-28">[27]</a> In 1960, the first Central Kurdish-Arabic dictionary was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647-28">[27]</a> <dl><dt>Iran</dt></dl> After the ousting of Reza Shah in 1941 and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran</a>, nationalist movements among Kurds gained strength and Central Kurdish became the formal language again, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mukriyan" title="Mukriyan">Mukriyan</a> where the Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd (KJK) used it as their official language. Central Kurdish was also introduced in schools, administration and in mosques. <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds in Iraq</a> aided with this, for example by exporting school books to Iran. <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a> was also in the works but rudimentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644%E2%80%93645-29">[28]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> fell, formal use of Central Kurdish also ceased in Iran, however the new <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> state under <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> would become more tolerant than that of Reza Shah. Researcher Hassanpour argues that the reason for this was the vulnerability of the new central government which had to approach the Kurds more relaxed. For this, some developments did take place including the publication of periodicals in Central Kurdish but also state-sponsored radio broadcasting and teaching Kurdish at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021645-30">[29]</a> In the 1950s, the Iranian authorities began restricting and controlling the tolerance towards Kurdish which continued towards the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979. No <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">positive rights</a> were given and any written use was controlled. However, the restrictions had to be loosen since Kurds in Iran were receiving radio broadcasting from Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a>. Iran thus allowed for limited radio broadcasting in Mahabad, <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> which legitimized and popularized Central Kurdish further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1980s">1960s–1980s</h3></div> <dl><dt>Iraq</dt></dl> The Kurdish Scientific Academy was established in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1968 which devoted a significant part of their job to develop <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, grammar books, writing style guide-lines, a modified orthography and research in linguistics subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> and its media also used Central Kurdish as their official language despite its leader <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustefa Barzanî</a> being a Kurmanji-speaker. Despite the deterioration of relations between the Kurds and Iraq in the 1970s, the state still sponsored the implementation of Central Kurdish as language in secondary schools. However, this ended by 1978 when the Iraqi authorities embarked on an Arabization to quell Kurdish nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648-31">[30]</a> On this, Hassanpour wrote in 1992 that:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649-32">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Language-related aspects of Arabization include, among other things, the Arabization of Kurdish schools in the Autonomous region; the dissolution of the Kurdish Academy in 1978 and the formation of a 'Kurdish corporation' within the Iraqi Scientific Academy (the policy was to replace 'Kurdish' by 'Iraqi' in the name of organizations, institutions and unions); the removal of Sulaymanya University from Sulaymaniya, main center of Kurdish nationalism, to Arbil and partial Arabization of its faculty and curriculum; and the Arabization of Kurdish geographical names.</blockquote> Central Kurdish continued as the main language in elementary and secondary schools in Iraqi Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649-32">[31]</a> In the 1980s, the state sponsored publications in Central Kurdish despite warring with the Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021651-33">[32]</a> <dl><dt>Iran</dt></dl> In the 1960s, schooling in Kurdish or teaching Kurdish was unthinkable, even in private. However, the University of Tehran began offering two courses in Kurdish even though one had to refrain from discussing Kurdish and had to call it a 'dialect'. The policy of the Pahlavi state in regard to Kurdish was like that of <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valve</a> where rights were restricted when the state felt threatened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648%E2%80%93649-34">[33]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979, the new Iranian constitution was ambiguous towards Kurdish but the new regime discouraged the use of Central Kurdish both in private and in public. Limited media in Central Kurdish was allowed in the subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021650-35">[34]</a> The policy of safety valve continued throughout the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021652-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> <dl><dt>Iraq</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> passed a provisional constitution in 1992 making Kurdish the official language of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>. 