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id="toc-Heth_renews_his_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_attacks_XI_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attacks_XI_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Early attacks XI Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attacks_XI_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodes_and_Pender_break_through" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodes_and_Pender_break_through"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rodes and Pender break through</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodes_and_Pender_break_through-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Union retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&params=39.8180_N_77.2325_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°49′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°13′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8180°N 77.2325°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8180; -77.2325</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">Battle of Gettysburg, First Day</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/350px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/525px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/700px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="5917" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>first day of the Battle of Gettysburg</b> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> took place on July 1, 1863, and began as an engagement between isolated units of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full General (CSA)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> under <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>. It soon escalated into a major battle which culminated in the outnumbered and defeated Union forces retreating to the high ground south of <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>The first-day battle proceeded in three phases as combatants continued to arrive at the battlefield. In the morning, two brigades of Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>'s division (of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a>) were delayed by dismounted Union cavalrymen under <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a>. As infantry reinforcements arrived under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a> of the Union <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a>, the Confederate assaults down the Chambersburg Pike were repulsed, although Gen. Reynolds was killed. </p><p>By early afternoon, the Union <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a>, had arrived, and the Union position was in a semicircle from west to north of the town. The Confederate <a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a> under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a> began a massive assault from the north, with <a href="/wiki/Maj._Gen._(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maj. Gen. (CSA)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a>'s division attacking from Oak Hill and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a>'s division attacking across the open fields north of town. The Union lines generally held under extremely heavy pressure, although the <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> at Barlow's Knoll was overrun. </p><p>The third phase of the battle came as Rodes renewed his assault from the north and Heth returned with his entire division from the west, accompanied by the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">W. Dorsey Pender</a>. Heavy fighting in Herbst's Woods (near the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Theological_Seminary_at_Gettysburg" title="Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg">Lutheran Theological Seminary</a>) and on Oak Ridge finally caused the Union line to collapse. Some of the Federals conducted a fighting withdrawal through the town, suffering heavy casualties and losing many prisoners; others simply retreated. They took up good defensive positions on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a> and waited for additional attacks. Despite discretionary orders from Robert E. Lee to take the heights "if practicable," Richard Ewell chose not to attack. Historians have debated ever since how the battle might have ended differently if he had found it practicable to do so. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Union order of battle">Gettysburg Union order of battle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Confederate order of battle">Gettysburg Confederate order of battle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morning">Morning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_by_Buford's_cavalry"><span id="Defense_by_Buford.27s_cavalry"></span>Defense by Buford's cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defense by Buford's cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_0700.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry delaying action, 7:00–10:00 a.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of July 1, Union <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a> were awaiting the approach of Confederate <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> forces from the direction of Cashtown, to the northwest. Confederate forces from the brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a> had briefly clashed with Union forces the day before but believed they were Pennsylvania militia of little consequence, not the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regular army</a> cavalry that was screening the approach of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Buford recognized the importance of the high ground directly to the south of Gettysburg. He knew that if the Confederates could gain control of the heights, Meade's army would have a hard time dislodging them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decided to utilize three ridges west of Gettysburg: Herr Ridge, <a href="/wiki/McPherson_Ridge" title="McPherson Ridge">McPherson Ridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminary_Ridge" title="Seminary Ridge">Seminary Ridge</a> (proceeding west to east toward the town). These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small division against superior Confederate infantry forces, meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town, <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Ridge" title="Cemetery Ridge">Cemetery Ridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early that morning, Reynolds, who was commanding the Left Wing of the Army of the Potomac, ordered his corps to march to Buford's location, with the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a> (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a>) to follow closely behind.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>'s division, from Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>'s Third Corps, advanced towards Gettysburg. Heth deployed no cavalry and led, unconventionally, with the artillery battalion of Major <a href="/wiki/William_J._Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Pegram">William J. Pegram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two infantry brigades followed, commanded by Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">James J. Archer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Joseph R. Davis</a>, proceeding easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike. Three miles (4.8 km) west of town, about 7:30 a.m., Heth's two brigades met light resistance from cavalry <a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">vedettes</a> and deployed into line. Eventually, they reached dismounted troopers from Col. <a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gamble (USA)">William Gamble</a>'s cavalry brigade. The first shot of the battle was claimed to be fired by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_E._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcellus E. Jones">Marcellus E. Jones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Regiment_Illinois_Volunteer_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry">8th Illinois Cavalry</a>, fired at an unidentified man on a gray horse over a half-mile away; the act was merely symbolic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buford's 2,748 troopers would soon be faced with 7,600 Confederate infantrymen, deploying from columns into line of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg/220px-Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg/330px-Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg/440px-Buford%27s_cavalry_opposing_the_Confederate_advance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Buford's cavalry resists the Confederate advance</figcaption></figure> <p>Gamble's men mounted determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with rapid fire, mostly from their breech-loading <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>. While none of the troopers were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines, they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle-loaded carbine or rifle with their breechloading carbines manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sharps_Rifle_Manufacturing_Company" title="Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company">Sharps</a>, Burnside, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A small minority of historians have written that some troopers had Spencer repeating carbines or Spencer repeating rifles but most sources disagree.