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id="toc-Earliest_recorded_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_of_adherence_to_British_Israelism_–_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_of_adherence_to_British_Israelism_–_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Peak of adherence to British Israelism – late 19th and early 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_of_adherence_to_British_Israelism_–_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contemporary movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tenets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tenets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_Israelites_are_not_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_Israelites_are_not_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Most Israelites are not Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_Israelites_are_not_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_are_the_descendants_of_the_Lost_Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_are_the_descendants_of_the_Lost_Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The British are the descendants of the Lost Tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_are_the_descendants_of_the_Lost_Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_throne_is_a_continuation_of_the_Davidic_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_throne_is_a_continuation_of_the_Davidic_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The British throne is a continuation of the Davidic throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_throne_is_a_continuation_of_the_Davidic_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_the_United_States_are_the_inheritors_of_Jacob's_birthright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_the_United_States_are_the_inheritors_of_Jacob's_birthright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Britain and the United States are the inheritors of Jacob's birthright </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_the_United_States_are_the_inheritors_of_Jacob's_birthright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Claims and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claims_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Claims and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Claims_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Research standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Historical linguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Scriptural interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Historical speculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_other_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_other_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influences on other movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_on_other_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influences on other movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_other_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mormonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mormonism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pentecostalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbert_W._Armstrong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_W._Armstrong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Herbert W. Armstrong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_W._Armstrong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Christian Identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable adherents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">British Israelism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-title="Angloisraelisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Israelismus" title="Anglo-Israelismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglo-Israelismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αγγλοϊσραηλίτικη θεωρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλοϊσραηλίτικη θεωρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelismo_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Israelismo británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Israelismo británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-isra%C3%A9lisme" title="Anglo-israélisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglo-israélisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בני ישראל הבריטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בני ישראל הבריטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Brits Israël – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits Israël" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="アングロ・イスラエリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アングロ・イスラエリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelismo_brit%C3%A2nico" title="Israelismo britânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Israelismo britânico" data-language-autonym="Português" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pseudoreligious belief</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israelis in the United Kingdom">Israelis in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom">Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg/220px-Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg/330px-Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Israelinbritainb00garn_0005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Israel in Britain, an 1890 book advocating British Israelism. According to the doctrine, the Ten Lost tribes of Israel found their way to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, becoming the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, and related peoples.</figcaption></figure> British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism) is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudo-historical</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> belief that the people of Great Britain are "genetically, racially, and linguistically the direct descendants" of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a> With roots in the 16th century, British Israelism was inspired by several 19th century English writings such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(historian)" title="John Wilson (historian)">John Wilson's</a> 1840 Our Israelitish Origin.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> From the 1870s onward, numerous independent British Israelite organizations were set up throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; as of the early 21st century, a number of these organizations are still active. In the United States, the idea gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> movement. The central tenets of British Israelism have been refuted by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnological</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hale2016-7">[7]</a>: 181  and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 33–34  <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_recorded_expressions">Earliest recorded expressions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest recorded expressions">edit</a>]</div> According to Brackney (2012) and Fine (2015), the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> magistrate M. le Loyer's The Ten Lost Tribes, published in 1590, provided one of the earliest expressions of the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, and associated peoples are the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine_2015-10">[10]</a>: 176  Anglo-Israelism has also been attributed to King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> (1566–1625),<a href="#cite_note-Fine_2015-10">[10]</a> who is reported to have believed he was the King of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Schrieck" title="Adriaan van Schrieck">Adriaan van Schrieck</a> (1560–1621), who influenced <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spelman" title="Henry Spelman">Henry Spelman</a> (1562–1641) and <a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(Town_Clerk_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sadler (Town Clerk of London)">John Sadler</a> (1615–74), wrote in the early 17th century about his ideas on the origins of the Celtic and Saxon peoples. In 1649, Sadler published Rights of the Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> "which argues for an 'Israelite genealogy for the British people'".<a href="#cite_note-Fine_2015-10">[10]</a>: 176  Aspects of British Israelism and its influences have also been traced to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brothers" title="Richard Brothers">Richard Brothers</a>, who published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-revealed-knowledge-of-_brothers-richard_1794_5">A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times</a> in 1794,<a href="#cite_note-Barkun-12">[12]</a>: 1  <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(historian)" title="John Wilson (historian)">John Wilson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6SRYJwuG2EC">Our Israelitish Origin</a> (1844),<a href="#cite_note-Barkun-12">[12]</a>: 6-9  and <a href="/wiki/John_Pym_Yeatman" title="John Pym Yeatman">John Pym Yeatman</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToEBAAAAQAAJ">The Shemetic Origin of the Nations of Western Europe</a> (1879).<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 211  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> British Israelism arose in England, and then spread to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 52–65  Its adherents cite various supposedly-medieval manuscripts to claim an older origin, but British Israelism appeared as a distinct movement in the early 1880s: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Although scattered British Israel societies are known to have existed as early as 1872, there was at first no real move to develop an organization beyond the small groups of believers which had arisen spontaneously. The beginnings of the movement as an identifiable religious force can, therefore, be more accurately placed in the 1880s, when the circumstances of the time were particularly propitious for the appearance of a movement so imperialistically-orientated.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_of_adherence_to_British_Israelism_–_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries">Peak of adherence to British Israelism – late 19th and early 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peak of adherence to British Israelism – late 19th and early 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pascoe_Goard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/76/William_Pascoe_Goard.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pascoe_Goard" title="William Pascoe Goard">William Pascoe Goard</a></figcaption></figure> The extent to which the British clergy became aware of the existence of the movement may be gauged by the comment which <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> (1801–1890) made when he was asked why he had left the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in 1845 in order to join the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. He said that there was a very real danger that the movement "would take over the Church of England."