'Kurdish' would refer to Central Kurdish which also became the language of instruction in Kurmanji– and Gorani–speaking areas until these linguistic communities demanded education in <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a>, respectively. Central Kurdish ceased as language of instruction in these areas in the mid-2000s. In 1997, the Kurdistan Sciency Academy was established in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> with the goal of creating a unitary language in the autonomous region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653-37">[36]</a> <dl><dt>Iran</dt></dl> More leniency was given towards Kurdish, especially Central Kurdish in the 1990s, but use of Central Kurdish in administration and education was still not allowed. The debate on mother tongue education entered the public sphere in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653%E2%80%93654-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2010s">2000s–2010s</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> has had a significant impact on Central Kurdish as thousands of Central Kurdish-speakers have gotten free access to literature. It also became easier to listen to radio and watch television. The Internet moreover fostered the use of Central Kurdish in Iran and the diaspora, where the language had no official status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a> remains a challenge for Central Kurdish. In Iraq, Central Kurdish orthography is moving towards being based on a single <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> while Sorani-speakers in Iran make longer words. An example is the word to review which can be spelled both pêdaçûnewe and pê da çûnewe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654%E2%80%93656-40">[39]</a> Arabic and Persian words continue to be purged from written Central Kurdish and are getting replaced by neologisms. Conversely, Central Kurdish is borrowing words from the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657-41">[40]</a> <dl><dt>Iraq</dt></dl> After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in 2003, Iraq declared Kurdish as the official language of the country beside Arabic. The first section of Article 4 secures this. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok</a> began using Kurmanji as their official language as a way of resisting Central Kurdish. Fearing the loss of hegemony, 53 academics, writers and poets pushed the Kurdish Parliament to declare Central Kurdish as the official language of the autonomous region. This attempt failed multiple times and Kurmanji remains the official Kurdish language in Duhok. In the 2010s, criticism arose due to the quality of the Sorani school textbooks, media texts and <a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">signage</a>. In 2011, two journalism professors from <a href="/wiki/Salahaddin_University-Erbil" title="Salahaddin University-Erbil">Salahaddin University</a> criticized the state of Central Kurdish in Kurdistan Region which could affect its use among the people. They also expressed dismay over the method of the Parliament in using the language, since the institution wrote their bills and laws in Arabic and then translated to Central Kurdish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654%E2%80%93656-40">[39]</a> <dl><dt>Iran</dt></dl> More flexibility was shown to Kurdish in the mid-2000s by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reformists" title="Iranian reformists">reformists</a>, likely to win the Kurdish vote. Kurds used the opportunity and began publishing more in Central Kurdish, set up private language learning courses and also advocated for the implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution which would allow the use of regional languages. The use of Central Kurdish in Iran has since then been revitalized by Kurdish book publishers like Mang. Nonetheless, the use of Central Kurdish in the public school system is not supported by Iranian nationalists and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_principlists" title="Iranian principlists">conservatives</a> who believe it could damage the unity of the nation-state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657-41">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Kurdo-Arabic_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets § Kurdo-Arabic alphabet</a></div> Central Kurdish is mostly written with a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. The Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawar Alphabet">Hawar Alphabet</a> is also used increasingly, and there have been discussions about its adoption.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In the Central Kurdish writing system almost all vowels are always written as separate letters. This is in contrast to the original Arabic writing system and most other writing systems developed from it, in which certain vowels (usually "short" vowels) are shown by diacritics above and under the letters, and usually omitted. The other major point of departure of the Central Kurdish writing system from other Arabic-based systems is that the Arabic letters that represent sounds that are non-existent in Kurdish are usually (but not always) replaced by letters that better represent their Kurdish pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20064-46">[45]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Media_and_education">Media and education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Iraq is the only country in which a Kurdish language has enjoyed official or semi-official rights during the last few decades. Kurdish media outlets in Iraq mushroomed during the 1990s, spurred by the semi-autonomous status the region has enjoyed since the uprising against the Saddam regime in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The use of Kurdish in media and education is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Seven of the top 10 TV stations viewed by Iraqi Kurds are Kurdish-language stations,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and the use of Arabic in Kurdistan schools has decreased to the extent that the number of Iraqi Kurds who speak Arabic fluently has dropped significantly over the past decades.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Some Kurdish media in Iraq seem to be aiming for constructing a cross-border Kurdish identity. The Kurdish-language satellite channel <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_TV" title="Kurdistan TV">Kurdistan TV</a> (KTV), owned by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP), for example, employs techniques that expose audiences to more than one Kurdish variety in the same show or program.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[49]</a> It has been suggested that continuous exposure to different Kurdish varieties on KTV and other satellite television stations might make Kurdish varieties increasingly mutually intelligible.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[49]</a> In Iran, state-sponsored regional TV stations air programs in both Kurdish and Persian. Kurdish press are legally allowed in Iran, but there have been many reports of a policy of banning Kurdish newspapers and arresting Kurdish activists.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish phonology</a></div> Central Kurdish has 9 phonemic vowels and 26 to 28 phonemic consonants (depending on whether the pharyngeal sounds /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are counted or not). