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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Illyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greeks_and_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeks_and_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Greeks and Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greeks_and_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Christianization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principality_of_Arbër" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principality_of_Arbër"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Principality of Arbër</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principality_of_Arbër-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principalities_and_League_of_Lezhë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principalities_and_League_of_Lezhë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Principalities and League of Lezhë</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principalities_and_League_of_Lezhë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ottoman Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ottoman_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ottoman Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman-Albanian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman-Albanian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ottoman-Albanian Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-Albanian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-independent_Albanian_Pashaliks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-independent_Albanian_Pashaliks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Semi-independent Albanian Pashaliks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-independent_Albanian_Pashaliks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Prizren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Prizren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>League of Prizren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Prizren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principality_of_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principality_of_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Principality of Albania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principality_of_Albania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principality of Albania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principality_of_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects_of_partition_in_1919–1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects_of_partition_in_1919–1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Projects of partition in 1919–1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projects_of_partition_in_1919–1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zogu_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zogu_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Zogu Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zogu_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>June Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>First Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kingdom of Albania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Albania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Albania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Financial crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_penetration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_penetration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Italian penetration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_penetration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Italian invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_under_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_under_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Albania under Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_under_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_under_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_under_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Albania under Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_under_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian_resistance_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_resistance_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Albanian resistance in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_resistance_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Communist resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Nationalist resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_revolution_in_Albania_(1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_revolution_in_Albania_(1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Communist revolution in Albania (1944)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_revolution_in_Albania_(1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Consequences of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Second Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_and_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_and_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Albania and Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_and_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Albania and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_and_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_and_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Albania and China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_and_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Third Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Fourth Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fourth Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Democratization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Albania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_d%27Albania" title="Historia d'Albania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia d'Albania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya_tarixi" title="Albaniya tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="আলবেনিয়ার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলবেনিয়ার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Албания тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албания тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Албаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Албаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Альбаніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Альбаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Албания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Албания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Albanije" title="Historija Albanije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Albanije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Albania" title="Istor Albania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Albania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_d%27Alb%C3%A0nia" title="Història d'Albània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història d'Albània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Alb%C3%A1nie" title="Dějiny Albánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Albánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Albania" title="Hanes Albania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Albania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniens_historie" title="Albaniens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albaniens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Albaniens" title="Geschichte Albaniens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Albaniens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania_ajalugu" title="Albaania ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaania ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Albania" title="Historia de Albania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Albania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Albanio" title="Historio de Albanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Albanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniako_historia" title="Albaniako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaniako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تاریخ آلبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ آلبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Albanie" title="Histoire de l'Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Albania" title="Historia de Albania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Albania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալբանիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբանիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Albanije" title="Povijest Albanije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Albanije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Albania" title="Historio di Albania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Albania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27Albania" title="Storia dell'Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალბანეთის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბანეთის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Albania" title="Historia ya Albania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Albania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Albaniae" title="Historia Albaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Albaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C4%81nijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Albānijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Albānijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanijos_istorija" title="Albanijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albanijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Albánia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albánia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Albania" title="Sejarah Albania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Albani%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Albanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アルバニアの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanias_historie" title="Albanias historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albanias historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د البانیا تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د البانیا تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Albanii" title="Historia Albanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Albanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Alb%C3%A2nia" title="História da Albânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Albânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Albaniei" title="Istoria Albaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Albaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Албании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Албании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB" title="Historia e Shqipërisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Shqipërisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of Albania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Alb%C3%A1nska" title="Dejiny Albánska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Albánska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Albanije" title="Zgodovina Albanije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Albanije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija_Albanije" title="Istorija Albanije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorija Albanije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Albanije" title="Historija Albanije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Albanije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_historia" title="Albanian historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albanian historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniens_historia" title="Albaniens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albaniens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์แอลเบเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์แอลเบเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk_tarihi" title="Arnavutluk tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk tarihi" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Albania" title="Category:History of Albania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Albania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Albania"><img alt="State emblem of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Albania in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Albania under the Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Angevin Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Principality of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Albania under Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Mirdita">Principality of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">Sanjak of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Scutari" title="Sanjak of Scutari">Sanjak of Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Sanjak of Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the <i>beys</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Revolt of 1843–1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">Revolt of 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">Revolt of 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Peja" title="League of Peja">League of Peja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">Revolt of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_De%C3%A7iq" title="Battle of Deçiq">Battle of Deçiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albanian Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independent Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Congress_of_Trieste" title="Albanian Congress of Trieste">Congress of Trieste</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission_(Albania)" title="International Control Commission (Albania)">International Commission of Control</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Revolt_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Revolt in Albania">Peasant Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Republic of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate (southern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Congress of Durrës">Congress of Durrës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Lushnj%C3%AB" title="Congress of Lushnjë">Congress of Lushnjë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#June_Revolution">June Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality (Regency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania under Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German occupation of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Prizren" title="Second League of Prizren">Second League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Albania)" title="Liberation Day (Albania)">Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Socialist Albania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Albanian civil unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Republic of Albania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_monarchs" title="List of Albanian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Albania" title="Template:History of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Albania" title="Template talk:History of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>During <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> was home to several <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribes">Illyrian tribes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a>, and many others, but also <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirote" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirote">Epirote</a> tribes, as well as several <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> established on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Illyrian coast</a> in cooperation with the local Illyrians, notably <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Epidamnos-Dyrrhachium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>. </p><p>The Enchele's polity was the earliest to emerge and centered in Albania. Also the earliest known Illyrian king, <a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a>, emerged in what is now Albania around 400 BC, aiming to make Illyria a regional power interfering with <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. He united many southern <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a> under his realm and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a> several times, expanding his dominion over <a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynkestis" title="Lynkestis">Lynkestis</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Rise of Macedon</a> Illyrians were the dominant power in the region. The kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> under <a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaukias</a>' rule was based in central Albania and dominated southern Illyrian affairs in the late 4th century BC, exerting great influence on the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote state</a> through the close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>. Under the Ardiaei the greatest known Illyrian kingdom emerged in the 3rd century BC encompassing also northern Albania in its core territory. It became a formidable power both on land and sea by assembling a great army and fleet, and directly ruling over a large area made up of different Illyrian tribes and cities that stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Neretva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neretva River">Neretva River</a> in the north to the borders of Epirus in the south, while its influence extended throughout Epirus and down into <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>. The dominant power of the Illyrian kingdom in the region ceased after the Illyrian defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a> (229–168 BC). The last known "King of the Illyrians" was <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a>, of the Labeatae tribe. </p><p>In the early 2nd century BC, the area was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a>. Afterwards, the territory remained under Roman and <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> control until the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations">Slavic migrations</a> of the 7th century. It was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Albania under the Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> in the 9th century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arb%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Arbër">Principality of Arbër</a> and a Sicilian union known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">medieval Kingdom of Albania</a> were established. Some areas became part of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Empire">Venetian</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. Between the mid-14th and the late 15th centuries, most of modern-day Albania was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a>, when the Albanian principalities fell to the rapid invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Albania remained under Ottoman control as part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> until 1912; with some interruptions during the 18th and 19th century with the establishment of autonomy-minded Albanian lords. The first independent Albanian state was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a> following a short occupation by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>. The formation of an <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renaissance of Albania">Albanian national consciousness</a> dates to the later 19th century and is part of the larger phenomenon of the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>A short-lived monarchical state known as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a> (1914–1925) was succeeded by an even shorter-lived first <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Republic">Albanian Republic</a> (1925–1928). Another monarchy, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(1928%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Albania (1928–1939)">Kingdom of Albania (1928–1939)</a>, replaced the republic. The country endured <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">occupation by Italy</a> just prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945). After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> between <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, Albania was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">occupied by Nazi Germany</a>. Following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, Albania became a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, which for most of its duration was dominated by dictator <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> (died 1985). Hoxha's political heir <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> oversaw the disintegration of the "<a href="/wiki/Hoxhaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxhaist">Hoxhaist</a>" state during the wider collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> in the later 1980s. </p><p>The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the former communist <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> was routed in elections in March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest. The unstable economic situation led to an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a>, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_communities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian communities in Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a> and North America during the 1990s. The crisis peaked in the <a href="/wiki/1997_rebellion_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 rebellion in Albania">Albanian Turmoil of 1997</a>. An amelioration of the economic and political conditions in the early years of the 21st century enabled Albania to become a full member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2009. The country is applying to join the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Albania" title="Prehistoric Albania">Prehistoric Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesolithic_&_Neolithic"><span id="Mesolithic_.26_Neolithic"></span>Mesolithic & Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mesolithic & Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg/250px-Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg/375px-Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg/500px-Shpella_e_zeze_-_Pellumbas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The Cave of Pellumbas near <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, used as a settlement for ancient humans during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first traces of human presence in Albania, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> eras, were found in the village of Xarrë, near <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Dajt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Dajt">Dajti</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tiran%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiranë">Tirana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objects found in a cave near Xarrë include flint and jasper objects and fossilized animal bones, while those found at Mount Dajt comprise bone and stone tools similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurignacian culture">Aurignacian culture</a>. The Paleolithic finds of Albania show great similarities with objects of the same era found at Crvena Stijena in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and north-western <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a> in Albania that carry artifacts dating from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> era, and they are dated between 6,000 and the end of the EBA. The most important are found in <a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Maliq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gruemir%C3%AB_(settlement)" title="Gruemirë (settlement)">Gruemirë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malzi" title="Malzi">Dushman (Dukagjin)</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Erzen" title="Erzen">Erzen</a> river (close to <a href="/wiki/Shijak" title="Shijak">Shijak</a>), near <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zi%C3%A7isht" title="Ziçisht">Ziçisht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepravisht%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepravishtë">Nepravishtë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finiq" title="Finiq">Finiq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhami1958_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhami1958-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next period in the prehistory of Albania coincides with the Indo-Europeanization of the Balkans, which involved <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Pontic steppe migrations</a> which brought the Indo-European languages in the region and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> peoples as the result of fusion between the Indo-European-speaking population and the Neolithic population. In Albania, consecutive movements from the northern parts of the region which became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></i> in the Iron Age had a significant impact in the formation of the new post-Indo-European migration population. The ancestral groups to Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> are usually identified in Albania towards the end of the EBA with movements from north of Albania and are linked to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> burial grounds of patrilineally organized clans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyleSchepartzLarsen20161068_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyleSchepartzLarsen20161068-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the first tumuli date to the 26th century BCE. These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to <a href="/wiki/Cetina_culture" title="Cetina culture">Cetina culture</a>) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovedarica201622–25_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovedarica201622–25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Bronze Age and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> a number of possible population movements occurred in the territories of modern Albania, for example the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> in areas of southern Albania-northwestern Greece<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribes into central Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter derived from early an Indo-European presence in the western <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>. The movement of the Byrgian tribes can be assumed to coincide with the beginning Iron Age in the Balkans during the early 1st millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain,_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg/304px-Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg/456px-Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg/608px-Nicolas_Ren%C3%A9_le_Jeune_Jollain%2C_Pyrrhus_enfant_pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Glaucias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><i>An Infant <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> presented to <a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias</a>,</i> Nicolas René Jollain, 1779</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyrians">Illyrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Illyrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">List of ancient tribes in Illyria</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg/122px-Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg/183px-Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg/244px-Face_of_King_Gentius_on_Ancient_Illyrian_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a>, the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardiaean Kingdom">Ardiaean</a> dynasty.