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breech-loading design of the carbines and rifles meant that Union troops did not have to stand to reload and could do so safely behind cover. This was a great advantage over the Confederates, who still had to stand to reload, thus providing an easier target. But this was so far a relatively bloodless affair. By 10:20 a.m., the Confederates had reached Herr Ridge and had pushed the Federal cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge, when the vanguard of the I Corps finally arrived, the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">James S. Wadsworth</a>. The troops were led personally by Gen. Reynolds, who conferred briefly with Buford and hurried back to bring more men forward.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Davis_versus_Cutler">Davis versus Cutler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Davis versus Cutler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1000.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Davis vs. Cutler, 10:00–10:45 a.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>The morning infantry fighting occurred on either side of the Chambersburg Pike, mostly on McPherson Ridge. To the north, an <a href="/wiki/McPherson_Ridge_railway_cut" title="McPherson Ridge railway cut">unfinished railroad bed</a> opened three shallow cuts in the ridges. To the south, the dominant features were <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Run" title="Willoughby Run">Willoughby Run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbst_Woods" title="Herbst Woods">Herbst Woods</a> (sometimes called McPherson Woods, but they were the property of John Herbst). Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Lysander Cutler</a>'s Union brigade opposed Davis's brigade; three of Cutler's regiments were north of the Pike, two to the south. To the left of Cutler, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Solomon Meredith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a> opposed Archer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Reynolds directed both brigades into position and placed guns from the Maine battery of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">Capt.</a> James A. Hall where Calef's had stood earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the general rode his horse along the east end of Herbst Woods, shouting "Forward men! Forward for God's sake, and drive those fellows out of the woods," he fell from his horse, killed instantly by a bullet striking him behind the ear. (Some historians believe Reynolds was felled by a sharpshooter, but it is more likely that he was killed by random shot in a volley of rifle fire directed at the 2nd Wisconsin.) Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a> assumed command of the I Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the right of the Union line, three regiments of Cutler's brigade were fired on by Davis's brigade before they could get into position on the ridge. Davis's line overlapped the right of Cutler's, making the Union position untenable, and Wadsworth ordered Cutler's regiments back to Seminary Ridge. The commander of the 147th New York, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (United States)">Lt. Col.</a> Francis C. Miller, was shot before he could inform his troops of the withdrawal, and they remained to fight under heavy pressure until a second order came. In under 30 minutes, 45% of Gen. Cutler's 1,007 men became casualties, with the 147th losing 207 of its 380 officers and men.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfanz13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfanz13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Davis's victorious men turned toward the Union positions south of the railroad bed while others drove east toward Seminary Ridge. This defocused the Confederate effort north of the pike.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archer_versus_Meredith">Archer versus Meredith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archer versus Meredith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1045.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Archer vs. Meredith, 10:45 a.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>South of the pike, Archer's men were expecting an easy fight against dismounted cavalrymen and were astonished to recognize the black <a href="/wiki/Hardee_hat" title="Hardee hat">Hardee hats</a> worn by the men facing them through the woods: the famous <a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a>, formed from regiments in the Western states of Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had a reputation as fierce, tenacious fighters. As the Confederates crossed <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Run" title="Willoughby Run">Willoughby Run</a> and climbed the slope into Herbst Woods, they were enveloped on their right by the longer Union line, the reverse of the situation north of the pike.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brig. Gen. Archer was captured in the fighting, the first general officer in Robert E. Lee's army to suffer that fate. Archer was most likely positioned around the 14th Tennessee when he was captured by <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> Patrick Moloney of Company G., 2nd Wisconsin, "a brave patriotic and fervent young Irishman." Archer resisted capture, but Moloney overpowered him. Moloney was killed later that day, but he received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for his exploit. When Archer was taken to the rear, he encountered his former Army colleague Gen. Doubleday, who greeted him good-naturedly, "Good morning, Archer! How are you? I am glad to see you!" Archer replied, "Well, I am <i>not</i> glad to see <i>you</i> by a damn sight!"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad_cut">Railroad cut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Railroad cut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1100.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Fighting at the railroad cut, 11:00 a.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>At around 11 a.m., Doubleday sent his reserve regiment, the 6th Wisconsin, an Iron Brigade regiment, commanded by Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_R._Dawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus R. Dawes">Rufus R. Dawes</a>, north in the direction of Davis's disorganized brigade. The Wisconsin men paused at the fence along the pike and fired, which halted Davis's attack on Cutler's men and caused many of them to seek cover in the unfinished railroad cut. The 6th joined the 95th New York and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Regiment_(New_York_State_Militia)" title="14th Regiment (New York State Militia)">84th New York</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/14th_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Brooklyn">14th Brooklyn</a>), a "demi-brigade" commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brush_Fowler" title="Edward Brush Fowler">E.B. Fowler</a>, along the pike.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfanz13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfanz13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three regiments charged to the railroad cut, where Davis's men were seeking cover. The majority of the 600-foot (180 m) cut (shown on the map as the center cut of three) was too deep to be an effective firing position—as deep as 15 feet (4.6 m).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the situation more difficult was the absence of their overall commander, General Davis, whose location was unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men of the three regiments nevertheless faced daunting fire as they charged toward the cut. The 6th Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a> went down at least three times during the charge. At one point Dawes took up the fallen flag before it was seized from him by a corporal of the color guard. As the Union line neared the Confederates, its flanks became folded back and it took on the appearance of an inverted V. When the Union men reached the railroad cut, vicious hand-to-hand and bayonet fighting broke out. They were able to pour <a href="/wiki/Enfilade" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfilade">enfilading</a> fire from both ends of the cut, and many Confederates considered surrender. Colonel Dawes took the initiative by shouting "Where is the colonel of this regiment?" Major John Blair of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment" title="2nd Mississippi Infantry Regiment">2nd Mississippi</a> stood up and responded, "Who are you?" Dawes replied, "I command this regiment. Surrender or I will fire."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawes later described what happened next:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The officer replied not a word, but promptly handed me his sword, and his men, who still held them, threw down their muskets. The coolness, self possession, and discipline which held back our men from pouring a general volley saved a hundred lives of the enemy, and as my mind goes back to the fearful excitement of the moment, I marvel at it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Col. Rufus R. Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (1890, p. 169)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Despite this surrender, leaving Dawes standing awkwardly holding seven swords, the fighting continued for minutes more and numerous Confederates were able to escape back to Herr Ridge. The three Union regiments lost 390–440 of 1,184 engaged, but they had blunted Davis's attack, prevented them from striking the rear of the Iron Brigade, and so overwhelmed the Confederate brigade that it was unable to participate significantly in combat for the rest of the day. The Confederate losses were about 500 killed and wounded and over 200 prisoners out of 1,707 engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midday_lull">Midday lull</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Midday lull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1230.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Disposition of forces, 12:30 p.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 11:30 a.m., the battlefield was temporarily quiet. On the Confederate side, Henry Heth faced an embarrassing situation. He had been under orders from General Lee to avoid a general engagement until the full Army of Northern Virginia had concentrated in the area. But his excursion to Gettysburg, ostensibly to find shoes, was essentially a reconnaissance in force conducted by a full infantry division. This indeed had started a general engagement and Heth was on the losing side so far. By 12:30 p.m., his remaining two brigades, under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">John M. Brockenbrough</a>, had arrived on the scene, as had the division (four brigades) of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Dorsey Pender</a>, also from Hill's Corps. Hill's remaining division (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>) did not arrive until late in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerably more Confederate forces were on the way, however. Two divisions of the Second Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a>, were approaching Gettysburg from the north, from the towns of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a> and <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>. The five brigades of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a> marched down the Carlisle Road but left it before reaching town to advance down the wooded crest of Oak Ridge, where they could link up with the left flank of Hill's Corps. The four brigades under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a> approached on the Harrisburg Road. Union cavalry outposts north of the town detected both movements. Ewell's remaining division (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Edward "Allegheny" Johnson</a>) did not arrive until late in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Union side, Doubleday reorganized his lines as more units of the I Corps arrived. First on hand was the Corps Artillery under Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Charles S. Wainwright</a>, followed by two brigades from Doubleday's division, now commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Rowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Rowley">Thomas A. Rowley</a>, which Doubleday placed on either end of his line. The <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a> arrived from the south before noon, moving up the Taneytown and Emmitsburg Roads. Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a> was surveying the area from the roof of the Fahnestock Brothers' dry-goods store downtown at about 11:30<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he heard that Reynolds had been killed and that he was now in command of all Union forces on the field. He recalled: "My heart was heavy and the situation was grave indeed, but surely I did not hesitate a moment. God helping us, we will stay here till the Army comes. I assumed the command of the field."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard immediately sent messengers to summon reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a> (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Sickles" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel E. Sickles">Daniel E. Sickles</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a> (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Slocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Slocum">Henry W. Slocum</a>). Howard's first XI Corps division to arrive, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, was sent north to take a position on Oak Ridge and link up with the right of the I Corps. (The division was commanded temporarily by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Alexander Schimmelfennig</a> while Schurz filled in for Howard as XI Corps commander.) The division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Francis C. Barlow</a> was placed on Schurz's right to support him. The third division to arrive, under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Adolph von Steinwehr</a>, was placed on Cemetery Hill along with two batteries of artillery to hold the hill as a rallying point if the Union troops could not hold their positions; this placement on the hill corresponded with orders sent earlier in the day to Howard by Reynolds just before he was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Rodes beat Schurz to Oak Hill, so the XI Corps division was forced to take up positions in the broad plain north of the town, below and to the east of Oak Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They linked up with the I Corps reserve division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">John C. Robinson</a>, whose two brigades had been sent forward by Doubleday when he heard about Ewell's arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howard's defensive line was not a particularly strong one in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was soon outnumbered (his XI Corps, still suffering the effects of their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>, had only 8,700 effectives), and the terrain his men occupied in the north was poorly selected for defense. He held out some hope that reinforcements from Slocum's XII Corps would arrive up the Baltimore Pike in time to make a difference.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afternoon">Afternoon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Afternoon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1400.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Rodes, Heth, and Early attack, 2:00–4:00 p.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the afternoon, there was fighting both west (Hill's Corps renewing their attacks on the I Corps) and north (Ewell's Corps attacking the I and XI Corps) of Gettysburg. Ewell, on Oak Hill with Rodes, saw Howard's troops deploying before him, and he interpreted this as the start of an attack and implicit permission to set aside Gen. Lee's order not to bring about a general engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodes_attacks_from_Oak_Hill">Rodes attacks from Oak Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rodes attacks from Oak Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodes initially sent three brigades south against Union troops that represented the right flank of the I Corps and the left flank of the XI Corps: from east to west, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">George P. Doles</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">Edward A. O'Neal</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Iverson, Jr.">Alfred Iverson</a>. Doles's Georgia brigade stood guarding the flank, awaiting the arrival of Early's division. Both O'Neal's and Iverson's attacks fared poorly against the six veteran regiments in the brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Henry Baxter</a>, manning a line in a shallow inverted V, facing north on the ridge behind the Mummasburg Road. O'Neal's men were sent forward without coordinating with Iverson on their flank and fell back under heavy fire from the I Corps troops.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iverson failed to perform even a rudimentary reconnaissance and sent his men forward blindly while he stayed in the rear (as had O'Neal, minutes earlier). More of Baxter's men were concealed in woods behind a stone wall and rose to fire withering volleys from less than 100 yards (91 m) away, creating over 800 casualties among the 1,350 North Carolinians. Stories are told about groups of dead bodies lying in almost parade-ground formations, heels of their boots perfectly aligned. (The bodies were later buried on the scene, and this area is today known as "Iverson's Pits", source of many local tales of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> phenomena.