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href="#Simalungun_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Simalungun people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simalungun_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simalungun_clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simalungun_clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Simalungun clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simalungun_clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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title="Batak Simalungun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batak Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Simalungun" title="Suku Simalungun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Batak_Simalungun" title="Wong Batak Simalungun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Batak Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Batak_Simalungun" title="Orang Batak Simalungun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Batak Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Batak_Simalungun" title="Urang Batak Simalungun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Batak Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_Batak_Simalungun" title="Halak Batak Simalungun – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak Batak Simalungun" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><b>Simalungun people</b><br /><b><small>Batak Simalungun</small></b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg/250px-Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg/375px-Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg/500px-Cagar_Budaya_dan_Wisata_Sumatra_Utara_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A portrait of a boy and girl dressed in Simalungun traditional outfit.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">441,382 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Simalungun language">Simalungun language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 60%, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> 39.3%, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Simalungun</b> (also known as <b>Simalungun Batak</b>) people are an ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> peoples. Simalungun people live mostly in <a href="/wiki/Simalungun_Regency" title="Simalungun Regency">Simalungun Regency</a> and the surrounding areas, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Pematang_Siantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pematang Siantar">Pematang Siantar</a>, an autonomous city, but previously part of Simalungun Regency.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Simalungun live in the 'Eastern Batak' lands, bordering the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Batak Toba</a> to the south and west, and the <a href="/wiki/Karo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo (people)">Karo Batak</a> to the north. Simalungun is linguistically closely related to Toba Batak, but culturally closest to Karo Batak. Both Batak groups migrated from Toba and Pakpak to participate in trade.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Simalungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Simalungun language">Simalungun language</a> is still spoken by many Simalungun people, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> and Indonesian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_Simalungun_life">Traditional Simalungun life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional Simalungun life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_Simaloengoen_Museum_in_Pematangsiantar_TMnr_60024757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A Simalungun museum in <a href="/wiki/Pematangsiantar" title="Pematangsiantar">Pematangsiantar</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Long before Dutch colonialism was established in North-East Sumatra, people now known collectively as Batak Timur (Eastern Batak) claimed the area as their original homeland, for example, Sin Raya (Raya's peoples), Sin Silou (Silou's peoples), Sin Bandar (Bandar's peoples), and so forth. Dutch colonialism was first established in the Malay area of Deli (Medan) under "De Vide et impera" (the concept of Dutch political colonialism). The Batak Timur people were ruled by raja (kings), considered to be living gods. One by one their kingdoms capitulated to Dutch aggression and expansionism. The Dutch then gave a collective name to their new colonial area of the Eastern Batak kingdoms, that name being Simeloengoen. With the current Indonesian orthography, the name Simalungun is still used today, even among Eastern Batak people themselves. </p><p>The Simalungun people were ruled by <i>raja</i> (kings), considered to be living gods.<sup id="cite_ref-asemus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asemus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G.L. Tichelman (1893–1962), a Dutch researcher, described Simalungun villages as consisting of houses built parallel to rivers from wooden poles and <a href="/wiki/Arenga_pinnata" title="Arenga pinnata">palm leaves</a>. Houses could accommodate a single family (<i>rumah parsatanggaan</i>), or as many as twelve (<i>rumah parrumahopattanggaan</i>) with a designated area for each family within. The head of the village lived in the 'Rumah Bolon', the village's largest, most ornate house. The Head of Village was installed by, and loyal to The King. The main village or capital of each Kingdom was called 'Pematang.' Villagers drove out spirits from the village by holding 'Robu Tabu', days on which the village would be decorated and outsiders excluded from the village. </p><p>Villages would bathe in a communal 'tapian', with water piped through bamboo tubes for bathing. The Simalungun also used bamboo tubes to carry water back to the village. Religious ceremonies would often be held near the Tapian. 