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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Influences on other movements== ===Mormonism=== {{See also|Mormon teachings on skin color}} British Israelism was rapidly growing in England when the United States-based [[Latter Day Saint movement]] sent its first missionaries to England. British Israelist ideas clearly influenced [[Mormons|Mormon]] thought by the 1850s, and by the 1870s, Mormon periodicals published in Britain were citing British Israelist proponents to promote the belief that most Mormons were of Anglo-Saxon and Israelite descent, concepts that would subsequently be synthesized into general Mormon discourse.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mauss |first=Armand L. |title=Mormonism's Worldwide Aspirations and its Changing Conceptions of Race and Lineage |journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]] |volume=34 |year=2001 |issue=3/4 |pages=1003=133 at 108–109 |jstor=45226793 |doi=10.2307/45226793 |doi-access=free |s2cid=254314903}}</ref><ref name="Mauss 2003">{{cite book |title=All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage |last=Mauss |first=Armand L. |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-252-02803-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lXq9JfR_EYC}}</ref>{{rp|18, 35–36}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Arnold H. |title=Gathering and Election: Israelite Descent and Universalism in Mormon Discourse |date=1999 |journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=211–213, 226 |jstor=23287743 |issn=0094-7342 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23287743}}</ref> ===Pentecostalism=== Several individuals who were influential in the founding of [[Pentecostalism]] embraced the tenets of British Israelism. The British-Israel-inspired self-identification of Anglo-Saxon peoples with the Jewish nation and the promises which were made to them by their god would significantly contribute to the belief that they would play a central role in the [[Christian eschatology|end times]], a belief which was adhered to by several prominent proto- and early-pentecostals. Notable among them was [[John Alexander Dowie]], who spoke about Anglo-Saxon Christians' plans to take control of Jerusalem in order to prepare for the [[Second Coming]]. This legacy was continued by [[Charles Fox Parham]], but he believed that the Lost Tribes would join their Jewish brethren in order to reestablish the nation of Israel. His view of the Lost Tribes was more expansive than Dowie's view (see [[Nordic Israelism]]) , in addition to encompassing Anglo-Saxons, it also encompassed [[Scandinavia]]ns, [[Danes]], [[High German languages|High Germans]], and even [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] (see [[Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory]]), who, according to Parham, had acquired the blood of Abraham through intermarriage and were hence eligible to take part in his end-time drama. British-Israelist beliefs would soon be marginalized in the movement, but their influences could still be seen in the teachings of several key leaders in the mid-20th-century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Joseph |title=Pentecostals, Israel, and the Prophetic Politics of Dominion |journal=Religion and American Culture |volume=30 |pages=426–473 |year=2021 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/rac.2020.16 |s2cid=231736073}}</ref> Noted Christian Identity minister [[Wesley A. Swift]] was first introduced to British Israelism via [[Pentecostalism]] in the early 1930s. Swift was a student at [[L.I.F.E. Bible College]] at the [[Angelus Temple]], [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]'s Pentecostal [[The Foursquare Church|Foursquare Church]], during the 1930s. Swift later served as a minister at the Angelus Temple during the 1930s and 1940s. This teaching was brought by [[Gerald Burton Winrod]], an evangelist from Kansas, who was a speaker at Angelus Temple. Swift was a student of Rev. Philip Monson's Kingdom Bible School during the 1930s; Monson taught British Israelism and some of the racial teachings which Swift would later reformulate into Christian Identity theology. Swift was also exposed to [[Charles Parham]]'s British Israel teachings at the Angelus Temple. In Britain, the espousal of British Israelism by [[George Jeffreys (pastor)|George Jeffreys]], founder of the [[Elim Pentecostal Church]], led to a [[schism]] which precipitated his resignation in 1939 and led to the formation of the [[Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship]],<ref name=Anderson>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Allan Heaton |title=An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity |edition=2nd |year=2014 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=101–102}}</ref> which continues to teach the doctrine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=B. R. |title=Contagious Conflict: The Impact of American Dissent on European Life |article=American Religion: Its Impact on Britain |editor-last=den Hollander |editor-first=A. N. J. |year=1973 |location=Leiden |publisher=E. J. Brill |page=244}}</ref> ===Herbert W. Armstrong=== Beginning in the 1960s, [[Herbert W. Armstrong]],<ref name=Parfitt2003/>{{rp|57}} founder and Pastor General of the [[Grace Communion International#Worldwide Church of God|Worldwide Church of God]], vigorously promoted the teaching of British Israelism. Armstrong believed that the teaching was a key to understanding [[biblical prophecy]]: "One might ask, were not biblical prophecies closed and sealed? Indeed they were—until now! And even now they can be understood only by those who possess the master key to unlock them."<ref>{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Herbert |title=The United States and Britain in Prophecy |year=1967 |page=5}}</ref> Armstrong believed that God commanded him to proclaim the prophecies to the [[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Tribes]] of Israel before the "[[Christian eschatology|end-times]]".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{citation |last=Orr |first=R |title=How Anglo-Israelism Entered Seventh-day Churches of God: A history of the doctrine from John Wilson to Joseph W. Tkach |year=1999 |url=https://archive.gci.org/articles/anglo-israelism-and-the-united-states-britain-in-prophecy/ |access-date=19 July 2007}}.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2019}} Armstrong's belief caused his separation from the [[Church of God (Seventh Day)|Church of God Seventh Day]] because of its refusal to adopt the teaching. Armstrong founded his own church, first named the "Radio Church of God" and later renamed the "Worldwide Church of God".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He described British Israelism as a "central plank" of his theology.<ref>[[Joseph Tkach, Jr.|Joseph Tkach]], [https://www.gci.org/aboutus/truth "Transformed by Truth: The Worldwide Church of God Rejects the Teachings of Founder Herbert W Armstrong and Embraces Historic Christianity. This is the Inside Story"]</ref> After Armstrong's death, his former church abandoned its belief in British Israelism and in 2009, it changed its name to [[Grace Communion International]] (GCI). It offers an explanation for the doctrine's origin as well as an explanation for the church's renunciation of the doctrine on its official website.