<a href="#cite_note-Strong1986-16">[16]</a>: 86  In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hine" title="Edward Hine">Edward Hine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wheler_Bird" title="Edward Wheler Bird">Edward Wheler Bird</a>, and Herbert Aldersmith developed the British Israelite movement. Hine and Bird achieved a degree of "doctrinal coherence" by eliminating competing forms of the ideology: in 1878, the Anglo-Ephraim Association of London, which followed Wilson by accepting the broader community of western European Germanic peoples as fellow Israelites who were also favoured by God, was absorbed into Bird's Metropolitan Anglo-Israel Association, which espoused the Anglo-exclusive view promoted by Hine.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 209  By 1886, the "Anglo-Israel Association" had 27 affiliated groups throughout Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun-12">[12]</a>: 9  Hine later departed for the United States, where he promoted the movement.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-Fine_2015-10">[10]</a>: 176  The 1906 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> stated that British Israelism's adherents "are said to number 2,000,000 in England and the United States",<a href="#cite_note-TJE600-17">[17]</a> an unreliable figure if association membership and journal subscription numbers are any guide; the number of passive Protestant sympathisers is almost impossible to determine.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 209  Between 1899 and 1902, members of the British-Israel Association of London dug up parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a> in the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was buried there, doing much damage to one of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>'s most ancient royal and archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> At the same time, British Israelism became associated with various pseudo-archaeological <a href="/wiki/Pyramidology" title="Pyramidology">pyramidology</a> theories, such as the notion that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a> contained a prophetic <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="British peoples">British peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1914, the thirty-fourth year of its publication, the Anglo-Israel Almanac listed the details of a large number of Kingdom Identity Groups which were operating independently throughout the British Isles as well as in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the United States of America.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/British-Israel-World_Federation" title="British-Israel-World Federation">British-Israel-World Federation</a> (BIWF) was founded in London, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covenant Publishing (page does not exist)">Covenant Publishing</a> was founded in 1922. William Pascoe Goard was the first director of the publishing house. During this time, several prominent figures patronized the BIWF organization and its publisher; <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a> was its Patron-in-chief prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. One of its highest-profile members was <a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">William Massey</a>, then Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Due to the expansive nature of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, believers in British Israelism spread worldwide and the BIWF expanded its organization to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rand" title="Howard Rand">Howard Rand</a> promoted the teaching, and he became the National Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Federation_of_America" title="Anglo-Saxon Federation of America">Anglo-Saxon Federation of America</a> in 1928. He published The Bulletin, later renamed The Messenger of the Covenant. More recently, it was renamed Destiny.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 57  A prolific author on British Israelism during the later 1930s and 40s was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_James_Ferris" title="Alexander James Ferris">Alexander James Ferris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_movement">Contemporary movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary movement">edit</a>]</div> The BIWF continues to exist, with its main headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland" title="Bishop Auckland">Bishop Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It also has chapters in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1968, one source estimated that there were between 3,000 and 5,000 British Israelists in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-JWilson-23">[23]</a> There, a few small <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> churches have taught British Israelism. The post-Imperial era brought about a change in orientation for British Israelists, reflected in a corresponding change in the social class to which their membership predominantly belonged. During the years of its initial growth, it could depend on the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a> within the country, the emotional appeal of imperialism, and a belief in the unrivaled power of the British economy to expand a middle-class membership that viewed it as the divine duty of the nation, as God's chosen people, to rule and civilize the world. By the mid-20th century, the dissipation of these factors changed the focus of the movement to one troubled by social and moral decline, including the degradation of class distinctions and of monarchical absolutism. Societal changes were viewed as portents of a coming apocalypse and as indications that the nation was in need of redemption. A fantasized society which practiced Victorian moral rectitude and imperialism, lacked <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, bureaucrats, intellectuals, and <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, would now come to be viewed by the movement which drew its support from the well-to-do as the ideal that modern British society should emulate.<a href="#cite_note-JWilson-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tenets">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_Israelites_are_not_Jews">Most Israelites are not Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Most Israelites are not Jews">edit</a>]</div> Adherents believe that the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> are the twelve sons of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> (who was later named Israel). Jacob elevated the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a> (the two sons of <a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a>) to the status of full tribes in their own right, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">Tribe of Joseph</a>. A division occurred among the twelve tribes in the days of <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>, with the three tribes of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, and, in part, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Levi</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, and the remaining ten tribes forming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Thus, they argue, "the great bulk of Israelites are not the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> W. E. Filmer, writing in 1964, suggested that the fact that some Jews continue to search for the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> implies that their representatives are not found among modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">multi-ethnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A number of British Israelites quote <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in order to support their claim that the lost tribes of Israel are not Jews: "the entire body of the people of Israel remained in that country; wherefore there are but two tribes in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, while the ten tribes are beyond the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> till now, and are an immense multitude."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 247 <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_are_the_descendants_of_the_Lost_Tribes">The British are the descendants of the Lost Tribes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The British are the descendants of the Lost Tribes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/220px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/330px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/440px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> kneeling at the feet of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Obelisk">Black Obelisk</a>.</figcaption></figure> The key component of British Israelism is its representation of the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of Israel. Adherents suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> were representatives of these lost tribes, and the progenitors of the later invaders of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 26–27  John Wilson would argue for the inclusion of all Western European Gothic peoples among the descendants of the Israelites, but under the later influence of Edward Hine, the movement would come to view only the peoples of the British Isles as having this ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 209  <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> reported that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> called all of the Scythians Sacae, but they called themselves Scoloti. However, a modern comparison of the forms which are given in other ancient languages suggests that Skuda was their name.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ancient writers, such as Josephus and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> would associate the Scythians with the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> but British Israelist etymologists would see in Sacae a name <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">derived from</a> the biblical "<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 294–295  claiming that the appearance of the Scythians where they claimed the Lost Tribes were last documented also supported a connection.