'Parsihili' were statues used to take an illness away from a person, while 'Pasiarhon' were statues used for communing with the dead. Although villagers would support victims of house fires, it was considered unlucky to offer them shelter for fear of further fires, and instead, a new house would be constructed communally as soon as possible. </p><p>It was considered inappropriate to bargain with family members, so an intermediary would be used when purchasing items from the family. Courtship was arranged in the marketplace using a <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a>. Girls wishing to avoid attention would give the nut to an old man, who would look after her during market day or would wear a <a href="/wiki/Baby_sling" title="Baby sling">hiou</a>, to suggest unavailability. </p><p>The pounding of rice was an important activity, and the communal 'Losung', or rice block, was used for this activity, with a hole allocated for each family to use. A new losung would be cut from a tree trunk, and on an auspicious day decorated with flowers and transported into the village accompanied by music. A boy and girl dressed in ceremonial clothes would invest the new rice block by throwing rice over it, and the villagers would sing songs. </p><p>The birth of a child was an auspicious occasion, and the <i>dukun</i> (midwife/witch doctor) was appointed to drive off spirits and to cut the umbilical cord with a bamboo knife. The newborn baby would be swaddled and daubed with rice chewed by the <i>dukun</i> before the mother commencing breastfeeding. The placenta would be buried under the house and for seven nights a fire would be maintained to drive off spirits. </p><p>On the seventh day, the child would be brought to the tapian. If the date of birth was an auspicious one, this would be done using the mother a new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiou (page does not exist)">hiou</a>, a ragi idup, or ragi panei, but if the date was a bad one, the baby would be carefully brought by all the women of the village, who would set out to deceive the evil spirits to protect the baby. When the child was named, it would be given black, white, and red bracelets for protective purposes. </p><p>A well-preserved traditional Simalungun village can be seen at Pematang Purba.<sup id="cite_ref-asiaexplorers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiaexplorers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simalungun_people">Simalungun people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simalungun people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hoofden_van_Simaloengoen_Oostkust_Sumatra_TMnr_10001819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Heads of Simalungun in East Coast Sumatra.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a cohesive Simalungun people is derived in part from Dutch colonialism. In 1870 the Dutch established the Residency of East Sumatra, centred on <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> in the Kingdom of Deli. In 1904 the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> government signed surrender agreements with the seven kingdoms of the 'Simeloengoenlanden', to form the administrative unit Simeloengoen en <a href="/wiki/Karo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo (people)">Karolanden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blogspot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seven Simalungun kingdoms were the kingdoms of Siantar, Tanoh Jawa, Panei, Dolok Silou, Raya, Purba, and Silimahuta. It has been suggested that Tanoh Jawa had more in common with early pagan Asahan (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan Sultanate</a>) than it did with the other Simalungun kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-google_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonial seat was established in 1908 at Pematang Siantar. The Dutch colonial system encouraged migration, especially of non-simalungun labourers working on Dutch plantations, with both peoples bringing new influences to the area. After World War II, in 1946, a social revolution occurred in East Sumatra which is viewed as a tragedy by the Simalungun people. Non-native settlers in East Sumatra demanded changes to the monarchy systems of Deli, Karo, and Simalungun, and agitated for unity with the new government which had been proclaimed as the Republic Of Indonesia in August 1945. Many were kidnapped and killed, especially from the royal families of each Kingdom. The monarchy system in East Sumatra was deposed and, while the families are still intact and acknowledged by the Simalungun people as such among themselves, the titles are now entirely ceremonial within the Simalungun cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.269047966858px 81.269416443309px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:30.303526963277px 95.297934151722px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion of Simalungun People<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestantism</a> (54.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Catholicism</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Sunni Islam</a> (39.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> and others (0.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Theis (page does not exist)">August Theis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Theis" class="extiw" title="id:August Theis">id</a>]</span>, a German missionary arrived in Sumatra in 1902. He was subject to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a>, who instructed him to head to the Simalungun region. They arrived on 2 September 1903, a day now commemorated by the Simalungun church. This opened several schools and returned to the Netherlands in 1921. </p><p>The first translation of <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a> into an indigenous Indonesian language was by Wismar Djaulung Saragih Sumbayak, who had been baptised by Theis in 1910. Wismar also authored the first Simalungun dictionary and successfully campaigned for teaching in schools to be conducted in Simalungun rather than Toba. He also pushed for the use of traditional Simalungun clothes and music in the church. His efforts eventually led to the formation of the distinct <a href="/wiki/Simalungun_Protestant_Christian_Church" title="Simalungun Protestant Christian Church">Simalungun Protestant Christian Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simalungun has a regional language that is different from Indonesian but closely related to Toba Batak called <a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simalungun_clans">Simalungun clans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Simalungun clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dak_van_een_rumah_bolon_het_huis_van_een_Simalungun_Batak_raja_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_20018513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Roof of a <i>rumah bolon</i>, the house of a Simalungun Batak raja and his family.