CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Metagenomics Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="T3K4SkGXg9hF9iQOY7sm7Nxv6g9n7EaFQ78HIjnpyTk/sQHUCrStJl9Li9KVdQ5+oQf1Vt1fkYAKmG1twUdXvA==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Metagenomics?after=50%2C35899640" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Metagenomics Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '22a69dd18a25e0129d1a3704e4ede140030e28a9'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15260,"monthly_visitors":"114 million","monthly_visitor_count":114645693,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":114,"user_count":278053072,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733339173000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733339173000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-bdb9e8c097f01e611f2fc5e2f1a9dc599beede975e2ae5629983543a1726e947.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-bad3fa1257b860f4633ff1db966aa3ae7dfe1980708675f3e2488742c1a0d941.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-1c1498a5b24f10d2247f356d96ae785336598a8a91e69dfad306a1225e0ddaa3.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Metagenomics</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">12,110 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Metagenomics</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Metagenomics">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59795734" data-work_id="59795734" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59795734/Using_Metagenomics_to_Connect_Microbial_Community_Biodiversity_and_Functions">Using Metagenomics to Connect Microbial Community Biodiversity and Functions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59795734" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6bb028a2e711a85a928de5ae68725ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73533696,"asset_id":59795734,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73533696/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="119543817" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AcacioNavarrete">Acacio Navarrete</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="119543817" type="text/json">{"id":119543817,"first_name":"Acacio","last_name":"Navarrete","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AcacioNavarrete","display_name":"Acacio Navarrete","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AcacioNavarrete?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119543817/131435774/120850991/s65_acacio.navarrete.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59795734 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59795734"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59795734, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59795734", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_59795734 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59795734; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_59795734"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_59795734 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="59795734"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59795734; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59795734]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59795734").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59795734").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59795734"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54433" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54433" type="text/json">{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59795734]'), work: {"id":59795734,"title":"Using Metagenomics to Connect Microbial Community Biodiversity and Functions","created_at":"2021-10-24T06:18:15.755-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59795734/Using_Metagenomics_to_Connect_Microbial_Community_Biodiversity_and_Functions?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_59795734","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73533696,"asset_id":59795734,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":119543817,"first_name":"Acacio","last_name":"Navarrete","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AcacioNavarrete","display_name":"Acacio Navarrete","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AcacioNavarrete?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119543817/131435774/120850991/s65_acacio.navarrete.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":231547,"name":"Soil Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26844101" data-work_id="26844101" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26844101/Selective_removal_of_human_DNA_from_metagenomic_DNA_samples_extracted_from_dental_plaque">Selective removal of human DNA from metagenomic DNA samples extracted from dental plaque</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26844101" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dac53309e941c83dff6c70978f329e5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47114374,"asset_id":26844101,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47114374/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50840624" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SamanthaEaston">Samantha Easton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50840624" type="text/json">{"id":50840624,"first_name":"Samantha","last_name":"Easton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SamanthaEaston","display_name":"Samantha Easton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SamanthaEaston?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26844101 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26844101"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26844101, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26844101", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26844101 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26844101; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26844101"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26844101 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26844101"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26844101; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26844101]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26844101").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26844101").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26844101"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BASIC">BASIC</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37154" type="text/json">{"id":37154,"name":"BASIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BASIC?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26844101]'), work: {"id":26844101,"title":"Selective removal of human DNA from metagenomic DNA samples extracted from dental plaque","created_at":"2016-07-08T12:55:09.121-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26844101/Selective_removal_of_human_DNA_from_metagenomic_DNA_samples_extracted_from_dental_plaque?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_26844101","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47114374,"asset_id":26844101,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50840624,"first_name":"Samantha","last_name":"Easton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SamanthaEaston","display_name":"Samantha Easton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SamanthaEaston?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":37154,"name":"BASIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BASIC?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=21948"},{"id":51784,"name":"real time PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/real_time_PCR?f_ri=21948"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":402186,"name":"Mouth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouth?f_ri=21948"},{"id":473840,"name":"Periodontal Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Periodontal_Diseases?f_ri=21948"},{"id":477952,"name":"Dental Plaque","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dental_Plaque?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23812344" data-work_id="23812344" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23812344/Growth_dynamics_of_gut_microbiota_in_health_and_disease_inferred_from_single_metagenomic_samples">Growth dynamics of gut microbiota in health and disease inferred from single metagenomic samples</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23812344" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a204c88912c4e420ee516785701548c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44228516,"asset_id":23812344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44228516/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43617840" href="https://weizmann.academia.edu/TalKorem">Tal Korem</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43617840" type="text/json">{"id":43617840,"first_name":"Tal","last_name":"Korem","domain_name":"weizmann","page_name":"TalKorem","display_name":"Tal Korem","profile_url":"https://weizmann.academia.edu/TalKorem?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23812344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23812344"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23812344, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23812344", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23812344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23812344; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23812344"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23812344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23812344"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23812344; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23812344]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23812344").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23812344").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23812344"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113903" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria">Bacteria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="113903" type="text/json">{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23812344]'), work: {"id":23812344,"title":"Growth dynamics of gut microbiota in health and disease inferred from single metagenomic samples","created_at":"2016-03-30T04:34:58.112-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23812344/Growth_dynamics_of_gut_microbiota_in_health_and_disease_inferred_from_single_metagenomic_samples?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_23812344","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44228516,"asset_id":23812344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43617840,"first_name":"Tal","last_name":"Korem","domain_name":"weizmann","page_name":"TalKorem","display_name":"Tal Korem","profile_url":"https://weizmann.academia.edu/TalKorem?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":537759,"name":"Gastrointestinal Tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrointestinal_Tract?f_ri=21948"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1810568,"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammatory_Bowel_Diseases?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24743154" data-work_id="24743154" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24743154/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lapointe_Danser_son_ADN_et_modeler_son_microbiome">François-Joseph Lapointe. Danser son ADN et modeler son microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24743154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba9150d109e5b4c93177fc9a7309d184" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45072128,"asset_id":24743154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45072128/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30226252" href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/MarianneCloutier">Marianne Cloutier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30226252" type="text/json">{"id":30226252,"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Cloutier","domain_name":"umontreal","page_name":"MarianneCloutier","display_name":"Marianne Cloutier","profile_url":"https://umontreal.academia.edu/MarianneCloutier?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30226252/8767036/115025527/s65_marianne.cloutier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24743154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24743154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24743154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24743154", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24743154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24743154; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24743154"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24743154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24743154"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24743154; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24743154]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24743154").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24743154").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24743154"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2337" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies">Performance Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2337" type="text/json">{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5463" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Art">Performance Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5463" type="text/json">{"id":5463,"name":"Performance Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Art?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioart">Bioart</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8911" type="text/json">{"id":8911,"name":"Bioart","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioart?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9043" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance">Performance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9043" type="text/json">{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24743154]'), work: {"id":24743154,"title":"François-Joseph Lapointe. Danser son ADN et modeler son microbiome","created_at":"2016-04-25T08:21:29.706-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24743154/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lapointe_Danser_son_ADN_et_modeler_son_microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_24743154","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45072128,"asset_id":24743154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30226252,"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Cloutier","domain_name":"umontreal","page_name":"MarianneCloutier","display_name":"Marianne Cloutier","profile_url":"https://umontreal.academia.edu/MarianneCloutier?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30226252/8767036/115025527/s65_marianne.cloutier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":5463,"name":"Performance Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Art?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":8911,"name":"Bioart","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioart?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":173089,"name":"Biotechnology and Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology_and_Art?f_ri=21948"},{"id":348435,"name":"Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":644611,"name":"Sciart","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sciart?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55936692" data-work_id="55936692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55936692/Impact_of_Metagenomic_DNA_Extraction_Procedures_on_the_Identifiable_Endophytic_Bacterial_Diversity_in_Sorghum_bicolor_L_Moench_">Impact of Metagenomic DNA Extraction Procedures on the Identifiable Endophytic Bacterial Diversity in Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55936692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="db5624369e47aea6f6d89be953f76482" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71571259,"asset_id":55936692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71571259/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42036661" href="https://uwc.academia.edu/MTuffin">Marla Tuffin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42036661" type="text/json">{"id":42036661,"first_name":"Marla","last_name":"Tuffin","domain_name":"uwc","page_name":"MTuffin","display_name":"Marla Tuffin","profile_url":"https://uwc.academia.edu/MTuffin?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42036661/11359841/12672169/s65_marla.tuffin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55936692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55936692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55936692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55936692", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55936692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55936692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55936692"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55936692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55936692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55936692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55936692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55936692").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55936692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55936692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering">Bioengineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68" type="text/json">{"id":68,"name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55936692]'), work: {"id":55936692,"title":"Impact of Metagenomic DNA Extraction Procedures on the Identifiable Endophytic Bacterial Diversity in Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench)","created_at":"2021-10-06T06:00:13.234-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55936692/Impact_of_Metagenomic_DNA_Extraction_Procedures_on_the_Identifiable_Endophytic_Bacterial_Diversity_in_Sorghum_bicolor_L_Moench_?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_55936692","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71571259,"asset_id":55936692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42036661,"first_name":"Marla","last_name":"Tuffin","domain_name":"uwc","page_name":"MTuffin","display_name":"Marla Tuffin","profile_url":"https://uwc.academia.edu/MTuffin?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42036661/11359841/12672169/s65_marla.tuffin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":68,"name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":143898,"name":"Endophytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endophytes?f_ri=21948"},{"id":159780,"name":"Pyrosequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyrosequencing?f_ri=21948"},{"id":202399,"name":"Plant Roots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Roots?f_ri=21948"},{"id":382851,"name":"Endophytic bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endophytic_bacteria?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52987093" data-work_id="52987093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52987093/Assessment_of_REPLI_g_Multiple_Displacement_Whole_Genome_Amplification_WGA_Techniques_for_Metagenomic_Applications">Assessment of REPLI-g Multiple Displacement Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Techniques for Metagenomic Applications</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52987093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="290ce767a04a01ebb6944239c87226f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69984220,"asset_id":52987093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69984220/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40860722" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielaBezdan">Daniela Bezdan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40860722" type="text/json">{"id":40860722,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Bezdan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielaBezdan","display_name":"Daniela Bezdan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielaBezdan?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52987093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52987093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52987093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52987093", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52987093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52987093; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52987093"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52987093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52987093"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52987093; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52987093]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52987093").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52987093").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52987093"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1444" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology">Environmental microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1444" type="text/json">{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52987093]'), work: {"id":52987093,"title":"Assessment of REPLI-g Multiple Displacement Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Techniques for Metagenomic Applications","created_at":"2021-09-20T05:46:21.355-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52987093/Assessment_of_REPLI_g_Multiple_Displacement_Whole_Genome_Amplification_WGA_Techniques_for_Metagenomic_Applications?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_52987093","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69984220,"asset_id":52987093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40860722,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Bezdan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielaBezdan","display_name":"Daniela Bezdan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielaBezdan?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10520826" data-work_id="10520826" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10520826/Interplay_of_metagenomics_and_in_vitro_compartmentalization">Interplay of metagenomics and in vitro compartmentalization</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10520826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="369c941fc31083ee2ddfa01e77a13d4c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47330874,"asset_id":10520826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47330874/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25786911" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelGustavoFerrer">Manuel Gustavo Ferrer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25786911" type="text/json">{"id":25786911,"first_name":"Manuel Gustavo","last_name":"Ferrer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelGustavoFerrer","display_name":"Manuel Gustavo Ferrer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelGustavoFerrer?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10520826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10520826"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10520826, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10520826", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10520826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10520826; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10520826"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10520826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10520826"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10520826; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10520826]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10520826").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10520826").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10520826"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1444" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology">Environmental microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1444" type="text/json">{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16645" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_biotechnology">Microbial biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16645" type="text/json">{"id":16645,"name":"Microbial biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10520826]'), work: {"id":10520826,"title":"Interplay of metagenomics and in vitro compartmentalization","created_at":"2015-02-04T15:08:01.050-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10520826/Interplay_of_metagenomics_and_in_vitro_compartmentalization?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_10520826","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47330874,"asset_id":10520826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25786911,"first_name":"Manuel Gustavo","last_name":"Ferrer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelGustavoFerrer","display_name":"Manuel Gustavo Ferrer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelGustavoFerrer?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":16645,"name":"Microbial biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77430276" data-work_id="77430276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77430276/Recovery_of_nearly_8_000_metagenome_assembled_genomes_substantially_expands_the_tree_of_life">Recovery of nearly 8,000 metagenome-assembled genomes substantially expands the tree of life</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77430276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="499d624d2cae65ed0840716417a914fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84779932,"asset_id":77430276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84779932/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37355773" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipHugenholtz">Philip Hugenholtz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37355773" type="text/json">{"id":37355773,"first_name":"Philip","last_name":"Hugenholtz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PhilipHugenholtz","display_name":"Philip Hugenholtz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipHugenholtz?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77430276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77430276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77430276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77430276", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77430276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77430276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77430276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77430276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77430276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77430276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77430276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77430276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77430276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77430276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54433" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54433" type="text/json">{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77430276]'), work: {"id":77430276,"title":"Recovery of nearly 8,000 metagenome-assembled genomes substantially expands the tree of life","created_at":"2022-04-24T01:56:47.185-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77430276/Recovery_of_nearly_8_000_metagenome_assembled_genomes_substantially_expands_the_tree_of_life?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_77430276","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84779932,"asset_id":77430276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37355773,"first_name":"Philip","last_name":"Hugenholtz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PhilipHugenholtz","display_name":"Philip Hugenholtz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipHugenholtz?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":104196,"name":"Archaea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaea?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20038568" data-work_id="20038568" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20038568/M%C3%A9tag%C3%A9nomique_virale_et_pathologie">Métagénomique virale et pathologie</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20038568" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="876c2763ffe0e2ae8a40112325d3453d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41261868,"asset_id":20038568,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41261868/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40976039" href="https://cirad.academia.edu/PhilippeRoumagnac">Philippe Roumagnac</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40976039" type="text/json">{"id":40976039,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Roumagnac","domain_name":"cirad","page_name":"PhilippeRoumagnac","display_name":"Philippe Roumagnac","profile_url":"https://cirad.academia.edu/PhilippeRoumagnac?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40976039/39771650/32800845/s65_philippe.roumagnac.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20038568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20038568"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20038568, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20038568", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20038568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20038568; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20038568"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20038568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20038568"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20038568; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20038568]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20038568").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20038568").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20038568"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="115707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viruses">Viruses</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="115707" type="text/json">{"id":115707,"name":"Viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viruses?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1007684" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases">Virus diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1007684" type="text/json">{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20038568]'), work: {"id":20038568,"title":"Métagénomique virale et pathologie","created_at":"2016-01-05T07:45:36.349-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20038568/M%C3%A9tag%C3%A9nomique_virale_et_pathologie?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_20038568","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41261868,"asset_id":20038568,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40976039,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Roumagnac","domain_name":"cirad","page_name":"PhilippeRoumagnac","display_name":"Philippe Roumagnac","profile_url":"https://cirad.academia.edu/PhilippeRoumagnac?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40976039/39771650/32800845/s65_philippe.roumagnac.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":115707,"name":"Viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viruses?