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baxter's brigade was worn down and out of ammunition. At 3:00 p.m. he withdrew his brigade, and Gen. Robinson replaced it with the brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_R._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel R. Paul">Gabriel R. Paul</a>. Rodes then committed his two reserve brigades: Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Junius Daniel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Dodson Ramseur</a>. Ramseur attacked first, but Paul's brigade held its crucial position. Paul had a bullet go in one temple and out the other, blinding him permanently (he survived the wound and lived 20 more years after the battle). Before the end of the day, three other commanders of that brigade were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel's North Carolina brigade then attempted to break the I Corps line to the southwest along the Chambersburg Pike. They ran into stiff resistance from Col. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Roy Stone</a>'s Pennsylvania "Bucktail Brigade" in the same area around the railroad cut as the morning's battle. Fierce fighting eventually ground to a standstill.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heth_renews_his_attack">Heth renews his attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heth renews his attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gen. Lee arrived on the battlefield at about 2:30 p.m., as Rodes's men were in mid-attack. Seeing that a major assault was underway, he lifted his restriction on a general engagement and gave permission to Hill to resume his attacks from the morning. First in line was Heth's division again, with two fresh brigades: Pettigrew's North Carolinians and Col. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">John M. Brockenbrough</a>'s Virginians.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg/310px-First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg/465px-First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg/620px-First_day_at_gettysburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>North Carolinians drove back federal troops in the first day at Gettysburg. At far left background is the Railroad Cut; at right is the Lutheran Seminary. In the background is Gettysburg.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pettigrew's Brigade was deployed in a line that extended south beyond the ground defended by the Iron Brigade. Enveloping the left flank of the 19th Indiana, Pettigrew's North Carolinians, the largest brigade in the army, drove back the Iron Brigade in some of the fiercest fighting of the war. The Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods, made three temporary stands in the open ground to the east, but then had to fall back toward the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Theological_Seminary_at_Gettysburg" title="Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg">Lutheran Theological Seminary</a>. Gen. Meredith was downed with a head wound, made all the worse when his horse fell on him. To the left of the Iron Brigade was the brigade of <a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Col. Chapman Biddle</a>, defending open ground on McPherson Ridge, but they were outflanked and decimated. To the right, Stone's Bucktails, facing both west and north along the Chambersburg Pike, were attacked by both Brockenbrough and Daniel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casualties were severe that afternoon. The <a href="/wiki/26th_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="26th North Carolina">26th North Carolina</a> (the largest regiment of the army with 839 men) lost heavily, leaving the first day's fight with around 212 men. Their commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Henry K. Burgwyn</a>, was fatally wounded by a bullet through his chest. By the end of the three-day battle, they had about 152 men standing, the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment, North or South.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Union regiments, the <a href="/wiki/24th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry">24th Michigan</a>, lost 399 of 496.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had nine color bearers shot down, and its commander, Col. Henry A. Morrow, was wounded in the head and captured. The 151st Pennsylvania of Biddle's brigade lost 337 of 467.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest ranking casualty of this engagement was Gen. Heth, who was struck by a bullet in the head. He was apparently saved because he had stuffed wads of paper into a new hat, which was otherwise too large for his head.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there were two consequences to this glancing blow. Heth was unconscious for over 24 hours and had no further command involvement in the three-day battle. He was also unable to urge Pender's division to move forward and supplement his struggling assault. Pender was oddly passive during this phase of the battle; the typically more aggressive tendencies of a young general in Lee's army would have seen him move forward on his own accord. Hill shared the blame for failing to order him forward as well, but he claimed illness. History cannot know Pender's motivations; he was mortally wounded the next day and left no report.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_attacks_XI_Corps">Early attacks XI Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early attacks XI Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard of the XI Corps had a difficult defensive problem. He had only two divisions (four brigades) to cover the wide expanse of featureless farmland north of town. He and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz, temporarily in command of the corps while Howard was in overall command on the field, deployed the division of Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig on the left and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Francis C. Barlow</a> on the right. From the left, the brigades were Schimmelfennig's (under Col. <a href="/wiki/George_von_Amsberg" title="George von Amsberg">George von Amsberg</a>), Col. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski</a>, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Leopold von Gilsa</a>. Howard recalled that he selected this line as a logical continuation of the I Corps line formed on his left. This decision has been criticized by historians, such as Edwin B. Coddington, as being too far forward, with a right flank vulnerable to envelopment by the enemy. (Coddington suggests that a more defensible line would have been along Stevens Run, about 600 feet north of the railroad, a shorter line to defend, with better fields of fire, and with a more secure right flank.)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making the Federal defense more difficult, Barlow advanced farther north than Schimmelfennig's division, occupying a 50-foot (15 m) elevation above Rock Creek named Blocher's Knoll (known today as Barlow's Knoll).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barlow's justification was that he wanted to prevent Doles's Brigade, of Rodes's division, from occupying it and using it as an artillery platform against him. General Schurz claimed afterward that Barlow had misunderstood his orders by taking this position. (In Schurz's official report, however, although he also states that Barlow misunderstood his order, he further states that Barlow "had been directing the movements of his troops with the most praiseworthy coolness and intrepidity, unmindful of the shower of bullets around," and "was severely wounded, and had to be carried off the battle-field."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) By taking the knoll, Barlow was following Howard's directive to obstruct the advance of Early's division, and in doing so, deprive him of an artillery platform, as von Steinwehr fortified the position on Cemetery Hill. The position on the knoll turned out to be unfortunate, as it created a <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> in the line that could be assaulted from multiple sides. Schurz ordered Krzyżanowski's brigade, which had heretofore been sitting en masse at the north end of town (without further order to position from Schurz) forward to assist Barlow's two brigades on the knoll, but they arrived too late and in insufficient numbers to help. Historian Harry W. Pfanz judges Barlow's decision to be a "blunder" that "ensured the defeat of the corps."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Ewell's second division, under Jubal Early, swept down the Harrisburg Road, deployed in a battle line three brigades wide, almost a mile across (1,600 m) and almost half a mile (800 m) wider than the Union defensive line. Early started with a large-scale artillery bombardment. The Georgia brigade of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> was then directed for a frontal attack against Barlow's Knoll, pinning down the defenders, while the brigades of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Isaac E. Avery</a> swung around their exposed flank. At the same time the Georgians under Doles launched a synchronized assault with Gordon. The defenders of Barlow's Knoll targeted by Gordon were 900 men of von Gilsa's brigade; in May, two of his regiments had been the initial target of <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking attack</a> at Chancellorsville. The men of the 54th and 68th New York held out as long as they could, but they were overwhelmed. Then the 153rd Pennsylvania succumbed. Barlow, attempting to rally his troops, was shot in the side and captured. Barlow's second brigade, under Ames, came under attack by Doles and Gordon. Both Union brigades conducted a disorderly retreat to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The left flank of the XI Corps was held by Gen. Schimmelfennig's division. They were subjected to a deadly artillery crossfire from Rodes' and Early's batteries, and as they deployed they were attacked by Doles' infantry. Doles' and Early's troops were able to employ a flanking attack and roll up three brigade of the corps from the right, and they fell back in confusion toward the town. A desperate counterattack by the <a href="/wiki/157th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="157th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">157th New York</a> from von Amsberg's brigade was surrounded on three sides, causing it to suffer 307 casualties (75%).