</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg/304px-Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg/456px-Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg/608px-Qyteti_Ilir_I_Bylisit_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the city of <a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg/303px-Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg/455px-Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Queen_Teuta_orders_the_murder_of_Roman_ambassadors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a> of the Ardieai orders the Roman ambassadors to be killed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> were a group of tribes who inhabited the western <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical times</a>. The territory the tribes covered came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> authors, corresponding roughly to the area between the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> river in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">Morava</a> river in the east and the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Vjos%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjosë">Vjosë</a> river in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first account of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian peoples">Illyrian peoples</a> comes from the Coastal Passage contained in a <a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a>, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Illyrian tribes that resided in the region of Albania were the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardiaean Kingdom">Ardiaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in central Albania,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Partheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Partheni">Parthini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria#Abri/Arbi" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Abri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cavii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavii">Caviii</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Enchelei" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchelei">Enchelei</a> in the east,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">several others</a>. In the westernmost parts of the territory of Albania, along with the Illyrian tribes, lived the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> people, and in the south<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LewisBoardman1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisBoardman1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived the Greek tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 4th century BC, the Illyrian king <a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a> united several Illyrian tribes and engaged in conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> to the south-east, but was defeated. Bardyllis was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then by <a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then by <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_the_Illyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleitus the Illyrian">Cleitus the Illyrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. </p><p>Around 230 BC, the Ardiaei briefly attained military might under the reign of king Agron. Agron extended his rule over other neighbouring tribes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He raided parts of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnus</a>, and the islands of Corcyra and Pharos. His state stretched from Narona in Dalmatia south to the river Aoos and Corcyra. During his reign, the Ardiaean Kingdom reached the height of its power. The army and fleet made it a major regional power in the Balkans and the southern Adriatic. The king regained control of the Adriatic with his warships (<i>lembi</i>), a domination once enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Liburnians" title="Liburnians">Liburnians</a>. None of his neighbours were nearly as powerful. Agron divorced his (first) wife. </p><p>Agron suddenly died, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 231 BC</span>, after his triumph over the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetolian league">Aetolians</a>. Agron's (second) wife was Queen <a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a>, who acted as regent after Agron's death. According to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, she ruled "by women's reasoning".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teuta started to address the neighbouring states malevolently, supporting the piratical raids of her subjects. After capturing <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> and Phoenice, Teuta's forces extended their operations further southward into the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, defeating the combined <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean</a> and Aetolian fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Battle of Paxos</a> and capturing the island of <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later on, in 229 BC, she clashed with the Romans and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian Wars">Illyrian Wars</a>. These wars, which were spread out over 60 years, eventually resulted in defeat for the Illyrians by 168 BC and the end of Illyrian independence when King <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a> was defeated by a Roman army after heavy clashes with Rome and Roman allied cities such as <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrhachium</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anicius_Gallus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anicius Gallus (page does not exist)">Anicius Gallus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After his defeat, the Romans split the region into three administrative divisions,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <i>meris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeks_and_Romans">Greeks and Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greeks and Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyrrachium_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dyrrachium_coin.jpg/176px-Dyrrachium_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dyrrachium_coin.jpg/264px-Dyrrachium_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dyrrachium_coin.jpg/352px-Dyrrachium_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrachium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollonia,_Albania_(by_Pudelek)_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG/304px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG" decoding="async" width="304" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG/456px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG/608px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> archaeological park</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg/306px-5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg/459px-5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/5th_century_roman_mosaic_albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>5th century mosaic from a Roman villa</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 7th century BC, Greek colonies were established on the Illyrian coast. The most important were <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, Aulon (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>), <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Illyria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissus (Illyria)">Lissus</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>). The city of <a href="/wiki/Buthrotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthrotum">Buthrotum</a> (modern-day Butrint), a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, is probably more significant today than it was when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> used it as a provisions depot for his troops during his campaigns in the 1st century BC. At that time, it was considered an unimportant outpost, overshadowed by Apollonia and Epidamnos.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lands comprising modern-day Albania were incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> above the river <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a>, and Roman <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (specifically as <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>) below it. The western part of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> ran inside modern Albania, ending at <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> was later divided into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <i>Illyricum</i> or<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Illyris Romana</i> or <i>Illyris Barbara</i> or <i>Illyria Barbara</i> replaced most of the region of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>. It stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Drin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin River">Drilon</a> River in modern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) in the west and to the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> River (<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>) in the north. <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a> in Croatia) functioned as its capital. The regions which it included changed through the centuries though a great part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> remained part of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>. </p><p>South Illyria became <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>, part of the Roman province of Macedonia. In 357 AD the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a> one of four large <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> into which the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a> was divided. By 395 AD dioceses in which the region was divided were the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a> (as Pravealitana), and the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a> (as Epirus Nova). Most of the region of modern Albania corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianization">Christianization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butrint_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Butrint_mosaic.jpg/304px-Butrint_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Butrint_mosaic.jpg/456px-Butrint_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Butrint_mosaic.jpg/608px-Butrint_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>5th century decorative mosaic on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Baptistery_of_Butrint" title="Baptistery of Butrint">Baptistery of Butrint</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/241px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/362px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/482px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos_Church,_Labov%C3%AB_e_Kryqit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos Church, Labovë e Kryqit">Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos</a>. The foundations of the Church date back to the 6th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Justinian">Emperor Justinian</a>, who erected the church in memory of his mother.</figcaption></figure><p>Christianity came to <a href="/wiki/Epirus_nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus nova">Epirus nova</a>, then part of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 3rd and 4th century AD, Christianity had become the established religion in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, supplanting pagan polytheism and eclipsing for the most part the humanistic world outlook and institutions inherited from the Greek and Roman civilizations. The <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrës Amphitheatre">Durrës Amphitheatre</a> <i>(Albanian: Amfiteatri i Durrësit)</i> is a historic monument from the time period located in Durrës, Albania, that was used to preach Christianity to civilians during that time. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was divided into eastern and western halves in AD 395, Illyria east of the Drinus River (<a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> between <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>), including the lands form Albania, were administered by the Eastern Empire but were ecclesiastically dependent on <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Though the country was in the fold of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, Christians in the region remained under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> until 732. In that year the iconoclast Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, angered by archbishops of the region because they had supported Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic Controversy">Iconoclastic Controversy</a>, detached the church of the province from the Roman pope and placed it under the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">patriarch of Constantinople</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Christian church split in 1054 between Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism</a>, the region of southern Albania retained its ties to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, while the north reverted to the jurisdiction of Rome. This split marked the first significant religious fragmentation of the country. After the formation of the Slav principality of Dioclia (modern <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>), the metropolitan see of <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a> was created in 1089, and dioceses in northern Albania (<a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a>) became its suffragans. Starting in 1019, Albanian dioceses of the Byzantine rite were suffragans of the independent <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archdiocese of Ohrid</a> until <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachion">Dyrrachion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>, were re-established as metropolitan sees. Thereafter, only the dioceses in inner Albania (<a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>) remained attached to <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>. In the 13th century during the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> occupation, the Latin Archdiocese of Durrës was founded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Albania in the Middle Ages">Albania in the Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Albania under the Byzantine Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_6th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/220px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/330px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/440px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>After the region was annexed by Romans, it became part of the province of Macedonia. The central portion of modern Albania was later split off as Epirus Nova, while the south remained under Epirus Vetus and the northern parts belonged to Praevalitana.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg/285px-Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg/428px-Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg/570px-Berat_UNESCO_2016_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> became part of the unstable frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and along with much of the rest of the Balkan peninsula.</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg/297px-Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg/446px-Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg/594px-Stare_mury_miejskie_Durr%C3%ABs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Ancient walls of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a></figcaption></figure><p>After the region fell to the Romans in 168 BC it became part of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus nova">Epirus nova</a> that was, in turn, part of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Beginning in the first decades of Byzantine rule (until 461), the region suffered devastating raids by <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a> forced <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> to pull back into the mountainous regions and adopt nomadic lifestyle, or flee into <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the invaders destroyed or weakened Roman and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> cultural centres in the lands that would become Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbarian_Invasions_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbarian_Invasions-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg/306px-Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg/459px-Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg/612px-Epitaph_of_Gllavenica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a> in 1373.</figcaption></figure><p>In the late 11th and 12th centuries, the region played a crucial part in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars" title="Byzantine–Norman wars">Byzantine–Norman wars</a>; Dyrrhachium was the westernmost terminus of the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a></i>, the main overland route to Constantinople, and was one of the main targets of the Normans (cf. Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)). Towards the end of the 12th century, as Byzantine central authority weakened and rebellions and regionalist secessionism became more common, the region of <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a> became an autonomous principality ruled by its own hereditary princes. In 1258, the Sicilians took possession of the island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> and the Albanian coast, from Dyrrhachium to Valona and Buthrotum and as far inland as Berat. This foothold, reformed in 1272 as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a>, was intended by the dynamic Sicilian ruler, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>, to become the launchpad for an overland invasion of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines, however, managed to recover most of Albania by 1274, leaving only Valona and Dyrrhachium in Charles' hands. Finally, when Charles launched his much-delayed advance, it was stopped at the Siege of Berat in 1280–1281. Albania would remain largely part of the Byzantine empire until the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–47">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a> when it fell shortly to the hands of the Serbian ruler <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stephen Dushan</a>. During this time, the territory became <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> majority as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> wiped out much of its <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-9th century, most of eastern Albania became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>. The area, known as <a href="/wiki/Kutmichevitsa" title="Kutmichevitsa">Kutmichevitsa</a>, became an important Bulgarian cultural center in the 10th century with many thriving towns such as <a href="/wiki/Devol_(Albania)" title="Devol (Albania)">Devol</a>, Glavinitsa (<a href="/wiki/Ballsh" title="Ballsh">Ballsh</a>) and Belgrad (<a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>). When the Byzantines managed to conquer the First Bulgarian Empire the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to submit to the Byzantines. Later the region was recovered by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>. </p><p> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the name Arberia began to be increasingly applied to the region now comprising the nation of Albania. The first undisputed mention of Albanians in the historical record is attested in a Byzantine source for the first time in 1079–1080, in a work titled <i>History</i> by Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Attaliates">Michael Attaliates</a>, who referred to the <i><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></i> as having taken part in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1043 and to the <i>Arbanitai</i> as subjects of the duke of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrhachium</a>. A later reference to Albanians from the same Attaliates, regarding the participation of Albanians in a rebellion around 1078, is undisputed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Arbanon_(Arb%C3%ABria).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/170px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/255px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/340px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/171px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/257px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/343px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2947" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> at its maximum extent (1272–1274).</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Topia,_by_Kostandin_Shpataraku,_Ardenica_Monastery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Karl_Topia%2C_by_Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_Ardenica_Monastery.png/195px-Karl_Topia%2C_by_Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_Ardenica_Monastery.