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14061259" data-work_id="14061259" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14061259/An_integrated_catalog_of_reference_genes_in_the_human_gut_microbiome">An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many analyses of the human gut microbiome depend on a catalog of reference genes. Existing catalogs for the human gut microbiome are based on samples from single cohorts or on reference genomes or protein sequences, which limits coverage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14061259" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many analyses of the human gut microbiome depend on a catalog of reference genes. Existing catalogs for the human gut microbiome are based on samples from single cohorts or on reference genomes or protein sequences, which limits coverage of global microbiome diversity. Here we combined 249 newly sequenced samples of the Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHit) project with 1,018 previously sequenced samples to create a cohort from three continents that is at least threefold larger than cohorts used for previous gene catalogs. From this we established the integrated gene catalog (IGC) comprising 9,879,896 genes. The catalog includes close-to-complete sets of genes for most gut microbes, which are also of considerably higher quality than in previous catalogs. Analyses of a group of samples from Chinese and Danish individuals using the catalog revealed country-specific gut microbial signatures. This expanded catalog should facilitate quantitative characterization of metagen...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14061259" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4045225798e7e60b938dca3de38cafe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44646897,"asset_id":14061259,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44646897/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33064120" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmichelBatto">Jean-michel Batto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33064120" type="text/json">{"id":33064120,"first_name":"Jean-michel","last_name":"Batto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanmichelBatto","display_name":"Jean-michel Batto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmichelBatto?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33064120/20863418/20398006/s65_jean-michel.batto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14061259 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14061259"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14061259, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14061259", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14061259 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14061259; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14061259"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14061259 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14061259"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14061259; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14061259]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14061259").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14061259").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14061259"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="291136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines">Intestines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="291136" type="text/json">{"id":291136,"name":"Intestines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537754" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota">Microbiota</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537754" type="text/json">{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14061259]'), work: {"id":14061259,"title":"An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome","created_at":"2015-07-14T22:59:36.127-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14061259/An_integrated_catalog_of_reference_genes_in_the_human_gut_microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_14061259","summary":"Many analyses of the human gut microbiome depend on a catalog of reference genes. Existing catalogs for the human gut microbiome are based on samples from single cohorts or on reference genomes or protein sequences, which limits coverage of global microbiome diversity. Here we combined 249 newly sequenced samples of the Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHit) project with 1,018 previously sequenced samples to create a cohort from three continents that is at least threefold larger than cohorts used for previous gene catalogs. From this we established the integrated gene catalog (IGC) comprising 9,879,896 genes. The catalog includes close-to-complete sets of genes for most gut microbes, which are also of considerably higher quality than in previous catalogs. Analyses of a group of samples from Chinese and Danish individuals using the catalog revealed country-specific gut microbial signatures. This expanded catalog should facilitate quantitative characterization of metagen...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44646897,"asset_id":14061259,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33064120,"first_name":"Jean-michel","last_name":"Batto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanmichelBatto","display_name":"Jean-michel Batto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeanmichelBatto?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33064120/20863418/20398006/s65_jean-michel.batto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":291136,"name":"Intestines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57745345" data-work_id="57745345" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57745345/Next_generation_sequencing_technology_in_clinical_virology">Next-generation sequencing technology in clinical virology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57745345" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c8fb03605da0e3d5af1390922fc0eca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72494926,"asset_id":57745345,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72494926/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35119420" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCapobianchi">Maria Capobianchi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35119420" type="text/json">{"id":35119420,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Capobianchi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaCapobianchi","display_name":"Maria Capobianchi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCapobianchi?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57745345 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57745345"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57745345, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57745345", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57745345 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57745345; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57745345"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57745345 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57745345"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57745345; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57745345]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57745345").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57745345").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57745345"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology">Virology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8089" type="text/json">{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_generation_sequencing">Next generation sequencing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40727" type="text/json">{"id":40727,"name":"Next generation sequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_generation_sequencing?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="139889" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_microbiology_and_infection_control">Clinical microbiology and infection control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="139889" type="text/json">{"id":139889,"name":"Clinical microbiology and infection control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_microbiology_and_infection_control?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57745345]'), work: {"id":57745345,"title":"Next-generation sequencing technology in clinical virology","created_at":"2021-10-14T02:19:11.926-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57745345/Next_generation_sequencing_technology_in_clinical_virology?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_57745345","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72494926,"asset_id":57745345,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35119420,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Capobianchi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaCapobianchi","display_name":"Maria Capobianchi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCapobianchi?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":40727,"name":"Next generation sequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Next_generation_sequencing?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":139889,"name":"Clinical microbiology and infection control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_microbiology_and_infection_control?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":839246,"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Diagnostic_Techniques?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39721724" data-work_id="39721724" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39721724/Protein_level_assembly_increases_protein_sequence_recovery_from_metagenomic_samples_manyfold">Protein-level assembly increases protein sequence recovery from metagenomic samples manyfold</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The open-source de novo protein-level assembler, Plass (<a href="https://plass.mmseqs.com" rel="nofollow">https://plass.mmseqs.com</a>), assembles six-frame-translated sequencing reads into protein sequences. It recovers 2-10 times more protein sequences from complex metagenomes and can... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39721724" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The open-source de novo protein-level assembler, Plass (<a href="https://plass.mmseqs.com" rel="nofollow">https://plass.mmseqs.com</a>), assembles six-frame-translated sequencing reads into protein sequences. It recovers 2-10 times more protein sequences from complex metagenomes and can assemble huge datasets. We assembled two redundancy filtered reference protein catalogs, 2 billion sequences from 640 soil samples (soil reference protein catalog) and 292 million sequences from 775 marine eukaryotic metatran-scriptomes (marine eukaryotic reference catalog), the largest free collections of protein sequences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39721724" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0380ab7405ed938f6be67898e527a99d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59897263,"asset_id":39721724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59897263/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="99602303" href="https://snu-kr.academia.edu/MartinSteinegger">Martin Steinegger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="99602303" type="text/json">{"id":99602303,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Steinegger","domain_name":"snu-kr","page_name":"MartinSteinegger","display_name":"Martin Steinegger","profile_url":"https://snu-kr.academia.edu/MartinSteinegger?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99602303/21713718/21032629/s65_martin.steinegger.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39721724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39721724"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39721724, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39721724", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39721724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39721724; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39721724"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39721724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39721724"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39721724; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39721724]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39721724").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39721724").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39721724"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3212" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_assembly">Genome assembly</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3212" type="text/json">{"id":3212,"name":"Genome assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_assembly?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39721724]'), work: {"id":39721724,"title":"Protein-level assembly increases protein sequence recovery from metagenomic samples manyfold","created_at":"2019-06-29T17:34:45.750-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39721724/Protein_level_assembly_increases_protein_sequence_recovery_from_metagenomic_samples_manyfold?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_39721724","summary":"The open-source de novo protein-level assembler, Plass (https://plass.mmseqs.com), assembles six-frame-translated sequencing reads into protein sequences. It recovers 2-10 times more protein sequences from complex metagenomes and can assemble huge datasets. We assembled two redundancy filtered reference protein catalogs, 2 billion sequences from 640 soil samples (soil reference protein catalog) and 292 million sequences from 775 marine eukaryotic metatran-scriptomes (marine eukaryotic reference catalog), the largest free collections of protein sequences. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59897263,"asset_id":39721724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":99602303,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Steinegger","domain_name":"snu-kr","page_name":"MartinSteinegger","display_name":"Martin Steinegger","profile_url":"https://snu-kr.academia.edu/MartinSteinegger?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99602303/21713718/21032629/s65_martin.steinegger.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3212,"name":"Genome assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_assembly?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2126335" data-work_id="2126335" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2126335/Enterotypes_of_the_human_gut_microbiome">Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2126335" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58928d7492c3ab8d5cf00d3ad30a6368" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50744248,"asset_id":2126335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50744248/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2759350" href="https://ucb-br.academia.edu/GabrielFernandes">Gabriel Fernandes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2759350" type="text/json">{"id":2759350,"first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Fernandes","domain_name":"ucb-br","page_name":"GabrielFernandes","display_name":"Gabriel Fernandes","profile_url":"https://ucb-br.academia.edu/GabrielFernandes?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2759350/896743/1120498/s65_gabriel.fernandes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2126335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2126335"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2126335, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2126335", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2126335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2126335; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2126335"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2126335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2126335"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2126335; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2126335]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2126335").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2126335").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2126335"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="371" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis">Functional Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="371" type="text/json">{"id":371,"name":"Functional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2126335]'), work: {"id":2126335,"title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","created_at":"2012-11-12T22:54:43.879-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2126335/Enterotypes_of_the_human_gut_microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_2126335","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50744248,"asset_id":2126335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2759350,"first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Fernandes","domain_name":"ucb-br","page_name":"GabrielFernandes","display_name":"Gabriel Fernandes","profile_url":"https://ucb-br.academia.edu/GabrielFernandes?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2759350/896743/1120498/s65_gabriel.fernandes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":371,"name":"Functional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=21948"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":192564,"name":"Body Mass Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Mass_Index?f_ri=21948"},{"id":199046,"name":"Species Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Composition?f_ri=21948"},{"id":291136,"name":"Intestines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines?f_ri=21948"},{"id":469102,"name":"Feces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feces?f_ri=21948"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1627116,"name":"Microbial community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_community?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1929064,"name":"Intestinal Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestinal_Microbiota?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36920811 coauthored" data-work_id="36920811" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36920811/Comprehensive_longitudinal_microbiome_analysis_of_the_chicken_cecum_reveals_a_shift_from_competitive_to_environmental_drivers_and_a_window_of_opportunity_for_Campylobacter">Comprehensive longitudinal microbiome analysis of the chicken cecum reveals a shift from competitive to environmental drivers and a window of opportunity for Campylobacter</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chickens are a key food source for humans yet their microbiome contains bacteria that can be pathogenic to humans, and indeed potentially to chickens themselves. Campylobacter is present within the chicken gut and is the leading cause of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36920811" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chickens are a key food source for humans yet their microbiome contains bacteria that can be pathogenic to humans, and indeed potentially to chickens themselves. Campylobacter is present within the chicken gut and is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis within humans worldwide. Infection can lead to secondary sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and stunted growth in children from low-resource areas. Despite the global health impact and economic burden of Campylobacter, how and when Campylobacter appears within chickens remains unclear. As such, there has been a motivation to decrease the number of Campylobacter within chickens and thus reduce the risk of infection to humans. The lack of day-to-day microbiome data with replicates, relevant metadata, and a lack of natural infection studies have delayed our understanding of the chicken gut microbiome and Campylobacter. Here, we performed a comprehensive day-to-day microbiome analysis of the chicken cecum from day 3 to 35 (12 replicates each day; n=396) combining metadata such as chicken weight and feed conversion rates to investigate what the driving forces are for the microbial changes within the chicken gut over time, and how this relates to Campylobacter appearance within a natural habitat setting. We found a rapidly increasing microbial diversity up to day 12 with variation observed both in terms of genera and abundance, before a stabilisation of the microbial diversity after day 20. In particular, we identified a shift from competitive to environmental drivers of microbial community from days 12 to 20 creating a window of opportunity whereby Campylobacter appears. Campylobacter was identified at day 16 which was one day after the most substantial changes in metabolic profiles observed. In addition, microbial variation over time is most likely influenced by the diet of the chickens whereby significant shifts in OTU abundances and beta dispersion of samples often corresponded with changes in feed. This study is unique in comparison to the most recent studies as neither sampling was sporadic nor Campylobacter was artificially introduced, thus the experiments were performed in a natural setting. We believe that our findings can be useful for future intervention strategies and can help elucidate the mechanism through which Campylobacter within chickens can be reduced.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36920811" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="82ebe6b41401af9adcfa4edb917a6436" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56871066,"asset_id":36920811,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56871066/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="86876730" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AaronMckenna">Aaron Mckenna</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="86876730" type="text/json">{"id":86876730,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"Mckenna","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AaronMckenna","display_name":"Aaron Mckenna","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AaronMckenna?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36920811">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36920811"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnneRichmond3">Anne Richmond</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkLinton4">Mark Linton</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://lshtm.academia.edu/OzanGundogdu">Ozan Gundogdu</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36920811'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36920811').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36920811 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36920811"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36920811, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36920811", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36920811 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36920811; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36920811"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36920811 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36920811"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36920811; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36920811]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36920811").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36920811").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36920811"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53944" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome">Gut Microbiome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53944" type="text/json">{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95030" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95030" type="text/json">{"id":95030,"name":"Campylobacter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campylobacter?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="402759" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens">Chickens</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="402759" type="text/json">{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36920811]'), work: {"id":36920811,"title":"Comprehensive longitudinal microbiome analysis of the chicken cecum reveals a shift from competitive to environmental drivers and a window of opportunity for Campylobacter","created_at":"2018-06-26T04:54:39.564-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36920811/Comprehensive_longitudinal_microbiome_analysis_of_the_chicken_cecum_reveals_a_shift_from_competitive_to_environmental_drivers_and_a_window_of_opportunity_for_Campylobacter?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_36920811","summary":"Chickens are a key food source for humans yet their microbiome contains bacteria that can be pathogenic to humans, and indeed potentially to chickens themselves. Campylobacter is present within the chicken gut and is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis within humans worldwide. Infection can lead to secondary sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and stunted growth in children from low-resource areas. Despite the global health impact and economic burden of Campylobacter, how and when Campylobacter appears within chickens remains unclear. As such, there has been a motivation to decrease the number of Campylobacter within chickens and thus reduce the risk of infection to humans. The lack of day-to-day microbiome data with replicates, relevant metadata, and a lack of natural infection studies have delayed our understanding of the chicken gut microbiome and Campylobacter. Here, we performed a comprehensive day-to-day microbiome analysis of the chicken cecum from day 3 to 35 (12 replicates each day; n=396) combining metadata such as chicken weight and feed conversion rates to investigate what the driving forces are for the microbial changes within the chicken gut over time, and how this relates to Campylobacter appearance within a natural habitat setting. We found a rapidly increasing microbial diversity up to day 12 with variation observed both in terms of genera and abundance, before a stabilisation of the microbial diversity after day 20. In particular, we identified a shift from competitive to environmental drivers of microbial community from days 12 to 20 creating a window of opportunity whereby Campylobacter appears. Campylobacter was identified at day 16 which was one day after the most substantial changes in metabolic profiles observed. In addition, microbial variation over time is most likely influenced by the diet of the chickens whereby significant shifts in OTU abundances and beta dispersion of samples often corresponded with changes in feed. This study is unique in comparison to the most recent studies as neither sampling was sporadic nor Campylobacter was artificially introduced, thus the experiments were performed in a natural setting. We believe that our findings can be useful for future intervention strategies and can help elucidate the mechanism through which Campylobacter within chickens can be reduced.\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56871066,"asset_id":36920811,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":86876730,"first_name":"Aaron","last_name":"Mckenna","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AaronMckenna","display_name":"Aaron Mckenna","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AaronMckenna?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":86543965,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Richmond","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnneRichmond3","display_name":"Anne Richmond","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnneRichmond3?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":83555711,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Linton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarkLinton4","display_name":"Mark Linton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarkLinton4?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":40728830,"first_name":"Ozan","last_name":"Gundogdu","domain_name":"lshtm","page_name":"OzanGundogdu","display_name":"Ozan Gundogdu","profile_url":"https://lshtm.academia.edu/OzanGundogdu?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40728830/11105135/73748142/s65_ozan.gundogdu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":95030,"name":"Campylobacter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campylobacter?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12244892" data-work_id="12244892" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12244892/Environmental_DNA_for_wildlife_biology_and_biodiversity_monitoring">Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12244892" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c18feebcad8be1faeecfaa399f1a6d25" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46283545,"asset_id":12244892,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46283545/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30768625" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GaryCarvalho">Gary Carvalho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30768625" type="text/json">{"id":30768625,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Carvalho","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GaryCarvalho","display_name":"Gary Carvalho","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GaryCarvalho?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12244892 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12244892"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12244892, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12244892", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12244892 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12244892; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12244892"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12244892 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12244892"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12244892; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12244892]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12244892").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12244892").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12244892"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11801" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring">Environmental Monitoring</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11801" type="text/json">{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungi">Fungi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17272" type="text/json">{"id":17272,"name":"Fungi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungi?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12244892]'), work: {"id":12244892,"title":"Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring","created_at":"2015-05-05T07:04:12.643-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12244892/Environmental_DNA_for_wildlife_biology_and_biodiversity_monitoring?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_12244892","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46283545,"asset_id":12244892,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30768625,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Carvalho","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GaryCarvalho","display_name":"Gary Carvalho","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GaryCarvalho?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17272,"name":"Fungi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungi?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=21948"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":133873,"name":"Plants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plants?f_ri=21948"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=21948"},{"id":408773,"name":"Metabarcoding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabarcoding?f_ri=21948"},{"id":531383,"name":"Captive Wild Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Captive_Wild_Animals?f_ri=21948"},{"id":810651,"name":"Edna St Vincent Millay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edna_St_Vincent_Millay?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4075594" data-work_id="4075594" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4075594/Degradation_of_physical_properties_of_different_elastomers_upon_exposure_to_palm_biodiesel">Degradation of physical properties of different elastomers upon exposure to palm biodiesel</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, is gradually receiving more popularity for use in internal combustion engines. However questions continue to arise with regard to its compatibility with elastomeric materials. The present work aims to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4075594" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, is gradually receiving more popularity for use in internal combustion engines. However questions continue to arise with regard to its compatibility with elastomeric materials. The present work aims to investigate the comparative degradation of physical properties for different elastomers [e.g. ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), silicone rubber (SR), polychloroprene (CR), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and nitrile rubber (NBR)] upon exposure to diesel and palm biodiesel. Static immersion tests in B0(diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B20, B50 and B100(biodiesel) were carried out at room temperature (25 °C) for 1000 h. Different physical properties like, changes in weight and volume, hardness and tensile strength were measured at every 250 h of immersion time. Compositional changes in biodiesel due to exposure of different elastomers were investigated by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The overall sequence of compatible elastomers in palm biodiesel is found to be PTFE > SR > NBR > EPDM > CR. <br /> <br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210007139" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210007139</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4075594" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1519acbeae8132a840606fb61de2ef17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31603552,"asset_id":4075594,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31603552/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3054445" href="https://malaya.academia.edu/HaseebASMA">Haseeb ASMA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3054445" type="text/json">{"id":3054445,"first_name":"Haseeb","last_name":"ASMA","domain_name":"malaya","page_name":"HaseebASMA","display_name":"Haseeb ASMA","profile_url":"https://malaya.academia.edu/HaseebASMA?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3054445/1004285/1255894/s65_haseeb.asma.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4075594 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4075594"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4075594, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4075594", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4075594 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4075594; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4075594"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4075594 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4075594"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4075594; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4075594]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4075594").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4075594").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4075594"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">57</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300" type="text/json">{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4075594]'), work: {"id":4075594,"title":"Degradation of physical properties of different elastomers upon exposure to palm biodiesel","created_at":"2013-07-21T13:44:48.069-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4075594/Degradation_of_physical_properties_of_different_elastomers_upon_exposure_to_palm_biodiesel?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_4075594","summary":"Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, is gradually receiving more popularity for use in internal combustion engines. However questions continue to arise with regard to its compatibility with elastomeric materials. The present work aims to investigate the comparative degradation of physical properties for different elastomers [e.g. ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), silicone rubber (SR), polychloroprene (CR), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and nitrile rubber (NBR)] upon exposure to diesel and palm biodiesel. Static immersion tests in B0(diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B20, B50 and B100(biodiesel) were carried out at room temperature (25 °C) for 1000 h. Different physical properties like, changes in weight and volume, hardness and tensile strength were measured at every 250 h of immersion time. Compositional changes in biodiesel due to exposure of different elastomers were investigated by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The overall sequence of compatible elastomers in palm biodiesel is found to be PTFE \u003e SR \u003e NBR \u003e EPDM \u003e CR.\r\n\r\nhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210007139 ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31603552,"asset_id":4075594,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3054445,"first_name":"Haseeb","last_name":"ASMA","domain_name":"malaya","page_name":"HaseebASMA","display_name":"Haseeb ASMA","profile_url":"https://malaya.academia.edu/HaseebASMA?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3054445/1004285/1255894/s65_haseeb.asma.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":2379,"name":"Finite Volume Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finite_Volume_Methods?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2380,"name":"Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticity?f_ri=21948"},{"id":5673,"name":"Augmented Reality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Augmented_Reality?f_ri=21948"},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=21948"},{"id":7892,"name":"Biodiesel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiesel?f_ri=21948"},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":18634,"name":"Internal Combustion Engines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Combustion_Engines?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":22124,"name":"Elastomers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elastomers?f_ri=21948"},{"id":23091,"name":"3D printing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/3D_printing?f_ri=21948"},{"id":27178,"name":"Marine Diesel Engines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Diesel_Engines?f_ri=21948"},{"id":29487,"name":"Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space?f_ri=21948"},{"id":33003,"name":"Ionic Liquids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquids?f_ri=21948"},{"id":34550,"name":"Polymer Nanocomposites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer_Nanocomposites?f_ri=21948"},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=21948"},{"id":47980,"name":"Data Visualization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Visualization?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48936,"name":"TIME","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TIME?f_ri=21948"},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":51200,"name":"Immersion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersion?f_ri=21948"},{"id":52468,"name":"Alternative Fuels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Fuels?f_ri=21948"},{"id":93647,"name":"Biofuel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biofuel?f_ri=21948"},{"id":95517,"name":"Separation processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Separation_processes?f_ri=21948"},{"id":100717,"name":"Locative Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Locative_Media?f_ri=21948"},{"id":104708,"name":"Plastics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plastics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":108782,"name":"Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data?f_ri=21948"},{"id":126799,"name":"Measure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measure?f_ri=21948"},{"id":181083,"name":"REDD+ or Reducing Emissions form Deforestation and (Forest) Degradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/REDD_or_Reducing_Emissions_form_Deforestation_and_Forest_Degradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":212146,"name":"Voltammetry in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Comparisons and Contrasts with Conventional Electrochemical Solvents.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltammetry_in_Room_Temperature_Ionic_Liquids_Comparisons_and_Contrasts_with_Conventional_Electroch?f_ri=21948"},{"id":289866,"name":"Immersive visualization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersive_visualization?f_ri=21948"},{"id":303393,"name":"GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GAS_LIQUID_CHROMATOGRAPHY?f_ri=21948"},{"id":310576,"name":"Hardness removal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hardness_removal?f_ri=21948"},{"id":311931,"name":"STOCK EXCHANGE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STOCK_EXCHANGE?f_ri=21948"},{"id":362155,"name":"1) Materials Physics \u0026 Chemistry (in fields of: Dielectric, Semiconductive, Optical and Physical properties of Materials).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/1_Materials_Physics_and_Chemistry_in_fields_of_Dielectric_Semiconductive_Optical_and_Physical_pro?f_ri=21948"},{"id":404503,"name":"Elastomeric Materials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elastomeric_Materials?f_ri=21948"},{"id":417239,"name":"Timeline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Timeline?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":561173,"name":"Silicones Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silicones_Chemistry?f_ri=21948"},{"id":902418,"name":"Immersion Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersion_Tests?f_ri=21948"},{"id":902420,"name":"Palm Biodiesels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palm_Biodiesels?f_ri=21948"},{"id":903511,"name":"Cyanides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyanides?f_ri=21948"},{"id":905852,"name":"Compositional Changes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compositional_Changes?f_ri=21948"},{"id":905884,"name":"Polytetrafluroethylene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polytetrafluroethylene?f_ri=21948"},{"id":905885,"name":"Silicone Rubber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silicone_Rubber?f_ri=21948"},{"id":905887,"name":"Monocotyledon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monocotyledon?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"},{"id":973992,"name":"RP Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RP_Technologies?f_ri=21948"},{"id":973996,"name":"Process Parameters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Parameters?f_ri=21948"},{"id":973998,"name":"Post Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Processing?f_ri=21948"},{"id":973999,"name":"Tensile Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tensile_Strength?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1009998,"name":"Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activity_Coefficients_at_Infinite_Dilution?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1012008,"name":"Conductive Rubber Composites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conductive_Rubber_Composites?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1012011,"name":"Modification of Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modification_of_Polymers?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43380489" data-work_id="43380489" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43380489/Degradation_of_Recalcitrant_Polyurethane_and_Xenobiotic_Additives_by_a_Selected_Landfill_Microbial_Community_and_Its_Biodegradative_Potential_Revealed_by_Proximity_Ligation_Based_Metagenomic_Analysis">Degradation of Recalcitrant Polyurethane and Xenobiotic Additives by a Selected Landfill Microbial Community and Its Biodegradative Potential Revealed by Proximity Ligation-Based Metagenomic Analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Polyurethanes (PU) are the sixth most produced plastics with around 18-million tons in 2016, but since they are not recyclable, they are burned or landfilled, generating damage to human health and ecosystems. To elucidate the mechanisms... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43380489" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Polyurethanes (PU) are the sixth most produced plastics with around 18-million tons in 2016, but since they are not recyclable, they are burned or landfilled, generating damage to human health and ecosystems. To elucidate the mechanisms that landfill microbial communities perform to attack recalcitrant PU plastics, we studied the degradative activity of a mixed microbial culture, selected from a municipal landfill by its capability to grow in a water PU dispersion (WPUD) as the only carbon source, as a model for the BP8 landfill microbial community. The WPUD contains a polyether-polyurethane-acrylate (PE-PU-A) copolymer and xenobiotic additives (N-methylpyrrolidone, isopropanol and glycol ethers). To identify the changes that the BP8 microbial community culture generates to the WPUD additives and copolymer, we performed chemical and physical analyses of the biodegradation process during 25 days of cultivation. These analyses included Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry, Differential scanning calorimetry, Gel permeation chromatography, and Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry techniques. Moreover, for revealing the BP8 community structure and its genetically encoded potential biodegradative capability we also performed a proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis. The additives present in the WPUD were consumed early whereas the copolymer was cleaved throughout the 25-days of incubation. The analysis of the biodegradation process and the identified biodegradation products showed that BP8 cleaves esters, CC , and the recalcitrant aromatic urethanes and ether groups by hydrolytic and oxidative mechanisms, both in the soft and the hard segments of the copolymer. The proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis allowed the reconstruction of five genomes, three of them from novel species. In the metagenome, Frontiers in Microbiology | <a href="http://www.frontiersin.org" rel="nofollow">www.frontiersin.org</a> 1</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43380489" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00f8e69a152f6b8000665976ad20b1ae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63674370,"asset_id":43380489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63674370/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="118554674" href="https://itesm.academia.edu/ManuelBurelo">Manuel Burelo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="118554674" type="text/json">{"id":118554674,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Burelo","domain_name":"itesm","page_name":"ManuelBurelo","display_name":"Manuel Burelo","profile_url":"https://itesm.academia.edu/ManuelBurelo?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/118554674/46240259/38642197/s65_manuel.burelo.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43380489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43380489"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43380489, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43380489", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43380489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43380489; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43380489"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43380489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43380489"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43380489; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43380489]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43380489").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43380489").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43380489"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6333" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6333" type="text/json">{"id":6333,"name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Microbiology_Biology_">Environmental Microbiology (Biology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10154" type="text/json">{"id":10154,"name":"Environmental Microbiology (Biology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Microbiology_Biology_?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21466" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers">Polymers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21466" type="text/json">{"id":21466,"name":"Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43380489]'), work: {"id":43380489,"title":"Degradation of Recalcitrant Polyurethane and Xenobiotic Additives by a Selected Landfill Microbial Community and Its Biodegradative Potential Revealed by Proximity Ligation-Based Metagenomic Analysis","created_at":"2020-06-18T20:53:05.906-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43380489/Degradation_of_Recalcitrant_Polyurethane_and_Xenobiotic_Additives_by_a_Selected_Landfill_Microbial_Community_and_Its_Biodegradative_Potential_Revealed_by_Proximity_Ligation_Based_Metagenomic_Analysis?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_43380489","summary":"Polyurethanes (PU) are the sixth most produced plastics with around 18-million tons in 2016, but since they are not recyclable, they are burned or landfilled, generating damage to human health and ecosystems. To elucidate the mechanisms that landfill microbial communities perform to attack recalcitrant PU plastics, we studied the degradative activity of a mixed microbial culture, selected from a municipal landfill by its capability to grow in a water PU dispersion (WPUD) as the only carbon source, as a model for the BP8 landfill microbial community. The WPUD contains a polyether-polyurethane-acrylate (PE-PU-A) copolymer and xenobiotic additives (N-methylpyrrolidone, isopropanol and glycol ethers). To identify the changes that the BP8 microbial community culture generates to the WPUD additives and copolymer, we performed chemical and physical analyses of the biodegradation process during 25 days of cultivation. These analyses included Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry, Differential scanning calorimetry, Gel permeation chromatography, and Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry techniques. Moreover, for revealing the BP8 community structure and its genetically encoded potential biodegradative capability we also performed a proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis. The additives present in the WPUD were consumed early whereas the copolymer was cleaved throughout the 25-days of incubation. The analysis of the biodegradation process and the identified biodegradation products showed that BP8 cleaves esters, CC , and the recalcitrant aromatic urethanes and ether groups by hydrolytic and oxidative mechanisms, both in the soft and the hard segments of the copolymer. The proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis allowed the reconstruction of five genomes, three of them from novel species. In the metagenome, Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63674370,"asset_id":43380489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":118554674,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Burelo","domain_name":"itesm","page_name":"ManuelBurelo","display_name":"Manuel Burelo","profile_url":"https://itesm.academia.edu/ManuelBurelo?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/118554674/46240259/38642197/s65_manuel.burelo.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6333,"name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":10154,"name":"Environmental Microbiology (Biology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Microbiology_Biology_?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21466,"name":"Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":56981,"name":"Microbial Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Communities?f_ri=21948"},{"id":160770,"name":"Biodegradable Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradable_Polymers?f_ri=21948"},{"id":280134,"name":"Microorganisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microorganisms?f_ri=21948"},{"id":387424,"name":"Polyurethane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyurethane?f_ri=21948"},{"id":477920,"name":"Biodegradable Plastic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradable_Plastic?f_ri=21948"},{"id":484339,"name":"Biorremediacion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biorremediacion?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1579459,"name":"BIODEGRADACIÓN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIODEGRADACION?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2970469,"name":"plasticos biodegradables ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/plasticos_biodegradables?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3686819,"name":"poliuretanos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/poliuretanos?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13222572 coauthored" data-work_id="13222572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13222572/Patterns_in_Wetland_Microbial_Community_Composition_and_Functional_Gene_Repertoire_Associated_with_Methane_Emissions">Patterns in Wetland Microbial Community Composition and Functional Gene Repertoire Associated with Methane Emissions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wetland restoration on peat islands previously drained for agriculture has potential to reverse land subsidence and sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide as peat accretes. However, the emission of methane could potentially offset the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13222572" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wetland restoration on peat islands previously drained for agriculture has potential to reverse land subsidence and sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide as peat accretes. However, the emission of methane could potentially offset the greenhouse gas benefits of captured carbon. As microbial communities play a key role in governing wetland greenhouse gas fluxes, we are interested in how microbial community composition and functions are associated with wetland hydrology, biogeochemistry, and methane emission, which is critical to modeling the microbial component in wetland methane fluxes and to managing restoration projects for maximal carbon sequestration. Here, we couple sequence-based methods with biogeochemical and greenhouse gas measurements to interrogate microbial communities from a pilot-scale restored wetland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, revealing considerable spatial heterogeneity even within this relatively small site. A number of microbial populations and functions showed strong correlations with electron acceptor availability and methane production; some also showed a preference for association with plant roots. Marker gene phylogenies revealed a diversity of major methane-producing and -consuming populations and suggested novel diversity within methanotrophs. Methanogenic archaea were observed in all samples, as were nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria, indicating that no single terminal electron acceptor was preferred despite differences in energetic favorability and suggesting spatial microheterogeneity and microniches. Notably, methanogens were negatively correlated with nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria and were most abundant at sampling sites with high peat accretion and low electron acceptor availability, where methane production was highest.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13222572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab56c7fc477ef7ce90b5b88ea3d5dd5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37985261,"asset_id":13222572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37985261/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31658155" href="https://lbl.academia.edu/SusannahTringe">Susannah Tringe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31658155" type="text/json">{"id":31658155,"first_name":"Susannah","last_name":"Tringe","domain_name":"lbl","page_name":"SusannahTringe","display_name":"Susannah Tringe","profile_url":"https://lbl.academia.edu/SusannahTringe?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13222572">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13222572"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelHuntemann">Marcel Huntemann</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TijanaDelRio">Tijana Del Rio</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13222572'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13222572').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13222572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13222572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13222572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13222572", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13222572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13222572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13222572"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13222572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13222572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13222572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13222572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13222572").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13222572").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13222572"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2461" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands">Wetlands</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2461" type="text/json">{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology">Microbial Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6389" type="text/json">{"id":6389,"name":"Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156347" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methane">Methane</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="156347" type="text/json">{"id":156347,"name":"Methane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methane?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13222572]'), work: {"id":13222572,"title":"Patterns in Wetland Microbial Community Composition and Functional Gene Repertoire Associated with Methane Emissions","created_at":"2015-06-23T12:54:02.201-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13222572/Patterns_in_Wetland_Microbial_Community_Composition_and_Functional_Gene_Repertoire_Associated_with_Methane_Emissions?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_13222572","summary":"Wetland restoration on peat islands previously drained for agriculture has potential to reverse land subsidence and sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide as peat accretes. However, the emission of methane could potentially offset the greenhouse gas benefits of captured carbon. As microbial communities play a key role in governing wetland greenhouse gas fluxes, we are interested in how microbial community composition and functions are associated with wetland hydrology, biogeochemistry, and methane emission, which is critical to modeling the microbial component in wetland methane fluxes and to managing restoration projects for maximal carbon sequestration. Here, we couple sequence-based methods with biogeochemical and greenhouse gas measurements to interrogate microbial communities from a pilot-scale restored wetland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, revealing considerable spatial heterogeneity even within this relatively small site. A number of microbial populations and functions showed strong correlations with electron acceptor availability and methane production; some also showed a preference for association with plant roots. Marker gene phylogenies revealed a diversity of major methane-producing and -consuming populations and suggested novel diversity within methanotrophs. Methanogenic archaea were observed in all samples, as were nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria, indicating that no single terminal electron acceptor was preferred despite differences in energetic favorability and suggesting spatial microheterogeneity and microniches. Notably, methanogens were negatively correlated with nitrate-, sulfate-, and metal-reducing bacteria and were most abundant at sampling sites with high peat accretion and low electron acceptor availability, where methane production was highest.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37985261,"asset_id":13222572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31658155,"first_name":"Susannah","last_name":"Tringe","domain_name":"lbl","page_name":"SusannahTringe","display_name":"Susannah Tringe","profile_url":"https://lbl.academia.edu/SusannahTringe?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31307113,"first_name":"Marcel","last_name":"Huntemann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcelHuntemann","display_name":"Marcel Huntemann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelHuntemann?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31428824,"first_name":"Tijana Del","last_name":"Rio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TijanaDelRio","display_name":"Tijana Del Rio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TijanaDelRio?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":6389,"name":"Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":156347,"name":"Methane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methane?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11962473" data-work_id="11962473" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11962473/Systemic_Administration_of_%CE%B3_Hydroxybutyric_Acid_in_Adolescent_Rat_Impairs_Contextual_Fear_Conditioning_But_Not_Cued_Conditioning">Systemic Administration of γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Adolescent Rat Impairs Contextual Fear Conditioning, But Not Cued Conditioning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11962473" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d5bfe9a288a53730d704942a08d20ee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46421156,"asset_id":11962473,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46421156/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29678037" href="https://aecom-yu.academia.edu/KeitaIshiwari">Keita Ishiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29678037" type="text/json">{"id":29678037,"first_name":"Keita","last_name":"Ishiwari","domain_name":"aecom-yu","page_name":"KeitaIshiwari","display_name":"Keita Ishiwari","profile_url":"https://aecom-yu.academia.edu/KeitaIshiwari?