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Central Kurdish Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velar.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">asp.</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">vcls.</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unasp.</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">sˠ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">zˠ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> in parentheses are not <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>, but have been included in the table below because of their ubiquity in the language. Letters in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Central Kurdish alphabet</a> take various forms depending on where they occur in the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-54">[53]</a> Forms given below are letters in isolation. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Kurdo-Arabic Alphabet </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> </th> <th>Example Word (Central Kurdish) </th> <th>Example Word (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>ى </td> <td>î </td> <td>hiʧ = "nothing" </td> <td>"beet" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ </td> <td>- </td> <td>i </td> <td>gɪr'tɪn = "to take, to hold" </td> <td>"bit" </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>ێ </td> <td>ê </td> <td>hez = "power" </td> <td>"bait" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ه </td> <td>e </td> <td>bɛjɑni = "morning" </td> <td>"bet" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ə </td> <td>ە </td> <td>e </td> <td>ʃəw = night </td> <td>"but" </td></tr> <tr> <td>æ </td> <td>ه </td> <td>e </td> <td>tænæ'kæ = "tin can" </td> <td>"bat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td>وو </td> <td>û </td> <td>gur = "calf" </td> <td>"boot" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ </td> <td>و </td> <td>u </td> <td>gʊɾg = "wolf" </td> <td>"book" </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>ۆ </td> <td>o </td> <td>gor = "level" </td> <td>"boat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɑ </td> <td>ا </td> <td>a </td> <td>mangɑ = "cow" </td> <td>"balm" ("father") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes">Some vowel alternations and notes</h4></div> The vowel [æ] is sometimes pronounced as [ə] (the sound found in the first syllable of the English word "above"). This <a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">sound change</a> takes place when [æ] directly precedes [w] or when it is followed by the sound [j] (like English "y") in the same syllable. If it, instead, precedes [j] in a context where [j] is a part of another syllable it is pronounced [ɛ] (as in English "bet").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-54">[53]</a> The vowels [o] and [e], both of which have slight <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">off-glides</a> in English, do not possess these <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">off-glides</a> in Sorani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> Letters in the Central Kurdish alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061%E2%80%932-55">[54]</a> Forms given below are letters in isolation. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Kurdo-Arabic Alphabet </th> <th>Romanization </th> <th>Example Word (Central Kurdish) </th> <th>Example Word (English) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>ب </td> <td>b </td> <td>بەرز berz (high) </td> <td>b in "bat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>پ </td> <td>p </td> <td>پیاو piyaw (man) </td> <td>p in "pat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>ت </td> <td>t </td> <td>ته‌مه‌ن temen (age) </td> <td>t in "tab" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>د </td> <td>d </td> <td>ده‌رگا derga (door) </td> <td>d in "dab" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>ک </td> <td>k </td> <td>کوڕ kurr (boy) </td> <td>c in "cat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>گ </td> <td>g </td> <td>گه‌وره gewre (big) </td> <td>g in "got" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q </td> <td>ق </td> <td>q </td> <td>ڕەق req (solid) </td> <td>Like Eng. k but further back in the throat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>ف </td> <td>f </td> <td>فیلم fîlm (film) </td> <td>f in "film" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>ڤ </td> <td>v </td> <td>هەڤدە hevde (eleven) </td> <td>v in "voice" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>س </td> <td>s </td> <td>سوور sûr (red) </td> <td>s in "sing" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td>ز </td> <td>z </td> <td>زەرد zerd (yellow) </td> <td>z in "zipper" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>خ </td> <td>x </td> <td>خۆر xor (sun) </td> <td>Like the ch in German "Bach" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as (kh) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃ </td> <td>ش </td> <td>ş </td> <td>شار şar (city) </td> <td>sh in "shoe" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ </td> <td>ژ </td> <td>j </td> <td>ژوور jûr (room) </td> <td>ge in "beige" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as (zh) </td></tr> <tr> <td>t͡ʃ </td> <td>چ </td> <td>ç </td> <td>چاو çaw (eye) </td> <td>ch in "cheap" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d͡ʒ </td> <td>ج </td> <td>c </td> <td>جەژن cejn (holiday) </td> <td>j in "jump" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as "j" </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>ھ </td> <td>h </td> <td>هەشت heşt (eight) </td> <td>h in "hat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>م </td> <td>m </td> <td>مەزن mezin (great) </td> <td>m in "map" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>ن </td> <td>n </td> <td>ناو naw (name) </td> <td>n in "none" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>و </td> <td>w </td> <td>وڵات wilat (country) </td> <td>w in "water" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td>ى </td> <td>y </td> <td>یارمەتی yarmetî (help) </td> <td>y in "yellow" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɾ </td> <td>ر </td> <td>r </td> <td>شێر şêr (lion) </td> <td>t in Am. Eng. "water" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>ڕ </td> <td>rr/r (initial) </td> <td>ئەمڕۆ emrro (today) </td> <td>Like Spanish trilled r </td> <td>the "r" is always trilled when it's the initial letter </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>ل </td> <td>l </td> <td>لێرە lêre (here) </td> <td>l in "let" (forward in the mouth) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɫ </td> <td>ڵ </td> <td>l </td> <td>دڵ dil (heart) </td> <td>l in "all" (backward in the mouth) </td> <td>never occurs in initial positions </td></tr></tbody></table> An important allophonic variation concerns the two velar sounds /k/ and /g/. Similar to certain other languages of the region (e.g. Turkish and Persian), these consonants are strongly palatalized before the close and mid front vowels (/i/ and /e/) in Central Kurdish.