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gen. Howard, witnessing this disaster, sent forward an artillery battery and an infantry brigade from von Steinwehr's reserve force, under Col. Charles Coster. Coster's battle line just north of the town in Kuhn's brickyard was overwhelmed by Hays and Avery. He provided valuable cover for the retreating soldiers, but at a high price: of Coster's 800 men, 313 were captured, as were two of the four guns from the battery.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of the XI Corps was completed by 4 p.m., after a fight of less than an hour. They suffered 3,200 casualties (1,400 of them prisoners), about half the number sent forward from Cemetery Hill. The losses in Gordon's and Doles's brigades were under 750.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodes_and_Pender_break_through">Rodes and Pender break through</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rodes and Pender break through"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png/350px-Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png/525px-Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png/700px-Gettysburg_Day1_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Rodes and Pender break through, 4:00 p.m.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodes's original faulty attack at 2:00 had stalled, but he launched his reserve brigade, under Ramseur, against Paul's Brigade in the salient on the Mummasburg Road, with Doles's Brigade against the left flank of the XI Corps. Daniel's Brigade resumed its attack, now to the east against Baxter on Oak Ridge. This time Rodes was more successful, mostly because Early coordinated an attack on his flank.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the west, the Union troops had fallen back to the Seminary and built hasty breastworks running 600 yards (550 m) north-south before the western face of Schmucker Hall, bolstered by 20 guns of Wainwright's battalion. Dorsey Pender's division of Hill's Corps stepped through the exhausted lines of Heth's men at about 4:00 p.m. to finish off the I Corps survivors. The brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Scales">Alfred M. Scales</a> attacked first, on the northern flank. His five regiments of 1,400 North Carolinians were virtually annihilated in one of the fiercest artillery barrages of the war, rivaling <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a> to come, but on a more concentrated scale. Twenty guns spaced only 5 yards (4.6 m) apart fired <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">spherical case</a>, explosive shells, <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a>, and double canister rounds into the approaching brigade, which emerged from the fight with only 500 men standing and a single lieutenant in command. Scales wrote afterwards that he found "only a squad here and there marked the place where regiments had rested."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack continued in the southern-central area, where Col. <a href="/wiki/Abner_M._Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Abner M. Perrin">Abner M. Perrin</a> ordered his South Carolina brigade (four regiments of 1,500 men) to advance rapidly without pausing to fire. Perrin was prominently on horseback leading his men but miraculously was untouched. He directed his men to a weak point in the breastworks on the Union left, a 50-yard (46 m) gap between Biddle's left-hand regiment, the 121st Pennsylvania, and Gamble's cavalrymen, attempting to guard the flank. They broke through, enveloping the Union line and rolling it up to the north as Scales's men continued to pin down the right flank. By 4:30 p.m., the Union position was untenable, and the men could see the XI Corps retreating from the northern battle, pursued by masses of Confederates. Doubleday ordered a withdrawal east to Cemetery Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the southern flank, the North Carolina brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">James H. Lane</a> contributed little to the assault; he was kept busy by a clash with Union cavalry on the Hagerstown Road. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Thomas">Edward L. Thomas</a>'s Georgia Brigade was in reserve well to the rear, not summoned by Pender or Hill to assist or exploit the breakthrough.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_retreat">Union retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Union retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg/150px-A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg/225px-A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg/300px-A_harvest_of_death_Gettysburg_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="2761" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell,_Gettysburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg/150px-Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg/225px-Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg/300px-Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan_-_Field_Where_General_Reynolds_Fell%2C_Gettysburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Union dead at Gettysburg printed as "A harvest of Death" (left) and printed as "Field Where General Reynolds Fell" (right)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg,_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg/220px-Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg/330px-Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg/440px-Gettysburg%2C_Pa._Three_Confederate_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Confederate POWs after the Battle of Gettysburg<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg/220px-Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg/330px-Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg/440px-Gettysburg_from_Seminary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Gettysburg in 1863, north of town, viewed from the area of the Lutheran Theological Seminary</figcaption></figure> <p>The sequence of retreating units remains unclear. Each of the two corps cast blame on the other. There are three main versions of events extant. The first, most prevalent, version is that the fiasco on Barlow's Knoll triggered a collapse that ran counterclockwise around the line. The second is that both Barlow's line and the Seminary defense collapsed at about the same time. The third is that Robinson's division in the center gave way and that spread both left and right. Gen. Howard told Gen. Meade that his corps was forced to retreat only because the I Corps collapsed first on his flank, which may have reduced his embarrassment but was unappreciated by Doubleday and his men. (Doubleday's career was effectively ruined by Howard's story.)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union troops retreated in different states of order. The brigades on Seminary Ridge were said to move deliberately and slowly, keeping in control, although Col. Wainwright's artillery was not informed of the order to retreat and found themselves alone. When Wainwright realized his situation, he ordered his gun crews to withdraw at a walk, not wishing to panic the infantry and start a rout. As pressure eventually increased, Wainwright ordered his 17 remaining guns to gallop down Chambersburg Street, three abreast.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A.P. Hill failed to commit any of his reserves to the pursuit of the Seminary defenders, a great missed opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the railroad cut, Daniel's Brigade renewed their assault, and almost 500 Union soldiers surrendered and were taken prisoner. Paul's Brigade, under attack by Ramseur, became seriously isolated and Gen. Robinson ordered it to withdraw. He ordered the 16th Maine to hold its position "at any cost" as a rear guard against the enemy pursuit. The regiment, commanded by Col. Charles Tilden, returned to the stone wall on the Mummasburg Road, and their fierce fire gave sufficient time for the rest of the brigade to escape, which they did, in considerably more disarray than those from the Seminary. The 16th Maine started the day with 298 men, but at the end of this holding action there were only 35 survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the XI Corps, it was a sad reminder of their retreat at Chancellorsville in May. Under heavy pursuit by Hays and Avery, they clogged the streets of the town; no one in the corps had planned routes for this contingency. Hand-to-hand fighting broke out in various places. Parts of the corps conducted an organized fighting retreat, such as Coster's stand in the brickyard. The private citizens of Gettysburg panicked amidst the turmoil, and artillery shells bursting overhead and fleeing refugees added to the congestion. Some soldiers sought to avoid capture by hiding in basements and in fenced backyards. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig was one such person who climbed a fence and hid behind a woodpile in the kitchen garden of the Garlach family for the rest of the three-day battle.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only advantage that the XI Corps soldiers had was that they were familiar with the route to Cemetery Hill, having passed through that way in the morning; many in the I Corps, including senior officers, did not know where the cemetery was.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Union troops climbed Cemetery Hill, they encountered the determined Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>. At midday, Gen. Meade was nine miles (14 km) south of Gettysburg in <a href="/wiki/Taneytown,_Maryland" title="Taneytown, Maryland">Taneytown, Maryland</a>, when he heard that Reynolds had been killed. He immediately dispatched Hancock, commander of the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a> and his most trusted subordinate, to the scene with orders to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle. (Meade's original plan had been to man a defensive line on <a href="/wiki/Double_Pipe_Creek" title="Double Pipe Creek">Pipe Creek</a>, a few miles south in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. But the serious battle underway was making that a difficult option.)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hancock arrived on Cemetery Hill, he met with Howard and they had a brief disagreement about Meade's command order. As the senior officer, Howard yielded only grudgingly to Hancock's direction. Although Hancock arrived after 4:00 p.m. and commanded no units on the field that day, he took control of the Union troops arriving on the hill and directed them to defensive positions with his "imperious and defiant" (and profane) persona. As to the choice of Gettysburg as the battlefield, Hancock told Howard "I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw." When Howard agreed, Hancock concluded the discussion: "Very well, sir, I select this as the battle-field." Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, inspected the ground and concurred with Hancock.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evening">Evening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Evening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Lee also understood the defensive potential to the Union army if they held the high ground of Cemetery Hill. He sent orders to Ewell to "carry the hill occupied by the enemy, if he found it practicable, but to avoid a general engagement until the arrival of the other divisions of the army." In the face of this discretionary, and possibly contradictory, order, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason posited was the battle fatigue of his men in the late afternoon, although "Allegheny" Johnson's division of Ewell's Corps was within an hour of arriving on the battlefield. Another was the difficulty of assaulting the hill through the narrow corridors afforded by the streets of Gettysburg immediately to the north. Ewell requested assistance from A.P. Hill, but that general felt his corps was too depleted from the day's battle and General Lee did not want to bring up Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>'s division from the reserve. Ewell did consider taking Culp's Hill, which would have made the Union position on Cemetery Hill untenable. However, Jubal Early opposed the idea when it was reported that Union troops (probably Slocum's XII Corps) were approaching on the York Pike, and he sent the brigades of John B. Gordon and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_%22Extra_Billy%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="William "Extra Billy" Smith">William "Extra Billy" Smith</a> to block that perceived threat; Early urged waiting for Johnson's division to take the hill. After Johnson's division arrived via the Chambersburg Pike, it maneuvered toward the east of town in preparation to take the hill, but a small reconnaissance party sent in advance encountered a picket line of the 7th Indiana Infantry, which opened fire and captured a Confederate officer and soldier. The remainder of the Confederates fled and attempts to seize Culp's Hill on July 1 came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Responsibility for the failure of the Confederates to make an all-out assault on Cemetery Hill on July 1 must rest with Lee. If Ewell had been a Jackson he might have been able to regroup his forces quickly enough to attack within an hour after the Yankees had started to retreat through the town. The likelihood of success decreased rapidly after that time unless Lee were willing to risk everything. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Edwin B. Coddington, <i>The Gettysburg Campaign</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. Numerous historians and proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> movement (most prominently Jubal Early, despite his own reluctance to support an attack at the time) have speculated how the more aggressive <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army, and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill, commanding the length of Cemetery Ridge and the Federal lines of communications on the Baltimore Pike.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen W. Sears has suggested that Gen. Meade would have invoked his original plan for a defensive line on Pipe Creek and withdrawn the Army of the Potomac, although that movement would have been a dangerous operation under pressure from Lee.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the rest of both armies arrived that evening or early the next morning. Johnson's division joined Ewell and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>'s joined Hill. Two of the three divisions of the First Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>, arrived in the morning. Three cavalry brigades under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a> were still out of the area, on a wide-ranging raid to the northeast. Gen. Lee sorely felt the loss of the "eyes and ears of the Army"; Stuart's absence had contributed to the accidental start of the battle that morning and left Lee unsure about enemy dispositions through most of July 2. On the Union side, Meade arrived after midnight. The II Corps and <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a> took up positions on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Ridge" title="Cemetery Ridge">Cemetery Ridge</a>, and the XII Corps and the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> were nearby to the east. Only the <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a> was a significant distance from the battlefield, marching rapidly to join the Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first day at Gettysburg—more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">second</a> and third days—ranks as the 23rd-largest battle of the war by number of troops engaged. About one quarter of Meade's army (22,000 men) and one third of Lee's army (27,000) were engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union casualties were almost 9,000; Confederate slightly over 6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin asserts that Buford was primarily concerned with the defense of the town itself, and while he had an innate understanding of the value of high ground, there is no evidence that he visited Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, or the Round Tops, or formally considered them as defensive ground for Meade's army.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians who address the matter disagree on whether any troopers in Buford's division, and especially in <a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">William Gamble's</a> brigade, had repeating carbines or repeating rifles. It is a minority view and most historians present creditable arguments against it. In support of the minority view, Stephen D. Starr wrote that most of the troopers in flanking companies had Spencer carbines, which had arrived a few days before the battle.<i>The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: From Fort Sumter to Gettysburg, 1861–1863</i>. Volume 1, citing Buckeridge, J. O. <i>Lincoln's Choice.</i> Harrisburg, Stackpole Books, 1956, p. 55. Shelby Foote in <i>Fredericksburg to Meridian, The Civil War: a Narrative</i>, Volume 2 New York, 1963, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74621-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74621-0">978-0-394-74621-0</a>, p. 465, also stated that some Union troopers had Spencer carbines. Richard S. Shue also claimed that a limited distribution of Spencer rifles had been made to some of Buford's troopers in his book <i>Morning at Willoughby Run</i> Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939631-74-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939631-74-2">978-0-939631-74-2</a> p. 214.