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Karl_Topia%2C_by_Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_Ardenica_Monastery.png 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Karl Thopia, Prince of Albania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principality_of_Arbër"><span id="Principality_of_Arb.C3.ABr"></span>Principality of Arbër</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principality of Arbër"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arb%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Arbër">Principality of Arbër</a></div> <p>In 1190, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arb%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Arbër">Principality of Arbër</a> (Arbanon) was founded by archon <a href="/wiki/Progon,_Lord_of_Kruja" title="Progon, Lord of Kruja">Progon</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>. Progon was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Gjin_Progoni" title="Gjin Progoni">Gjin Progoni</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Progoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimitër Progoni">Dhimitër Progoni</a>. Arbanon extended over the modern districts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Albania" title="Central Albania">central Albania</a>, with its capital located at <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>. </p><p>The principality of Arbanon was established in 1190 by the native <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Progon_of_Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Progon of Kruja">Progon</a> in the region surrounding <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a>, to the east and northeast of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010iv,_xxviii_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010iv,_xxviii-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progon was succeeded by his sons <a href="/wiki/Gjin_Progoni" title="Gjin Progoni">Gjin</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Progoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Progoni">Demetrius</a> (Dhimitër), who managed to retain a considerable degree of autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autonomy_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autonomy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1204, Arbanon attained full, though temporary, political independence, taking advantage of the weakening of Constantinople following its <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">pillage</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010xxviii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010xxviii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Arbanon lost its large autonomy ca. 1216, when the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a>, started an invasion northward into <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a> and ending the independence of the principality of Arbanon following the death of Dhimitër.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarzos1984555–556_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarzos1984555–556-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Demetrius, the last ruler of the Progon family, the same year, Arbanon was successively controlled subsequently by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> and, from 1235, by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199468_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199468-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a> of Epirus and Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a>, Golem (ruler of Arbanon at the time) and Theodore Petraliphas, who were initially Michael's allies, defected to John III in 1252.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is last mentioned in the sources among other local leaders, in a meeting with George Akropolites in Durrës in 1256. Arbanon was a beneficiary of the Via Egnatia trade road, which brought wealth and benefits from the more developed Byzantine civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisKlusáková2007134_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisKlusáková2007134-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania (medieval)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/130px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/195px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/260px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a> established <b>Regnum Albaniae</b> (Kingdom of Albania) </figcaption></figure><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arber" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Arber">Principality of Arber</a> in territories captured by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles of Anjou</a>. He took the title of King of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durrës (then known as Dyrrhachium) south along the coast to Butrint. After the failure of the Eighth Crusade, Charles of Anjou returned his attention to Albania. He began contacting local Albanian leaders through local catholic clergy. Two local Catholic priests, namely John from Durrës and Nicola from Arbanon, acted as negotiators between Charles of Anjou and the local noblemen. During 1271 they made several trips between Albania and Italy eventually succeeding in their mission.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens" promising to protect them and to honor the privileges they had from Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: <i>Regnum Albanie</i>) with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles of Anjou (<i>Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed Gazzo Chinardo as his Vicar-General and hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again. Throughout 1272 and 1273 he sent huge provisions to the towns of Durrës and Vlorë. This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides. However, the Albanian nobles placed their trust on Charles, who praised them for their loyalty. Throughout its existence the Kingdom saw armed conflict with the Byzantine empire. The kingdom was reduced to a small area in Durrës. Even before the city of Durrës was captured, it was landlocked by Karl Thopia's principality. Declaring himself as Angevin descendant, with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in 1368 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Topia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Topia">Karl Thopia</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Princedom of Albania</a>. During its existence Catholicism saw rapid spread among the population which affected the society as well as the architecture of the Kingdom. A <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Western type of feudalism</a> was introduced and it replaced the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principalities_and_League_of_Lezhë"><span id="Principalities_and_League_of_Lezh.C3.AB"></span>Principalities and League of Lezhë</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Principalities and League of Lezhë"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/196px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a>, the National Hero of the Albanians successfully rebelled against the Ottomans for 25 years.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg/278px-Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg/417px-Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg/556px-Buna_and_Lake_from_Shkodra_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> was the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Siege of Shkodra</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></div> <p>In 1371, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> was dissolved and several Albanian principalities were formed including the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Principality of Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Principality of Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a> as the major ones. In the late 14th and the early 15th century the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conquered parts of south and central Albania. The Albanians regained control of their territories in 1444 when the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> was established, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/George_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kastrioti">George Kastrioti</a> <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>, the Albanian national hero. The League was a military alliance of feudal lords in Albania forged in Lezhë on 2 March 1444, initiated and organised under Venetian patronage<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian and Serbian chieftains united against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main members of the league were the Arianiti, Balšić, Dukagjini, Muzaka, Spani, Thopia and Crnojevići. For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000-man army marched through Ottoman territory winning against consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice – their former enemies – provided the financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1450 it had certainly ceased to function as originally intended, and only the core of the alliance under Skanderbeg and Araniti Comino continued to fight on.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the sultan "easily subdued Albania," but Skanderbeg's death did not end the struggle for independence,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fighting continued until the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">siege of Shkodra</a> in 1478–79, a siege ending when the Republic of Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottomans in the peace treaty of 1479. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kostandin_Shpataraku,_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo,_43x31_cm,_Berat,_Museo_Onufri,_XVIII_sec..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg/220px-Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg/330px-Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg/440px-Kostandin_Shpataraku%2C_S._Demetrio_a_cavallo%2C_43x31_cm%2C_Berat%2C_Museo_Onufri%2C_XVIII_sec..jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Demetrius on Horseback</i>, Onufri Museum, Berat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Era">Ottoman Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ottoman Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Ottoman_period">Early Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1432%E2%80%9336" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1432–36">Albanian Revolt of 1432–36</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> supremacy in the west <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> region began in 1385 with their success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a>. Following that battle, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1415 established the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">Sanjak of Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering the conquered parts of Albania, which included territory stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Mat_(river)" title="Mat (river)">Mat River</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a> in the south. In 1419, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjirokastra">Gjirokastra</a> became the administrative centre of the Sanjak of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern Albanian nobility, although tributary of the Ottoman Empire they still had autonomy to rule over their lands, but the southern part which was put under the direct rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, prompted by the replacement of large parts of the local nobility with Ottoman landowners, centralized governance and the Ottoman taxation system, the population and the nobles, led principally by <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a>, revolted against the Ottomans. </p><p>During the early phases of the revolt, many land (<a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a>) holders were killed or expelled. As the revolt spread, the nobles, whose holdings had been annexed by the Ottomans, returned to join the revolt and attempted to form alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. While the leaders of the revolt were successful in defeating successive Ottoman campaigns, they failed to capture many of the important towns in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">Sanjak of Albania</a>. Major combatants included members of the <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenebishi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenebishi family">Zenebishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastrioti_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrioti family">Kastrioti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arianiti_family" title="Arianiti family">Arianiti</a> families. In the initial phase, the rebels were successful in capturing some major towns such as Dagnum. Protracted sieges such as that of <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, the capital of the Sanjak, gave the Ottoman army time to assemble large forces from other parts of the empire and to subdue the main revolt by the end of 1436. Because the rebel leaders acted autonomously without a central leadership, their lack of coordination of the revolt contributed greatly to their final defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman forces conducted a number of massacres in the aftermath of the revolt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman-Albanian_Wars">Ottoman-Albanian Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ottoman-Albanian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1432%E2%80%931479)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Turkish Wars (1432–1479)">Albanian–Turkish Wars (1432–1479)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg/277px-Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg/416px-Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg/554px-Muzeum_Skanderbega_w_Kruji_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krujë Castle">Castle of Krujë</a> was the center of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>'s battle against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Many Albanians had been recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> corps, including the feudal heir <a href="/wiki/George_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kastrioti">George Kastrioti</a> who was renamed <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> (Iskandar Bey) by his Turkish officers at <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. After the Ottoman defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Niš</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, Skanderbeg deserted in November 1443 and began a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:League_of_Lezh%C3%AB,_1448-1468.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/200px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/300px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/400px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, between 1448 and 1468 in the Albanian-Ottoman wars</figcaption></figure><p> After his desertion, <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> re-converted to Christianity and declared war against the Ottoman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he led from 1443 to 1468. Skanderbeg summoned the Albanian princes to the Venetian-controlled town of Lezhë where they formed the League of Lezhë.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon reports that the "Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince", and that "in the assembly of the states of Epirus, Skanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic emblem, an Albanian force held off Ottoman campaigns for twenty-five years and overcame a number of the major sieges: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Siege of Krujë (1450)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Krujë">Second Siege of Krujë</a> (1466–67), <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Krujë">Third Siege of Krujë</a> (1467) against forces led by the Ottoman sultans <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. For 25 years Skanderbeg's army of around 10,000 men marched through Ottoman territory winning against consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stradiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stradiot.jpg/234px-Stradiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stradiot.jpg/351px-Stradiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stradiot.jpg/468px-Stradiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratiot</a>, Auxiliary Albanian Cavalry,</i> 16th c.</figcaption></figure><p>Throughout his rebellion, Skanderbeg defeated the Ottomans in a number of battles, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Oranik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Modric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Mokra</a>; with his most brilliant being in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a>. However, Skanderbeg did not receive any of the help which had been promised to him by the popes or the Italian states, Venice, Naples and Milan. He died in 1468, leaving no clear successor. After his death the rebellion continued, but without its former success. The loyalties and alliances created and nurtured by Skanderbeg faltered and fell apart and the Ottomans reconquered the territory of Albania, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">siege of Shkodra</a> in 1479. However, some territories in Northern Albania remained under <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian control</a>. Shortly after the fall of the castles of northern Albania, many Albanians fled to neighbouring Italy, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> communities still living in that country. </p><p>Skanderbeg's long struggle to keep Albania free became highly significant to the Albanian people, as it strengthened their solidarity, made them more conscious of their national identity, and served later as a great source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom and independence.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_period">Late Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina Vilayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a></div> <p>Upon the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> return in 1479, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> fled to Italy, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and other parts of the Ottoman Empire and Europe and maintained their <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëresh">Arbëresh</a> identity. Many Albanians won fame and fortune as soldiers, administrators, and merchants in far-flung parts of the Empire. As the centuries passed, however, Ottoman rulers lost the capacity to command the loyalty of local <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a>, which threatened stability in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Ottoman</a> rulers of the 19th century struggled to shore up central authority, introducing reforms aimed at harnessing unruly pashas and checking the spread of nationalist ideas. <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> would be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until the early 20th century. </p><p>The Ottoman period that followed was characterized by a change in the landscape through a gradual modification of the settlements with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Bazaars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaars">bazaars</a>, military garrisons and mosques in many Albanian regions. Part of the Albanian population gradually converted to Islam, with many joining the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Order of the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a>. Converting from Christianity to Islam brought considerable advantages, including access to Ottoman trade networks, bureaucratic positions and the army. As a result, many Albanians came to serve in the elite <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> and the administrative <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a> system. Among these were important historical figures, including <a href="/wiki/Iljaz_Hoxha" class="mw-redirect" title="Iljaz Hoxha">Iljaz Hoxha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Kastrioti" title="Hamza Kastrioti">Hamza Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koca_Davud_Pasha" title="Koca Davud Pasha">Koca Davud Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%9Fanos_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Zağanos Pasha">Zağanos Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Köprülü Mehmed Pasha">Köprülü Mehmed Pasha</a> (head of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülü family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Viziers">Grand Viziers</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bushati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushati">Bushati</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejman Pasha">Sulejman Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edhem_Pasha" title="Edhem Pasha">Edhem Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nezim_Frakulla" title="Nezim Frakulla">Nezim Frakulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Shekreti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haxhi Shekreti">Haxhi Shekreti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Zyko_Kamberi" title="Hasan Zyko Kamberi">Hasan Zyko Kamberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Gucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Gucia">Ali Pasha of Gucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Tepelena">Ali Pasha of Tepelena</a> rose to become one of the most powerful Muslim Albanian rulers in western <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>. His diplomatic and administrative skills, his interest in modernist ideas and concepts, his popular religiousness, his religious neutrality, his win over the bands terrorizing the area, his ferocity and harshness in imposing law and order, and his looting practices towards persons and communities in order to increase his proceeds cause both the admiration and the criticism of his contemporaries. His court was in Ioannina, but the territory he governed incorporated most of Epirus and the western parts of Thessaly and Greek Macedonia in Northern Greece. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/125px-Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/188px-Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/250px-Durr%C3%ABs_Pinargenti_1573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1491" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/125px-Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/188px-Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg/250px-Valona_Pinargenti_1573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The port cities of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> in 1573.</div></div></div></div> <p>Many Albanians gained prominent positions in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> government, Albanians highly active during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a> and leaders such as Ali Pasha of Tepelena might have aided <a href="/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Husein Gradaščević">Husein Gradaščević</a>. The Albanians proved generally faithful to Ottoman rule following the end of the resistance led by Skanderbeg, and accepted Islam more easily than their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-independent_Albanian_Pashaliks">Semi-independent Albanian Pashaliks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Semi-independent Albanian Pashaliks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kara Mahmut Pasha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg/117px-Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg/176px-Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/Kara_Mahmud_Bushati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Mahmud_Pasha" title="Kara Mahmud Pasha">Kara Mahmud Pasha</a> ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">Pashalik of Scutari</a> the most prominent figure of the <a href="/wiki/Bushati_family" title="Bushati family">Bushati family</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ali Pasha Tepelena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/127px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/191px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/254px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> was one of the most powerful autonomous Ottoman Albanian rulers.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A period of semi-independence started during the mid 18th century. As <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a> power began to decline in the 18th century, the central authority of the empire in Albania gave way to the local authority of autonomy-minded lords. The most successful of those lords were three generations of pashas of the <a href="/wiki/Bushati_family" title="Bushati family">Bushati family</a>, who dominated most of northern Albania from 1757 to 1831, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Janina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashalik of Janina">Janina</a> (now Ioánnina, Greece), a brigand-turned-despot who ruled over southern Albania and northern Greece from 1788 to 1822. </p><p>Those pashas created separate states within the Ottoman state until they were overthrown by the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Renaissance">National Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></div> <p>In the 1870s, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>'s reforms aimed at checking the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s disintegration had failed. The image of the "Turkish yoke" had become fixed in the nationalist mythologies and psyches of the empire's Balkan peoples and their march toward independence quickened. The <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, because of the higher degree of Islamic influence, their internal social divisions, and the fear that they would lose their <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian-speaking</a> territories to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, were the last of the Balkan peoples to desire division from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_of_Albania_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_of_Albania-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the Albanian National Awakening, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> regained a sense of statehood and engaged in military resistance against the Ottoman Empire as well as instigating a massive literary revival. Albanian émigrés in Bulgaria, Egypt, Italy, Romania and the United States supported the writing and distribution of Albanian textbooks and writings. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Prizren">League of Prizren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: League of Prizren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Peja" title="League of Peja">League of Peja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">Albanian Revolt of 1910</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg/230px-Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg/345px-Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg/460px-Kompleksi_Monumental_i_Lidhjes_Shqiptare_t%C3%AB_Prizrenit_9384n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> from inside the courtyard.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the second quarter of the 19th century, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_pashalik" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian pashalik">Albanian pashaliks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a> took place and many revolts against the Ottoman Empire were organized. These revolts included the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839">Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1843%E2%80%931844" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844">Revolt of 1843–44</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1847" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1847">Revolt of 1847</a>. A culmination of the Albanian National Awakening was the League of Prizren. The league was formed at a meeting of 47 Ottoman beys in <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> on 18 June 1878. An initial position of the league was presented in a document known as <a href="/wiki/Kararname_(League_of_Prizren)" title="Kararname (League of Prizren)">Kararname</a>. Through this document Albanian leaders emphasized their intention to preserve and maintain the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">porte</a>, and "to struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the territories of Albania". In this early period, the League participated in battles against Montenegro and successfully wrestled control over Plav and Gusinje after brutal warfare with Montenegrin troops. In August 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> ordered a commission to determine the border between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great Powers</a> blockaded Ulcinj by sea and pressured the Ottoman authorities to bring the Albanians under control. Albanian diplomatic and military efforts were successful in wresting control of Epirus, however some lands were still ceded to Greece by 1881. </p><p>The League's founding figure <a href="/wiki/Abdyl_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Abdyl Frashëri">Abdyl Frashëri</a> influenced the League to demand autonomy and wage open war against the Ottomans. Faced with growing international pressure "to pacify" the refractory Albanians, the sultan dispatched a large army under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dervish_Turgut_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dervish Turgut Pasha (page does not exist)">Dervish Turgut Pasha</a> to suppress the League of Prizren and deliver Ulcinj to Montenegro. The League of Prizren's leaders and their families were arrested and deported. Frashëri, who originally received a death sentence, was imprisoned until 1885 and exiled until his death seven years later. A similar league was established in 1899 in Peja by former League member <a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Zeka" title="Haxhi Zeka">Haxhi Zeka</a>. The league ended its activity in 1900 after an armed conflict with the Ottoman forces. Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28nentor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/210px-28nentor.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/315px-28nentor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/420px-28nentor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>On 28 November 1913, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a> and his cabinet during the celebration of the first anniversary of independence in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> on 28 November 1912.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storalbanien.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Storalbanien.gif/220px-Storalbanien.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Storalbanien.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The initial sparks of the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Balkan war">First Balkan war</a> in 1912 were ignited by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">Albanian uprising</a> between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Turk">Young Turk</a> policies of consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the eventual weakening of the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> declared war, seizing the remaining Ottoman territory in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south, leaving only a patch of land around the southern coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Vlora" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlora">Vlora</a>. The short-lived <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_Control_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanian Control Commission (page does not exist)">Albanian Control Commission</a> (17 October 1912 to 30 May 1913) was set up by them to rule Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-stahn08_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahn08-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unsuccessful uprising of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1911">1911</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1912">the successful and final Albanian revolt in 1912</a>, as well as the Serbian and Greek occupation and attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> on 28 November 1912. The same day, Kemal waved the national flag of Albania, from the balcony of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Assembly of Vlorë">Assembly of Vlorë</a>, in the presence of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>. This flag was sewn after <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>'s principality flag, which had been used more than 500 years earlier. </p><p>Albanian independence was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">Conference of London</a> on 29 July 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference of London then <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Albania" title="Partition of Albania">delineated the border between Albania and its neighbors</a>, leaving more than half of ethnic Albanians outside Albania. This population was largely divided between Montenegro and Serbia in the north and east (including what is now <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>), and Greece in the south. A substantial number of Albanians thus came under Serbian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers1999_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers1999-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, an uprising in the country's south by local Greeks led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a> in the southern provinces (1914).<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic proved short-lived as Albania collapsed with the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Greece held the area between 1914 and 1916, and unsuccessfully tried to annex it in March 1916;<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however in 1917 the Greeks were driven from the area by Italy, which took over most of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2005_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerRoberts2005-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a> awarded the area to Greece. However the area definitively reverted to Albanian control in November 1921, following Greece's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principality_of_Albania">Principality of Albania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Principality of Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1914%E2%80%931920).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Albania_%281914%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Albania from 1914 to 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>In supporting the independence of Albania, the Great Powers were assisted by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Herbert" title="Aubrey Herbert">Aubrey Herbert</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> who passionately advocated the Albanian cause in London. As a result, Herbert was offered the crown of Albania, but was dissuaded by the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, from accepting. Instead the offer went to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Wied" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Wied">William of Wied</a>, a German prince who accepted and became sovereign of the new <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Young1997_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1997-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a> was established on 21 February 1914. The Great Powers selected <a href="/wiki/William_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Albania">Prince William of Wied</a>, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Wied" title="Elisabeth of Wied">Queen Elisabeth of Romania</a> to become the sovereign of the newly independent Albania. A formal offer was made by 18 Albanian delegates representing the 18 districts of Albania on 21 February 1914, an offer which he accepted. Outside of Albania William was styled prince, but in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> he was referred to as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">Mbret</a> (King) so as not to seem inferior to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Montenegro">King of Montenegro</a>. This is the period when Albanian religions gained independence. The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople recognized the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Albanian Orthodox Church</a> after a meeting of the country's Albanian Orthodox congregations in Berat in August 1922. The most energetic reformers in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> came from the Orthodox population who wanted to see Albania move quickly away from its Turkish-ruled past, during which Christians made up the underclass. Albania's conservative <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> community broke its last ties with Constantinople in 1923, formally declaring that there had been no caliph since Muhammad himself and that Muslim <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> pledged primary allegiance to their native country. The Muslims also banned polygamy and allowed women to choose whether or not they wanted to wear a veil. Upon termination of Albania from Turkey in 1912, as in all other fields, the customs administration continued its operation under legislation approved specifically for the procedure. After the new laws were issued for the operation of customs, its duty was 11% of the value of goods imported and 1% on the value of those exported. </p><p>The security was to be provided by a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> commanded by Dutch officers. William left Albania on 3 September 1914 following a pan-Islamic revolt initiated by <a href="/wiki/Essad_Pasha_Toptani" class="mw-redirect" title="Essad Pasha Toptani">Essad Pasha Toptani</a> and later headed by Haxhi Qamili, the latter the military commander of the "Muslim State of Central Albania" centered in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. William never renounced his claim to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania during World War I">Albania during World War I</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914_albania_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1914_albania_en.svg/230px-1914_albania_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1914_albania_en.svg/345px-1914_albania_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1914_albania_en.svg/460px-1914_albania_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Albania in 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> interrupted all government activities in Albania, while the country was split in a number of regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_of_Albania_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_of_Albania-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political chaos engulfed Albania after the outbreak of World War I. The Albanian people split along religious and tribal lines after the prince's departure. Muslims demanded a Muslim prince and looked to Turkey as the protector of the privileges they had enjoyed. Other Albanians looked to Italy for support. Still others, including many beys and clan chiefs, recognized no superior authority.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince William left Albania on 3 September 1914, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Revolt_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Revolt in Albania">Peasant Revolt</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Essad_Pasha_Toptani" class="mw-redirect" title="Essad Pasha Toptani">Essad Pasha</a> and later taken over by <a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Qamili" title="Haxhi Qamili">Haxhi Qamili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William subsequently joined the German army and served on the Eastern Front, but never renounced his claim to the throne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the country's south, the local Greek population revolted against the incorporation of the area into the new Albanian state and declared the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a> at 28 February.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1914, Greece occupied the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, including <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>. Italy occupied <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, and Serbia and Montenegro occupied parts of northern Albania until a <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> offensive scattered the Serbian army, which was evacuated by the French to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> and Bulgarian forces then occupied about two-thirds of the country (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Bulgarian occupation of Albania</a>). </p><p>Under the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a> signed in April 1915, <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorë (<i>Valona</i>) and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary. Serbia and Montenegro were promised much of northern Albania, and Greece was promised much of the country's southern half. The treaty left a tiny Albanian state that would be represented by Italy in its relations with the other major powers. </p><p>In September 1918, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> forces broke through the Central Powers' lines north of Thessaloniki and within days Austro-Hungarian forces began to withdraw from Albania. On 2 October 1918 the city of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> was shelled on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Louis Franchet d'Espèrey</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durazzo_(1918)" title="Battle of Durazzo (1918)">Battle of Durazzo</a>: according to d'Espèrey, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Port of Durrës">Port of Durrës</a>, if not destroyed, would have served the evacuation of the Bulgarian and German armies, involved in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Kabashi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kabashi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the war ended on 11 November 1918, Italy's army had occupied most of Albania; Serbia held much of the country's northern mountains; Greece occupied a sliver of land within Albania's 1913 borders; and French forces occupied Korçë and Shkodër as well as other regions with sizable Albanian populations. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projects_of_partition_in_1919–1920"><span id="Projects_of_partition_in_1919.E2.80.931920"></span>Projects of partition in 1919–1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Projects of partition in 1919–1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg/239px-Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg/359px-Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg/478px-Lufta_e_Vlor%C3%ABs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><blockquote title="Vlora war"><p>Albanian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Vlora_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlora war">Vlora war</a>,1920.</p></blockquote></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Albania was still under the occupation of Serbian and Italian forces. It was a rebellion of the respective populations of Northern and Southern Albania that pushed back the Serbs and Italians behind the recognized borders of Albania. </p><p>Albania's political confusion continued in the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The country lacked a single recognized government, and Albanians feared, with justification, that <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> would succeed in extinguishing Albania's independence and carve up the country. Italian forces controlled Albanian political activity in the areas they occupied. The <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, who largely dictated Yugoslavia's foreign policy after World War I, strove to take over northern Albania, and the Greeks sought to control southern Albania. </p><p>A delegation sent by a postwar <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Albanian National Assembly</a> that met at <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in December 1918 defended Albanian interests at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, but the conference denied Albania official representation. The National Assembly, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory. <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> troops conducted actions in Albanian-populated border areas, while Albanian guerrillas operated in both <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. </p><p>In January 1920, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, negotiators from France, Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> agreed to allow Albania to fall under Yugoslav, Italian, and Greek spheres of influence as a diplomatic expedient aimed at finding a compromising solution to the territorial conflicts between Italy and Yugoslavia. </p><p>Members of a second <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Lushnj%C3%AB" title="Congress of Lushnjë">Albanian National Assembly held at Lushnjë</a> in January 1920 rejected the partition plan and warned that Albanians would take up arms to defend their country's independence and territorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lushnjë National Assembly appointed a four-man regency to rule the country. A <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> was also created, in which an elected lower chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> (with one deputy for every 12,000 people in Albania and one for the Albanian community in the United States), appointed members of its own ranks to an upper chamber, the Senate. In February 1920, the government moved to <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, which became Albania's capital. </p><p>One month later, in March 1920, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> intervened to block the Paris agreement. The United States underscored its support for Albania's independence by recognizing an official Albanian representative to Washington, and in December the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> recognized Albania's sovereignty by admitting it as a full member. The country's borders, however, remained unsettled following the <a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> in which all territory (except <a href="/wiki/Saseno" class="mw-redirect" title="Saseno">Saseno</a> island) under Italian control in Albania was relinquished to the Albanian state. </p><p>Albania achieved a degree of statehood after the First World War, in part because of the diplomatic intercession of the United States government. The country suffered from a debilitating lack of economic and social development, however, and its first years of independence were fraught with political instability. Unable to survive a predatory environment without a foreign protector, Albania became the object of tensions between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, which both sought to dominate the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interwar_Albania-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zogu_Government">Zogu Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Zogu Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interwar Albanian governments appeared and disappeared in rapid succession. Between July and December 1921 alone, the premiership changed hands five times. The Popular Party's head, <a href="/wiki/Xhafer_Ypi" title="Xhafer Ypi">Xhafer Ypi</a>, formed a government in December 1921 with <a href="/wiki/Fan_S._Noli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan S. Noli">Fan S. Noli</a> as foreign minister and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bey_Zogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Bey Zogu">Ahmed Bey Zogu</a> as internal affairs minister, but Noli resigned soon after Zogu resorted to repression in an attempt to disarm the lowland Albanians despite the fact that bearing arms was a traditional custom. </p><p>When the government's enemies attacked Tirana in early 1922, Zogu stayed in the capital and, with the support of the British ambassador, repulsed the assault. He took over the premiership later in the year and turned his back on the Popular Party by announcing his engagement to the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefqet Verlaci">Shefqet Verlaci</a>, the Progressive Party leader. </p><p>Zogu's protégés organized themselves into the Government Party. Noli and other Western-oriented leaders formed the Opposition Party of Democrats, which attracted all of Zogu's many personal enemies, ideological opponents, and people left unrewarded by his <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>. Ideologically, the Democrats included a broad sweep of people who advocated everything from conservative Islam to Noli's dreams of rapid modernization. </p><p>Opposition to Zogu was formidable. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> peasants in Albania's southern lowlands loathed him because he supported Muslim landowners' efforts to block land reform; <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>'s citizens felt shortchanged because their city did not become Albania's capital, while nationalists were dissatisfied because Zogu's government did not press Albania's claims to <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> or speak more energetically for the rights of ethnic Albanian minorities in the Balkans. </p><p>Despite that, Zogu's party won the elections for a National Assembly in early 1924. He soon stepped aside, however, handing over the premiership to <a href="/wiki/Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlaci">Verlaci</a> in the wake of a financial scandal and an assassination attempt by a young radical which left him wounded. The opposition withdrew from the assembly after the leader of a nationalist youth organization, <a href="/wiki/Avni_Rustemi" title="Avni Rustemi">Avni Rustemi</a>, was murdered in the street outside the parliament building.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_Revolution">June Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: June Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/June_Revolution_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="June Revolution (Albania)">June Revolution (Albania)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_S._Noli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fan_S._Noli.jpg/160px-Fan_S._Noli.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fan_S._Noli.jpg/240px-Fan_S._Noli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Fan_S._Noli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fan_S._Noli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan S. Noli">Fan S. Noli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabineti_Ypi_(1921).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg/220px-Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg/330px-Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg/440px-Kabineti_Ypi_%281921%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Albanian cabinet in January 1922. The individuals in the photograph from left to right are: Mehmet Konica, Albanian delegate to the League of Nations; Spiro J. Koleka, Minister of Public Works; Fan S. Noli, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Ismail H. Tatzati, Minister of War; Xhafer Ypi, Prime Minister; Ahmed Zogu, Minister of the Interior; Hysen Vrioni, Minister of Justice; Kole Thaci, Minister of Finance. Courtesy of the General Directorate of the Albanian Archives, Tirana, Albania.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png/220px-Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png/330px-Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Fan_Noli_and_Avni_Rustemi.