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable">Syllable</h3></div> Central Kurdish allows both complex onsets (e.g. spî: "white", kwêr: "blind") and complex codas (e.g. ferş: "carpet"). However, the two members of the clusters are arranged in such a way that, in all cases, the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_Sequencing_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonority Sequencing Principle">Sonority Sequencing Principle</a> (SSP) is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-:2-58">[57]</a> In many loanwords, an epenthetic vowel is inserted to resyllabify the word, omitting syllables that have codas that violate SSP. Originally mono-syllabic words such as /hazm/ ("digestion") and /zabt/ ("record") therefore become /hɛ.zɪm/ and /zɛ.bɪt/ respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:2-58">[57]</a> Primary stress always falls on the last syllable in nouns,<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[58]</a> but in verbs its position differs depending on tense and aspect. Some have suggested the existence of an alternating pattern of secondary stress in syllables in Central Kurdish words.<a href="#cite_note-:3-59">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_state">Absolute state</h3></div> A noun in the absolute state occurs without any suffix, as it would occur in a vocabulary list or dictionary entry. Absolute state nouns receive a generic interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> as in "qawe reş e." ("Coffee is black.") and "befr spî ye." ("Snow is white").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_state">Indefinite state</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by a, an, some, or any. Several modifiers may only modify nouns in the indefinite state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-61">[60]</a> This list of modifiers includes: <ul><li>çend [ʧɛnd] "a few"</li> <li>hemû [hɛmu] "every"</li> <li>çî [ʧi] "what"</li> <li>her [hɛɾ] "each"</li> <li>... i zor [ɪ zoɾ] "many"</li></ul> Nouns in the indefinite state take the following endings:<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-62">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>Noun Ending with a Vowel </td> <td>-yek </td> <td>-yan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noun Ending with a Consonant </td> <td>-êk </td> <td>-an </td></tr></tbody></table> A few examples are given below showing how nouns are made indefinite:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-62">[61]</a> <ul><li>پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوێک piyawêk 'a man'</li> <li>نامه name 'letter' > نامه‌یه‌ک nameyek 'a letter'</li> <li>پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوان piyawan '(some) men'</li> <li>ده‌رگا derga 'door' > ده‌رگایان dergayan '(some) doors'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definite_state">Definite state</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by the. Nouns in the definite state take the following endings:<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-62">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>Noun Ending with a Vowel </td> <td>-ke </td> <td>-kan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noun Ending with a Consonant </td> <td>-eke </td> <td>-ekan </td></tr></tbody></table> When a noun stem ending with [i] is combined with the definite state suffix the result is pronounced [ekɛ] ( i + eke → ekɛ) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div> Like many other Iranian languages, verbs have a present stem and a past stem in Sorani. The present simple tense, for example, is composed of the aspect marker "de" ("e" in Sulaymaniyah dialect) followed by the present stem followed by a suffixed personal ending. This is shown in the example below with the verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write"), the present stem of which is نووس / nûs. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسم denûsim </td> <td>I write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسی denûsî </td> <td>You (sg.) write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسێ denûsê </td> <td>She/He/It writes </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسین denûsîn </td> <td>We write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسن denûsin </td> <td>You (pl.) write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسن denûsin </td> <td>They write </td></tr></tbody></table> Note that the personal endings are identical for the second person plural (Plural "you") and third person plural ("they"). Similarly, the simple past verb is created using the past stem of the verb. The following example shows the conjugation of the intransitive verb هاتن hatin ("to come") in the simple past tense. The past stem of "hatin" is "hat". <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>هاتم hatim </td> <td>I came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتی hatî </td> <td>You (sg.) came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هات hat </td> <td>She/He/It came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتین hatîn </td> <td>We came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتن hatin </td> <td>You (pl.) came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتن hatin </td> <td>They came </td></tr></tbody></table> Central Kurdish is claimed by some to have split <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergativity</a>, with an ergative-absolutive arrangement in the past tense for transitive verbs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Others, however, have cast doubt on this claim, noting that the Central Kurdish past may be different in important ways from a typical ergative-absolutive arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In any case, the transitive past tense in Central Kurdish is special in that the agent affix looks like the possessive pronouns and usually precedes the verb stem (similar to how accusative pronouns in other tenses). In the following example, the transitive verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write") is conjugated in the past tense, with the object "name" ("letter"). The past stem of the verb is "nûsî".