<a href="#cite_note-TJE600-17">[17]</a> Further, British Israelists find support in the superficial resemblance between King <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a>'s pointed headdress and that of the captive <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> king seen to the far right on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun Rock">Behistun Rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35">[35]</a> They continued the chain of etymological identification leading from Isaac to the Sacae to the Saxons (interpreted as "Sac's sons" – the sons of Isaac),<a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 294–295 <a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 21 <a href="#cite_note-Ingram-36">[36]</a>: 121  who are portrayed as invading England from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the 'land of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Tribe of Dan</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-TJE600-17">[17]</a> They saw the same tribal name, left by the wanderers, in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungloe" title="Dungloe">Dunglow</a> in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spittler-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and ascribed to this lost tribe the mythical Irish <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TJE600-17">[17]</a> In the name of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">British</a> they see berithish, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Hebrew covenant with God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_arbroath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>The 'Tyninghame' copy of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a> from 1320 AD</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (died 735) had linked the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> to the Scythians, but British Israelists suggested that he had confused the two tribes of Scotland, and that it was the Scotti (Scots) who were one with the Scoloti (Scyths) of Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-Merrill-40">[40]</a> They drew particular support from the derivation of the Scots from the Scythians found in the 1320 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 262  reflecting a tradition related in the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a> that the Scots descended from the union of a Scythian exile with Scota, daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, a tale found in some form in several other early-14th-century historical and poetic sources.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Declaration begins: <blockquote>"Most Holy Father and Lord, we know and from the chronicles and books of the ancients we find that among other famous nations our own, the Scots, has been graced with widespread renown. They journeyed from Greater Scythia by way of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>, and dwelt for a long course of time in Spain among the most savage tribes, but nowhere could they be subdued by any race, however barbarous. Thence they came, twelve hundred years after the people of Israel crossed the Red Sea, to their home in the west where they still live today."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></blockquote> British-Israel Associations cite the Declaration as evidence for the link between the Scots and the Scythians, and hence the Lost Tribes,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> as had been proposed by the early British Israelist etymologists.<a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 285–296  Other Celtic invaders would be given an analogous descent. In the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> (Cymry) the British Israelists would see a direct connection through the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> to the Cimmerians, the Gimirri of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> annals,<a href="#cite_note-Pierard1996-44">[44]</a>: 57  a name sometimes also given by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a> to the Scythians and Saka.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Perceived similarity between this and the name by which the Assyrian annals referred to Israel, Bit Khumri, would lead the British Israelists to claim that the Welsh too were members of the Lost Tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Pierard1996-44">[44]</a>: 57  According to the Anglo-Israelists, these claimed connections would make the British the literal descendants of the Lost Tribes, and thus inheritors of the promises made to the Israelites in the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-Katz-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_throne_is_a_continuation_of_the_Davidic_throne">The British throne is a continuation of the Davidic throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The British throne is a continuation of the Davidic throne">edit</a>]</div> Some adherents further claim that the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> is of lineal descent from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">house</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> via a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>, the last king of <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Judah</a>. According to this legend, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, and his scribe, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a>, escaped with "the king's daughters" (Jer. 41:10; 43:6) to Egypt. They later travelled to Ireland, where one of the surviving Judahite princesses, <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain#Tea_Tephi" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">Tea Tephi</a>, married a local <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. From this fabled union the Davidic throne was supposedly preserved, having been transferred to Ireland, then Scotland, and later England, whence the British monarchs are alleged to have descended.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a>, which has been used in the coronations of Scottish, English, and British monarchs for centuries, is traditionally claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Jacob" title="Stone of Jacob">pillow stone</a> on which the biblical patriarch, Jacob, slept, and the stone used in David's coronation.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_the_United_States_are_the_inheritors_of_Jacob's_birthright">Britain and the United States are the inheritors of Jacob's birthright</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Britain and the United States are the inheritors of Jacob's birthright">edit</a>]</div> A commonly held British-Israel doctrine is the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Tribe of Ephraim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Tribe of Manasseh</a> can be identified as modern day Britain and the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongH-50">[50]</a> Part of the foundation of the British-Israel doctrine is the theological claim that particular blessings were bestowed upon three of the tribes of Israel,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongH-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen1917-25">[25]</a>: 317  in that the Tribe of Judah was to be the 'chief ruler' e.g. King David, and Ephraim was to receive the birthright (See <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Esau" title="Jacob and Esau">Jacob and Esau</a>). Adherents believe that these blessings have continued down through the ages to modern times, with the British Monarchy being identified as the continued blessing upon Judah, and both Britain (Ephraim) and the USA (Manasseh) as recipients of the national birthright blessing. They cite passages such as 1 Chron 5:1–2 and Gen 48:19–20 in order to support their claim.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims_and_criticism">Claims and criticism </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Claims and criticism">edit</a>]</div> British Israelism has been criticized for its poor research and scholarship. In the 1910 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, an article which summarizes the theology of British Israelism contains the statement that: "The theory [of British-Israelism] rests on premises which are deemed by scholars—both theological and anthropological—to be utterly unsound".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Current scholarship is not consistent with the claims of British Israelism, with scholars drawing attention to its "historical and linguistic inaccuracies" in addition to its links to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">[3]</a> Hale (2015) refers to "the overwhelming cultural, historical, and genetic evidence against it."<a href="#cite_note-Hale2016-7">[7]</a>: 181  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_standards">Research standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research standards">edit</a>]</div> Critics of British Israelism note that the arguments which are presented by promoters of the teaching are based on unsubstantiated and highly speculative, amateur research. <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Parfitt" title="Tudor Parfitt">Tudor Parfitt</a>, author of The Lost Tribes: The History of a Myth, states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre."<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 61  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_linguistics">Historical linguistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical linguistics">edit</a>]</div> Some proponents of British Israelism have claimed that numerous links exist between <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a>, and various European place names and languages.<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 62  This can be traced to the works of John Wilson in the 19th century. The self-trained Wilson <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_language_comparison" title="Pseudoscientific language comparison">looked for similarities in the sounds</a> of words and argued that many Scottish, British, and Irish words stemmed from ancient Hebrew words. Wilson's publications inspired the development of British Israel language associations in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 33  Modern scholarly linguistic analysis conclusively shows that the languages of the British Isles (<a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>) belong in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family, while Hebrew belongs in the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> language family.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1906, T. R. Lounsbury stated that "no trace of the slightest real connection can be discovered" between English and ancient Hebrew,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> while in 1993 Michael Friedman refuted claims that Hebrew was closely related to <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> when he wrote that "the actual evidence could hardly be any weaker".<a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 33  Others have addressed the specific word relationships proposed. Russell Spittler (1973) says of the "disputable" etymological claims made by the British Israelists that they "have no ample basis in linguistic scholarship and are based on coincidences only."