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Fan Noli and Avni Rustemi taking a photo in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fan_S._Noli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan S. Noli">Noli</a>'s supporters blamed the <a href="/wiki/Avni_Rustemi" title="Avni Rustemi">Rustemi</a> murder on Zogu's Mati clansmen, who continued to practice blood vengeance. After the walkout, discontent mounted, and in June 1924 a peasant-backed insurgency had won control of Tirana. Because few people were willing to risk their lives in its defense, the government's fall was remarkably simple and entailed practically little violence. According to US estimates, 20 people were killed and 35 were injured in the northern theatre, while 6 people were killed and 15 were injured in the southern theater. In fact, only Zogu and his meagre group put up any resistance at all. However, fundamental concerns remained unanswered, and Noli's power grab was unstable to say the least.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A far more unified group than Noli's was required to execute a new order; it also required crucial political and financial backing from overseas, as well as talented lawmakers prepared to make the necessary sacrifices and concessions. Noli formed his own administration, a small cabinet, on 16 June 1924, with representatives from all factions involved in the June rebellion, including the army, beys, liberals, progressives, and the Shkodra lobby. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">The Kosovo Committee</a> was not a part of the government. The government cabinet consisted of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a> – Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Delvina" title="Sulejman Delvina">Sulejman Delvina</a>- Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi" title="Luigj Gurakuqi">Luigj Gurakuqi</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavro_Vinjau" class="extiw" title="sq:Stavro Vinjau">Stavro Vinjau</a> – Minister of Education</li> <li><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasem_Qaf%C3%ABzezi" class="extiw" title="sq:Kasem Qafëzezi">Kasëm Qafëzezi</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexhep_Shala" class="extiw" title="sq:Rexhep Shala">Rexhep Shala</a> – Minister of Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazim_Koculi" title="Qazim Koculi">Qazim Koculi</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhemal_Bushati" title="Xhemal Bushati">Xhemal Bushati</a> – Minister without portfolio</li></ul> <p>Fan Noli, an idealist, rejected demands for new elections on the grounds that Albania needed a "paternal" government. On 19 June, Noli's coalition administration proposed a twenty-point reform program that, if completed, would have resulted in a country-wide revolution. Jacques calls the program "too radical," Austin calls it "a really ambitious program, ....had it been implemented, it would have led to a revolutionary change of country," and Fischer writes, "Every Western Democrat would be proud of Noli's program, but the Prime Minister lacked two crucial elements, without which no one could carry out such a long series of radical reforms: financial support and support from the governmental cabinet."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noli went on to say that once normalcy was restored, a national election would be held with secret and direct voting to decide the people's support. Noli planned to rule by decree for ten to twelve months, believing that the country's past elections did not reflect the desires of the Albanian people. Noli subsequently stated that his party "had the majority when we put the agrarian reforms on our programme. When it came to putting them in place, we were in the minority." The takeover of wealthy owners' property, particularly in central Albania, would be the principal source of additional land for the peasants. Each farmer was to receive 4–6 hectares of land for a household of up to 10 individuals. Families with more than 10 members would receive eight hectares of land. </p><p>Scaling back the bureaucracy, strengthening local government, assisting peasants, throwing Albania open to foreign investment, and improving the country's bleak transportation, public health, and education facilities filled out the Noli government's overly ambitious agenda. Noli encountered resistance to his program from people who had helped him oust Zogu, and he never attracted the foreign aid necessary to carry out his reform plans. Noli criticized the League of Nations for failing to settle the threat facing Albania on its land borders. </p><p>Under Fan Noli, the government set up a special tribunal that passed death sentences, in absentia, on Zogu, Verlaci, and others and confiscated their property. </p><p>In Yugoslavia Zogu recruited a mercenary army, and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> furnished the Albanian leader with weapons, about 1,000 Yugoslav army regulars, and <a href="/wiki/White_Emigre" class="mw-redirect" title="White Emigre">Russian White Emigres</a> to mount an invasion that the Serbs hoped would bring them disputed areas along the border. After Noli decided to establish diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a bitter enemy of the Serbian ruling family, Belgrade began making wild allegations that Albania was about to embrace Bolshevism. </p><p>On 13 December 1924, Zogu's Yugoslav-backed army crossed into Albanian territory. By Christmas Eve, Zogu had reclaimed the capital, and Noli and his government had fled to Italy. The Noli government lasted just 6 months and a week. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Republic">First Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Republic">Albanian Republic</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/170px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/255px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/340px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Albania">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zog_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog of Albania">Zog of Albania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After defeating <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>'s government, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Zogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Zogu">Ahmet Zogu</a> recalled the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">parliament</a>, in order to find a solution for the uncrowned principality of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. The parliament quickly adopted a new constitution, proclaimed the first republic, and granted <a href="/wiki/Zogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogu">Zogu</a> dictatorial powers that allowed him to appoint and dismiss ministers, veto legislation, and name all major administrative personnel and a third of the Senate. The Constitution provided for a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a powerful president serving as head of state and government. </p><p>On 31 January, Zogu was elected president for a seven-year term. Opposition parties and civil liberties disappeared; opponents of the regime were murdered; and the press suffered strict censorship. Zogu ruled Albania using four military governors responsible to him alone. He appointed clan chieftains as reserve army officers who were kept on call to protect the regime against domestic or foreign threats. </p><p>Zogu, however, quickly turned his back on <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and looked instead to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s Italy for patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interwar_Albania-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Zogu, Albania joined the Italian coalition against Yugoslavia of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, Hungary, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in 1924–1927. After the United Kingdom's and France's political intervention in 1927 with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, the alliance crumbled. </p><p>Zogu maintained good relations with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s fascist regime in Italy and supported Italy's foreign policy. He would be the first and only Albanian to hold the title of president until 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Albania">Kingdom of Albania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(1928%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)">Kingdom of Albania</a></div> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zogu I</a> secured the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a>'s consent to its own dissolution. Afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zogu I</a> first as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a>, then as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">president</a> and at last as the king of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interwar_Albania-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International recognition arrived forthwith. The new formed constitution abolished the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania#1920_creation_of_the_Senate" title="Parliament of Albania">Albanian Senate</a> and created a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania#Albanian_kingdom_(1928–1939)" title="Parliament of Albania">parliament</a>, but King Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Zogu I remained a conservative, but initiated reforms. For example, in an attempt at social modernisation the custom of adding one's region to one's name was dropped. He also made donations of land to international organisations for the building of schools and hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his incoronation, Zog broke off his engagement to <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefqet Verlaci">Shefqet Verlaci</a>'s daughter, and Verlaci withdrew his support for the king and began plotting against him. Zog had accumulated a great number of enemies over the years, and the Albanian tradition of blood vengeance required them to try to kill him. Zog surrounded himself with guards and rarely appeared in public.<sup id="cite_ref-Lendvai1969_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lendvai1969-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king's loyalists disarmed all of Albania's tribes except for his own Mati tribesmen and their allies, the Dibra.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2004_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1931, Zog and his bodyguards fought a gun battle with would-be assassins <a href="/wiki/Aziz_%C3%87ami" title="Aziz Çami">Aziz Çami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ndok_Gjeloshi" title="Ndok Gjeloshi">Ndok Gjeloshi</a> on the Opera House steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Vickers1999_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers1999-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zog remained sensitive to steadily mounting disillusion with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>'s domination of Albania. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albanian army</a>, though always less than 15,000-strong, sapped the country's funds, and the Italians' monopoly on training the armed forces rankled public opinion. As a counterweight, Zog kept British officers in the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> despite strong Italian pressure to remove them. In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_crisis">Financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania. In response, Rome turned up the pressure, demanding that <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> name Italians to direct the Gendarmerie; join Italy in a customs union; grant Italy control of the country's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies; teach the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> in all Albanian schools; and admit Italian colonists. Zog refused. Instead, he ordered the national budget slashed by 30 percent, dismissed the Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the northern part of the country. In 1934, Albania had signed trade agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece, and Mussolini had suspended all payments to Tirana. An Italian attempt to intimidate the Albanians by sending a fleet of warships to Albania failed because the Albanians only allowed the forces to land unarmed. Mussolini then attempted to buy off the Albanians. In 1935 he presented the Albanian government 3 million gold francs as a gift.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zog's success in defeating two local rebellions convinced Mussolini that the Italians had to reach a new agreement with the Albanian king. A government of young men led by <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Frasheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehdi Frasheri">Mehdi Frasheri</a>, an enlightened <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> administrator, won a commitment from Italy to fulfill financial promises that Mussolini had made to Albania and to grant new loans for harbor improvements at Durrës and other projects that kept the Albanian government afloat. Soon Italians began taking positions in Albania's civil service, and Italian settlers were allowed into the country. Mussolini's forces overthrew King Zog when <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy invaded Albania</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interwar_Albania-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II in Albania</a></div> <p>Starting in 1928, but especially during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the government of <a href="/wiki/King_Zog" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zog">King Zog</a>, which brought law and order to the country, began to increase the Italian influence more and more. Despite some significant resistance, especially at <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and took control of the country, with the Italian Fascist dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> proclaiming Italy's figurehead King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> as King of Albania. The nation thus became one of the first to be occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> began his aggression against other European countries, Mussolini decided to occupy Albania as a means of competing with Hitler's territorial gains. Mussolini and the Italian Fascists saw Albania as a historical part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and the occupation was intended to fulfill Mussolini's dream of creating an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>. During the Italian occupation, Albania's population was subject to a policy of forced <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> by the kingdom's Italian governors, in which the use of the Albanian language was discouraged in schools while the Italian language was promoted. At the same time, the colonization of Albania by Italians was encouraged. </p><p>Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece, which led to the defeat of the Italian forces and the Greek occupation of Southern Albania in what was seen by the Greeks as the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>. While preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of Russia</a>, Hitler decided to attack Greece in December 1940 to prevent a British attack on his southern flank.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_penetration">Italian penetration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Italian penetration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 was the conclusion of centuries of Italian interest in the country and twenty years of direct, if unsuccessful, economic and political participation in Albania, primarily under Benito Mussolini. The Straits of Otranto, which cross the Adriatic Sea and connect Albania and southern Italy by forty miles, have always operated as a bridge rather than a barrier, offering escape, cultural exchange, and an easy invasion path. Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Italy and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> had been instrumental in the creation of an independent Albanian state. At the outbreak of war, Italy had seized the chance to occupy the southern half of Albania, to avoid it being captured by the Austro-Hungarians. That success did not last long, as post-war domestic problems, Albanian resistance, and pressure from United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, forced Italy to pull out in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Mussolini took power in Italy he turned with renewed interest to Albania. Italy began penetration of Albania's economy in 1925, when Albania agreed to allow it to exploit its mineral resources.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was followed by the First Treaty of Tirana in 1926 and the Second Treaty of Tirana in 1927, whereby Italy and Albania entered into a defensive alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian government and economy were subsidised by Italian loans, the Albanian army was trained by Italian military instructors, and Italian colonial settlement was encouraged. Despite strong Italian influence, Zog refused to completely give in to Italian pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931 he openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 Treaty of Tirana. After Albania signed trade agreements with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Greece</a> in 1934, Mussolini made a failed attempt to intimidate the Albanians by sending a fleet of warships to Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">moved against</a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Italy saw itself becoming a second-rate member of the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imminent birth of an Albanian royal child meanwhile threatened to give Zog a lasting dynasty. After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia (15 March 1939) without notifying Mussolini in advance, the Italian dictator decided to proceed with his own annexation of Albania. Italy's King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> criticized the plan to take Albania as an unnecessary risk. Rome, however, delivered Tirana an ultimatum on 25 March 1939, demanding that it accede to Italy's occupation of Albania. Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_invasion">Italian invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Italian invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png/180px-Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png/270px-Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png/360px-Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> during WWII.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 April Mussolini's troops invaded Albania. The operation was led by General <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a>. The invasion force was divided into three groups, which were to land successively. The most important was the first group, which was divided in four columns, each assigned to a landing area at a harbor and an inland target on which to advance. Despite some stubborn resistance by some patriots, especially at <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, the Italians made short work of the Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC2_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durrës was captured on 7 April, Tirana the following day, Shkodër and Gjirokastër on 9 April, and almost the entire country by 10 April. </p><p>Unwilling to become an Italian puppet, King Zog, his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Apponyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Apponyi">Geraldine Apponyi</a>, and their infant son <a href="/wiki/Leka,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania_(born_1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939)">Leka</a> fled to Greece and eventually to London. On 12 April, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and unite the nation with Italy "in personal union" by offering the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parliament elected Albania's largest landowner, <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_Bej_Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefqet Bej Verlaci">Shefqet Bej Verlaci</a>, as prime minister. Verlaci additionally served as head of state for five days until Victor Emmanuel III formally accepted the Albanian crown in a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Quirinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinale">Quirinale</a> palace in Rome. Victor Emmanuel III appointed <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Jacomoni_di_San_Savino" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino">Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino</a>, a former ambassador to Albania, to represent him in Albania as "Lieutenant-General of the King" (effectively a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_under_Italy">Albania under Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Albania under Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Italy">Albania under Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg/180px-Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg/270px-Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg/360px-Shefqet_Verlaci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Bej Vërlaci</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Victor Emmanuel ruled as king, <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_Bej_Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefqet Bej Verlaci">Shefqet Bej Verlaci</a> served as the prime minister. Shefqet Verlaci controlled the day-to-day activities of the new Italian protectorate. On 3 December 1941, Shefqet Bej Verlaci was replaced as prime minister and head of state by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika_Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Merlika Kruja">Mustafa Merlika Kruja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-84511-104-4_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-84511-104-4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the start, Albanian foreign affairs, customs, as well as natural resources came under direct control of Italy. The puppet <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a> became the ruling party of the country and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascists</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Italian citizens</a> to settle in Albania and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil. </p><p>In October 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>, Albania served as a staging-area for Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s unsuccessful invasion of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Mussolini planned to invade Greece and other countries like <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in the area to give Italy territorial control of most of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> coastline, as part of the Fascists objective of creating the objective of <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i> ("Our Sea") in which Italy would dominate the Mediterranean. </p><p>But, soon after the Italian invasion, the Greeks counter-attacked and a sizeable portion of Albania was in Greek hands (including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>). In April 1941, after Greece capitulated to the German forces, the Greek territorial gains in southern Albania returned to Italian command. Under Italian command came also large areas of Greece after the successful German <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">invasion of Greece</a>. </p><p>After the fall of Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, the Italian Fascists added to the territory of the Kingdom of Albania most of the Albanian-inhabited areas that had been previously given to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. The Albanian fascists claimed in May 1941 that nearly all the Albanian populated territories were united to Albania (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/226.gif">see map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226114618/http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/226.gif">Archived</a> 26 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Even areas of northern Greece (<a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a>) were administered by Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this was even a consequence of borders that Italy and Germany agreed on when dividing their spheres of influence. Some small portions of territories with Albanian majority remained outside the new borders and contact between the two parts was practically impossible: the Albanian population under the Bulgarian rule was heavily oppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_under_Germany">Albania under Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Albania under Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Nazi Germany">Albania under Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20,_Albanien,_deutsche_Soldaten,_italienischer_Panzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg/230px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg/345px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg/460px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1691-20%2C_Albanien%2C_deutsche_Soldaten%2C_italienischer_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in Albania.