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11962473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11962473"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11962473, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11962473", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11962473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11962473; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11962473"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11962473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11962473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11962473; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11962473]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11962473").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11962473").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11962473"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">58</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology">Parasitology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="164" type="text/json">{"id":164,"name":"Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11962473]'), work: {"id":11962473,"title":"Systemic Administration of γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Adolescent Rat Impairs Contextual Fear Conditioning, But Not Cued Conditioning","created_at":"2015-04-15T13:01:22.765-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11962473/Systemic_Administration_of_%CE%B3_Hydroxybutyric_Acid_in_Adolescent_Rat_Impairs_Contextual_Fear_Conditioning_But_Not_Cued_Conditioning?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_11962473","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46421156,"asset_id":11962473,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29678037,"first_name":"Keita","last_name":"Ishiwari","domain_name":"aecom-yu","page_name":"KeitaIshiwari","display_name":"Keita Ishiwari","profile_url":"https://aecom-yu.academia.edu/KeitaIshiwari?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":164,"name":"Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":165,"name":"Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":502,"name":"Biophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":595,"name":"Medical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":619,"name":"Hematology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hematology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":626,"name":"Oncology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oncology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1087,"name":"Genetic Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Epidemiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2568,"name":"Medical Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3058,"name":"Biostatistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biostatistics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3284,"name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":4258,"name":"Embryology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":4481,"name":"Evolutionary genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_genetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":4553,"name":"Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":5072,"name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=21948"},{"id":5400,"name":"Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systems_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":6389,"name":"Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":7835,"name":"Nanobiotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanobiotechnology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":8745,"name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry?f_ri=21948"},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":18519,"name":"Glycobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycobiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":19632,"name":"Molecular Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Genetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":29808,"name":"Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Diagnostics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":32095,"name":"Biological Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Engineering?f_ri=21948"},{"id":39001,"name":"Pathophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathophysiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":43934,"name":"Orthopaedics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthopaedics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":50991,"name":"Cytogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytogenetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":60431,"name":"Evolutionary medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_medicine?f_ri=21948"},{"id":107227,"name":"Environmental genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_genomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":112822,"name":"Physicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physicians?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113960,"name":"Orthopedics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthopedics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":125569,"name":"Surgical Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgical_Pathology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":127176,"name":"Ecological genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_genetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":209189,"name":"Drug abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_abuse?f_ri=21948"},{"id":245663,"name":"Molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_phylogenetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":323092,"name":"Lipidology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipidology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":569638,"name":"Full Text Vol 5","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_Text_Vol_5?f_ri=21948"},{"id":645164,"name":"Biopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopharmacology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1631115,"name":"Medical Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Biology?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58122606" data-work_id="58122606" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58122606/Structure_function_and_diversity_of_the_healthy_human_microbiome">Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58122606" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e7332ec328502370fb018fa19014895" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72687808,"asset_id":58122606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72687808/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48688768" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KrisWetterstrand">Kris Wetterstrand</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48688768" type="text/json">{"id":48688768,"first_name":"Kris","last_name":"Wetterstrand","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KrisWetterstrand","display_name":"Kris Wetterstrand","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KrisWetterstrand?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58122606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58122606"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58122606, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58122606", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58122606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58122606; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58122606"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58122606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58122606"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58122606; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58122606]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58122606").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58122606").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58122606"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14406" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health">Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14406" type="text/json">{"id":14406,"name":"Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58122606]'), work: {"id":58122606,"title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","created_at":"2021-10-15T06:46:25.147-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58122606/Structure_function_and_diversity_of_the_healthy_human_microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_58122606","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72687808,"asset_id":58122606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48688768,"first_name":"Kris","last_name":"Wetterstrand","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KrisWetterstrand","display_name":"Kris Wetterstrand","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KrisWetterstrand?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":14406,"name":"Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=21948"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=21948"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype?f_ri=21948"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73077580" data-work_id="73077580" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73077580/A_catalog_of_reference_genomes_from_the_human_microbiome">A catalog of reference genomes from the human microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The human microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including prokaryotes, viruses, and microbial eukaryotes, that populate the human body. The National Institutes of Health launched an initiative that focuses on describing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73077580" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The human microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including prokaryotes, viruses, and microbial eukaryotes, that populate the human body. The National Institutes of Health launched an initiative that focuses on describing the diversity of microbial species that are associated with health and disease. The first phase of this initiative includes the sequencing of hundreds of microbial reference genomes, coupled to metagenomic sequencing from multiple body sites. Here we present results from an initial reference genome sequencing of 178 microbial genomes. From 547,968 predicted polypeptides that correspond to the gene complement of these strains, previously unidentified…</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73077580" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4668481c2592b6583202cd17cbc020b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81742301,"asset_id":73077580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81742301/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="96248177" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Holdermike">mike Holder</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="96248177" type="text/json">{"id":96248177,"first_name":"mike","last_name":"Holder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Holdermike","display_name":"mike Holder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Holdermike?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73077580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73077580"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73077580, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73077580", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73077580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73077580; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73077580"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73077580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73077580"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73077580; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73077580]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73077580").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73077580").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73077580"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4233" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology">Computational Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4233" type="text/json">{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73077580]'), work: {"id":73077580,"title":"A catalog of reference genomes from the human microbiome","created_at":"2022-03-04T23:37:48.858-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73077580/A_catalog_of_reference_genomes_from_the_human_microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_73077580","summary":"The human microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including prokaryotes, viruses, and microbial eukaryotes, that populate the human body. The National Institutes of Health launched an initiative that focuses on describing the diversity of microbial species that are associated with health and disease. The first phase of this initiative includes the sequencing of hundreds of microbial reference genomes, coupled to metagenomic sequencing from multiple body sites. Here we present results from an initial reference genome sequencing of 178 microbial genomes. From 547,968 predicted polypeptides that correspond to the gene complement of these strains, previously unidentified…","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81742301,"asset_id":73077580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":96248177,"first_name":"mike","last_name":"Holder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Holdermike","display_name":"mike Holder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Holdermike?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":151086,"name":"Peptides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peptides?f_ri=21948"},{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=21948"},{"id":393958,"name":"Respiratory System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_System?f_ri=21948"},{"id":402186,"name":"Mouth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouth?f_ri=21948"},{"id":537759,"name":"Gastrointestinal Tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrointestinal_Tract?f_ri=21948"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2502298,"name":"Urogenital System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urogenital_System?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59547385" data-work_id="59547385" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59547385/Gut_bacteria_selectively_promoted_by_dietary_fibers_alleviate_type_2_diabetes">Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from carbohydrate fermentation, and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized clinical study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59547385" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from carbohydrate fermentation, and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized clinical study of specifically designed isoenergetic diets, together with fecal shotgun metagenomics, to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM. When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance, participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels, partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production. Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide. Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59547385" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e1b95c49aa0751da42dd3643bfcf055" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73413872,"asset_id":59547385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73413872/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="160020478" href="https://independent.academia.edu/XinheXue">Xinhe Xue</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="160020478" type="text/json">{"id":160020478,"first_name":"Xinhe","last_name":"Xue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"XinheXue","display_name":"Xinhe Xue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/XinheXue?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/160020478/44845609/35167496/s65_xinhe.xue.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59547385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59547385"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59547385, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59547385", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_59547385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59547385; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_59547385"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_59547385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="59547385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59547385; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59547385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59547385").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59547385").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59547385"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9478" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet">Diet</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9478" type="text/json">{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59547385]'), work: {"id":59547385,"title":"Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes","created_at":"2021-10-22T11:43:52.991-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59547385/Gut_bacteria_selectively_promoted_by_dietary_fibers_alleviate_type_2_diabetes?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_59547385","summary":"The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from carbohydrate fermentation, and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized clinical study of specifically designed isoenergetic diets, together with fecal shotgun metagenomics, to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM. When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance, participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels, partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production. Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide. Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73413872,"asset_id":59547385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":160020478,"first_name":"Xinhe","last_name":"Xue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"XinheXue","display_name":"Xinhe Xue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/XinheXue?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/160020478/44845609/35167496/s65_xinhe.xue.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":269129,"name":"Fermentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fermentation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=21948"},{"id":452474,"name":"Dietary fiber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_fiber?f_ri=21948"},{"id":469102,"name":"Feces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feces?f_ri=21948"},{"id":476869,"name":"Hydrogen Sulfide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen_Sulfide?f_ri=21948"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3187115,"name":"Glycated hemoglobin A","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycated_hemoglobin_A?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52185760" data-work_id="52185760" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52185760/The_Placenta_Harbors_a_Unique_Microbiome">The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52185760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d5c0fa31d7c37fcf3216b5a9a0ca54a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69567760,"asset_id":52185760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69567760/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51666830" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KjerstiAagaard">Kjersti Aagaard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51666830" type="text/json">{"id":51666830,"first_name":"Kjersti","last_name":"Aagaard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KjerstiAagaard","display_name":"Kjersti Aagaard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KjerstiAagaard?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52185760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52185760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52185760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52185760", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52185760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52185760; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52185760"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52185760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52185760"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52185760; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52185760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52185760").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52185760").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52185760"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41482" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multivariate_Analysis">Multivariate Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41482" type="text/json">{"id":41482,"name":"Multivariate Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multivariate_Analysis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52185760]'), work: {"id":52185760,"title":"The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome","created_at":"2021-09-13T10:22:25.386-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52185760/The_Placenta_Harbors_a_Unique_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_52185760","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69567760,"asset_id":52185760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51666830,"first_name":"Kjersti","last_name":"Aagaard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KjerstiAagaard","display_name":"Kjersti Aagaard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KjerstiAagaard?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":41482,"name":"Multivariate Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multivariate_Analysis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=21948"},{"id":76061,"name":"Placenta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Placenta?f_ri=21948"},{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":158884,"name":"Urinary Tract Infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urinary_Tract_Infections?f_ri=21948"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=21948"},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":584601,"name":"Chi Square Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chi_Square_Distribution?f_ri=21948"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1399301,"name":"Premature Birth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Premature_Birth?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=21948"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32446304" data-work_id="32446304" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32446304/Metagenomic_Analyses_of_the_Human_Gut_Virome">Metagenomic Analyses of the Human Gut Virome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32446304" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48849eb2c3f71192a4386b3f7af1dfd9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52637567,"asset_id":32446304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52637567/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62990314" href="https://independent.academia.edu/alejandroreyes162">alejandro reyes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62990314" type="text/json">{"id":62990314,"first_name":"alejandro","last_name":"reyes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"alejandroreyes162","display_name":"alejandro reyes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/alejandroreyes162?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62990314/19999816/19784237/s65_alejandro.reyes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32446304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32446304"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32446304, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32446304", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32446304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32446304; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32446304"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32446304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32446304"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32446304; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32446304]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32446304").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32446304").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32446304"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1606947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virome">Virome</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1606947" type="text/json">{"id":1606947,"name":"Virome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32446304]'), work: {"id":32446304,"title":"Metagenomic Analyses of the Human Gut Virome","created_at":"2017-04-16T08:54:12.909-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32446304/Metagenomic_Analyses_of_the_Human_Gut_Virome?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_32446304","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52637567,"asset_id":32446304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62990314,"first_name":"alejandro","last_name":"reyes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"alejandroreyes162","display_name":"alejandro reyes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/alejandroreyes162?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62990314/19999816/19784237/s65_alejandro.reyes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1606947,"name":"Virome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72519311" data-work_id="72519311" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72519311/Human_enteric_microbiome_Its_role_in_health_and_disease">Human enteric microbiome: Its role in health and disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study of the human commensal micro-flora has recently regained the interest of the scientific community, particularly after the development of genomics and bio-informatics. The genes of the microbes found in the various different... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72519311" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study of the human commensal micro-flora has recently regained the interest of the scientific community, particularly after the development of genomics and bio-informatics. The genes of the microbes found in the various different cavities of the human organism are collectively called the human microbiome (HM). This is a complex system, which is estimated to consist of approximately 1014 bacterial cells, thus being 10 times larger than the total of human cells. Almost 400−500 different types of microbes form the intestinal flora of the HM. The commensal bacteria in the gut microbiota interact with each other and with the host immune system, contributing to the homeostasis of the organism. The intestinal microbiome has been shown to differ among individuals of the same sex, between sexes and between individuals of different ages. Εach individual human can be characterized by his/her own intestinal microbial fingerprint, which may be useful in the future for individualized medicine. Alteration in the composition and function of the commensal gut  microbiota has been associated with complex diseases such as inflammatory bowel<br />diseases (IBD), colorectal cancer, allergies and obesity. Manipulation of the gut microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation<br />is an effective and safe treatment of IBD and infection with C. difficile, but the use of pre- and pro-biotics<br />for the manipulation of microbiota should be reconsidered in the light of the new information now available. This is<br />a review of recent findings concerning the role of the enteric HM in the development of the immune system, and its<br />connection to gut-related and non-gastroenterological diseases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72519311" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3383876ea32832885c89784443ad1476" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81415015,"asset_id":72519311,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81415015/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210752293" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexiosFotiosAMentis">Alexios-Fotios A Mentis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210752293" type="text/json">{"id":210752293,"first_name":"Alexios-Fotios A","last_name":"Mentis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlexiosFotiosAMentis","display_name":"Alexios-Fotios A Mentis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlexiosFotiosAMentis?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210752293/97111659/86175419/s65_alexios-fotios_a.mentis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72519311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72519311"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72519311, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72519311", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72519311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72519311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72519311"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72519311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72519311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72519311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72519311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72519311").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72519311").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72519311"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53944" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome">Gut Microbiome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53944" type="text/json">{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome">Human Microbiome</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53948" type="text/json">{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72519311]'), work: {"id":72519311,"title":"Human enteric microbiome: Its role in health and disease","created_at":"2022-02-26T17:58:58.887-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72519311/Human_enteric_microbiome_Its_role_in_health_and_disease?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_72519311","summary":"The study of the human commensal micro-flora has recently regained the interest of the scientific community, particularly after the development of genomics and bio-informatics. The genes of the microbes found in the various different cavities of the human organism are collectively called the human microbiome (HM). This is a complex system, which is estimated to consist of approximately 1014 bacterial cells, thus being 10 times larger than the total of human cells. Almost 400−500 different types of microbes form the intestinal flora of the HM. The commensal bacteria in the gut microbiota interact with each other and with the host immune system, contributing to the homeostasis of the organism. The intestinal microbiome has been shown to differ among individuals of the same sex, between sexes and between individuals of different ages. Εach individual human can be characterized by his/her own intestinal microbial fingerprint, which may be useful in the future for individualized medicine. Alteration in the composition and function of the commensal gut microbiota has been associated with complex diseases such as inflammatory bowel\ndiseases (IBD), colorectal cancer, allergies and obesity. Manipulation of the gut microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation\nis an effective and safe treatment of IBD and infection with C. difficile, but the use of pre- and pro-biotics\nfor the manipulation of microbiota should be reconsidered in the light of the new information now available. This is\na review of recent findings concerning the role of the enteric HM in the development of the immune system, and its\nconnection to gut-related and non-gastroenterological diseases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81415015,"asset_id":72519311,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210752293,"first_name":"Alexios-Fotios A","last_name":"Mentis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlexiosFotiosAMentis","display_name":"Alexios-Fotios A Mentis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlexiosFotiosAMentis?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210752293/97111659/86175419/s65_alexios-fotios_a.mentis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3596787" data-work_id="3596787" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3596787/Antimicrobial_activity_of_silver_nanoparticles_synthesized_by_using_medicinal_plants">Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using medicinal plants</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3596787" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="89ea73e2037a91b90311ca480512e629" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31295655,"asset_id":3596787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31295655/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4302634" href="https://annauniv.academia.edu/RukmaniThiruppathi">Rukmani Thiruppathi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4302634" type="text/json">{"id":4302634,"first_name":"Rukmani","last_name":"Thiruppathi","domain_name":"annauniv","page_name":"RukmaniThiruppathi","display_name":"Rukmani Thiruppathi","profile_url":"https://annauniv.academia.edu/RukmaniThiruppathi?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4302634/1718682/2059848/s65_rukmani.thiruppathi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3596787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3596787"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3596787, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3596787", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3596787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3596787; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3596787"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3596787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3596787"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3596787; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3596787]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3596787").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3596787").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3596787"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5398" type="text/json">{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3596787]'), work: {"id":3596787,"title":"Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using medicinal plants","created_at":"2013-05-24T01:50:51.552-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3596787/Antimicrobial_activity_of_silver_nanoparticles_synthesized_by_using_medicinal_plants?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_3596787","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31295655,"asset_id":3596787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4302634,"first_name":"Rukmani","last_name":"Thiruppathi","domain_name":"annauniv","page_name":"RukmaniThiruppathi","display_name":"Rukmani Thiruppathi","profile_url":"https://annauniv.academia.edu/RukmaniThiruppathi?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4302634/1718682/2059848/s65_rukmani.thiruppathi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":14907,"name":"Industrial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Biotechnology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":103011,"name":"Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biotechnology_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2068005" data-work_id="2068005" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2068005/Influence_of_microbial_rennet_on_the_production_of_cheddar_cheese_made_using_cow_milk">Influence of microbial rennet on the production of cheddar cheese made using cow milk</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: The present work was to investigate the characteristics of the cheese produced by purified enzyme of native isolate Aspergillus flavus and was compared with commercial calf rennet powder. Methods: The effect of pH, coagulation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2068005" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: The present work was to investigate the characteristics of the cheese produced by purified enzyme of native isolate Aspergillus flavus and was compared with commercial calf rennet powder. Methods: The effect of pH, coagulation temperature, CaCl2 and enzyme concentration on the rennet clotting properties of milk were assessed. The pH (4.0) showed the most important influence on rennet coagulation time, while coagulation temperature (40 oC), CaCl2 (10mM) concentration and enzyme concentration (1%) showed the highest contribution to predict the firmness of the gel when compared with commercial calf rennet powder. Results: The physical parameters such as colour, body, texture, appearance, flavour and aroma were enhanced in cheese obtained with microbial rennet in comparison with those made with commercial calf rennet. Conclusion: The milk clotting enzyme activity obtained in the present experiments with Aspergillus flavus are promising from the point of view of the development of a commercial process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2068005" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf2b3d147ba31ec0606570f9d5c2811c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":29706723,"asset_id":2068005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/29706723/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2250586" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StanlyPradeepF">S Pradeep</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2250586" type="text/json">{"id":2250586,"first_name":"S","last_name":"Pradeep","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StanlyPradeepF","display_name":"S Pradeep","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StanlyPradeepF?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2250586/717558/7810276/s65_stanly.pradeep.f.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2068005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2068005"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2068005, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2068005", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2068005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2068005; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2068005"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2068005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2068005"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2068005; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2068005]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2068005").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2068005").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2068005"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology">Molecular Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13744" type="text/json">{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1">Microbial Biotechnology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48579" type="text/json">{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2068005]'), work: {"id":2068005,"title":"Influence of microbial rennet on the production of cheddar cheese made using cow milk","created_at":"2012-10-30T03:01:05.363-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2068005/Influence_of_microbial_rennet_on_the_production_of_cheddar_cheese_made_using_cow_milk?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_2068005","summary":"Objective: The present work was to investigate the characteristics of the cheese produced by purified enzyme of native isolate Aspergillus flavus and was compared with commercial calf rennet powder. Methods: The effect of pH, coagulation temperature, CaCl2 and enzyme concentration on the rennet clotting properties of milk were assessed. The pH (4.0) showed the most important influence on rennet coagulation time, while coagulation temperature (40 oC), CaCl2 (10mM) concentration and enzyme concentration (1%) showed the highest contribution to predict the firmness of the gel when compared with commercial calf rennet powder. Results: The physical parameters such as colour, body, texture, appearance, flavour and aroma were enhanced in cheese obtained with microbial rennet in comparison with those made with commercial calf rennet. Conclusion: The milk clotting enzyme activity obtained in the present experiments with Aspergillus flavus are promising from the point of view of the development of a commercial process. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":29706723,"asset_id":2068005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2250586,"first_name":"S","last_name":"Pradeep","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StanlyPradeepF","display_name":"S Pradeep","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StanlyPradeepF?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2250586/717558/7810276/s65_stanly.pradeep.f.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21120046" data-work_id="21120046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21120046/Functional_intestinal_microbiome_new_frontiers_in_prebiotic_design">Functional intestinal microbiome, new frontiers in prebiotic design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this review we focus on the revision of the prebiotic concept in the context of the new metagenomic era. Functional metagenomic data provided by the Human Microbiome Project are revolutionizing the view of the symbiotic relationship... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21120046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this review we focus on the revision of the prebiotic concept in the context of the new metagenomic era. Functional metagenomic data provided by the Human Microbiome Project are revolutionizing the view of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the human host. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms that govern the dynamic interplay between diet, intestinal microbiota and host nutrition opens the way to better information on the prebiotic structure-function relationships, tailoring prebiotic formula into specific health attributes. On the other hand, functional genomic studies of the sourdough microbial communities allow to scan the environmental variability to identify novel metabolic traits for the biosynthesis of new potential prebiotic molecules. The integration of the functional analyses provided by the massive sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes will allow the rational production of a desired prebiotic molecule with specific functional pro...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21120046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b06921e30938dcd8b58870778c19169" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41723628,"asset_id":21120046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41723628/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32556605" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/SilviaTurroni">Silvia Turroni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32556605" type="text/json">{"id":32556605,"first_name":"Silvia","last_name":"Turroni","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"SilviaTurroni","display_name":"Silvia Turroni","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/SilviaTurroni?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21120046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21120046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21120046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21120046", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21120046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21120046; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21120046"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21120046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21120046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21120046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21120046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21120046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21120046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21120046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14907" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Biotechnology">Industrial Biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14907" type="text/json">{"id":14907,"name":"Industrial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18329" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics">Prebiotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18329" type="text/json">{"id":18329,"name":"Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21120046]'), work: {"id":21120046,"title":"Functional intestinal microbiome, new frontiers in prebiotic design","created_at":"2016-01-29T03:50:59.200-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21120046/Functional_intestinal_microbiome_new_frontiers_in_prebiotic_design?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_21120046","summary":"In this review we focus on the revision of the prebiotic concept in the context of the new metagenomic era. Functional metagenomic data provided by the Human Microbiome Project are revolutionizing the view of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the human host. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms that govern the dynamic interplay between diet, intestinal microbiota and host nutrition opens the way to better information on the prebiotic structure-function relationships, tailoring prebiotic formula into specific health attributes. On the other hand, functional genomic studies of the sourdough microbial communities allow to scan the environmental variability to identify novel metabolic traits for the biosynthesis of new potential prebiotic molecules. The integration of the functional analyses provided by the massive sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes will allow the rational production of a desired prebiotic molecule with specific functional pro...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41723628,"asset_id":21120046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32556605,"first_name":"Silvia","last_name":"Turroni","domain_name":"unibo","page_name":"SilviaTurroni","display_name":"Silvia Turroni","profile_url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/SilviaTurroni?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":14907,"name":"Industrial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Biotechnology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":18329,"name":"Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":31632,"name":"Food Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":51374,"name":"Gut Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":53944,"name":"Gut Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":156545,"name":"Environmental Variables","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Variables?f_ri=21948"},{"id":291136,"name":"Intestines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestines?f_ri=21948"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1627116,"name":"Microbial community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_community?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1710970,"name":"Metagenome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1929064,"name":"Intestinal Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intestinal_Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4115757" data-work_id="4115757" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4115757/Applications_of_molecular_biology_and_biotechnology_in_oil_field_microbial_biodiversity_research">Applications of molecular biology and biotechnology in oil field microbial biodiversity research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4115757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="186d3fc0d4695a483001f13e0db1dbab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31633890,"asset_id":4115757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31633890/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4967677" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferYa%C3%B1ez">Jennifer Yañez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4967677" type="text/json">{"id":4967677,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Yañez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferYañez","display_name":"Jennifer Yañez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferYa%C3%B1ez?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4967677/95508581/84512602/s65_jennifer.ya_ez.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4115757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4115757"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4115757, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4115757", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4115757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4115757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4115757"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4115757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4115757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4115757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4115757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4115757").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4115757").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4115757"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology">Molecular Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13744" type="text/json">{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1">Microbial Biotechnology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48579" type="text/json">{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4115757]'), work: {"id":4115757,"title":"Applications of molecular biology and biotechnology in oil field microbial biodiversity research","created_at":"2013-07-27T03:30:42.866-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4115757/Applications_of_molecular_biology_and_biotechnology_in_oil_field_microbial_biodiversity_research?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_4115757","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31633890,"asset_id":4115757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4967677,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Yañez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferYañez","display_name":"Jennifer Yañez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferYa%C3%B1ez?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4967677/95508581/84512602/s65_jennifer.ya_ez.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73151286" data-work_id="73151286" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73151286/Seasonal_changes_in_the_abundance_of_bacterial_genes_related_to_dimethylsulfoniopropionate_catabolism_in_seawater_from_Ofunato_Bay_revealed_by_metagenomic_analysis">Seasonal changes in the abundance of bacterial genes related to dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism in seawater from Ofunato Bay revealed by metagenomic analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ofunato Bay is located in the northeastern Pacific Ocean area of Japan, and it has the highest biodiversity of marine organisms in the world, primarily due to tidal influences from the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio Currents. Our previous... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73151286" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ofunato Bay is located in the northeastern Pacific Ocean area of Japan, and it has the highest biodiversity of marine organisms in the world, primarily due to tidal influences from the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio Currents. Our previous results from performing shotgun metagenomics indicated that Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique and Planktomarina temperata were the dominant bacteria (Reza et al., 2018a, 2018b). These bacteria are reportedly able to catabolize dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) produced from phytoplankton into dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or methanethiol (MeSH). This study was focused on seasonal changes in the abundances of bacterial genes (dddP, dmdA) related to DMSP catabolism in the seawater of Ofunato Bay by BLAST+ analysis using shotgun metagenomic datasets. We found seasonal changes among the Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique strains, including those of the HTCC1062 type and the Red Sea type. A good correlation was observed between the chlorophyll a concentrations and th...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73151286" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a4be8cb75848d60b495034a6a0b8e54" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81783124,"asset_id":73151286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81783124/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67114116" href="https://bau.academia.edu/DReza">Dr. Md. Shaheed Reza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67114116" type="text/json">{"id":67114116,"first_name":"Dr. Md. Shaheed","last_name":"Reza","domain_name":"bau","page_name":"DReza","display_name":"Dr. Md. Shaheed Reza","profile_url":"https://bau.academia.edu/DReza?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67114116/19475961/19389638/s65_dr._md._shaheed.reza.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73151286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73151286"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73151286, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73151286", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73151286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73151286; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73151286"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73151286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73151286"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73151286; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73151286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73151286").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73151286").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73151286"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73151286]'), work: {"id":73151286,"title":"Seasonal changes in the abundance of bacterial genes related to dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism in seawater from Ofunato Bay revealed by metagenomic analysis","created_at":"2022-03-05T18:52:07.023-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73151286/Seasonal_changes_in_the_abundance_of_bacterial_genes_related_to_dimethylsulfoniopropionate_catabolism_in_seawater_from_Ofunato_Bay_revealed_by_metagenomic_analysis?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_73151286","summary":"Ofunato Bay is located in the northeastern Pacific Ocean area of Japan, and it has the highest biodiversity of marine organisms in the world, primarily due to tidal influences from the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio Currents. Our previous results from performing shotgun metagenomics indicated that Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique and Planktomarina temperata were the dominant bacteria (Reza et al., 2018a, 2018b). These bacteria are reportedly able to catabolize dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) produced from phytoplankton into dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or methanethiol (MeSH). This study was focused on seasonal changes in the abundances of bacterial genes (dddP, dmdA) related to DMSP catabolism in the seawater of Ofunato Bay by BLAST+ analysis using shotgun metagenomic datasets. We found seasonal changes among the Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique strains, including those of the HTCC1062 type and the Red Sea type. A good correlation was observed between the chlorophyll a concentrations and th...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81783124,"asset_id":73151286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67114116,"first_name":"Dr. Md. Shaheed","last_name":"Reza","domain_name":"bau","page_name":"DReza","display_name":"Dr. Md. Shaheed Reza","profile_url":"https://bau.academia.edu/DReza?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67114116/19475961/19389638/s65_dr._md._shaheed.reza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene?f_ri=21948"},{"id":184467,"name":"Seawater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seawater?f_ri=21948"},{"id":646441,"name":"Water Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":649451,"name":"Seasons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasons?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1748976,"name":"Bays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bays?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36587009" data-work_id="36587009" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36587009/A_Short_Note_Metagenomics">A Short Note- Metagenomics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36587009" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8128ae5475d128375ce5265de0f3ef8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56514574,"asset_id":36587009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56514574/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33107915" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaghvendarSingh">Raghvendar Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33107915" type="text/json">{"id":33107915,"first_name":"Raghvendar","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaghvendarSingh","display_name":"Raghvendar Singh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaghvendarSingh?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33107915/10496047/11711523/s65_raghvendar.singh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36587009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36587009"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36587009, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36587009", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36587009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36587009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36587009"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36587009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36587009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36587009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36587009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36587009").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36587009").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36587009"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical">Biomedical</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36237" type="text/json">{"id":36237,"name":"Biomedical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="264953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microorganism">Microorganism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="264953" type="text/json">{"id":264953,"name":"Microorganism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microorganism?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36587009]'), work: {"id":36587009,"title":"A Short Note- Metagenomics","created_at":"2018-05-08T05:30:27.430-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36587009/A_Short_Note_Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_36587009","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56514574,"asset_id":36587009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33107915,"first_name":"Raghvendar","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaghvendarSingh","display_name":"Raghvendar Singh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaghvendarSingh?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33107915/10496047/11711523/s65_raghvendar.singh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":36237,"name":"Biomedical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":264953,"name":"Microorganism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microorganism?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14002014" data-work_id="14002014" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14002014/The_function_of_our_microbiota_who_is_out_there_and_what_do_they_do">The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Current meta-omics developments provide a portal into the functional potential and activity of the intestinal microbiota. The comparative and functional meta-omics approaches have made it possible to get a molecular snap shot of microbial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14002014" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Current meta-omics developments provide a portal into the functional potential and activity of the intestinal microbiota. The comparative and functional meta-omics approaches have made it possible to get a molecular snap shot of microbial function at a certain time and place. To this end, metagenomics is a DNA-based approach, metatranscriptomics studies the total transcribed RNA, metaproteomics focuses on protein levels and metabolomics describes metabolic profiles. Notably, the metagenomic toolbox is rapidly expanding and has been instrumental in the generation of draft genome sequences of over 1000 human associated microorganisms as well as an astonishing 3.3 million unique microbial genes derived from the intestinal tract of over 100 European adults. Remarkably, it appeared that there are at least 3 clusters of co-occurring microbial species, termed enterotypes, that characterize the intestinal microbiota throughout various continents. The human intestinal microbial metagenome fu...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14002014" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71a64dfedfe2d7bafaaa0f1833410428" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41183563,"asset_id":14002014,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41183563/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33038737" href="https://ttl.academia.edu/NooraOttman">Noora Ottman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33038737" type="text/json">{"id":33038737,"first_name":"Noora","last_name":"Ottman","domain_name":"ttl","page_name":"NooraOttman","display_name":"Noora Ottman","profile_url":"https://ttl.academia.edu/NooraOttman?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14002014 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14002014"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14002014, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14002014", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14002014 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14002014; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14002014"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14002014 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14002014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14002014; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14002014]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14002014").