</figcaption></figure> <p>Simalungun people belong to one of four clans. People of each clan bear the name of the clan as their surnames. Each clan has subclans, although individuals may choose to identify primarily by their clan's name, rather than subclan's name, to emphasize common kinship. </p><p>The four original surnames are:-<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Saragih</li> <li>Damanik</li> <li>Purba</li> <li>Sinaga</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saktiawan_Sinaga" title="Saktiawan Sinaga">Saktiawan Sinaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Saragih" title="Bill Saragih">Bill Saragih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeka_Saragih" title="Jeka Saragih">Jeka Saragih</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlivia_Yulianti_H.2014" class="citation web cs1">Olivia Yulianti H. 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"Suku Simalungun: An Ethnic Group in Search of Representation". <i>Indonesia</i> (3): 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350720">10.2307/3350720</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53405">1813/53405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350720">3350720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Suku+Simalungun%3A+An+Ethnic+Group+in+Search+of+Representation&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1967-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350720&rft.au=R.+W.+Liddle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/3113/3874">"How to Customize the Cab and Chassis on Your Medium Duty Truck - Article Shops Online Article Directory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Customize+the+Cab+and+Chassis+on+Your+Medium+Duty+Truck+-+Article+Shops+Online+Article+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitlv-journals.nl%2Findex.php%2Fbtlv%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3113%2F3874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asemus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asemus_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/stories.aspx?id=176f5f92-c53a-41a8-a151-a78c67ea410c">"VCM"</a>. masterpieces.asemus.museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pematang+Purba%2C+North+Sumatra%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=asiaexplorers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaexplorers.com%2Findonesia%2Fpematang_purba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogspot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blogspot_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://girsangardho.blogspot.com/2009/03/sejarah-simalungun-oleh-mansen-purba-sh.html">"Girsang Ardho: SEJARAH SIMALUNGUN oleh Mansen Purba SH"</a>. girsangardho.blogspot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Girsang+Ardho%3A+SEJARAH+SIMALUNGUN+oleh+Mansen+Purba+SH&rft.pub=girsangardho.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgirsangardho.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F03%2Fsejarah-simalungun-oleh-mansen-purba-sh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9BWRNOWkqQC&pg=PA633"><i>Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 96, no. 6)</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-8181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-8181-6"><bdi>978-1-4223-8181-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings%2C+American+Philosophical+Society+%28vol.+96%2C+no.+6%29&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.isbn=978-1-4223-8181-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9BWRNOWkqQC%26pg%3DPA633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.A._Simanjuntak,_Hasmah_Hasyim,_A.W._Turnip,_Jugat_Purba_&_E.K._Siahaan1979" class="citation book cs1">B.A. Simanjuntak, Hasmah Hasyim, A.W. Turnip, Jugat Purba & E.K. Siahaan (1979). <i>Sistim Gotong Royong Dalam Masyarakat Pedesaan Daerah Sumatera Utara</i>. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sistim+Gotong+Royong+Dalam+Masyarakat+Pedesaan+Daerah+Sumatera+Utara&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1979&rft.au=B.A.+Simanjuntak%2C+Hasmah+Hasyim%2C+A.W.+Turnip%2C+Jugat+Purba+%26+E.K.+Siahaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatara_Sangti_Simanjuntak1978" class="citation book cs1">Batara Sangti Simanjuntak (1978). <i>Sejarah Batak: sejarah dan kebudayaan</i>. Karl Sianipuar Company. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865862245">865862245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Batak%3A+sejarah+dan+kebudayaan&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Karl+Sianipuar+Company&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865862245&rft.au=Batara+Sangti+Simanjuntak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simalungun_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSortaman_Saragih2008" class="citation cs2">Sortaman Saragih (2008), <i>Orang Simalungun</i>, Citama Vigora, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-17720-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-17720-0-6"><bdi>978-979-17720-0-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orang+Simalungun&rft.pub=Citama+Vigora&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-979-17720-0-6&rft.au=Sortaman+Saragih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFikarwin_ZuskaGustantoIrini_Dewi_WantiHarvina2012" class="citation cs2">Fikarwin Zuska; Gustanto; Irini Dewi Wanti; Harvina; Hendra Mulia (2012), <i>Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Simalungun Di Sumatera Utara</i>, Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Aceh, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-9457-22-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-9457-22-3"><bdi>978-602-9457-22-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kearifan+Lokal+Masyarakat+Simalungun+Di+Sumatera+Utara&rft.pub=Balai+Pelestarian+Nilai+Budaya+Aceh%2C+Kementerian+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-602-9457-22-3&rft.au=Fikarwin+Zuska&rft.au=Gustanto&rft.au=Irini+Dewi+Wanti&rft.au=Harvina&rft.au=Hendra+Mulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimalungun+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> 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