<br /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Longacre" title="Edward Longacre">Edward G. Longacre</a> wrote that in Gamble's brigade "a few squadrons of Federal troopers used [Spencer] repeating rifles" (rather than carbines) but most had single-shot breech-loading carbines. Longacre p. 60. Order of battle at Coddington, p. 585. Coddington, pp. 258-259, wrote that men in the 5th Michigan and at least two companies of the 6th Michigan regiment had Spencer repeating rifles (rather than carbines). <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hansen_(author)" title="Harry Hansen (author)">Harry Hansen</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Devin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas C. Devin">Thomas C. Devin</a>'s brigade of one Pennsylvania and three New York regiments "were equipped with new Spencer repeating carbines," without reference to Gamble's men. <i>The Civil War: A History</i>. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500488542">500488542</a>, p. 370.<br /> David G. Martin, in <i>Gettysburg July 1</i> stated that all of Buford's men had single-shot breech-loading carbines which could be fired 5 to 8 times per minute, and fired from a prone position, as opposed to 2 to 3 rounds per minute with muzzle-loaders, "an advantage but not a spectacular one." p. 82. Cavalry historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Wittenberg" title="Eric J. Wittenberg">Eric J. Wittenberg</a> in <i>The Devil's to Pay: John Buford at Gettysburg: A History and Walking Tour</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014, 2015, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-444-4">978-1-61121-444-4</a>, stated that "while it is possible a handful of Spencer repeating rifles were present at Gettysburg" it is safe to conclude that Buford's troopers did not have them. He cited the fact that "only 64 percent of the companies in Gamble's and Devin's brigades filed their quarterly returns on June 30, 1863" in support of the possibility that some had repeaters but gave reasons for his rejection of that possibility. He dismissed Shelby Foote's statement as "mythology" because the Spencer carbines were not in mass production until September 1863, stated that Longacre credits Spencer repeating rifles to different regiments than the ordnance returns for the Army of the Potomac do, and discounted Shue's statement because he used "an unreliable source". pp. 209-210.<br /> In their books on the battle or on the war as a whole, many historians have not commented directly on whether any Federal troopers had repeating carbines or rifle. Some of them, such as Harry Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 67 specifically mentioned that the Union cavalry had breech-loading carbines enabling the troopers to fire slightly faster than soldiers with muzzle-loading rifles and made no mention of repeaters. Similar statements to that of Pfanz are found at Keegan, p. 191; Sears, p. 163; Eicher, p. 510; Symonds, p. 71, Hoptak, p. 53, Trudeau, p. 164. Others such as McPherson and Guelzo do not mention the weapons used by Buford's division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz estimates 10:30.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian W. Frassanito finds that these are photographs of the same group taken from different angles.<sup id="cite_ref-Frassanito_corpses_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frassanito_corpses-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The site was tentatively identified in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-civilwartalk_photo_location_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwartalk_photo_location-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 25–28; Martin, pp. 24, 29, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 43, 49; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 52–56; Martin, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 57, 59, 74; Martin, pp. 82–88, 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 60; Martin, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 102, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 77–78; Martin, pp. 140–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfanz13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfanz13_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfanz13_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>Battle of Gettysburg</i>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 81–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 149–61; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 91–98; Pfanz, <i>Battle of Gettysburg</i>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 160–61; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 102–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 117–19; Martin, pp. 186–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 148, 228; Martin, pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 123, 124, 128, 137; Martin, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 198–202; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 137, 140, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>Battle of Gettysburg</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 205–210; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 163–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 224–38; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 170–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 182–84; Martin, pp. 247–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 194–213; Martin, pp. 238–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 275–76; Martin, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 276–93; Martin, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busey and Martin, pp. 298, 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busey and Martin, pp. 22, 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busey and Martin, pp. 27, 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 366; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, p. 301; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 218–23; Martin, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz, Gettysburg Campaign, O.R. Series I, Volume XXVII/1 [S# 43].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 230–31; Coddington, p. 301; Martin, pp. 276–77; Adkins, p. 379; Petruzzi and Stanley, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 229–48; Martin, pp. 277–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 302; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 254–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 258–68; Martin, pp. 306–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 386–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 305–11; Martin, pp. 394–404; Sears, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 311–17; Martin, pp. 404–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 426–29; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frassanito_corpses-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frassanito_corpses_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frassanito pp. 222–229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwartalk_photo_location-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civilwartalk_photo_location_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwartalk.com/threads/gettysburg-harvest-of-death-photo-location.81895/page-3">"Gettysburg Harvest of death Photo location"</a>. <i>civilwartalk.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civilwartalk.com&rft.atitle=Gettysburg+Harvest+of+death+Photo+location&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilwartalk.com%2Fthreads%2Fgettysburg-harvest-of-death-photo-location.81895%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Gettysburg%2C+first+day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frassanito pp.70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 220; Martin, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, p. 320; Sears, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 379, 389–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 328–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 337–38; Sears, pp. 223–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 482–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 227; Martin, p. 504; Mackowski and White, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackowski and White, pp. 36–41; Bearss, pp. 171–72; Coddington, pp. 317–21; Gottfried, p. 549; Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 347–49; Martin, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 320–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Pfanz, <i>First Day</i>, pp. 345–46, or Martin, pp. 563–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 233–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 520; Martin, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 9, citing Thomas L. Livermore's <i>Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America</i> (Houghton Mifflin, 1900).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 272.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adkin, Mark. <i>The Gettysburg Companion: The Complete Guide to America's Most Famous Battle</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0439-7">978-0-8117-0439-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a> <i>Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War</i>. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7568-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7568-3">0-7922-7568-3</a>.</li> <li>Busey, John W., and David G. Martin. <i>Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg</i>. 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944413-67-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-944413-67-6">0-944413-67-6</a>.