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the surrender of the Italian Army in September 1943, Albania was <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Nazi Germany">occupied by the Germans</a>. </p><p>With the collapse of the Mussolini government in line with the Allied invasion of Italy, Germany occupied Albania in September 1943, dropping paratroopers into <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> before the Albanian guerrillas could take the capital. The <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> soon drove the guerrillas into the hills and to the south. The Nazi German government subsequently announced it would recognize the independence of a neutral Albania and set about organizing a new government, police and armed forces. </p><p>The Germans did not exert heavy-handed control over Albania's administration. Rather, they sought to gain popular support by backing causes popular with Albanians, especially the annexation of Kosovo. Many <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> units cooperated with the Germans against the communists and several Balli Kombëtar leaders held positions in the German-sponsored regime. Albanian collaborators, especially the <a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg_(1st_Albanian)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)">Skanderbeg SS Division</a>, also expelled and killed <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serbs</a> living in Kosovo. In December 1943, a third resistance organization, an anticommunist, anti-German royalist group known as <a href="/wiki/Legaliteti" class="mw-redirect" title="Legaliteti">Legaliteti</a>, took shape in Albania's northern mountains. Led by <a href="/wiki/Abaz_Kupi" title="Abaz Kupi">Abaz Kupi</a>, it largely consisted of Geg guerrillas, supplied mainly with weapons from the allies, who withdrew their support for the NLM after the communists renounced Albania's claims on Kosovo. The capital Tirana was liberated by the partisans on 17 November 1944 after a 20-day battle. The communist partizans entirely liberated Albania from German occupation on 29 November 1944, pursuing the German army until <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) in collaboration with the Yugoslav communist forces. </p><p>The Albanian partisans also liberated Kosovo, part of Montenegro, and southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. By November 1944, they had thrown out the Germans, being with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> the only European nations to do so without any assistance from the allies. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> became the leader of the country by virtue of his position as Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Communist Party">Albanian Communist Party</a>. After having taken over power of the country, the Albanian communists launched a tremendous terror campaign, shooting intellectuals and arresting thousands of innocent people. Some died due to suffering torture.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albania was one of the only European countries occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> that ended World War II with a larger Jewish population than before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 1,200 Jewish residents and refugees from other <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> countries were hidden by Albanian families during World War II, according to official records.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian_resistance_in_World_War_II">Albanian resistance in World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Albanian resistance in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Resistance_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Resistance of World War II">Albanian Resistance of World War II</a></div> <p>The National Liberation War of the Albanian people started with the Italian invasion in Albania on 7 April 1939 and ended on 28 November 1944. During the antifascist national liberation war, the Albanian people fought against Italy and Germany, which occupied the country. In the 1939–1941 period, the antifascist resistance was led by the National Front nationalist groups and later by the Communist Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_resistance">Communist resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Communist resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Partisans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/230px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/345px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/460px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Male and female Albanian partisans fighting in Tirana 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1941, the small Albanian communist groups established in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Communist Party">Albanian Communist Party</a> of 130 members under the leadership of Hoxha and an eleven-man Central Committee. The Albanian communists supported the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, and did not participate in the antifascist struggle until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The party at first had little mass appeal, and even its youth organization netted recruits. In mid-1942, however, party leaders increased their popularity by calling the young peoples to fight for the liberation of their country, that was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>. </p><p>This propaganda increased the number of new recruits by many young peoples eager for freedom. In September 1942, the party organized a popular front organization, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a> (NLM), from a number of resistance groups, including several that were strongly anticommunist. During the war, the NLM's communist-dominated partisans, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian National Liberation Army">National Liberation Army</a>, did not heed warnings from the Italian occupiers that there would be reprisals for guerrilla attacks. Partisan leaders, on the contrary, counted on using the lust for revenge such reprisals would elicit to win recruits. </p><p>The communists turned the so-called war of liberation into a civil war, especially after the discovery of the Dalmazzo-Kelcyra protocol, signed by the <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a>. With the intention of organizing a partisan resistance, they called a general conference in Pezë on 16 September 1942 where the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian National Liberation Front">Albanian National Liberation Front</a> was set up. The Front included nationalist groups, but it was dominated by communist partisans. </p><p>In December 1942, more Albanian nationalist groups were organized. Albanians fought against the Italians while, during <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupation, Balli Kombëtar allied itself with the Germans and clashed with Albanian communists, which continued their fight against Germans and Balli Kombëtar at the same time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_resistance">Nationalist resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nationalist resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nationalist resistance to the Italian occupiers emerged in November 1942. <a href="/wiki/Ali_K%C3%ABlcyra" title="Ali Këlcyra">Ali Këlcyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Frash%C3%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Midhat Frashëri">Midhat Frashëri</a> formed the Western-oriented <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> (National Front).<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie2010_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2010-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balli Kombëtar was a movement that recruited supporters from both the large landowners and peasantry. It opposed King Zog's return and called for the creation of a republic and the introduction of some economic and social reforms. The Balli Kombëtar's leaders acted conservatively, however, fearing that the occupiers would carry out reprisals against them or confiscate the landowners' estates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_revolution_in_Albania_(1944)"><span id="Communist_revolution_in_Albania_.281944.29"></span>Communist revolution in Albania (1944)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Communist revolution in Albania (1944)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg/230px-Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg/345px-Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg/460px-Tirana_Albania_1944-11-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">Albanian partisans</a> marching in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, 29 November 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>The communist partisans regrouped and gained control of southern Albania in January 1944. In May they called a congress of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Front</a> (NLF), as the movement was by then called, at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet" title="Përmet">Përmet</a>, which chose an Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation to act as Albania's administration and legislature. Hoxha became the chairman of the council's executive committee and the National Liberation Army's supreme commander. </p><p>The communist partisans defeated the last Balli Kombëtar forces in southern Albania by mid-summer 1944 and encountered only scattered resistance from the Balli Kombëtar and Legality when they entered central and northern Albania by the end of July. The British military mission urged the remnants of the nationalists not to oppose the communists' advance, and the Allies evacuated Kupi to Italy. Before the end of November, the main German troops had withdrawn from Tirana, and the communists took control of the capital by fighting what was left of the German army. A provisional government the communists had formed at <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> in October administered Albania with Enver Hoxha as prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_the_war">Consequences of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Consequences of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NLF's strong links with Yugoslavia's communists, who also enjoyed British military and diplomatic support, guaranteed that <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> would play a key role in Albania's postwar order. The Allies never recognized an Albanian government in exile or King Zog, nor did they ever raise the question of Albania or its borders at any of the major wartime conferences. </p><p>No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead, 200 destroyed villages, 18,000 destroyed houses, and about 100,000 people left homeless. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses. Furthermore, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Chams</a> (Tsams, Albanians living in Northern Greece) were driven out of Greece with the justification that they had collaborated with the Nazis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Republic">Second Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Second Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">Communism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/200px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/300px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/400px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Dictator and leader of the Socialist People's Republic, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A collection of communists moved quickly after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> to subdue all potential political enemies in Albania, break the country's landowners and minuscule middle class, and isolate Albania from western powers in order to establish the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a>. In 1945, the communists had liquidated, discredited, or driven into exile most of the country's interwar elite. The Internal Affairs Minister, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7i_Xoxe" title="Koçi Xoxe">Koçi Xoxe</a>, a pro-Yugoslav erstwhile tinsmith, presided over the trial and the execution of thousands of opposition politicians, clan chiefs, and members of former Albanian governments who were condemned as "war criminals." </p><p>Thousands of their family members were imprisoned for years in work camps and jails and later exiled for decades to miserable state farms built on reclaimed marshlands. The communists' consolidation of control also produced a shift in political power in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> from the northern <a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Ghegs</a> to the southern <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosks</a>. Most communist leaders were middle-class Tosks, <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>, and the party drew most of its recruits from <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a>-inhabited areas, while the <a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Ghegs</a>, with their centuries-old tradition of opposing authority, distrusted the new Albanian rulers and their alien <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> doctrines. </p><p>In December 1945, Albanians elected a new <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Albania">People's Assembly</a>, but only candidates from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Front (Albania)">Democratic Front</a> (previously the National Liberation Movement then the National Liberation Front) appeared on the electoral lists, and the communists used propaganda and terror tactics to gag the opposition. Official ballot tallies showed that 92% of the electorate voted and that 93% of the voters chose the Democratic Front ticket. The assembly convened in January 1946, annulled the monarchy, and transformed Albania into a "people's republic." </p><p>The new leaders inherited an Albania plagued by many evils: widespread poverty, overwhelming illiteracy, <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">gjakmarrje</a> ("blood feuds"), epidemics of disease and blatant subjugation of women. In an attempt to eradicate these ills, the Communists have devised a programme of radical modernization. The first important measure was a rapid and uncompromising <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>, which dismantled the large estates and distributed the plots to the peasants. This reform destroyed the powerful bey class. The government has also decided to <a href="/wiki/Nationalize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalize">nationalize</a> industry, banks and all commercial and foreign properties. Shortly after the agrarian reform, the Albanian government began to <a href="/wiki/Collectivise" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivise">collectivise</a> agriculture, a process that will continue until 1967. In rural areas, the communist regime suppressed the centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Blood_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood feud">blood feud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> structure of the family and clans, thus destroying the semi-feudal <a href="/wiki/Bajraktar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajraktar">Bajraktars</a> class. The traditional role of women, confinement to the home and farm, changed dramatically when they achieved legal equality with men and became active participants in all areas of society.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png/230px-Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png/345px-Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png/460px-Annual_Rate_of_National_Income_Increase_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Uneasy foreign relations resulted in a decline in the rate of income increase during the 1961 to 1965 period.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a> emerged as communist leaders in Albania, and are recognized by most western nations. They began to concentrate primarily on securing and maintaining their power base by killing all their political adversaries, and secondarily on preserving Albania's independence and reshaping the country according to the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> so they could remain in power and develop the nation's economy. A total of 43,000 people have been imprisoned or executed in forty-five years by the Stalinist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Albanian Association of Former Political Prisoners, 6,000 people were executed by the Stalinist regime from 1945 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albania became an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, but this came to an end after 1956 over the advent of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Albanian_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Albanian split">Soviet-Albanian split</a>. A strong political alliance with China followed, leading to several billion dollars in aid, which was curtailed after 1974, causing the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a>. China cut off aid in 1978 when Albania attacked its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">policies</a> after the death of Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Large-scale purges of officials occurred during the 1970s. </p><p>During the period of socialist construction of Albania, the country saw rapid economic growth. For the first time, Albania was beginning to produce the major part of its own commodities domestically, which in some areas were able to compete in foreign markets. During the period of 1960 to 1970, the average annual rate of increase of Albania's national income was 29 percent higher than the world average and 56 percent higher than the European average. Also during this period, because of the monopolised socialist economy, Albania was the only country in the world that imposed no imposts or taxes on its people whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, who ruled Albania for four decades, died on 11 April 1985. Soon after Hoxha's death, voices for change emerged in the Albanian society and the government began to seek closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions. Eventually the new regime of <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> introduced some liberalisation, and granting the freedom to travel abroad in 1990. The new government made efforts to improve ties with the outside world. The elections of March 1991 kept the former Communists in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a coalition cabinet that included non-Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious practice in Albania, claiming that religion had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Student agitators combed the countryside, forcing Albanians to quit practicing their faith. Despite complaints, even by APL members, all churches, mosques, monasteries, and other religious institutions had been closed or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, and workshops by year's end. A special decree abrogated the charters by which the country's main religious communities had operated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_and_Yugoslavia">Albania and Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Albania and Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Albania–Yugoslavia relations">Albania–Yugoslavia relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comecon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Comecon.svg/300px-Comecon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Comecon.svg/450px-Comecon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Comecon.svg/600px-Comecon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Both countries were members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a> (Comecon).</figcaption></figure> <p>Until Yugoslavia's expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> in 1948, Albania acted like a Yugoslav satellite and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> aimed to use his choke hold on the Albanian party to incorporate the entire country into Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in late 1944, Yugoslavia's communist partisans took possession of the province and committed retaliatory massacres against <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a> had supported transferring Kosovo to Albania, but Yugoslavia's postwar communist regime insisted on preserving the country's prewar borders. </p><p>In repudiating the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Mukaj_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukaj agreement">Mukaj agreement</a> under pressure from the Yugoslavs, Albania's communists had consented to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia after the war. In January 1945, the two governments signed a treaty reincorporating Kosovo into Yugoslavia as an autonomous province. Shortly thereafter, Yugoslavia became the first country to recognize Albania's provisional government. </p><p>Relations between Albania and Yugoslavia declined, however, when the Albanians began complaining that the Yugoslavs were paying too little for Albanian raw materials and exploiting Albania through the joint stock companies. In addition, the Albanians sought investment funds to develop light industries and an oil refinery, while the Yugoslavs wanted the Albanians to concentrate on agriculture and raw-material extraction. The head of Albania's Economic Planning Commission and one of Hoxha's allies, <a href="/wiki/Nako_Spiru" title="Nako Spiru">Nako Spiru</a>, became the leading critic of Yugoslavia's efforts to exert economic control over Albania. Tito distrusted Hoxha and the other intellectuals in the Albanian party and, through Xoxe and his loyalists, attempted to unseat them. </p><p>In 1947, Yugoslavia's leaders engineered an all-out offensive against anti-Yugoslav Albanian communists, including Hoxha and Spiru. In May, Tirana announced the arrest, trial, and conviction of nine <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly (Albania)">People's Assembly</a> members, all known for opposing Yugoslavia, on charges of antistate activities. A month later, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's Central Committee accused Hoxha of following "independent" policies and turning the Albanian people against Yugoslavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_and_the_Soviet_Union">Albania and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Albania and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania–Soviet Union relations">Albania–Soviet Union relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg/220px-Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg/330px-Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg/440px-Ships_at_Pashaliman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pasha_Liman_Base" title="Pasha Liman Base">Pasha Liman Base</a> was the only Soviet base in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Albania became dependent on Soviet aid and know-how after the break with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in 1948. In February 1949, Albania gained membership in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Bloc">communist bloc's organization</a> for coordinating economic planning, the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a>. Tirana soon entered into trade agreements with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soviet and central European technical advisers took up residence in Albania, and the Soviet Union also sent Albania military advisers and built a submarine installation on <a href="/wiki/Sazan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazan Island">Sazan Island</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Yugoslav_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Yugoslav split">Soviet-Yugoslav split</a>, Albania and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> were the only countries the Soviet Union could use to funnel war material to the communists fighting in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. What little strategic value Albania offered the Soviet Union, however, gradually shrank as nuclear arms technology developed. </p><p>Anxious to pay homage to <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, Albania's rulers implemented new elements of the Stalinist economic system. In 1949, Albania adopted the basic elements of the Soviet fiscal system, under which state enterprises paid direct contributions to the treasury from their profits and kept only a share authorized for self-financed investments and other purposes. In 1951, the Albanian government launched its first five-year plan, which emphasized exploiting the country's oil, chromite, copper, nickel, asphalt, and coal resources; expanding electricity production and the power grid; increasing agricultural output; and improving transportation. The government began a program of rapid industrialization after the APL's Second Party Congress and a campaign of forced collectivization of farmland in 1955. At the time, private farms still produced about 87% of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms. </p><p>Stalin died in March 1953, and apparently fearing that the Soviet ruler's demise might encourage rivals within the Albanian party's ranks, neither Hoxha nor Shehu risked traveling to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to attend his funeral. The Soviet Union's subsequent movement toward rapprochement with the hated Yugoslavs rankled the two Albanian leaders. Tirana soon came under pressure from Moscow to copy, at least formally, the new Soviet model for a <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>. In July 1953, Hoxha handed over the foreign affairs and defense portfolios to loyal followers, but he kept both the top party post and the premiership until 1954, when Shehu became Albania's prime minister. The Soviet Union, responding with an effort to raise the Albanian leaders' morale, elevated diplomatic relations between the two countries to the ambassadorial level. </p><p>Despite some initial expressions of enthusiasm, Hoxha and Shehu mistrusted <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s programs of "peaceful coexistence" and "different roads to socialism" because they appeared to pose the threat that Yugoslavia might again try to take control of Albania. Hoxha and Shehu were also alarmed at the prospect that Moscow might prefer less dogmatic rulers in Albania. Tirana and Belgrade renewed diplomatic relations in December 1953, but Hoxha refused Khrushchev's repeated appeals to rehabilitate posthumously the pro-Yugoslav Xoxe as a gesture to Tito. The Albanian duo instead tightened their grip on their country's domestic life and let the propaganda war with the Yugoslavs grind on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_and_China">Albania and China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Albania and China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania–People's Republic of China relations">Albania–People's Republic of China relations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a> played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> far outweighing either its size or its importance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Second world">communist world</a>. In 1958, the nation stood with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in opposing <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> on issues of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Separate_road_to_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate road to socialism">separate road to socialism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of economic life. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, central European countries, and China, all offered Albania large amounts of aid. Soviet leaders also promised to build a large <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_of_Tirana" title="Palace of Culture of Tirana">Palace of Culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> as a symbol of the Soviet people's "love and friendship" for the Albanian people. </p><p>Despite these gestures, Tirana was dissatisfied with Moscow's economic policy toward Albania. Hoxha and Shehu apparently decided in May or June 1960 that Albania was assured of Chinese support, and they openly sided with the People's Republic of China when sharp polemics erupted between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a>, at the time a candidate-member of the Politburo and Hoxha's adviser on ideological questions, played a prominent role in the rhetoric. </p><p>Hoxha and Shehu continued their harangue against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the APL's Fourth Party Congress in February 1961. During the congress, the Albanian government announced the broad outlines of the country's Third Five-Year Plan from 1961 to 65, which allocated 54% of all investment to industry, thereby rejecting Khrushchev's wish to make Albania primarily an agricultural producer. Moscow responded by canceling aid programs and lines of credit for Albania, but the Chinese again came to the rescue. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Albania_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania China relations">Albanian-Chinese relations</a> had stagnated by 1970, and when the Asian giant began to reemerge from isolation in the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the other communist Chinese leaders reassessed their commitment to tiny Albania, starting the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a>. In response, Tirana began broadening its contacts with the outside world. Albania opened trade negotiations with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the recently independent Asian and African states, and in 1971 it normalized relations with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Albania's leaders abhorred the People's Republic of China's contacts with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early 1970s, and its press and radio ignored President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nixon_visit_to_China_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon visit to China 1972">trip to Beijing</a> in 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Republic">Third Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Third Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a></div> <p>As Hoxha's health declined, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania#First_Secretaries_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">first secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic</a> began planning for an orderly succession.<sup id="cite_ref-DawishaParrott1997_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DawishaParrott1997-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the People's Parliament adopted its second communist <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war era">post-war era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution guaranteed the people of Albania the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, press, organization, association, and parliament but subordinated these rights to the individual's duties to society as a whole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The constitution enshrined in law the idea of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> and prohibited the government from seeking financial aid or credits or from forming joint companies with partners from <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> countries perceived to be "revisionist".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The constitution's preamble also boasted that the foundations of religious belief in Albania had been abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Hoxha turned to <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> to succeed him as Albania's communist patriarch, overlooking his long-standing comrade-in-arms,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hoxha first tried to convince Shehu to step aside voluntarily, but when this move failed, Hoxha arranged for all the members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> to rebuke him for allowing his son to become engaged to the daughter of a former bourgeois family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hoxha purged the members of Shehu's family and his supporters within the police and military.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In November 1982, Hoxha announced that Shehu had been a foreign spy working simultaneously for the United States, British, Soviet, and Yugoslav intelligence agencies in planning the assassination of Hoxha himself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "He was buried like a dog", the dictator wrote in the Albanian edition of his book, 'The Titoites'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hoxha went into semi-retirement in early 1983,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Alia assumed responsibility for Albania's administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alia traveled extensively around Albania, standing in for Hoxha at major events and delivering addresses laying down new policies and intoning litanies to the enfeebled president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alia succeeded to the presidency and became legal secretary of the APL two days later. In due course, he became a dominant figure in the Albanian media, and his slogans appeared painted in crimson letters on signboards across the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_Republic">Fourth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fourth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_post-Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Communist Albania">History of post-Communist Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition">Transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_(6472666909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg/220px-EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg/330px-EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg/440px-EPP_Congress_Marseille_6007_%286472666909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> became the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> of the Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Albania">first</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a>. Alia tried to follow in <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>'s footsteps, but the changes had already started and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">collapse of communism</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> led to widespread changes within the society of Albania. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> had appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with new rules and policies (<a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>). However, Alia took similar steps, signing the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Agreement">Helsinki Agreement</a> and allowing <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a> under pressure from students and workers.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the first <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party elections">multi-party elections</a> took place since the communists assumed power in Albania. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a> led by Ramiz Alia won the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Constitutional_Assembly_election,_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Constitutional Assembly election, 1991">1991 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it was clear that the change would not be stopped. Pursuant to a 29 April 1991 interim <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">basic law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> ratified a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a> on 28 November 1998, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic system</a> of government based upon the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and guaranteeing the protection of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental human rights">fundamental human rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the Communists retained support and governmental control in the first round of elections under the interim law, but fell two months later during a general strike. A committee of "national salvation" took over but also collapsed in half a year. On 22 March 1992, the Communists were trumped by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> after winning the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 1992">1992 parliamentary elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> had many challenges. The Democratic Party had to implement the reforms it had promised, but they were either too slow or did not solve the problems, so the people were disappointed when their hopes for fast prosperity went unfulfilled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratization">Democratization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Democratization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/220px-Tirana_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/330px-Tirana_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/440px-Tirana_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3077" /></a><figcaption>After the fall of communism in Albania, a dramatic growth of new developments has taken place in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, with many new exclusive flats and apartments.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> took control after winning the second <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party elections">multi-party elections</a>, deposing the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_(1991)" title="Communist Party of Albania (1991)">Communist Party</a>. Afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Albania">second</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a>. In 1995, Albania became the 35th member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and requested membership in <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The people of Albania have continued to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">emigrate</a> to western <a href="/wiki/European_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="European countries">European countries</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (June 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> especially to <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a> but also to the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Deliberate programmes of economic and democratic reforms were put in place, but Albanian inexperience with capitalism led to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid schemes</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> which were not banned due to the corruption of the government. <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anarchy</a> in late 1996 to early 1997 alarmed the world and prompted international mediation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early spring 1997, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> led a multinational military and humanitarian intervention (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Alba" title="Operation Alba">Operation Alba</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authorized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, to help stabilize the country.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Berisha collapsed in 1997 in the wake of the additional collapse of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid schemes">pyramid schemes</a> and widespread corruption, which caused anarchy and rebellion throughout the country. The government attempted to suppress the rebellion by military force but the attempt failed, due to long-term corrosion of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Albania">Military of Albania</a> due to political and social factors. Few months later, after the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 1997">1997 parliamentary elections</a> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a>, winning just 25 seats out of a total of 156. <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> resigned and the Socialists elected <a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Meidani" title="Rexhep Meidani">Rexhep Meidani</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">president</a>. Including to that, the leader of the Socialists <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Nano" title="Fatos Nano">Fatos Nano</a> was elected as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a>, a post which he held until October 1998, when he resigned as a result of the tense situation created in the country after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Azem_Hajdari" title="Azem Hajdari">Azem Hajdari</a>, a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a>. Due to that, <a href="/wiki/Pandeli_Majko" title="Pandeli Majko">Pandeli Majko</a> was then elected prime minister until November 1999, when he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ilir_Meta" title="Ilir Meta">Ilir Meta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a> adopted the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a> on 29 November 1998. Albania approved its constitution through a popular referendum which was held in November 1998, but which was boycotted by the opposition. The general local elections of October 2000 marked the loss of control of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democrats</a> over the local governments and a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Socialist Party">Socialists</a>. </p><p>In 2001, Albania made strides toward democratic reform and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, serious deficiencies in the electoral code remain to be addressed, as demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 2001">elections</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> International observers judged the elections to be acceptable, but the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Victory_Coalition" title="Union for Victory Coalition">Union for Victory Coalition</a>, the second-largest vote recipient, disputed the results and boycotted parliament until 31 January 2002. In June 2005, the democratic coalition formed a government with the <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>. His return to power in the elections of 3 July 2005 ended eight years of Socialist Party rule. After <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moisiu" title="Alfred Moisiu">Alfred Moisiu</a>, in 2006 <a href="/wiki/Bamir_Topi" title="Bamir Topi">Bamir Topi</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a> until 2010. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">political situation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">economy of Albania</a> grew at an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate">estimated</a> 5% in 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a> has strengthened from 143 lekë to the US dollar in 2000 to 92 lekë in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Accession of Albania to the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">Albania–NATO relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg/220px-NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg/330px-NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg/440px-NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Albania joined the 2010 <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 June 2013, the seventh <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 2013">parliamentary elections</a> took place, won by <a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a>. During his tenure as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Albania">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a>, Albania has implemented numerous reforms focused on the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernizing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">economy</a> and democratizing of <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State institution (page does not exist)">state institutions</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">judiciary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">law enforcement</a>. Additionally, unemployment has been steadily reduced to the 4th lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of the Eastern Bloc</a>, Albania started to develop closer ties with Western Europe. At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bucharest_summit" title="2008 Bucharest summit">2008 Bucharest summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a> invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2014 Albania became a full member of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Albania was among the first southeastern European countries to join the Partnership for peace programme. Albania <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">applied</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, becoming an official candidate for accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in June 2014. </p><p>In 2017, the eighth <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 2017">parliamentary elections</a> took place, simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_presidential_election,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian presidential election, 2017">presidential elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presidential elections were held on 19, 20, 27 and 28 April 2017. In the fourth round, the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Parliament of Albania">Chairman</a> and then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilir_Meta" title="Ilir Meta">Ilir Meta</a> was elected as the eighth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a> with 87 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the result of the parliamentary elections held on 25 June 2017 was a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a>, that received 48.33% of the votes of the elections, ahead of 5 other candidates. <a href="/wiki/Lulzim_Basha" title="Lulzim Basha">Lulzim Basha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> candidate and runner-up in the election, received only 28.81% of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2021_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Albanian parliamentary election">election</a>, ruling Socialist Party, led by Prime Minister Edi Rama, secured its third consecutive victory, winning nearly half of votes and enough seats in parliament to govern alone.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2022, Albania's Constitutional Court overturned parliament's impeachment of President <a href="/wiki/Ilir_Meta" title="Ilir Meta">Ilir Meta</a>, opponent of the ruling Socialist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, Albanian parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a>, the candidate of the ruling Socialist Party (PS), as the new president of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 July 2022, Bajram Begaj was sworn in as Albania's ninth president.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July 2022, Albania started the negotiations with the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on 6 December, in Tirana was held the EU-Western Balkans Summit. It was the first EU Summit hold in Tirana.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline of Albanian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boardman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA187"><i>The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226083143/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> John Boardman p.189–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adhami1958-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adhami1958_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFS._Adhami1958" class="citation book cs1">S. Adhami (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jCFmwEACAAJ"><i>Monumente të kultures ne Shqiperi</i></a>. Mihal Duri. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumente+t%C3%AB+kultures+ne+Shqiperi&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Mihal+Duri&rft.date=1958&rft.au=S.+Adhami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jCFmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyleSchepartzLarsen20161068-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyleSchepartzLarsen20161068_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>, p. 1068.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovedarica201622–25-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovedarica201622–25_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGovedarica2016">Govedarica 2016</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, N.G.L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&q=%22These+Bryges+are+to+be+identified+with+the+carriers+of+the+Lausitz+culture+who+invaded+the+central+Balkans+in+late+LH+Ill+B+and+in+LH+Ill+C%2C+reaching+the+east+bank+of+the+lower+Axios+in+Macedonia+and+the+region+of+Elaphotopos%2C+Maza-raki+and+Kalpaki+in+central+Epirus%2C+where+they+began+to+drive+a+wedge+between+the+Dorians+of+Northern+Epirus+and+the+Mycenaean+peoples+of+southern+Epirus.+There+is+no+doubt+that+the+occupants+of+this+large+area+were+Greek-speakers.%22">"Ancient Epirus: Prehistory and Protohistory"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. p. 38: Ekdotike Athenon: 34–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2"><bdi>978-960-213-371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epirus%2C+4000+Years+of+Greek+History+and+Civilization&rft.atitle=Ancient+Epirus%3A+Prehistory+and+Protohistory&rft.pages=34-45&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-960-213-371-2&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUV1oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522These%2BBryges%2Bare%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bidentified%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bcarriers%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLausitz%2Bculture%2Bwho%2Binvaded%2Bthe%2Bcentral%2BBalkans%2Bin%2Blate%2BLH%2BIll%2BB%2Band%2Bin%2BLH%2BIll%2BC%252C%2Breaching%2Bthe%2Beast%2Bbank%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blower%2BAxios%2Bin%2BMacedonia%2Band%2Bthe%2Bregion%2Bof%2BElaphotopos%252C%2BMaza-raki%2Band%2BKalpaki%2Bin%2Bcentral%2BEpirus%252C%2Bwhere%2Bthey%2Bbegan%2Bto%2Bdrive%2Ba%2Bwedge%2Bbetween%2Bthe%2BDorians%2Bof%2BNorthern%2BEpirus%2Band%2Bthe%2BMycenaean%2Bpeoples%2Bof%2Bsouthern%2BEpirus.%2BThere%2Bis%2Bno%2Bdoubt%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Boccupants%2Bof%2Bthis%2Blarge%2Barea%2Bwere%2BGreek-speakers.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond1993_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eW0iAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+leading+dans+of+both+groups+buried+their+dead+under+a+circular+tumulus+of+soil+in+the+second+millennium+BC+The+main+reservoir+of+the+Greek+speakers+was+central+Albania+and+Epirus%2C+and+it+was+from+there+that+the+founders+of+Mycenaean+civilization+came+to+Mycenae%2C+c.