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14002014").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14002014"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9786" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9786" type="text/json">{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe">Europe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="75826" type="text/json">{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537754" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota">Microbiota</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537754" type="text/json">{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14002014]'), work: {"id":14002014,"title":"The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do?","created_at":"2015-07-13T13:01:10.230-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14002014/The_function_of_our_microbiota_who_is_out_there_and_what_do_they_do?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_14002014","summary":"Current meta-omics developments provide a portal into the functional potential and activity of the intestinal microbiota. The comparative and functional meta-omics approaches have made it possible to get a molecular snap shot of microbial function at a certain time and place. To this end, metagenomics is a DNA-based approach, metatranscriptomics studies the total transcribed RNA, metaproteomics focuses on protein levels and metabolomics describes metabolic profiles. Notably, the metagenomic toolbox is rapidly expanding and has been instrumental in the generation of draft genome sequences of over 1000 human associated microorganisms as well as an astonishing 3.3 million unique microbial genes derived from the intestinal tract of over 100 European adults. Remarkably, it appeared that there are at least 3 clusters of co-occurring microbial species, termed enterotypes, that characterize the intestinal microbiota throughout various continents. The human intestinal microbial metagenome fu...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41183563,"asset_id":14002014,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33038737,"first_name":"Noora","last_name":"Ottman","domain_name":"ttl","page_name":"NooraOttman","display_name":"Noora Ottman","profile_url":"https://ttl.academia.edu/NooraOttman?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":537759,"name":"Gastrointestinal Tract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrointestinal_Tract?f_ri=21948"},{"id":834420,"name":"Biota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biota?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2312314" data-work_id="2312314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2312314/Biorisanamento_di_acque_sotterranee_contaminate_da_solventi_clorurati_batteri_responsabili_del_processo_e_strategie_applicative_S_Rossetti_F_Aulenta_V_Tandoi_M_Majone_B_Matturro_M_Petrangeli_Papini_2012_PLEASE_CITE_THIS_ARTICLE_AS_Rossetti_et_al_2012_">Biorisanamento di acque sotterranee contaminate da solventi clorurati: batteri responsabili del processo e strategie applicative. ( S. Rossetti, F. Aulenta, V. Tandoi, M. Majone, B. Matturro, M. Petrangeli Papini - 2012) --> PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS "Rossetti et al., 2012" </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2312314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6ed1e78eb21962b4876f85c1dfe5f20f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30358809,"asset_id":2312314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30358809/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="304731" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/BrunaMatturro">Bruna Matturro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="304731" type="text/json">{"id":304731,"first_name":"Bruna","last_name":"Matturro","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"BrunaMatturro","display_name":"Bruna Matturro","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/BrunaMatturro?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/304731/61415/35428613/s65_bruna.matturro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2312314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2312314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2312314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2312314", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2312314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2312314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2312314"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2312314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2312314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2312314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2312314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2312314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2312314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2312314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6333" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6333" type="text/json">{"id":6333,"name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology">Molecular Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13744" type="text/json">{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2312314]'), work: {"id":2312314,"title":"Biorisanamento di acque sotterranee contaminate da solventi clorurati: batteri responsabili del processo e strategie applicative. ( S. Rossetti, F. Aulenta, V. Tandoi, M. Majone, B. Matturro, M. Petrangeli Papini - 2012) --\u003e PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS \"Rossetti et al., 2012\" ","created_at":"2012-12-19T17:31:19.120-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2312314/Biorisanamento_di_acque_sotterranee_contaminate_da_solventi_clorurati_batteri_responsabili_del_processo_e_strategie_applicative_S_Rossetti_F_Aulenta_V_Tandoi_M_Majone_B_Matturro_M_Petrangeli_Papini_2012_PLEASE_CITE_THIS_ARTICLE_AS_Rossetti_et_al_2012_?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_2312314","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30358809,"asset_id":2312314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":304731,"first_name":"Bruna","last_name":"Matturro","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"BrunaMatturro","display_name":"Bruna Matturro","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/BrunaMatturro?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/304731/61415/35428613/s65_bruna.matturro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":6333,"name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":65877,"name":"Dehalococcoides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dehalococcoides?f_ri=21948"},{"id":304664,"name":"Chlorinated Solvents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chlorinated_Solvents?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":663357,"name":"Fitoremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fitoremediation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4148881" data-work_id="4148881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4148881/Factors_forcing_usage_of_alternative">Factors forcing usage of alternative</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4148881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="db273dd87de78350ea5582562cf1ca81" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31657285,"asset_id":4148881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31657285/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1768983" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VijayaraghavanGonuguntla">Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1768983" type="text/json">{"id":1768983,"first_name":"Vijayaraghavan","last_name":"Gonuguntla","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VijayaraghavanGonuguntla","display_name":"Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VijayaraghavanGonuguntla?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1768983/606137/11327603/s65_vijayaraghavan.gonuguntla.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4148881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4148881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4148881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4148881", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4148881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4148881; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4148881"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4148881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4148881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4148881; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4148881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4148881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4148881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4148881"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1444" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology">Environmental microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1444" type="text/json">{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Pathology">Veterinary Pathology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1906" type="text/json">{"id":1906,"name":"Veterinary Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Pathology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4148881]'), work: {"id":4148881,"title":"Factors forcing usage of alternative","created_at":"2013-07-31T16:42:54.093-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4148881/Factors_forcing_usage_of_alternative?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_4148881","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31657285,"asset_id":4148881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1768983,"first_name":"Vijayaraghavan","last_name":"Gonuguntla","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VijayaraghavanGonuguntla","display_name":"Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VijayaraghavanGonuguntla?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1768983/606137/11327603/s65_vijayaraghavan.gonuguntla.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1906,"name":"Veterinary Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Pathology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":3037,"name":"Veterinary Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":6333,"name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioremediation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":80570,"name":"Equine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equine?f_ri=21948"},{"id":82107,"name":"Salinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salinity?f_ri=21948"},{"id":139774,"name":"Biological Nitrogen Fixation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Nitrogen_Fixation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":145538,"name":"Biofertilizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biofertilizers?f_ri=21948"},{"id":231547,"name":"Soil Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":255899,"name":"Poultry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poultry?f_ri=21948"},{"id":265739,"name":"Bacterial Biofilms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_Biofilms?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":592629,"name":"Mycorrhizae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycorrhizae?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"},{"id":992815,"name":"Aerobic Granular Sludge Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerobic_Granular_Sludge_Technologies?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1013276,"name":"Veterinary (Livestock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Livestock?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1013278,"name":"Pet) Herbal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pet_Herbal_Medicine?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1013279,"name":"Veterinary Microbiology etc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Microbiology_etc?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39922653" data-work_id="39922653" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39922653/Microbial_Treatment_of_Waste_by_Culture_Dependent_and_Culture_Independent_Approaches_Opportunities_and_Challenges_14">Microbial Treatment of Waste by Culture- Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches: Opportunities and Challenges 14</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Globally, there are concerning trends of waste generation as we progress towards a more developed society. India, the second most populous country, is on the edge of being the fifth largest economy in the world. In the last five decades,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39922653" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Globally, there are concerning trends of waste generation as we progress towards a more developed society. India, the second most populous country, is on the edge of being the fifth largest economy in the world. In the last five decades, its metropolitanization has increased by approximately 10% and would further rise to 20% by 2026. The increasing urbanization and evolving lifestyles, food habits, and standards prompt such exponential expansion of robust waste.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39922653" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="59d7cbade013a6d37f8c9ced79a5dad9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60111363,"asset_id":39922653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60111363/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32747071" href="https://jnu.academia.edu/RashmiRathour">Rashmi Rathour</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32747071" type="text/json">{"id":32747071,"first_name":"Rashmi","last_name":"Rathour","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"RashmiRathour","display_name":"Rashmi Rathour","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/RashmiRathour?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32747071/9763438/19685033/s65_rashmi.rathour.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39922653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39922653"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39922653, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39922653", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39922653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39922653; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39922653"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39922653 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39922653"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39922653; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39922653]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39922653").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39922653").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39922653"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110903" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_waste">Solid waste</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="110903" type="text/json">{"id":110903,"name":"Solid waste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_waste?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="410194" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Treatment">Waste Treatment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="410194" type="text/json">{"id":410194,"name":"Waste Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Treatment?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39922653]'), work: {"id":39922653,"title":"Microbial Treatment of Waste by Culture- Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches: Opportunities and Challenges 14","created_at":"2019-07-25T02:37:13.000-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39922653/Microbial_Treatment_of_Waste_by_Culture_Dependent_and_Culture_Independent_Approaches_Opportunities_and_Challenges_14?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_39922653","summary":"Globally, there are concerning trends of waste generation as we progress towards a more developed society. India, the second most populous country, is on the edge of being the fifth largest economy in the world. In the last five decades, its metropolitanization has increased by approximately 10% and would further rise to 20% by 2026. The increasing urbanization and evolving lifestyles, food habits, and standards prompt such exponential expansion of robust waste.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60111363,"asset_id":39922653,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32747071,"first_name":"Rashmi","last_name":"Rathour","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"RashmiRathour","display_name":"Rashmi Rathour","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/RashmiRathour?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32747071/9763438/19685033/s65_rashmi.rathour.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":110903,"name":"Solid waste","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_waste?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":410194,"name":"Waste Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Treatment?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1627116,"name":"Microbial community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_community?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20388647 coauthored" data-work_id="20388647" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20388647/METAGENassist_a_comprehensive_web_server_for_comparative_metagenomics">METAGENassist: a comprehensive web server for comparative metagenomics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20388647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d2878b76318f7adc6e87b10a5019e4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41332642,"asset_id":20388647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41332642/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32843861" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CamillaNesb%C3%B8">Camilla Nesbø</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32843861" type="text/json">{"id":32843861,"first_name":"Camilla","last_name":"Nesbø","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CamillaNesbø","display_name":"Camilla Nesbø","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CamillaNesb%C3%B8?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-20388647">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-20388647"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarenBudwill">Karen Budwill</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AGuo2">A. Guo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-20388647'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-20388647').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20388647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20388647"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20388647, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20388647", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20388647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20388647; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20388647"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20388647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20388647"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20388647; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20388647]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20388647").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20388647").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20388647"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53293" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software">Software</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53293" type="text/json">{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20388647]'), work: {"id":20388647,"title":"METAGENassist: a comprehensive web server for comparative metagenomics","created_at":"2016-01-19T11:58:28.899-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20388647/METAGENassist_a_comprehensive_web_server_for_comparative_metagenomics?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_20388647","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41332642,"asset_id":20388647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32843861,"first_name":"Camilla","last_name":"Nesbø","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CamillaNesbø","display_name":"Camilla Nesbø","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CamillaNesb%C3%B8?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":41754176,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Budwill","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KarenBudwill","display_name":"Karen Budwill","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KarenBudwill?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":42009397,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Guo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AGuo2","display_name":"A. Guo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AGuo2?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":53293,"name":"Software","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=21948"},{"id":178906,"name":"Nucleic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acids?f_ri=21948"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1191356,"name":"Internet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43129581" data-work_id="43129581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43129581/Antropologia_dei_Microbi_Come_la_metagenomica_sta_riconfigurando_lumano_e_la_salute_CISU_Roma">Antropologia dei Microbi. Come la metagenomica sta riconfigurando l'umano e la salute, CISU, Roma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Da poco più di una decina di anni gli scienziati sono in grado di studiare il mondo microbico finora inesplorato. Le comunità micro-biche che co-abitano dentro e attorno a noi esseri umani compongo-no il 'microbioma', che si è scoperto... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43129581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Da poco più di una decina di anni gli scienziati sono in grado di studiare il mondo microbico finora inesplorato. Le comunità micro-biche che co-abitano dentro e attorno a noi esseri umani compongo-no il 'microbioma', che si è scoperto avere un grande impatto sia sulla nostra salute sia su quella dell'ambiente. Questo libro illustra come gli scienziati esplorano questo mondo microbico tra biologia, medicina e informatica, attraverso avanzate tecnologie di sequenziamento, big data e sistemi di intelligenza artificiale. Le pratiche di ricerca degli scienziati avvengono nella dialettica tra una 'visione molecolare' legata alla mappatura del genoma microbico-e una visione 'ecosistemica', dato che i microbi sono interdipendenti con l'ambiente e le sue dinamiche biosociali e culturali. In questo processo, biologia, medicina, informatica e antropologia si riconfigurano nel loro incontro e ciò porta a riconsiderare cosa significhi essere umani e il nostro ruolo in un mondo che esiste e persiste grazie, soprattutto, ai microbi. <br /><br />The book illustrates how the microbiome paradigm opens up new understandings of health and of biology and how these are enacted by metagenomics researchers. Researchers are constrained by their onto-epistemic working practices but, at the same time, they take the microbiome ecosystem as an aspirational form of ecological co-habitation. Through the analysis of researchers’ lab practices, as well as of the features and frictions within their biographies and within the historical legacy of metagenomics, I sketch pathways for interdisciplinary collaboration between metagenomics and anthropology. Through a transdisciplinary reading of microbiome science practices, I also try to contribute to the critical (re)thinking of anthropology theory, method, and given-for-granted disciplinary assumptions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43129581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="477f0092d808a2d8ad6fc9e10b3eec4a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63387744,"asset_id":43129581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63387744/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1176790" href="https://unive.academia.edu/RobertaRaffaet%C3%A0">Roberta Raffaetà</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1176790" type="text/json">{"id":1176790,"first_name":"Roberta","last_name":"Raffaetà","domain_name":"unive","page_name":"RobertaRaffaetà","display_name":"Roberta Raffaetà","profile_url":"https://unive.academia.edu/RobertaRaffaet%C3%A0?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1176790/418566/37594230/s65_roberta.raffaet_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43129581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43129581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43129581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43129581", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43129581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43129581; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43129581"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43129581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43129581"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43129581; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43129581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43129581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43129581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43129581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Anthropology">Medical Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="793" type="text/json">{"id":793,"name":"Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1444" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology">Environmental microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1444" type="text/json">{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3499" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology">Social and Cultural Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3499" type="text/json">{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43129581]'), work: {"id":43129581,"title":"Antropologia dei Microbi. Come la metagenomica sta riconfigurando l'umano e la salute, CISU, Roma","created_at":"2020-05-21T12:57:35.585-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43129581/Antropologia_dei_Microbi_Come_la_metagenomica_sta_riconfigurando_lumano_e_la_salute_CISU_Roma?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_43129581","summary":"Da poco più di una decina di anni gli scienziati sono in grado di studiare il mondo microbico finora inesplorato. Le comunità micro-biche che co-abitano dentro e attorno a noi esseri umani compongo-no il 'microbioma', che si è scoperto avere un grande impatto sia sulla nostra salute sia su quella dell'ambiente. Questo libro illustra come gli scienziati esplorano questo mondo microbico tra biologia, medicina e informatica, attraverso avanzate tecnologie di sequenziamento, big data e sistemi di intelligenza artificiale. Le pratiche di ricerca degli scienziati avvengono nella dialettica tra una 'visione molecolare' legata alla mappatura del genoma microbico-e una visione 'ecosistemica', dato che i microbi sono interdipendenti con l'ambiente e le sue dinamiche biosociali e culturali. In questo processo, biologia, medicina, informatica e antropologia si riconfigurano nel loro incontro e ciò porta a riconsiderare cosa significhi essere umani e il nostro ruolo in un mondo che esiste e persiste grazie, soprattutto, ai microbi. \n\nThe book illustrates how the microbiome paradigm opens up new understandings of health and of biology and how these are enacted by metagenomics researchers. Researchers are constrained by their onto-epistemic working practices but, at the same time, they take the microbiome ecosystem as an aspirational form of ecological co-habitation. Through the analysis of researchers’ lab practices, as well as of the features and frictions within their biographies and within the historical legacy of metagenomics, I sketch pathways for interdisciplinary collaboration between metagenomics and anthropology. Through a transdisciplinary reading of microbiome science practices, I also try to contribute to the critical (re)thinking of anthropology theory, method, and given-for-granted disciplinary assumptions. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63387744,"asset_id":43129581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1176790,"first_name":"Roberta","last_name":"Raffaetà","domain_name":"unive","page_name":"RobertaRaffaetà","display_name":"Roberta Raffaetà","profile_url":"https://unive.academia.edu/RobertaRaffaet%C3%A0?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1176790/418566/37594230/s65_roberta.raffaet_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":793,"name":"Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1444,"name":"Environmental microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13514,"name":"STS (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STS_Anthropology_?f_ri=21948"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=21948"},{"id":126300,"name":"Big Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Data?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41168814" data-work_id="41168814" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41168814/Soil_metagenomics">Soil metagenomics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41168814" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="914e6c2b436487b5bab3a173d89fc5a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61409159,"asset_id":41168814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61409159/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="108298318" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShrinivasSabale">Shrinivas Sabale</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="108298318" type="text/json">{"id":108298318,"first_name":"Shrinivas","last_name":"Sabale","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShrinivasSabale","display_name":"Shrinivas Sabale","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShrinivasSabale?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41168814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41168814"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41168814, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41168814", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41168814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41168814; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41168814"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41168814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41168814"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41168814; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41168814]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41168814").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41168814").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41168814"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1030712" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DGGE">DGGE</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1030712" type="text/json">{"id":1030712,"name":"DGGE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DGGE?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41168814]'), work: {"id":41168814,"title":"Soil metagenomics","created_at":"2019-12-03T06:04:16.076-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41168814/Soil_metagenomics?