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Church members who refused to accept these doctrinal changes left the Worldwide Church of God/GCI and founded their own offshoot churches. Many of these organizations still teach British Israelism, among them are the [[Philadelphia Church of God]], the [[Living Church of God]], and the [[United Church of God]]. Armstrong promoted other genealogical history theories, such as the belief that modern-day [[Germany]] represents ancient [[Assyria]] (see [[Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism]]), writing, "The Assyrians settled in [[central Europe]], and the [[Germans]], undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]].".<ref>{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Herbert |title=Mystery of the Ages |year=1985 |page=183}}</ref> ===Christian Identity=== {{Main|Christian Identity}} While early British Israelites such as Edward Hine and John Wilson were generally [[philosemitism|philosemites]],<ref name="Gardell">{{cite book |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |year=2003 |page=372}}</ref><ref name="Quarles"/>{{rp|33}} an [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] strain also existed within the movement, such as the [[scientific racism|scientific racialism]] that led Wilson to deny the "racial purity" of modern-day Jews, leading some within the movement to adopt the belief that modern-day Jews were "un-Semitic impostors".{{r|Kidd2006|p=206–210}} Some American adherents of British Israelism would later adopt a racialized, strongly antisemitic theology that became known as [[Christian Identity]],<ref name="Barkun"/>{{rp|xii}} which has at its core the belief that non-[[Caucasian race|Caucasian people]] have no [[soul]]s and therefore cannot be [[salvation in Christianity|saved]].<ref name=Quarles/>{{rp|68}} Since its emergence in the 1920s, Christian Identity has taught the belief that Jews are not descended from the [[Tribe of Judah]]. Instead, some Christian Identity adherents believe that Jews are descended from [[Satan]] and [[Lilith]] (see [[Serpent seed]]) while others believe that Jews are descended from [[Edom]]ites or [[Khazars]] (see [[Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry]]). Their adoption of the British Israelist belief that the Israelite-derived Anglo-Saxons had been favoured by God over the 'impure' modern Jews meant that a reluctantly antisemitic [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansman]] "could now maintain his anti-Semitism and at the same time revere a Bible cleansed of its Jewish taint."<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Michael |title=White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |year=2006 |page=95}}</ref> The arrival of British Israelism in the United States contributed to the transmission of antisemitic notions into the Christian Identity movement. One of the leading proponents of the movement after [[World War II]] was Reverend [[Wesley A. Swift]]. For several years during the 1930s and 1940s, Swift was a student and a minister at [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]'s Pentecostal [[The Foursquare Church|Foursquare Church]].<ref name="wbhr">{{cite web |title=Wesley A. Swift |publisher=William Branham Historical Research |url=https://william-branham.org/site/research/people/wesley_a._swift |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>{{r|Barkun|pp=58-61|quote=Notwithstanding his strong [[Methodism|Methodist]] connections, he left the church in his youth, a move which his widow attributed to his distaste for the [[reformism]] of the [[Social Gospel]]. In California, he maintained his ties with Amy{{sic}} Semple McPherson's [[The Foursquare Church|Foursquare Church]] in [[Los Angeles]], he was never able to make much of a success out of his doctrine, but it attracted several people who became central to what was later named "Christian Identity": San Jacinto Capt, [[William Potter Gale]], and [[Richard Butler (white supremacist)|Richard Girnt Butler]].}} Swift went from leading several [[Los Angeles]] Anglo-Israelite institutions to founding the Anglo-Saxon Christian Congregation, later renamed the [[Church of Jesus Christ–Christian]] in about 1948, which became Christian Identity's main mouthpiece.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bochicchio |first=Ana |year=2021 |title=Justification by Race: Wesley Swift's White Supremacy and Anti-Semitic Theological Views in His Christian Identity Sermons |journal=Journal of Hate Studies |volume=17 |pages=35–51 |number=1 |doi=10.33972/jhs.183 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/145441 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=241056514}}</ref> British Israelism and Christian Identity have both been branded as intrinsicly "racial chauvinist" doctrines, but while the Jews are protagonists of the apocalypse in British-Israelism, they are antagonists of the apocalypse in Christian Identity [[eschatology]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Timothy |title=America's Alternative Religions |date=1995-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1311-2 |pages=121 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1JBfY1zjGIC&dq=%22british+israelism%22+%22supremacist%22&pg=PA123}}</ref> Christian identity members, as well as individuals such as [[Jacob Thorkelson]] and Charles Ashton, perceived British Israelism as a platform to "facilitate a Jewish monopoly on global power." Converserly, the [[British-Israel-World Federation]] denounced through the ''BIFW Newsletter'' in January 2007 the rise of antisemitic groups within British-Israelist circles in the US.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cottrell-Boyce |first=Aidan |title=Israelism in Modern Britain |date=2020-08-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-17236-2 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy3tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22british+israelism%22+%22supremacist%22&pg=PT75}}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=17&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-746fb5b8df-p5gnn","wgBackendResponseTime":218,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.053","walltime":"0.075","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 53.274 1 -total"," 99.86% 53.200 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 49.98% 26.628 2 Template:Replace"," 33.61% 17.907 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 30.56% 16.279 1 Template:Hidden"," 13.74% 7.319 1 Template:Tlx"," 12.27% 6.538 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.21% 1.175 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.05% 1.093 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"," 1.72% 0.917 1 Template:Hidden_end"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043320,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-746fb5b8df-p5gnn","timestamp":"20241213093041","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>