<a href="#cite_note-Spittler-38">[38]</a> William Ingram (1995) would present arguments made by British Israelism as examples of "tortured etymology".<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-36">[36]</a>: 121  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_interpretation">Scriptural interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scriptural interpretation">edit</a>]</div> Adherents of British Israelism cite various scriptures in support of the argument that the "lost" Northern Israelite Tribes migrated through Europe to end up in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Dimont (1933) argues that British Israelists misunderstand and misinterpret the meaning of these scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 5–7  One such case is the distinction that British Israelists make between the "Jews" of the Southern Kingdom and the "<a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>" of the Northern Kingdom. They believe that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> consistently distinguishes the two groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dimont says that many of these scriptures are misinterpreted because after the captivities, the distinction between "Jews" and "Israelites" was lost over time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] British Israelists believe that the Northern Tribes of Israel lost their identity after the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">captivity in Assyria</a> and that this is reflected in the Bible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dimont disagrees with this assertion and argues that only higher-ranking Israelites were deported from Israel and many Israelites remained.<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 5  He cites examples after the Assyrian captivity, such as <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>, King of Judah, who received money from the tribes of "Manasseh, and Ephraim, and all the remnant of Israel" (2 Chronicles 34:9), and Hezekiah, who sent invitations not only to Judah, but also to northern Israel for the attendance of a <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. (2 Chronicles 30);<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 6  British Israelites interpret 2 Chronicles 34:9 as referring to "Scythians".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dimont is also critical of the interpretations of biblical prophecy embraced by the movement, saying, "Texts are torn from their context, and misapplied without the slightest regard to their original meaning."<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 18  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_speculation">Historical speculation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical speculation">edit</a>]</div> British Israelism rests on linking different ancient populations. This includes linking the "lost" tribes of Israel with the Scythians, Cimmerians, Celts, and modern <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europeans</a> such as the British. To support these links, some adherents believe that similarities exist between various cultural aspects of these population groups, and they argue that these links demonstrate the migration of the "lost" Israelites in a westerly direction. Examples given include <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> customs, metalwork, clothing, dietary customs, and more.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Dimont argues that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians are in contrast to those of the Ancient Israelites,<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 7–10  and he further dismisses the connection between these populations and the Saxons and Celts, particularly criticizing the then-current formulations of British Israelism that would interject Semites between the closely related English and Germans.<a href="#cite_note-Dimont1933-57">[57]</a>: 10–11  The Scythian origin of the Scots has been referred to as mythical.<a href="#cite_note-Todd1848-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klieforth-60">[60]</a> Algernon Herbert, writing in 1848, characterized the linguistic derivation of Scots from Scoloti as "strictly impossible",<a href="#cite_note-Todd1848-59">[59]</a> and Merrill (2005) referred to it as <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merrill-40">[40]</a> Addressing their view on the fate of the exiled tribes, Frank Boys said of their voluminous output, "All the effort to write these volumes might well have been saved on the premise that 'they were never lost,' which we believe to be the correct one."<a href="#cite_note-Spittler-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Parfitt" title="Tudor Parfitt">Parfitt</a> suggests that the creation of British Israelism was inspired by numerous ideological factors, which included: a desire of its adherents, many of whom were from ordinary backgrounds, to prove that they had a glorious ancient past; emerging pride in Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and a belief in the "racial superiority of <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">white Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 62  Aikau characterized the movement as being "fundamentally about providing a rationale for Anglo-Saxon superiority."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd</a>, its theology represents a "quasi-<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>", which serves to "blunt the universalist message apparent in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 204  Its role in fostering <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">antisemitism</a> in conservative <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has been noted by historians,<a href="#cite_note-Pierard1996-44">[44]</a>: 57  along with its role in fostering a feeling of "racial <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>" which is "not always covert".<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-36">[36]</a>: 121–122  Separately, the mythology of British Israelism has been characterized as fostering "nationalistic bellicosity" by historians.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> To some adherents, British Israelism served as a justification for <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British imperialism</a> and American settler colonialism (<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>), along with the <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">displacement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> which subsequently followed them.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 212–213  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_other_movements">Influences on other movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influences on other movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mormonism">Mormonism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mormonism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Mormon teachings on skin color</a></div> British Israelism was rapidly growing in England when the United States-based <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> sent its first missionaries to England. British Israelist ideas clearly influenced <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormon</a> thought by the 1850s, and by the 1870s, Mormon periodicals published in Britain were citing British Israelist proponents to promote the belief that most Mormons were of Anglo-Saxon and Israelite descent, concepts that would subsequently be synthesized into general Mormon discourse.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mauss_2003-64">[64]</a>: 18, 35–36 <a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism">edit</a>]</div> Several individuals who were influential in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> embraced the tenets of British Israelism. The British-Israel-inspired self-identification of Anglo-Saxon peoples with the Jewish nation and the promises which were made to them by their god would significantly contribute to the belief that they would play a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">end times</a>, a belief which was adhered to by several prominent proto- and early-pentecostals. Notable among them was <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a>, who spoke about Anglo-Saxon Christians' plans to take control of Jerusalem in order to prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>. This legacy was continued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a>, but he believed that the Lost Tribes would join their Jewish brethren in order to reestablish the nation of Israel. His view of the Lost Tribes was more expansive than Dowie's view (see <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Israelism" title="Nordic Israelism">Nordic Israelism</a>) , in addition to encompassing Anglo-Saxons, it also encompassed <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High Germans</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese-Jewish_common_ancestry_theory" title="Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory">Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory</a>), who, according to Parham, had acquired the blood of Abraham through intermarriage and were hence eligible to take part in his end-time drama. British-Israelist beliefs would soon be marginalized in the movement, but their influences could still be seen in the teachings of several key leaders in the mid-20th-century.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Noted Christian Identity minister <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Swift" title="Wesley A. Swift">Wesley A. Swift</a> was first introduced to British Israelism via <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> in the early 1930s. Swift was a student at <a href="/wiki/L.I.F.E._Bible_College" class="mw-redirect" title="L.I.F.E. Bible College">L.I.F.E. Bible College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Angelus_Temple" title="Angelus Temple">Angelus Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a>'s Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/The_Foursquare_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a>, during the 1930s. Swift later served as a minister at the Angelus Temple during the 1930s and 1940s. This teaching was brought by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Burton_Winrod" title="Gerald Burton Winrod">Gerald Burton Winrod</a>, an evangelist from Kansas, who was a speaker at Angelus Temple. Swift was a student of Rev. Philip Monson's Kingdom Bible School during the 1930s; Monson taught British Israelism and some of the racial teachings which Swift would later reformulate into Christian Identity theology. Swift was also exposed to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Parham">Charles Parham</a>'s British Israel teachings at the Angelus Temple. In Britain, the espousal of British Israelism by <a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys_(pastor)" title="George Jeffreys (pastor)">George Jeffreys</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a>, led to a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> which precipitated his resignation in 1939 and led to the formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible-Pattern_Church_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship (page does not exist)">Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-67">[67]</a> which continues to teach the doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbert_W._Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Herbert W. Armstrong">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2003-14">[14]</a>: 57  founder and Pastor General of the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International#Worldwide_Church_of_God" title="Grace Communion International">Worldwide Church of God</a>, vigorously promoted the teaching of British Israelism. Armstrong believed that the teaching was a key to understanding <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophecy">biblical prophecy</a>: "One might ask, were not biblical prophecies closed and sealed? Indeed they were—until now! And even now they can be understood only by those who possess the master key to unlock them."