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_41168814","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61409159,"asset_id":41168814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":108298318,"first_name":"Shrinivas","last_name":"Sabale","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShrinivasSabale","display_name":"Shrinivas Sabale","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShrinivasSabale?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1030712,"name":"DGGE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DGGE?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34814678" data-work_id="34814678" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34814678/Environmental_DNA_eDNA_metabarcoding_assays_to_detect_invasive_invertebrate_species_in_the_Great_Lakes">Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding assays to detect invasive invertebrate species in the Great Lakes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Describing and monitoring biodiversity comprise integral parts of ecosystem management. Recent research coupling metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) demonstrate that these methods can serve as important tools for surveying... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34814678" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Describing and monitoring biodiversity comprise integral parts of ecosystem management. Recent research coupling metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) demonstrate that these methods can serve as important tools for surveying biodiversity, while significantly decreasing the time, expense and resources spent on traditional survey methods. The literature emphasizes the importance of genetic marker development, as the markers dictate the applicability, sensitivity and resolution ability of an eDNA assay. The present study developed two metabarcoding eDNA assays using the mtDNA 16S RNA gene with Illumina MiSeq platform to detect invertebrate fauna in the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding waterways, with a focus for use on invasive bivalve and gastropod species monitoring. We employed careful primer design and in vitro testing with mock communities to assess ability of the markers to amplify and sequence targeted species DNA, while retaining rank abundance information. In our mock communities, read abundances reflected the initial input abundance, with regressions having significant slopes (p<0.05) and high coefficients of determination (R 2) for all comparisons. Tests on field environmental samples revealed similar ability of our markers to measure relative abundance. Due to the limited reference sequence data available for these invertebrate species, care must be taken when analyzing results and identifying sequence reads to species level. These markers extend eDNA meta-barcoding research for molluscs and appear relevant to other invertebrate taxa, such as roti-fers and bryozoans. Furthermore, the sphaeriid mussel assay is group-specific, exclusively amplifying bivalves in the Sphaeridae family and providing species-level identification. Our assays provide useful tools for managers and conservation scientists, facilitating early detection of invasive species as well as improving resolution of mollusc diversity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34814678" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9e08a08e8d6ad6007dd0832403e70d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54673331,"asset_id":34814678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54673331/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61147899" href="https://si.academia.edu/CStepien">Carol A Stepien</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61147899" type="text/json">{"id":61147899,"first_name":"Carol","last_name":"Stepien","domain_name":"si","page_name":"CStepien","display_name":"Carol A Stepien","profile_url":"https://si.academia.edu/CStepien?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61147899/17407266/17497707/s65_carol.stepien_-_noaa_federal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34814678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34814678"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34814678, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34814678", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34814678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34814678; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34814678"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34814678 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34814678"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34814678; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34814678]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34814678").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34814678").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34814678"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7997" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invasive_species_ecology">Invasive species ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7997" type="text/json">{"id":7997,"name":"Invasive species ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invasive_species_ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14044" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14044" type="text/json">{"id":14044,"name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33227" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mollusks">Mollusks</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33227" type="text/json">{"id":33227,"name":"Mollusks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mollusks?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34814678]'), work: {"id":34814678,"title":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding assays to detect invasive invertebrate species in the Great Lakes","created_at":"2017-10-09T22:36:53.447-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34814678/Environmental_DNA_eDNA_metabarcoding_assays_to_detect_invasive_invertebrate_species_in_the_Great_Lakes?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_34814678","summary":"Describing and monitoring biodiversity comprise integral parts of ecosystem management. Recent research coupling metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) demonstrate that these methods can serve as important tools for surveying biodiversity, while significantly decreasing the time, expense and resources spent on traditional survey methods. The literature emphasizes the importance of genetic marker development, as the markers dictate the applicability, sensitivity and resolution ability of an eDNA assay. The present study developed two metabarcoding eDNA assays using the mtDNA 16S RNA gene with Illumina MiSeq platform to detect invertebrate fauna in the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding waterways, with a focus for use on invasive bivalve and gastropod species monitoring. We employed careful primer design and in vitro testing with mock communities to assess ability of the markers to amplify and sequence targeted species DNA, while retaining rank abundance information. In our mock communities, read abundances reflected the initial input abundance, with regressions having significant slopes (p\u003c0.05) and high coefficients of determination (R 2) for all comparisons. Tests on field environmental samples revealed similar ability of our markers to measure relative abundance. Due to the limited reference sequence data available for these invertebrate species, care must be taken when analyzing results and identifying sequence reads to species level. These markers extend eDNA meta-barcoding research for molluscs and appear relevant to other invertebrate taxa, such as roti-fers and bryozoans. Furthermore, the sphaeriid mussel assay is group-specific, exclusively amplifying bivalves in the Sphaeridae family and providing species-level identification. Our assays provide useful tools for managers and conservation scientists, facilitating early detection of invasive species as well as improving resolution of mollusc diversity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54673331,"asset_id":34814678,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61147899,"first_name":"Carol","last_name":"Stepien","domain_name":"si","page_name":"CStepien","display_name":"Carol A Stepien","profile_url":"https://si.academia.edu/CStepien?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61147899/17407266/17497707/s65_carol.stepien_-_noaa_federal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7997,"name":"Invasive species ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invasive_species_ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":14044,"name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":33227,"name":"Mollusks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mollusks?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":68529,"name":"Bivalves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bivalves?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1212516,"name":"Environmental DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_DNA?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1269474,"name":"Dreissena","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dreissena?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1530024,"name":"Zebra Mussel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zebra_Mussel?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2232613" data-work_id="2232613" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2232613/Molecular_Detection_Quantification_and_Diversity_Evaluation_of_Microalgae">Molecular Detection, Quantification, and Diversity Evaluation of Microalgae</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2232613" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="283137755fb5aa2fef2560866658b455" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30285654,"asset_id":2232613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30285654/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="794011" href="https://sangmyung.academia.edu/VINITHAEBENEZER">VINITHA EBENEZER</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="794011" type="text/json">{"id":794011,"first_name":"VINITHA","last_name":"EBENEZER","domain_name":"sangmyung","page_name":"VINITHAEBENEZER","display_name":"VINITHA EBENEZER","profile_url":"https://sangmyung.academia.edu/VINITHAEBENEZER?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/794011/270677/1163644/s65_vinitha.ebenezer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2232613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2232613"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2232613, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2232613", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2232613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2232613; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2232613"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2232613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2232613"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2232613; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2232613]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2232613").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2232613").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2232613"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microalgae">Microalgae</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22617" type="text/json">{"id":22617,"name":"Microalgae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microalgae?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2232613]'), work: {"id":2232613,"title":"Molecular Detection, Quantification, and Diversity Evaluation of Microalgae","created_at":"2012-12-02T15:38:52.232-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2232613/Molecular_Detection_Quantification_and_Diversity_Evaluation_of_Microalgae?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_2232613","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30285654,"asset_id":2232613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":794011,"first_name":"VINITHA","last_name":"EBENEZER","domain_name":"sangmyung","page_name":"VINITHAEBENEZER","display_name":"VINITHA EBENEZER","profile_url":"https://sangmyung.academia.edu/VINITHAEBENEZER?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/794011/270677/1163644/s65_vinitha.ebenezer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":22617,"name":"Microalgae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microalgae?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":76621,"name":"Marine BioTechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_BioTechnology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38160875" data-work_id="38160875" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38160875/Fueled_by_methane_deep_sea_sponges_from_asphalt_seeps_gain_their_nutrition_from_methane_oxidizing_symbionts">Fueled by methane: deep-sea sponges from asphalt seeps gain their nutrition from methane-oxidizing symbionts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sponges host a remarkable diversity of microbial symbionts, however, the benefit their microbes provide is rarely understood. Here, we describe two new sponge species from deep-sea asphalt seeps and show that they live in a nutritional... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38160875" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sponges host a remarkable diversity of microbial symbionts, however, the benefit their microbes provide is rarely understood. Here, we describe two new sponge species from deep-sea asphalt seeps and show that they live in a nutritional symbiosis with methane-oxidizing (MOX) bacteria. Metagenomics and imaging analyses revealed unusually high amounts of MOX symbionts in hosts from a group previously assumed to have low microbial abundances. These symbionts belonged to the Marine Methylotrophic Group 2 clade. They are host-specific and likely vertically transmitted, based on their presence in sponge embryos and streamlined genomes, which lacked genes typical of related free-living MOX. Moreover, genes known to play a role in host–symbiont interactions, such as those that encode eukaryote-like proteins, were abundant and expressed. Methane assimilation by the symbionts was one of the most highly expressed metabolic pathways in the sponges. Molecular and stable carbon isotope patterns of lipids confirmed that methane-derived carbon was incorporated into the hosts. Our results revealed that two species of sponges, although distantly related, independently established highly specific, nutritional symbioses with two closely related methanotrophs. This convergence in symbiont acquisition underscores the strong selective advantage for these sponges in harboring MOX bacteria in the food-limited deep sea.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38160875" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00fe730b0fb4720cd518c833a3be8e4c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58194451,"asset_id":38160875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58194451/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5040421" href="https://mpi-bremen.academia.edu/MaxRubinBlum">Max Rubin Blum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5040421" type="text/json">{"id":5040421,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Rubin Blum","domain_name":"mpi-bremen","page_name":"MaxRubinBlum","display_name":"Max Rubin Blum","profile_url":"https://mpi-bremen.academia.edu/MaxRubinBlum?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5040421/2194221/3859532/s65_max.rubin_blum.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38160875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38160875"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38160875, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38160875", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38160875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38160875; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38160875"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38160875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38160875"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38160875; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38160875]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38160875").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38160875").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38160875"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7043" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7043" type="text/json">{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7213" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Microbial_Ecology">Marine Microbial Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7213" type="text/json">{"id":7213,"name":"Marine Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology">Molecular Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13744" type="text/json">{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38160875]'), work: {"id":38160875,"title":"Fueled by methane: deep-sea sponges from asphalt seeps gain their nutrition from methane-oxidizing symbionts","created_at":"2019-01-15T23:28:28.043-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38160875/Fueled_by_methane_deep_sea_sponges_from_asphalt_seeps_gain_their_nutrition_from_methane_oxidizing_symbionts?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_38160875","summary":"Sponges host a remarkable diversity of microbial symbionts, however, the benefit their microbes provide is rarely understood. Here, we describe two new sponge species from deep-sea asphalt seeps and show that they live in a nutritional symbiosis with methane-oxidizing (MOX) bacteria. Metagenomics and imaging analyses revealed unusually high amounts of MOX symbionts in hosts from a group previously assumed to have low microbial abundances. These symbionts belonged to the Marine Methylotrophic Group 2 clade. They are host-specific and likely vertically transmitted, based on their presence in sponge embryos and streamlined genomes, which lacked genes typical of related free-living MOX. Moreover, genes known to play a role in host–symbiont interactions, such as those that encode eukaryote-like proteins, were abundant and expressed. Methane assimilation by the symbionts was one of the most highly expressed metabolic pathways in the sponges. Molecular and stable carbon isotope patterns of lipids confirmed that methane-derived carbon was incorporated into the hosts. Our results revealed that two species of sponges, although distantly related, independently established highly specific, nutritional symbioses with two closely related methanotrophs. This convergence in symbiont acquisition underscores the strong selective advantage for these sponges in harboring MOX bacteria in the food-limited deep sea.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58194451,"asset_id":38160875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5040421,"first_name":"Max","last_name":"Rubin Blum","domain_name":"mpi-bremen","page_name":"MaxRubinBlum","display_name":"Max Rubin Blum","profile_url":"https://mpi-bremen.academia.edu/MaxRubinBlum?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5040421/2194221/3859532/s65_max.rubin_blum.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":7213,"name":"Marine Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13165443 coauthored" data-work_id="13165443" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13165443/Novel_methodologies_in_marine_fish_larval_nutrition">Novel methodologies in marine fish larval nutrition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13165443" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac51161ebbecff974a83df4363e6d95f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45702609,"asset_id":13165443,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45702609/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32353097" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Nad%C3%A8geRichard">Nadège Richard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32353097" type="text/json">{"id":32353097,"first_name":"Nadège","last_name":"Richard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NadègeRichard","display_name":"Nadège Richard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Nad%C3%A8geRichard?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13165443">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13165443"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ualg.academia.edu/PauloGavaia">Paulo Gavaia</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ualg.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A1udiaArag%C3%A3o">Cláudia Aragão</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SofiaEngrola">Sofia Engrola</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13165443'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13165443').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13165443 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13165443"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13165443, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13165443", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13165443 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13165443; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13165443"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13165443 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13165443"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13165443; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13165443]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13165443").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13165443").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13165443"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3216" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics">Genomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3216" type="text/json">{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9478" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet">Diet</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9478" type="text/json">{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9786" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9786" type="text/json">{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9846" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9846" type="text/json">{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13165443]'), work: {"id":13165443,"title":"Novel methodologies in marine fish larval nutrition","created_at":"2015-06-22T01:36:21.627-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13165443/Novel_methodologies_in_marine_fish_larval_nutrition?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_13165443","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45702609,"asset_id":13165443,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32353097,"first_name":"Nadège","last_name":"Richard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NadègeRichard","display_name":"Nadège Richard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Nad%C3%A8geRichard?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32424694,"first_name":"Paulo","last_name":"Gavaia","domain_name":"ualg","page_name":"PauloGavaia","display_name":"Paulo Gavaia","profile_url":"https://ualg.academia.edu/PauloGavaia?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32424212,"first_name":"Cláudia","last_name":"Aragão","domain_name":"ualg","page_name":"CláudiaAragão","display_name":"Cláudia Aragão","profile_url":"https://ualg.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A1udiaArag%C3%A3o?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32424212/10229089/102660569/s65_cl_udia.arag_o.jpg"},{"id":35243921,"first_name":"Sofia","last_name":"Engrola","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SofiaEngrola","display_name":"Sofia Engrola","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SofiaEngrola?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":30387,"name":"Functional Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Genomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":31863,"name":"Fish Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Physiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":91257,"name":"Stable Isotope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotope?f_ri=21948"},{"id":94111,"name":"Animal Feed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Feed?f_ri=21948"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes?f_ri=21948"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":238911,"name":"Marine Fish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Fish?f_ri=21948"},{"id":325752,"name":"Fish Larvae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Larvae?f_ri=21948"},{"id":442493,"name":"Larva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Larva?f_ri=21948"},{"id":501806,"name":"Protein Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Expression?f_ri=21948"},{"id":585573,"name":"Amino Acid Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Profile?f_ri=21948"},{"id":764799,"name":"Metabolic pathway","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolic_pathway?f_ri=21948"},{"id":1007952,"name":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Physiology_and_Biochemistry?f_ri=21948"},{"id":2412287,"name":"Diet Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet_Selection?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13937035 coauthored" data-work_id="13937035" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13937035/Overview_of_a_surface_ripened_cheese_community_functioning_by_meta_omics_analyses">Overview of a surface-ripened cheese community functioning by meta-omics analyses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cheese ripening is a complex biochemical process driven by microbial communities composed of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Surface-ripened cheeses are widely consumed all over the world and are appreciated for their characteristic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13937035" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cheese ripening is a complex biochemical process driven by microbial communities composed of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Surface-ripened cheeses are widely consumed all over the world and are appreciated for their characteristic flavor. Microbial community composition has been studied for a long time on surface-ripened cheeses, but only limited knowledge has been acquired about its in situ metabolic activities. We applied metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and biochemical analyses to an experimental surface-ripened cheese composed of nine microbial species during four weeks of ripening. By combining all of the data, we were able to obtain an overview of the cheese maturation process and to better understand the metabolic activities of the different community members and their possible interactions. Furthermore, differential expression analysis was used to select a set of biomarker genes, providing a valuable tool that can be used to monitor the cheese-making process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13937035" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a5111f7a6ebcf22cd90fae55811179e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44787074,"asset_id":13937035,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44787074/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32997901" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jeanfran%C3%A7oisGibrat">Jean-françois Gibrat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32997901" type="text/json">{"id":32997901,"first_name":"Jean-françois","last_name":"Gibrat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanfrançoisGibrat","display_name":"Jean-françois Gibrat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jeanfran%C3%A7oisGibrat?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13937035">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13937035"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://inra.academia.edu/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ricFer">Frédéric Fer</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13937035'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13937035').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13937035 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13937035"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13937035, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13937035", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13937035 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13937035; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13937035"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13937035 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13937035"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13937035; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13937035]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13937035").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13937035").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13937035"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43761" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome">Transcriptome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43761" type="text/json">{"id":43761,"name":"Transcriptome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="220780" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one">PLoS one</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="220780" type="text/json">{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13937035]'), work: {"id":13937035,"title":"Overview of a surface-ripened cheese community functioning by meta-omics analyses","created_at":"2015-07-12T02:01:21.418-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13937035/Overview_of_a_surface_ripened_cheese_community_functioning_by_meta_omics_analyses?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_13937035","summary":"Cheese ripening is a complex biochemical process driven by microbial communities composed of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Surface-ripened cheeses are widely consumed all over the world and are appreciated for their characteristic flavor. Microbial community composition has been studied for a long time on surface-ripened cheeses, but only limited knowledge has been acquired about its in situ metabolic activities. We applied metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and biochemical analyses to an experimental surface-ripened cheese composed of nine microbial species during four weeks of ripening. By combining all of the data, we were able to obtain an overview of the cheese maturation process and to better understand the metabolic activities of the different community members and their possible interactions. Furthermore, differential expression analysis was used to select a set of biomarker genes, providing a valuable tool that can be used to monitor the cheese-making process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44787074,"asset_id":13937035,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32997901,"first_name":"Jean-françois","last_name":"Gibrat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanfrançoisGibrat","display_name":"Jean-françois Gibrat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jeanfran%C3%A7oisGibrat?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":2786861,"first_name":"Frédéric","last_name":"Fer","domain_name":"inra","page_name":"FrédéricFer","display_name":"Frédéric Fer","profile_url":"https://inra.academia.edu/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ricFer?