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-61">[60]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌م نووسی namem nûsî </td> <td>I wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌ت نووسی namet nûsî </td> <td>You (sg.) wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌ی نووسی namey nûsî </td> <td>She/He/It wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌مان نووسی nameman nûsî </td> <td>We wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌تان نووسی nametan nûsî </td> <td>You (pl.) wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌یان نووسی nameyan nûsî </td> <td>They wrote a letter. </td></tr></tbody></table> Note in the example above that the clitics attaching to the objects are otherwise interpreted as possessive pronouns. The combination "name-m" therefore is translated as "my letter" in isolation, "name-t" as "your letter", and so on. The agent affix is a clitic that must attach to a preceding word/morpheme. If the verb phrase has words other than the verb itself (as in the above example), it attaches to first word in the verb phrase. If no such pre-verbal matter exists, it attaches to the first morpheme of the verb. In the progressive past, for example, where the aspect marker "de" precedes the verb stem, the clitic attaches to "de".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston200616-65">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Hewlêrî_Kurdish">Hewlêrî Kurdish</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Hewlêrî Kurdish<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> or Hawleri (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Hewlêrî, هەولێری) is a regional dialect of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, and in some of its surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Hewlêrî is spoken not only by its Kurdish inhabitants but also by other ethnic communities residing in the city, including Turkmen and Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Hewlêrî has many characteristics that distinguish it from other Kurdish dialects and has had an impact on shaping the standard Sorani dialect.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_and_Phonology">Pronunciation and Phonology</h3></div> Differing from standard <a href="/wiki/Sorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani">Central Kurdish</a>, Hewlêrî displays several noteworthy phonetic differences. One prominent contrast is observed in the pronunciation of the letter "ڵ/ll". While in most Central Kurdish dialects, this sound is pronounced as /ɫ/, in Hewlêrî it is typically pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">/ɾ/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">/l/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In the Hewlêrî Kurdish spoken in Erbil, further phonetic changes are evident. Notably, there's a shift observed from "û" to "î" and "w" to "f". For instance, "șûtî" transforms into "şiftî," while "mizgewt" changes to "mizgeft."<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> These phonetic alterations are commonly found in both Hewlêrî and the <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> dialect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_Syntax">Grammar and Syntax</h3></div> Apart from its phonetic distinctions, the subdialect encompasses several unique grammatical and syntactic characteristics. Unlike standard Sorani but similar to Kurmanji, Hewlêrî Kurdish employs oblique case and utilizes different personal pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Another feature of the dialect is the use of the suffix "ek/ەک" instead of the standard "êk\ێک." <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hewlêrî </th> <th>Sorani </th> <th>Kurmanji </th></tr> <tr> <td>emin [I] </td> <td>min </td> <td>ez </td></tr> <tr> <td>etu [you] </td> <td>to </td> <td>tu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ew [they] </td> <td>ew </td> <td>ew </td></tr> <tr> <td>eme [we] </td> <td>ême </td> <td>em </td></tr> <tr> <td>engo [you] </td> <td>êwe </td> <td>hingo<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns in the oblique case </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hewlêrî </th> <th>Sorani </th> <th>Kurmanji </th></tr> <tr> <td>min </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>min </td></tr> <tr> <td>tu </td> <td>te </td></tr> <tr> <td>wî </td> <td>wî/wê </td></tr> <tr> <td>me </td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngo </td> <td>we </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani_grammar" title="Sorani grammar">Sorani grammar</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کوردیی ناوەندی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Kurdîy Nawendî, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کوردیی سۆرانی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Kurdîy Soranî, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: کرمانجیی خواروو, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: Kurmancîy Xwarû, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Southern Kurmanji'<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHassanpour1992" class="citation book cs1">Hassanpour, A. (1992). Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918–1985. USA: Mellen Research University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Language+in+Kurdistan+1918%E2%80%931985&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Mellen+Research+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hassanpour&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Kurdish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebez1976" class="citation book cs1">Nebez, Jemal (1976). Toward a Unified Kurdish Language. NUKSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Unified+Kurdish+Language&rft.place=NUKSE&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Nebez&rft.aufirst=Jemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Kurdish" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2021" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Murat (2021). Kurdish Grammar: SORANI Reference Book. Silêmanî: Amazon publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8560643522" title="Special:BookSources/979-8560643522"><bdi>979-8560643522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Grammar%3A+SORANI+Reference+Book&rft.place=Sil%C3%AAman%C3%AE&rft.pub=Amazon+publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=979-8560643522&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Kurdish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheyholislami2021" class="citation cs2">Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2021), "The History and Development of Literary Central Kurdish", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 633–662, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108623711.026">10.1017/9781108623711.026</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108623711" title="Special:BookSources/9781108623711"><bdi>9781108623711</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541104">235541104</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Development+of+Literary+Central+Kurdish&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E633-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235541104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108623711.026&rft.isbn=9781108623711&rft.aulast=Sheyholislami&rft.aufirst=Jaffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Kurdish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston2006" class="citation cs2">Thackston, W.M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227111912/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf">"—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings"</a> (PDF), Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2021, retrieved 10 June 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Faculty+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=%E2%80%94Sorani+Kurdish%E2%80%94+A+Reference+Grammar+with+Selected+Readings&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thackston&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.fas.harvard.edu%2F~iranian%2FSorani%2Fsorani_1_grammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Kurdish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Kurdish&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 March 2025, at 01:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%9B" title="ሶራኒኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶራኒኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كردية سورانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كردية سورانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_dili" title="Soran dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soran dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سوران دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوران دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Sorani" title="Tataramon na Sorani – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Sorani" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Sorání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sorání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani_keel" title="Sorani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sorani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Σορανί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σορανί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorana_lingvo" title="Sorana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sorana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kurda_central" title="Lingua kurda central – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua kurda central" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng_Kurd-ng%C3%AE" title="Chûng Kurd-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng Kurd-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="소라니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소라니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="सेंट्रल कुर्दिश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट्रल कुर्दिश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralnokurdski_jezik" title="Centralnokurdski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Centralnokurdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Soran" title="Bahasa Soran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Soran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სორანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სორანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ソラニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソラニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੋਰਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਰਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_curda_sentral" title="Lenga curda sentral – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga curda sentral" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sorani" title="Język sorani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sorani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A2ni" title="Sorâni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sorâni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کوردیی ناوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردیی ناوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சொரானி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொரானி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาเคิร์ดกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเคิร์ดกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soranice" title="Soranice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soranice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Сорані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сорані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Soran" title="Tiếng Soran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Soran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="中庫爾德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中庫爾德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soranki" title="Soranki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Soranki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中库尔德语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中库尔德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kurdi_Sorani" title="Basa Kurdi Sorani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Kurdi Sorani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani_zyvon" title="Sorani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sorani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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