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Armstrong believed that God commanded him to proclaim the prophecies to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Lost Tribes</a> of Israel before the "<a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">end-times</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Armstrong's belief caused his separation from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">Church of God Seventh Day</a> because of its refusal to adopt the teaching. Armstrong founded his own church, first named the "Radio Church of God" and later renamed the "Worldwide Church of God".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[70]</a> He described British Israelism as a "central plank" of his theology.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After Armstrong's death, his former church abandoned its belief in British Israelism and in 2009, it changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International" title="Grace Communion International">Grace Communion International</a> (GCI). It offers an explanation for the doctrine's origin as well as an explanation for the church's renunciation of the doctrine on its official website.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[70]</a> Church members who refused to accept these doctrinal changes left the Worldwide Church of God/GCI and founded their own offshoot churches. Many of these organizations still teach British Israelism, among them are the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Church_of_God" title="Philadelphia Church of God">Philadelphia Church of God</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a>. Armstrong promoted other genealogical history theories, such as the belief that modern-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> represents ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Assyria_and_Germany_in_Anglo-Israelism" title="Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism">Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism</a>), writing, "The Assyrians settled in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, undoubtedly, are, in part, the descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Identity">Christian Identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christian Identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></div> While early British Israelites such as Edward Hine and John Wilson were generally <a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">philosemites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gardell-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 33  an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> strain also existed within the movement, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racialism</a> that led Wilson to deny the "racial purity" of modern-day Jews, leading some within the movement to adopt the belief that modern-day Jews were "un-Semitic impostors".<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2006-13">[13]</a>: 206–210  Some American adherents of British Israelism would later adopt a racialized, strongly antisemitic theology that became known as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barkun-12">[12]</a>: xii  which has at its core the belief that non-<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian people</a> have no <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> and therefore cannot be <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">saved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quarles-9">[9]</a>: 68  Since its emergence in the 1920s, Christian Identity has taught the belief that Jews are not descended from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>. Instead, some Christian Identity adherents believe that Jews are descended from <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Serpent seed</a>) while others believe that Jews are descended from <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry</a>). Their adoption of the British Israelist belief that the Israelite-derived Anglo-Saxons had been favoured by God over the 'impure' modern Jews meant that a reluctantly antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Klansman</a> "could now maintain his anti-Semitism and at the same time revere a Bible cleansed of its Jewish taint."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The arrival of British Israelism in the United States contributed to the transmission of antisemitic notions into the Christian Identity movement. One of the leading proponents of the movement after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was Reverend <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Swift" title="Wesley A. Swift">Wesley A. Swift</a>. For several years during the 1930s and 1940s, Swift was a student and a minister at <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a>'s Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/The_Foursquare_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wbhr-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barkun-12">[12]</a>: <span title="Pages: 58–61
Quotation: "Notwithstanding his strong Methodist connections, he left the church in his youth, a move which his widow attributed to his distaste for the reformism of the Social Gospel. In California, he maintained his ties with Amy [sic] Semple McPherson's Foursquare Church in Los Angeles, he was never able to make much of a success out of his doctrine, but it attracted several people who became central to what was later named "Christian Identity": San Jacinto Capt, William Potter Gale, and Richard Girnt Butler."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">58–61  Swift went from leading several <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> Anglo-Israelite institutions to founding the Anglo-Saxon Christian Congregation, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ%E2%80%93Christian" title="Church of Jesus Christ–Christian">Church of Jesus Christ–Christian</a> in about 1948, which became Christian Identity's main mouthpiece.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> British Israelism and Christian Identity have both been branded as intrinsicly "racial chauvinist" doctrines, but while the Jews are protagonists of the apocalypse in British-Israelism, they are antagonists of the apocalypse in Christian Identity <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Christian identity members, as well as individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thorkelson" title="Jacob Thorkelson">Jacob Thorkelson</a> and Charles Ashton, perceived British Israelism as a platform to "facilitate a Jewish monopoly on global power." Converserly, the <a href="/wiki/British-Israel-World_Federation" title="British-Israel-World Federation">British-Israel-World Federation</a> denounced through the BIFW Newsletter in January 2007 the rise of antisemitic groups within British-Israelist circles in the US.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_adherents">Notable adherents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable adherents">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/British_Israelism" title="Special:EditPage/British Israelism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Anglo-Israel.jpg/220px-Anglo-Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Anglo-Israel.jpg/330px-Anglo-Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Anglo-Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoole" class="citation cs2">Poole, WH, Anglo-Israel</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Israel&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brothers" title="Richard Brothers">Richard Brothers</a> (1757–1824), an early believer and teacher/promoter of this teaching</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(historian)" title="John Wilson (historian)">John Wilson</a> (1799–1870) published a series of his lectures in a book, Our Israelitish Origin (1840)</li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Bond_(bishop)" title="William Bond (bishop)">William Bennett Bond</a> (1815–1906), Primate of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Piazzi_Smyth" title="Charles Piazzi Smyth">Charles Piazzi Smyth</a> (1819–1900), <a href="/wiki/Pyramidology" title="Pyramidology">pyramidologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal_for_Scotland" title="Astronomer Royal for Scotland">Astronomer Royal for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Poole_(writer)" title="William H. Poole (writer)">William H. Poole</a> (1820–1896), <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> minister, known for his book Anglo-Israel, or the British Nation the Lost Tribes of Israel (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wheler_Bird" title="Edward Wheler Bird">Edward Wheler Bird</a> (1823–1903), Anglo-Indian judge and British-Israel author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hine" title="Edward Hine">Edward Hine</a> (1825–1891), artist, historian, author of Forty-Seven Identifications of the British Nation with the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cox_Gawler" title="John Cox Gawler">John Cox Gawler</a> (1830–1882) was a Keeper of the Jewel House and a British Israelite author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elieser_Bassin" title="Elieser Bassin">Elieser Bassin</a> (1840–1898), a Russian-Jewish convert to Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher</a> (1841–1920), Admiral of the Fleet<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a> (1847–1907), Scottish-born American evangelist, faith healer and forerunner of Pentecostalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reader_Harris_(KC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Reader Harris (KC)">Richard Reader Harris (KC)</a> (1847–1909), founder of the Pentecostal League of Prayer movement in London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Bent" title="Mabel Bent">Mabel Bent</a> (1847–1929) (widow of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Bent" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Bent">J. Theodore Bent</a>), British explorer and author of Anglo-Saxons from Palestine (1908).