</li> <li>Coddington, Edwin B. <i>The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84569-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84569-5">0-684-84569-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassanito1975" class="citation book cs1">Frassanito, W. (1975). <i>Gettysburg A Journey in Time</i>. Thomas Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939631970" title="Special:BookSources/0939631970"><bdi>0939631970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg+A+Journey+in+Time&rft.pub=Thomas+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0939631970&rft.aulast=Frassanito&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Gettysburg%2C+first+day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gottfried, Bradley M. <i>Brigades of Gettysburg</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81175-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81175-8">0-306-81175-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longacre" title="Edward Longacre">Longacre, Edward G.</a> <i>The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, 9 June–14 July, 1863</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7941-4">978-0-8032-7941-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longacre" title="Edward Longacre">Longacre, Edward G.</a> <i>General John Buford: A Military Biography</i>. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-46-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-46-3">978-0-938289-46-3</a>.</li> <li>Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. "Second Guessing Dick Ewell: Why Didn't the Confederate General Take Cemetery Hill on July 1, 1863?" <i>Civil War Times</i>, August 2010.</li> <li>Martin, David G. <i>Gettysburg July 1</i>. rev. ed. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938289-81-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-938289-81-0">0-938289-81-0</a>.</li> <li>Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. <i>The Complete Gettysburg Guide</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0">978-1-932714-63-0</a>.</li> <li>Pfanz, Harry W. <i>The Battle of Gettysburg</i>. National Park Service Civil War series. Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915992-63-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-915992-63-9">0-915992-63-9</a>.</li> <li>Pfanz, Harry W. <i>Gettysburg – The First Day</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2624-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2624-3">0-8078-2624-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> <i>Gettysburg</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4">0-395-86761-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Andre_Trudeau" title="Noah Andre Trudeau">Trudeau, Noah Andre</a>. <i>Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019363-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019363-8">0-06-019363-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bearss, Edwin C. <i>Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War</i>. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1">978-1-4262-0510-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a>. <i>Glory Road</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04167-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-04167-5">0-385-04167-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Foote, Shelby</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War:_A_Narrative" title="The Civil War: A Narrative">The Civil War: A Narrative</a></i>. Vol. 2, <i>Fredericksburg to Meridian</i>. New York: Random House, 1958. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49517-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49517-9">0-394-49517-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S.</a> <i>Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command</i>. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85979-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85979-3">0-684-85979-3</a>.</li> <li>Freeman, Douglas S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html"><i>R. E. Lee, A Biography</i></a>. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1934.</li> <li>Gottfried, Bradley M. <i>The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – 13, 1863</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2">978-1-932714-30-2</a>.</li> <li>Grimsley, Mark, and Brooks D. Simpson. <i>Gettysburg: A Battlefield Guide</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7077-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7077-1">0-8032-7077-1</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Jeffrey C. <i>The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9">0-253-34258-9</a>.</li> <li>Laino, Philip. <i>Gettysburg Campaign Atlas</i>. 3rd ed. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg Publishing, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-983-8631-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-983-8631-4-4">978-0-983-8631-4-4</a>. First published in 2009 by Gatehouse Press.</li> <li>Mackowski, Chris, Kristopher D. White, and Daniel T. Davis. <i>Fight Like the Devil: The First Day at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863</i>. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-227-3">978-1-61121-227-3</a>.</li> <li>Teague, Chaplain Chuck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/gettysburg/articles/barlowsknoll.aspx">"Barlow's Knoll Revisited"</a>, <i>Military History Online</i> website, accessed July 9, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/gettysburg-history-articles/flags-of-the-first-day/">Flags of the First Day: An Online Exhibit of Iron Brigade and Confederate battle flags from July 1, 1863</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316173606/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/gettysburg-history-articles/flags-of-the-first-day/">Archived</a> March 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/gettysburg-2011/the-battle-for-herbst-woods.html">"No Man Can Take Those Colors and Live: The Epic Battle Between the 24th Michigan and 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template talk:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engagement">Engagements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Brandy Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Aldie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Upperville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Sporting Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Hunterstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">1st day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">2nd day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a></li></ul></li> <li>3rd day <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge#Artillery_barrage" title="Pickett's Charge">Artillery barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Third_Day_cavalry_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles">Cavalry battles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">Retreat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Pass" title="Fight at Monterey Pass">Monterey Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Boonsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Funkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Manassas Gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Porter_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Porter Alexander">E. Porter Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Hood">John B. Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)"> Allegheny Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">W. Dorsey Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Pickett" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Pickett">George E. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Armistead" title="Lewis Armistead">Lewis Armistead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua L. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Custer" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Custer">George A. Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">George S. Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel E. Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Henry W. Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Union order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Minnesota_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry">1st Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment">20th Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Confederate order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Cavalry Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaign geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></li> <li>Departments: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War#Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Template:Battle of Gettysburg">template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Battlefield_timeline" title="Template:Gettysburg Battlefield timeline">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gettysburg campaign"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day&params=39.8180_N_77.2325_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°49′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°13′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8180°N 77.2325°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8180; 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