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2786861/911026/8931728/s65_fr_d_ric.fer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":43761,"name":"Transcriptome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":251661,"name":"Cheese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cheese?f_ri=21948"},{"id":537754,"name":"Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiota?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17461458 coauthored" data-work_id="17461458" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17461458/Gut_Microbiome_of_an_11th_Century_A_D_Pre_Columbian_Andean_Mummy">Gut Microbiome of an 11th Century A.D. Pre-Columbian Andean Mummy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The process of natural mummification is a rare and unique process from which little is known about the resulting microbial community structure. In the present study, we characterized the microbiome of paleofeces, and ascending, transverse... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17461458" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The process of natural mummification is a rare and unique process from which little is known about the resulting microbial community structure. In the present study, we characterized the microbiome of paleofeces, and ascending, transverse and descending colon of an 11th century A.D. pre-Columbian Andean mummy by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics. Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial group, with Clostridium spp. comprising up to 96.2% of the mummified gut, while Turicibacter spp. represented 89.2% of the bacteria identified in the paleofeces. Microbiome profile of the paleofeces was unique when compared to previously characterized coprolites that did not undergo natural mummification. We identified DNA sequences homologous to Clostridium botulinum, Trypanosoma cruzi and human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Unexpectedly, putative antibiotic-resistance genes including beta-lactamases, penicillin-binding proteins, resistance to fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfa, quinolones, tetracycline and vancomycin, and multi-drug transporters, were also identified. The presence of putative antibiotic-resistance genes suggests that resistance may not necessarily be associated with a selective pressure of antibiotics or contact with European cultures. Identification of pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes in ancient human specimens will aid in the understanding of the evolution of pathogens as a way to treat and prevent diseases caused by bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17461458" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3934c944ad66b156a771210cb671540b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40706676,"asset_id":17461458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40706676/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24866627" href="https://urrp.academia.edu/GaryToranzos">Gary Toranzos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24866627" type="text/json">{"id":24866627,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Toranzos","domain_name":"urrp","page_name":"GaryToranzos","display_name":"Gary Toranzos","profile_url":"https://urrp.academia.edu/GaryToranzos?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17461458">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17461458"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsolinaMarota">Isolina Marota</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://pisa.academia.edu/GinoFornaciari">Gino Fornaciari</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unicam.academia.edu/stefanialuciani">stefania luciani</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17461458'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17461458').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17461458 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17461458"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17461458, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17461458", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17461458 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17461458; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17461458"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17461458 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17461458"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17461458; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17461458]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17461458").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17461458").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17461458"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1704" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1704" type="text/json">{"id":1704,"name":"Bioarchaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15917" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clostridium_difficile">Clostridium difficile</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15917" type="text/json">{"id":15917,"name":"Clostridium difficile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clostridium_difficile?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25712" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_DNA_Research">Ancient DNA Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25712" type="text/json">{"id":25712,"name":"Ancient DNA Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_DNA_Research?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17461458]'), work: {"id":17461458,"title":"Gut Microbiome of an 11th Century A.D. Pre-Columbian Andean Mummy","created_at":"2015-10-29T04:18:50.180-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17461458/Gut_Microbiome_of_an_11th_Century_A_D_Pre_Columbian_Andean_Mummy?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_17461458","summary":"The process of natural mummification is a rare and unique process from which little is known about the resulting microbial community structure. In the present study, we characterized the microbiome of paleofeces, and ascending, transverse and descending colon of an 11th century A.D. pre-Columbian Andean mummy by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics. Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial group, with Clostridium spp. comprising up to 96.2% of the mummified gut, while Turicibacter spp. represented 89.2% of the bacteria identified in the paleofeces. Microbiome profile of the paleofeces was unique when compared to previously characterized coprolites that did not undergo natural mummification. We identified DNA sequences homologous to Clostridium botulinum, Trypanosoma cruzi and human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Unexpectedly, putative antibiotic-resistance genes including beta-lactamases, penicillin-binding proteins, resistance to fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfa, quinolones, tetracycline and vancomycin, and multi-drug transporters, were also identified. The presence of putative antibiotic-resistance genes suggests that resistance may not necessarily be associated with a selective pressure of antibiotics or contact with European cultures. Identification of pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes in ancient human specimens will aid in the understanding of the evolution of pathogens as a way to treat and prevent diseases caused by bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40706676,"asset_id":17461458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24866627,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Toranzos","domain_name":"urrp","page_name":"GaryToranzos","display_name":"Gary Toranzos","profile_url":"https://urrp.academia.edu/GaryToranzos?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":2600381,"first_name":"Isolina","last_name":"Marota","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IsolinaMarota","display_name":"Isolina Marota","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IsolinaMarota?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2600381/133894044/123327683/s65_isolina.marota.jpeg"},{"id":1451636,"first_name":"Gino","last_name":"Fornaciari","domain_name":"pisa","page_name":"GinoFornaciari","display_name":"Gino Fornaciari","profile_url":"https://pisa.academia.edu/GinoFornaciari?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1451636/519572/651941/s65_gino.fornaciari.jpg"},{"id":19072015,"first_name":"stefania","last_name":"luciani","domain_name":"unicam","page_name":"stefanialuciani","display_name":"stefania luciani","profile_url":"https://unicam.academia.edu/stefanialuciani?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19072015/5296462/6053240/s65_stefania.luciani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1704,"name":"Bioarchaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":15917,"name":"Clostridium difficile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clostridium_difficile?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":25712,"name":"Ancient DNA Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_DNA_Research?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=21948"},{"id":33325,"name":"Mummy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mummy_Studies?f_ri=21948"},{"id":35620,"name":"Antibiotic Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotic_Resistance?f_ri=21948"},{"id":50351,"name":"HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_PAPILLOMAVIRUS?f_ri=21948"},{"id":51374,"name":"Gut Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiota?f_ri=21948"},{"id":217183,"name":"Precolumbian archaelogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precolumbian_archaelogy?f_ri=21948"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=21948"},{"id":225340,"name":"Chagas disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chagas_disease?f_ri=21948"},{"id":376084,"name":"Trypanosoma Cruzi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trypanosoma_Cruzi?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15971427" data-work_id="15971427" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15971427/Reconstructing_an_ancestral_genotype_of_two_hexachlorocyclohexane_degrading_Sphingobium_species_using_metagenomic_sequence_data">Reconstructing an ancestral genotype of two hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Sphingobium species using metagenomic sequence data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15971427" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eee2472f62b29aece26d948562b84b5c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42800886,"asset_id":15971427,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42800886/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35123242" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RupLal">Rup Lal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35123242" type="text/json">{"id":35123242,"first_name":"Rup","last_name":"Lal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RupLal","display_name":"Rup Lal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RupLal?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15971427 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15971427"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15971427, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15971427", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15971427 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15971427; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15971427"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15971427 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15971427"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15971427; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15971427]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15971427").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15971427").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15971427"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japan">Japan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17158" type="text/json">{"id":17158,"name":"Japan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japan?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics">Metagenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21948" type="text/json">{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21949" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer">Horizontal Gene Transfer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21949" type="text/json">{"id":21949,"name":"Horizontal Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15971427]'), work: {"id":15971427,"title":"Reconstructing an ancestral genotype of two hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Sphingobium species using metagenomic sequence data","created_at":"2015-09-21T06:10:39.343-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15971427/Reconstructing_an_ancestral_genotype_of_two_hexachlorocyclohexane_degrading_Sphingobium_species_using_metagenomic_sequence_data?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_15971427","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42800886,"asset_id":15971427,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35123242,"first_name":"Rup","last_name":"Lal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RupLal","display_name":"Rup Lal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RupLal?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":17158,"name":"Japan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japan?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":21949,"name":"Horizontal Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=21948"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=21948"},{"id":190363,"name":"Plasmids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmids?f_ri=21948"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=21948"},{"id":736321,"name":"Environmental Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollutants?f_ri=21948"},{"id":807619,"name":"Lindane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lindane?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2126305" data-work_id="2126305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2126305/Reliable_verifiable_and_efficient_monitoring_of_biodiversity_via_metabarcoding">Reliable, verifiable, and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To manage and conserve biodiversity, one must know what is being lost, where, and why, as well as which remedies are likely to be most effective. However, the great difficulty of quantifying biodiversity poses a serious roadblock to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2126305" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To manage and conserve biodiversity, one must know what is being lost, where, and why, as well as which remedies are likely to be most effective. However, the great difficulty of quantifying biodiversity poses a serious roadblock to the development of effective policies to protect it. Metabarcoding technology can characterize the species compositions of mass samples of eukaryotes or environmental DNA. Here we validate metabarcoding as a means of biodiversity monitoring by testing it against three high-quality standard datasets collected in Malaysia (tropical), China (subtropical), and the UK (temperate), that comprised 55,813 arthropod and bird specimens identified to species level with the expenditure of 2505 person-hours of taxonomic expertise. We demonstrate that the metabarcode and standard datasets exhibit statistically correlated alpha- and beta-diversities, and we show that metabarcode and standard datasets produce similar policy conclusions for two conservation applications:  restoration ecology and systematic conservation planning. Compared with standard biodiversity datasets, which require individual identification of large numbers of specimens, metabarcoded samples are taxonomically more comprehensive, many times quicker to produce, lower-cost, less reliant on scarce taxonomic expertise, and auditable by third parties, which is essential for dispute resolution. These advantages increase the efficiency of large-scale surveillance of biodiversity trends and can alleviate many of the hidden-information problems that beset biodiversity-offset, environmental certification, and payment-for-environmental-service (PES) instruments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2126305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3a55589b8eb963c0b5596d26a8d560a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31675686,"asset_id":2126305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31675686/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="125994" href="https://eastanglia.academia.edu/DouglasYu">Douglas Yu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="125994" type="text/json">{"id":125994,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Yu","domain_name":"eastanglia","page_name":"DouglasYu","display_name":"Douglas Yu","profile_url":"https://eastanglia.academia.edu/DouglasYu?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/125994/85860/10862957/s65_douglas.yu.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2126305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2126305"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2126305, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2126305", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2126305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2126305; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2126305"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2126305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2126305"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2126305; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2126305]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2126305").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2126305").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2126305"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1420" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Ecology">Aquatic Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1420" type="text/json">{"id":1420,"name":"Aquatic Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4526" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_resources">Water resources</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4526" type="text/json">{"id":4526,"name":"Water resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_resources?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4552" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4552" type="text/json">{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2126305]'), work: {"id":2126305,"title":"Reliable, verifiable, and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding","created_at":"2012-11-12T22:51:04.217-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2126305/Reliable_verifiable_and_efficient_monitoring_of_biodiversity_via_metabarcoding?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_2126305","summary":"To manage and conserve biodiversity, one must know what is being lost, where, and why, as well as which remedies are likely to be most effective. However, the great difficulty of quantifying biodiversity poses a serious roadblock to the development of effective policies to protect it. Metabarcoding technology can characterize the species compositions of mass samples of eukaryotes or environmental DNA. Here we validate metabarcoding as a means of biodiversity monitoring by testing it against three high-quality standard datasets collected in Malaysia (tropical), China (subtropical), and the UK (temperate), that comprised 55,813 arthropod and bird specimens identified to species level with the expenditure of 2505 person-hours of taxonomic expertise. We demonstrate that the metabarcode and standard datasets exhibit statistically correlated alpha- and beta-diversities, and we show that metabarcode and standard datasets produce similar policy conclusions for two conservation applications: restoration ecology and systematic conservation planning. Compared with standard biodiversity datasets, which require individual identification of large numbers of specimens, metabarcoded samples are taxonomically more comprehensive, many times quicker to produce, lower-cost, less reliant on scarce taxonomic expertise, and auditable by third parties, which is essential for dispute resolution. These advantages increase the efficiency of large-scale surveillance of biodiversity trends and can alleviate many of the hidden-information problems that beset biodiversity-offset, environmental certification, and payment-for-environmental-service (PES) instruments. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31675686,"asset_id":2126305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":125994,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Yu","domain_name":"eastanglia","page_name":"DouglasYu","display_name":"Douglas Yu","profile_url":"https://eastanglia.academia.edu/DouglasYu?f_ri=21948","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/125994/85860/10862957/s65_douglas.yu.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":1420,"name":"Aquatic Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Ecology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":4526,"name":"Water resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_resources?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":5221,"name":"Restoration Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Restoration_Ecology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":12780,"name":"Biodiversity Informatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Informatics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":12808,"name":"Climate change biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":27756,"name":"DNA Barcoding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_Barcoding?f_ri=21948"},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=21948"},{"id":49088,"name":"Biodegradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":104007,"name":"Biomonitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomonitoring?f_ri=21948"},{"id":226226,"name":"Metagenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenetics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":251717,"name":"Biodiversity Soup Metabarcoding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Soup_Metabarcoding?f_ri=21948"},{"id":408773,"name":"Metabarcoding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabarcoding?f_ri=21948"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=21948"},{"id":924160,"name":"Enzyme Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering?f_ri=21948"},{"id":970065,"name":"Trace Contaminants of Water Resiurces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trace_Contaminants_of_Water_Resiurces?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35899640" data-work_id="35899640" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35899640/_Omics_Tools_for_Better_Understanding_the_Plant_Endophyte_Interactions">" Omics " Tools for Better Understanding the Plant–Endophyte Interactions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Endophytes, which mostly include bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are the endosymbionts that reside asymptomatically in plants for at least a part of their life cycle. They have emerged as a valuable source of novel metabolites,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35899640" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Endophytes, which mostly include bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are the endosymbionts that reside asymptomatically in plants for at least a part of their life cycle. They have emerged as a valuable source of novel metabolites, industrially important enzymes and as stress relievers of host plant, but still many aspects of endophytic biology are unknown. Functions of individual endophytes are the result of their continuous and complex interactions with the host plant as well as other members of the host microbiome. Understanding plant microbiomes as a system allows analysis and integration of these complex interactions. Modern genomic studies involving metaomics and comparative studies can prove to be helpful in unraveling the gray areas of endophytism. A deeper knowledge of the mechanism of host infestation and role of endophytes could be exploited to improve the agricultural management in terms of plant growth promotion, biocontrol and bioremediation. Genome sequencing, comparative genomics, microarray, next gen sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics are some of the techniques that are being used or can be used to unravel plant–endophyte relationship. The modern techniques and approaches need to be explored to study endophytes and their putative role in host plant ecology. This review highlights " omics " tools that can be explored for understanding the role of endophytes in the plant microbiome.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35899640" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0ad50bd07ad173461543e227213a45f1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55779431,"asset_id":35899640,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55779431/download_file?st=MTczMzMzOTE3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3541319" href="https://jammuuniversity.academia.edu/TanviSharma">Tanwi Sharma</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3541319" type="text/json">{"id":3541319,"first_name":"Tanwi","last_name":"Sharma","domain_name":"jammuuniversity","page_name":"TanviSharma","display_name":"Tanwi Sharma","profile_url":"https://jammuuniversity.academia.edu/TanviSharma?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35899640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35899640"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35899640, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35899640", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35899640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35899640; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35899640"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35899640 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35899640"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35899640; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35899640]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35899640").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35899640").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35899640"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3216" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics">Genomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3216" type="text/json">{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35899640]'), work: {"id":35899640,"title":"\" Omics \" Tools for Better Understanding the Plant–Endophyte Interactions","created_at":"2018-02-12T00:00:44.644-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35899640/_Omics_Tools_for_Better_Understanding_the_Plant_Endophyte_Interactions?f_ri=21948","dom_id":"work_35899640","summary":"Endophytes, which mostly include bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, are the endosymbionts that reside asymptomatically in plants for at least a part of their life cycle. They have emerged as a valuable source of novel metabolites, industrially important enzymes and as stress relievers of host plant, but still many aspects of endophytic biology are unknown. Functions of individual endophytes are the result of their continuous and complex interactions with the host plant as well as other members of the host microbiome. Understanding plant microbiomes as a system allows analysis and integration of these complex interactions. Modern genomic studies involving metaomics and comparative studies can prove to be helpful in unraveling the gray areas of endophytism. A deeper knowledge of the mechanism of host infestation and role of endophytes could be exploited to improve the agricultural management in terms of plant growth promotion, biocontrol and bioremediation. Genome sequencing, comparative genomics, microarray, next gen sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics are some of the techniques that are being used or can be used to unravel plant–endophyte relationship. The modern techniques and approaches need to be explored to study endophytes and their putative role in host plant ecology. This review highlights \" omics \" tools that can be explored for understanding the role of endophytes in the plant microbiome.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55779431,"asset_id":35899640,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3541319,"first_name":"Tanwi","last_name":"Sharma","domain_name":"jammuuniversity","page_name":"TanviSharma","display_name":"Tanwi Sharma","profile_url":"https://jammuuniversity.academia.edu/TanviSharma?f_ri=21948","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=21948","nofollow":false},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=21948"},{"id":21948,"name":"Metagenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics?f_ri=21948"},{"id":143898,"name":"Endophytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endophytes?f_ri=21948"},{"id":348435,"name":"Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiome?f_ri=21948"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Metagenomics?after=50%2C35899640" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Metagenomics?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="49088">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="49088">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation">Biotransformation</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="528241">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="528241">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Engineering">Enzyme Engineering</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="924160">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="924160">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1">Microbial Biotechnology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="48579">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="48579">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intraorganismal_Heterogeneity">Intraorganismal Heterogeneity</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="807680">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="807680">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology">Molecular Microbiology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="13744">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="13744">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="146">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="146">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_and_Earth_Sciences">Life and Earth Sciences</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1487221">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1487221">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arbuscular_mycorrhizal_fungi">Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="88740">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="88740">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology">Microbial Ecology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6389">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6389">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "4c4047103c9b4742073cadb39f0e6fcc0bf900085349333d758a238c1a0ccb1f", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="jTH98Pdg1UJBKorCy2iHYP5+tI82qD6QbLToGvSck+L98kRuvEP7vFuXJR49pq/ygxar1owb6ZUlk4JVDDINZw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metagenomics" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="vDpyjFscqGzUoUH/ZQJjgHUliqxwXk+UlzxRNBaKEqrM+csSED+Gks4c7iOTzEsSCE2V9crtmJHeGzt77iSMLw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>