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Allen" title="J. H. Allen">John Harden Allen</a> (1847–1930), an American <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a> minister, wrote Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._A._L._Totten" title="C. A. L. Totten">C. A. L. Totten</a> (1851–1908), Professor of Military Tactics at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, wrote countless articles and books advocating British Israelism, including a 26-volume series entitled Our Race</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Marvin_Huse" title="Sibyl Marvin Huse">Sibyl Marvin Huse</a> (1866-1939), American author of religious books and teacher/Reader of Christian Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a> (1873–1929), American preacher, instrumental in the formation of Pentecostalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Comyns_Beaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="William Comyns Beaumont">William Comyns Beaumont</a> (1873–1956), British journalist, author, and lecturer[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Cameron" title="William J. Cameron">William J. Cameron</a> (1878–1955), publicist for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, advocated British-Israelism in Ford-sponsored publications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a> (1878–1943), a <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a> premier of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> from 1935 to 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a> (1883–1981), a patron of the British-Israel-World Federation<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys_(pastor)" title="George Jeffreys (pastor)">George Jeffreys</a> (1889–1962), Welsh minister and evangelist who founded the <a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a> (1892–1986), American evangelist who founded the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International" title="Grace Communion International">Worldwide Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boake_Carter" title="Boake Carter">Boake Carter</a> (1903–1944), British-educated American radio news commentator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Strong" title="Patience Strong">Patience Strong</a> (1907–1990), poet<a href="#cite_note-Strong1986-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_James_Ferris" title="Alexander James Ferris">Alexander James Ferris</a>, a prolific author on British Israelism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_Ted_Armstrong" title="Garner Ted Armstrong">Garner Ted Armstrong</a> (1930–2003), the son of Herbert W. Armstrong and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_International_(United_States)" title="Church of God International (United States)">Church of God International (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Flurry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Flurry">Gerald Flurry</a> (born 1935), pastor general of the Philadelphia Church of God and editor-in-chief of '<a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Trumpet" title="The Philadelphia Trumpet">The Philadelphia Trumpet</a>' magazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford</a> (1941–1981), Methodist minister and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Ulster Unionist</a> politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Campbell_(pastor)" title="Alan Campbell (pastor)">Alan Campbell</a> (1949–2017), former Pentecostal pastor from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_McCausland" title="Nelson McCausland">Nelson McCausland</a> (born 1951), Democratic Unionist politician<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time" title="And did those feet in ancient time">And did those feet in ancient time</a>, the poem written by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> that is popularly titled "Jerusalem"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_and_Germany_in_Anglo-Israelism" title="Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism">Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_observances_of_Jewish_holidays" title="Christian observances of Jewish holidays">Christian observances of Jewish holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Israelism" title="French Israelism">French Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell-Boyce2021" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell-Boyce, Aidan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy3tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pseudo-historical+claim%22&pg=PT56">Israelism in Modern Britain</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000172362" title="Special:BookSources/9781000172362"><bdi>9781000172362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelism+in+Modern+Britain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000172362&rft.aulast=Cottrell-Boyce&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy3tDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522pseudo-historical%2Bclaim%2522%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2006" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Jeffrey, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfS2DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22british+israelism%22&pg=PT201">Politics of Religion: A Survey</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429637582" title="Special:BookSources/9780429637582"><bdi>9780429637582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Religion%3A+A+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780429637582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfS2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522british%2Bisraelism%2522%26pg%3DPT201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brackney_2012-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney_2012_3-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2012" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhUvxfkWW2oC&pg=PA61">Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810873650" title="Special:BookSources/9780810873650"><bdi>9780810873650</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Radical+Christianity&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=9780810873650&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhUvxfkWW2oC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2007" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMwEk45qkPsC">Introducing Anthropology of Religion: Culture to the Ultimate</a>. Routledge. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138024915" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138024915"><bdi>978-1138024915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Anthropology+of+Religion%3A+Culture+to+the+Ultimate&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1138024915&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMwEk45qkPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC">Encyclopedia of Protestantism</a>. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5456-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-5456-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5456-5&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW3sXBjnokkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hale2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale2016_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2016" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Amy (2016). "Reigning with Swords of Meteoric Iron: Archangel Michael and the British New Jerusalem". In Parker, Joanne (ed.). The Harp and the Constitution: Myths of Celtic and Gothic Origin. 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Haverhill, MA: Destiny Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judah%27s+Sceptre+and+Joseph%27s+Birthright&rft.place=Haverhill%2C+MA&rft.edition=16&rft.pub=Destiny+Publishers&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Harmsworth's History Volume 3. pp. 1781–1782, 1784–1785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmsworth%27s+History+Volume+3&rft.pages=1781-1782%2C+1784-1785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-israel.com/dna-and-british-israel.html">"The DNA of Western European Nations"</a>. British Israel Basics. Canadian British-Israel Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Israel+Basics&rft.atitle=The+DNA+of+Western+European+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-israel.com%2Fdna-and-british-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilmer1964" class="citation book cs1">Filmer, W. E. (1964). A Synopsis of the Migrations of Israel. Covenant Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852050613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852050613"><bdi>978-0852050613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Synopsis+of+the+Migrations+of+Israel&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Covenant+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0852050613&rft.aulast=Filmer&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities. p. 11:133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities&rft.pages=11%3A133&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-israel.ca/answers.htm">"British-Israel Answers its Critics"</a>. The British-Israel Church of God.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British-Israel+Church+of+God&rft.atitle=British-Israel+Answers+its+Critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-israel.ca%2Fanswers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1879" class="citation book cs1">Poole, William Henry (1879). Anglo-Israel; Or, The British Nation the Lost Tribes of Israel. Bengough Bros. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1330950692" title="Special:BookSources/978-1330950692"><bdi>978-1330950692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Israel%3B+Or%2C+The+British+Nation+the+Lost+Tribes+of+Israel&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Bengough+Bros.&rft.date=1879&rft.isbn=978-1330950692&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides2012" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Lanham: The Scarecros Press, Inc. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861947" title="Special:BookSources/9780810861947"><bdi>9780810861947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=The+Scarecros+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810861947&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassler2009" class="citation book cs1">Strassler, Robert (2009). The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. New York: Anchor Books. p. 759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landmark+Herodotus%3A+The+Histories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Strassler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DonzelSchmidt2009" class="citation book cs1">van Donzel, Emiri; Schmidt, Andrea (2009). Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. Leiden: Brill. pp. 10–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+Early+Eastern+Christian+and+Islamic+Sources%3A+Sallam%27s+Quest+for+Alexander%27s+Wall&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=van+Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emiri&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapt1985" class="citation cs2">Capt, E. Raymond (1985), Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets, Artisan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934666-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934666-15-2"><bdi>978-0-934666-15-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missing+Links+Discovered+in+Assyrian+Tablets&rft.pub=Artisan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-934666-15-2&rft.aulast=Capt&rft.aufirst=E.+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingram-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ingram_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingram_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingram_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram1995" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, William L. (1995). "God and Race: British-Israelism and Christian Identity". In Miller, Thomas (ed.). America's Alternative Religions. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 119–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+and+Race%3A+British-Israelism+and+Christian+Identity&rft.btitle=America%27s+Alternative+Religions&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=119-126&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1990" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Aidan A. (1990). The Evangelical Christian Anti-Cult Movement: Christian Counter-Cult Literature. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evangelical+Christian+Anti-Cult+Movement%3A+Christian+Counter-Cult+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Aidan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spittler-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spittler_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spittler_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spittler_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpittler1963" class="citation book cs1">Spittler, Russell P. (1963). Cults and isms: twenty alternatives to evangelical Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House Company. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+and+isms%3A+twenty+alternatives+to+evangelical+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House+Company&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Spittler&rft.aufirst=Russell+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1993" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, O. Michael (1993). Origins of the British Israelites: The Lost Tribes. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+British+Israelites%3A+The+Lost+Tribes&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Mellen+Research+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=O.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrill-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, A. H. (2005). History and Geography in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Geography+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=284-5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun1999" class="citation book cs1">Broun, Dauvit (1999). The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. pp. 78–79, 119–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Identity+of+the+Kingdom+of+the+Scots+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+England&rft.pages=78-79%2C+119-122&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/scot/arbroath.htm">"Declaration of Arbroath – English Translation"</a>. Constitution Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+Society&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Arbroath+%E2%80%93+English+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fscot%2Farbroath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidy1996" class="citation book cs1">Davidy, Yair (1996). "Lost Israelite Identity": The Hebraic Ancestry of Celtic Races. Brit-Am. pp. 240–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Lost+Israelite+Identity%22%3A+The+Hebraic+Ancestry+of+Celtic+Races&rft.pages=240-242&rft.pub=Brit-Am&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Davidy&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgwyn" class="citation book cs1">Ogwyn, John H. The United States and Britain in Prophecy. pp. 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Britain+in+Prophecy&rft.pages=27-28&rft.aulast=Ogwyn&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierard1996-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierard1996_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierard1996_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierard1996_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierard1996" class="citation book cs1">Pierard, Richard V. (1996). "The Contribution of British-Israelism to anti-Semitism within conservative Protestantism". In Locke, Hubert G.; Littell, Marcia Sachs (eds.). Holocaust and church struggle: religion, power, and the politics of resistance. University Press of America. pp. 44–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+British-Israelism+to+anti-Semitism+within+conservative+Protestantism&rft.btitle=Holocaust+and+church+struggle%3A+religion%2C+power%2C+and+the+politics+of+resistance&rft.pages=44-68&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pierard&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevych1985" class="citation book cs1">Gershevych, Ilya (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran, volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+volume+2%3A+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Gershevych&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Katz" title="David S. Katz">Katz, David S.</a> (2001). "Chapter 5: Israel in America: The Wanderings of the Lost Ten Tribes from Mikveigh Yisrael to Timothy McVeigh". In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Fiering" title="Norman Fiering">Fiering, Norman</a>; Bernardini, Paolo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0JAGMuePO0C">The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-153-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-153-2"><bdi>1-57181-153-2</bdi></a>. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23287743">"Gathering and Election: Israelite Descent and Universalism in Mormon Discourse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a>. 25 (1): 211–213, 226. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342">0094-7342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23287743">23287743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Gathering+and+Election%3A+Israelite+Descent+and+Universalism+in+Mormon+Discourse&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=211-213%2C+226&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23287743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0094-7342&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Arnold+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23287743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Joseph (2021). 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Religion and American Culture. 30 (3): 426–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frac.2020.16">10.1017/rac.2020.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231736073">231736073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Pentecostals%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Prophetic+Politics+of+Dominion&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-473&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frac.2020.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231736073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Allan Heaton (2014). 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This is the Inside Story"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1985" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Herbert (1985). Mystery of the Ages. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+the+Ages&rft.pages=183&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardell-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardell_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardell2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardell, Mattias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. 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Journal of Hate Studies. 17 (1): 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33972%2Fjhs.183">10.33972/jhs.183</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F145441">11336/145441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241056514">241056514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hate+Studies&rft.atitle=Justification+by+Race%3A+Wesley+Swift%27s+White+Supremacy+and+Anti-Semitic+Theological+Views+in+His+Christian+Identity+Sermons&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-51&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F145441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241056514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33972%2Fjhs.183&rft.aulast=Bochicchio&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33972%252Fjhs.183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Timothy (1 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1JBfY1zjGIC&dq=%22british+israelism%22+%22supremacist%22&pg=PA123">America's Alternative Religions</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1311-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-1311-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Alternative+Religions&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1311-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1JBfY1zjGIC%26dq%3D%2522british%2Bisraelism%2522%2B%2522supremacist%2522%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell-Boyce2020" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell-Boyce, Aidan (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy3tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22british+israelism%22+%22supremacist%22&pg=PT75">Israelism in Modern Britain</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-17236-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-17236-2"><bdi>978-1-000-17236-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelism+in+Modern+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-000-17236-2&rft.aulast=Cottrell-Boyce&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy3tDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522british%2Bisraelism%2522%2B%2522supremacist%2522%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Arbuthnot_Fisher_Baron_Fisher1919" class="citation book cs1">John Arbuthnot Fisher Baron Fisher (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNfFAAAAMAAJ">Records by Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fisher</a>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+by+Admiral+of+the+Fleet%2C+Lord+Fisher&rft.place=London&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1919&rft.au=John+Arbuthnot+Fisher+Baron+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNfFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonsfromp00bent/page/n7/mode/2up">Anglo-Saxons from Palestine, or, The imperial mystery of the lost tribes</a> (1908, London: Sherrat & Hughes). </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Stanley2018" class="citation book cs1">Brian Stanley (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJ9HDwAAQBAJ">Christianity in the Twentieth Century: A World History</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400890316" title="Special:BookSources/9781400890316"><bdi>9781400890316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+World+History&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781400890316&rft.au=Brian+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJ9HDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/09/northernireland.comment">"The poison at the heart of the Orange Order"</a>. Theguardian.com. 8 July 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2017 – via The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theguardian.com&rft.atitle=The+poison+at+the+heart+of+the+Orange+Order&rft.date=2000-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fjul%2F09%2Fnorthernireland.comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2010" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Henry (26 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/may/26/northern-ireland-ulster-museum-creationism">"Northern Ireland minister calls on Ulster Museum to promote creationism"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+minister+calls+on+Ulster+Museum+to+promote+creationism&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2010%2Fmay%2F26%2Fnorthern-ireland-ulster-museum-creationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1915" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Baron_(Jewish_Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Baron (Jewish Christian)">Baron, David</a> (1915), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Ten_%22Lost%22_Tribes">The History of the Ten "Lost" Tribes: Anglo-Israelism Examined </a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ten+%22Lost%22+Tribes%3A+Anglo-Israelism+Examined&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarms1945" class="citation book cs1">Darms, Anton (1945). The Delusion of British Israelism: A comprehensive Treatise. Loiseaux Brothers, Bible Truth Depot. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01NBNXA8N">B01NBNXA8N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delusion+of+British+Israelism%3A+A+comprehensive+Treatise&rft.pub=Loiseaux+Brothers%2C+Bible+Truth+Depot&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB01NBNXA8N%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Darms&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett1980" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, George F (1980) [1961]. The Drama of the Lost Disciples. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_Publishing_Company_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covenant Publishing Company Ltd. (page does not exist)">Covenant Publishing Company Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003VP662W">B003VP662W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drama+of+the+Lost+Disciples&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Covenant+Publishing+Company+Ltd.&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003VP662W%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=George+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">. A work of theoretical history which covers many relevant themes of Biblical and British connections.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellogg" class="citation cs2">Kellogg, Howard, British-Israel Identity, Los Angeles: American Prophetic League</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British-Israel+Identity&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=American+Prophetic+League&rft.aulast=Kellogg&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossy2001" class="citation cs2">Kossy, Donna (2001) [1994], "The Anglo-Israelites", <a href="/wiki/Kooks:_A_Guide_to_the_Outer_Limits_of_Human_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief">Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief</a> (2nd exp. ed.), Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-67-5"><bdi>978-0-922915-67-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Israelites&rft.btitle=Kooks%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Outer+Limits+of+Human+Belief&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=2nd+exp.&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-922915-67-5&rft.aulast=Kossy&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1943" class="citation cs2">May, HG (16 September 1943), "The Ten Lost Tribes", <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Archaeologist">Biblical Archaeologist</a>, 16: 55–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209244">10.2307/3209244</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209244">3209244</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165468310">165468310</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Ten+Lost+Tribes&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=1943-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165468310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209244&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=HG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuaid1977–1978" class="citation cs2">McQuaid, Elwood (December 1977 – January 1978), "Who Is a Jew? British-Israelism versus the Bible", Israel My Glory: 35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+My+Glory&rft.atitle=Who+Is+a+Jew%3F+British-Israelism+versus+the+Bible&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1977-12%2F1978-01&rft.aulast=McQuaid&rft.aufirst=Elwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1999" class="citation book cs1">Michell, John (1999). "Jews, Britons and the Lost Tribes of Israel". Eccentric lives and peculiar notions: with 56 illustrations (Paperback/electronic ed.). Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932813671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932813671"><bdi>978-0932813671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews%2C+Britons+and+the+Lost+Tribes+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Eccentric+lives+and+peculiar+notions%3A+with+56+illustrations&rft.place=Kempton%2C+Ill.&rft.edition=Paperback%2Felectronic&rft.pub=Adventures+Unlimited+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0932813671&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisenauer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Reisenauer, Eric Michael (September 2008). "Anti-Jewish Philosemitism: British and Hebrew Affinity and Nineteenth Century British Antisemitism". British Scholar. 1 (1): 79–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fbrs.2008.0006">10.3366/brs.2008.0006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Scholar&rft.atitle=Anti-Jewish+Philosemitism%3A+British+and+Hebrew+Affinity+and+Nineteenth+Century+British+Antisemitism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-104&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fbrs.2008.0006&rft.aulast=Reisenauer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, John (1 January 1968). "The Relation between Ideology and Organization in a Small Religious Group: The British Israelites". Review of Religious Research. 10 (1): 51–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3510673">10.2307/3510673</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3510673">3510673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=The+Relation+between+Ideology+and+Organization+in+a+Small+Religious+Group%3A+The+British+Israelites&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-60&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3510673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3510673%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Israelism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1650hope.htm#pg10a">Menassah ben Israel, The Hope of Israel (London, 1650, English translation)</a>, scanned text online at Oliver's Bookshelf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxchurch.nl/tag/british-israelism/">British Israelism Research Texts, St Andrew's OCC</a> Studies made available by the Orthodox Celtic Church</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation cs2">Robinson, BA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/anglo_is.htm">Anglo-Israelism and British Israelism</a>, Religious Tolerance</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Israelism+and+British+Israelism&rft.pub=Religious+Tolerance&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fanglo_is.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1524&letter=A">"Anglo-Israelism"</a>, Jewish Encyclopedia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Israelism&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1524%26letter%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Israelism" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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and Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">Abrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology" title="Dual-covenant theology">Dual-covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Catholicism and Judaism">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Judaism" title="Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Protestantism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism in Christianity">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment#Israel" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul and Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious dialogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_Understanding_and_Cooperation" title="Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation">Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Council of Christians and Jews">International Council of Christians and Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Syncretism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Jesus" title="Jews for Jesus">Jews for Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Movement" title="Sacred Name Movement">Sacred Name Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_observances_of_Jewish_holidays" title="Christian observances of Jewish holidays">Christian observances of Jewish holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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