+1600+BC%2C+and+burried+their+nobles+in+Grave+Circle+B.+Further+waves+of+immigrants+passing+through+and+from+Epirus+people+the+Greek+peninsula+and+islands+the+last+wave%2C+called+Dorians%2C+settling+from+1100+onwards.+The+lands+they+left+in+central+Albania+were+occupied+during+the+so-called+Dark+Age+%28U10-800BC%29+by+Illyrians%2C+whose+main+habitat+was+in+the+area+now+called+Bosnia%2C%22">Studies: Further studies on various topics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512123457/https://books.google.com/books?ei=SjxzTfeZL9Ku8QOl_LCvCA&ct=result&id=eW0iAQAAIAAJ&dq=reservoir%2Bgreek%2Bpeople%2Balbania&q=%22The+leading+dans+of+both+groups+buried+their+dead+under+a+circular+tumulus+of+soil+in+the+second+millennium+BC+The+main+reservoir+of+the+Greek+speakers+was+central+Albania+and+Epirus,+and+it+was+from+there+that+the+founders+of+Mycenaean+civilization+came+to+Mycenae,+c.+1600+BC,+and+burried+their+nobles+in+Grave+Circle+B.+Further+waves+of+immigrants+passing+through+and+from+Epirus+people+the+Greek+peninsula+and+islands+the+last+wave,+called+Dorians,+settling+from+1100+onwards.+The+lands+they+left+in+central+Albania+were+occupied+during+the+so-called+Dark+Age+(U10-800BC)+by+Illyrians,+whose+main+habitat+was+in+the+area+now+called+Bosnia,%22">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A.M. Hakkert, 1993, p. 231: "The leading dans of both groups buried their dead under a circular tumulus of soil in the second millennium BC The main reservoir of the Greek speakers was central Albania and Epirus, and it was from there that the founders of Mycenaean civilization came to Mycenae, c. 1600 BC, and buried their nobles in Grave Circle B. Further waves of immigrants passing through and from Epirus people the Greek peninsula and islands the last wave, called Dorians, settling from 1100 onwards. The lands they left in central Albania were occupied during the so-called Dark Age (U10-800BC) by Illyrians, whose main habitat was in the area now called Bosnia,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The later (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5">0-631-19807-5</a>, 1996, page 39: "... the other hand, the beginnings of the Iron Age around 1000 BC is held to coincide with the formation of several different peoples in Albania and other countries. ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9">978-0-631-19807-9</a>, page 92, "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of river Aoous (Vjose)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&dq=illyrians%20wilkes&pg=PR20">also map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226083134/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&lpg=PP1&dq=illyrians%20wilkes&pg=PR20">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC&q=epirus&pg=PA266"><i>The Cambridge ancient history</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226083133/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC&pg=PA266&dq=campridge+ancient+history+epirus&hl=el#v=onepage&q=epirus&f=false">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6">0-521-23447-6</a>, page 261,"...down to the mouth of Aous"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, page 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ptolemy. Geogr. Ill 12,20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Foreign Wars, III, 1.2</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5">0-631-19807-5</a>, Page 96,"... 25 Enchelei</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Illyrians_1996,_page_111_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes,1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631198079" title="Special:BookSources/9780631198079">9780631198079</a>, page 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Guy Thompson Griffith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnEJAQAAIAAJ&q=amyron"><i>A History of Macedonia: Historical geography and prehistory</i></a>. Clarendon Press, 1972, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisBoardman1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisBoardman1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisBoardman1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=PA423"><i>The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.</i></a> Cambridge University Press. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+fourth+century+B.C.&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Boardman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982), The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Six Centuries B.C, Cambridge, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, John J. (1995), The Illyrians, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5">0-631-19807-5</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding, p. 93. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellenic_Studies_1973,_p._79_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Journal of Hellenic Studies by Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies", 1973, p. 79. Cleitus was evidently the son of Bardylis II the grandson of the very old Bardylis who had fallen in battle against Phillip II in 385 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1993" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwiAQAAIAAJ"><i>Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander</i></a>. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025610500" title="Special:BookSources/9789025610500"><bdi>9789025610500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+concerning+Epirus+and+Macedonia+before+Alexander&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=9789025610500&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckstein1995" class="citation book cs1">Eckstein, Arthur M. (1 February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ky57ps7jjMEC"><i>Moral Vision in the Histories of Polybius</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91469-8"><bdi>978-0-520-91469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Vision+in+the+Histories+of+Polybius&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91469-8&rft.aulast=Eckstein&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dky57ps7jjMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerranger2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berranger, Danièle (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kFU6h77ssC"><i>Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes</i></a> (in French). Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782845163515" title="Special:BookSources/9782845163515"><bdi>9782845163515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89pire%2C+Illyrie%2C+Mac%C3%A9doine%3A+m%C3%A9langes+offerts+au+professeur+Pierre+Cabanes&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Presses+Univ+Blaise+Pascal&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=9782845163515&rft.aulast=Berranger&rft.aufirst=Dani%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_kFU6h77ssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerranger2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berranger, Danièle (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kFU6h77ssC"><i>Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes</i></a> (in French). Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782845163515" title="Special:BookSources/9782845163515"><bdi>9782845163515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89pire%2C+Illyrie%2C+Mac%C3%A9doine%3A+m%C3%A9langes+offerts+au+professeur+Pierre+Cabanes&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Presses+Univ+Blaise+Pascal&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=9782845163515&rft.aulast=Berranger&rft.aufirst=Dani%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_kFU6h77ssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Inventory of Archaic and <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> Poleis by Mogens Herman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814099-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814099-1">0-19-814099-1</a>, 2004, page 343, "Bouthroton (Bouthrotios)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Schaaff, <i>Enzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumskunde</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-80046-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-80046-6">0-543-80046-6</a>, page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An ancient geography, classical and sacred. By S. Augustus Mitchell. by Michigan Historical Reprint Series, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4255-3778-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4255-3778-2">1-4255-3778-2</a>, page 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbePRvOCPaAC&dq=illyria+map&pg=PA248">Paul: His Story by Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, page 247</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsis2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kocsis, Károly (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927092248/http://www.core.hu/mtafki/konyvtar/kiadv/FE2001/FE20011-4_161-190.pdf">"Az albán kérdés etnikai és politikai földrajzi háttere"</a> [The ethnic and geographic background of the Albanian question] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6ldrajzi_%C3%89rtes%C3%ADt%C5%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Földrajzi Értesítő (page does not exist)">Földrajzi Értesítő</a></i> (in Hungarian). <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: 164. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2064-5139">2064-5139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5403">0015-5403</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.core.hu/mtafki/konyvtar/kiadv/FE2001/FE20011-4_161-190.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F%C3%B6ldrajzi+%C3%89rtes%C3%ADt%C5%91&rft.atitle=Az+alb%C3%A1n+k%C3%A9rd%C3%A9s+etnikai+%C3%A9s+politikai+f%C3%B6ldrajzi+h%C3%A1ttere&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2001&rft.eissn=2064-5139&rft.issn=0015-5403&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.core.hu%2Fmtafki%2Fkonyvtar%2Fkiadv%2FFE2001%2FFE20011-4_161-190.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbarian_Invasions-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian_Invasions_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/15.htm">"The Barbarian Invasions and the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Albania: A Country Study</i>. U.S. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=The+Barbarian+Invasions+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2008" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Gordon, Martin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EOIhpIu8KAQC&pg=PA25"><i>The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5846-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5846-6</bdi></a>. <q>It was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy). The following instance is indisputable. It comes from the same Attaliates, who wrote that the Albanians (Arbanitai) were involved in the 1078 rebellion of...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Balkan+Peninsula%3A+Their+Medieval+Origins&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5846-6&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEOIhpIu8KAQC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010iv,_xxviii-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010iv,_xxviii_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, pp. iv, xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autonomy-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autonomy_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucellier1999">Ducellier 1999</a>, p. 780: "As for Albania, its separate identity was real enough, even though it had not truly broken with Constantinople; all the same, the rulers of Arbanon around ἄρχον, Progon and his sons Dhimitër and Gjin, based at Kruja, retained a considerable degree of autonomy, even though Progon bore no title grander than ἄρχων (archon); and the title of πανὑπερσεβαστός (panhypersebastos), borne by Dhimitër at the start of the thirteenth century, can only be seen as a sign of his dependence on the Byzantines."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010xxviii-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010xxviii_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, p. xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarzos1984555–556-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarzos1984555–556_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarzos1984">Varzos 1984</a>, pp. 555–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199468-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199468_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelidi2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelidi, Christine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVOkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT390"><i>ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler</i></a> (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-830-1"><bdi>978-2-85944-830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CE%A5%CE%A8%CE%A5%CE%A7%CE%99%CE%91.+M%C3%A9langes+offerts+%C3%A0+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Ahrweiler&rft.pub=Publications+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-85944-830-1&rft.aulast=Angelidi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVOkCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisKlusáková2007134-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisKlusáková2007134_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisKlusáková2007">Ellis & Klusáková 2007</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrifti2002" class="citation book cs1">Prifti, Skënder (2002). <i>Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian)</i>. Albania. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-622-9"><bdi>978-99927-1-622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+kat%C3%ABr+v%C3%ABllime+%28in+Albanian%29&rft.place=Albania&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-99927-1-622-9&rft.aulast=Prifti&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1984" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald M. (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC"><i>The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521261906" title="Special:BookSources/9780521261906"><bdi>9780521261906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despotate+of+Epiros+1267%E2%80%931479%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Greece+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=9780521261906&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIj0FfKto9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIjrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbinger1978" class="citation book cs1">Barbinger, Franz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA153"><i>Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691010781" title="Special:BookSources/0691010781"><bdi>0691010781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0691010781&rft.aulast=Barbinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousley1992" class="citation book cs1">Housley, Norman (1992). <i>The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822136-4"><bdi>978-0-19-822136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+later+Crusades%2C+1274%E2%80%931580%3A+from+Lyons+to+Alcazar&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822136-4&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rft.au=Fine%2C+John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203243/http://albanianhistory.net/texts21/AH2008_2.html">"Oliver Jens Schmitt: Scanderbeg: an Uprising and its Leader"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts21/AH2008_2.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliver+Jens+Schmitt%3A+Scanderbeg%3A+an+Uprising+and+its+Leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts21%2FAH2008_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1888" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135"><i>The Story of Turkey</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Turkey&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqYCAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhelyazkova2000" class="citation web cs1">Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202003617/http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00003852/01/Albanian_Identities.pdf">"Albanian Identities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-541-9&rft.au=Miranda+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzI0uOZ2j6gC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konidaris-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonidaris2005" class="citation book cs1">Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). 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Sussex Academic Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-78-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-78-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Albanian+migrations&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-78-9&rft.aulast=Konidaris&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05Mw4-b9oN0C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerRoberts2005-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2005_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA77"><i>World War I: encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+encyclopedia&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaA18-u7mMMC"><i>The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 543–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1974-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-1974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Its+Successors%2C+1801%E2%80%931927&rft.pages=543-544&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1974-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaA18-u7mMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young1997-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young1997_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungHodgsonYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Young, Antonia; Hodgson, John; Young, Nigel (1997). <i>Albania</i>. Clio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-260-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-260-9"><bdi>1-85109-260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.pub=Clio+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85109-260-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+John&rft.au=Young%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheer" class="citation web cs1">Scheer, Tamara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/wied_wilhelm_prinz_zu">"Wied, Wilhelm, Prinz zu"</a>. <i>1914–1918 Online</i>. International Encyclopedia of the First World War<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1914%E2%80%931918+Online&rft.atitle=Wied%2C+Wilhelm%2C+Prinz+zu&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fwied_wilhelm_prinz_zu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dušan Fundić, "The Albanian Question in Serbian-Italian Relations 1914–1918." on <i>Serbia and Italy in the Great War</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dais.sanu.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/7896/The%20Albanian%20Question%20in%20Serbian-Italian%20Relations%201914%E2%80%931918.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729203233/https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/7896/The%20Albanian%20Question%20in%20Serbian-Italian%20Relations%201914%E2%80%931918.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 29 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1999" class="citation cs2">Jelavich, Barbara (1999) [1983], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&q=albanian+congress+in+trieste+1913&pg=PA100"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth century</i></a>, vol. 2, Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, p. 103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27459-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27459-1"><bdi>0-521-27459-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>, <q>Soon the government was faced with major peasant revolt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=The+Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-27459-1&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC%26q%3Dalbanian%2Bcongress%2Bin%2Btrieste%2B1913%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George B. Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eS4gAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+the+south+the+Greek+inhabitants+had+revolted+against+the+incorporation+of+the+area+claimed+by+Greece+into+the+new+Albanian+state%2C+and+on+28+February+1914+Northern+Epirus+was+proclaimed+autonomous%22">Greece and the First World War: from neutrality to intervention, 1917–1918</a>. East European Monographs, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-181-4">978-0-88033-181-4</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Turnock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7c7j8j0r-4C&dq=%22autonomous+republic+of+northern+epirus%22&pg=PA423">The economy of East Central Europe 1815–1989: stages of transformation in a peripheral region.</a>. Routledge, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18053-5">978-0-415-18053-5</a>, p. 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabashi-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kabashi_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabashi2012" class="citation news cs1">Kabashi, Gezim (24 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024051532/http://gazetaedurresit.com/fotot-e-rralla-bombardimi-i-durresit-me-2-tetor-1918/">"Fotot e Rralla – Bombardimi i Durresit me 2 Tetor 1918"</a> [Rare Photos – Bombing of Durrës on 2 October 1918]. <i>Gazeta e Durresit</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazetaedurresit.com/fotot-e-rralla-bombardimi-i-durresit-me-2-tetor-1918/">the original</a> on 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+e+Durresit&rft.atitle=Fotot+e+Rralla+%E2%80%93+Bombardimi+i+Durresit+me+2+Tetor+1918&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft.aulast=Kabashi&rft.aufirst=Gezim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazetaedurresit.com%2Ffotot-e-rralla-bombardimi-i-durresit-me-2-tetor-1918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Owen (2004). <i>Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume 1: Albania and King Zog</i>. New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+A+History%3A+Volume+1%3A+Albania+and+King+Zog&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interwar_Albania-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interwar_Albania_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/24.htm">"Interwar Albania, 1918–41"</a>. <i>Albania: A Country Study</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Interwar+Albania%2C+1918%E2%80%9341&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiwKeefe1994" class="citation book cs1">Zickel, Raymond E.; Iwaskiw, Walter R.; Keefe, Eugene K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93042885"><i>Albania: a country study</i></a>. Area handbook series. <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>. pp. 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844407920" title="Special:BookSources/9780844407920"><bdi>9780844407920</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93042885">93042885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+a+country+study&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93042885&rft.isbn=9780844407920&rft.aulast=Zickel&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft.au=Iwaskiw%2C+Walter+R.&rft.au=Keefe%2C+Eugene+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F93042885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/albania/27.htm">"Albania - Government and Politics"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Albania+-+Government+and+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2012" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Robert C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2tv0q6"><i>Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920–1925</i></a>. ROBERT C. AUSTIN. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9973-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-9973-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2tv0q6">10.3138/j.ctt2tv0q6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+a+Balkan+State%3A+Albania%27s+Experiment+with+Democracy%2C+1920%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=ROBERT+C.+AUSTIN&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt2tv0q6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9973-1&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt2tv0q6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706213840/http://www.unkorce.edu.al/sites/default/files/fakulteti_edukimit/materiali_fnoli_130vjetor.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"FAN S. NOLI NË 130 – VJETORIN E LINDJES" 1882–2012 KONFERENCA SHKENCORE NDËRKOMBËTARE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unkorce.edu.al/sites/default/files/fakulteti_edukimit/materiali_fnoli_130vjetor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22FAN+S.+NOLI+N%C3%8B+130+%E2%80%93+VJETORIN+E+LINDJES%22+1882%E2%80%932012+KONFERENCA+SHKENCORE+ND%C3%8BRKOMB%C3%8BTARE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unkorce.edu.al%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffakulteti_edukimit%2Fmateriali_fnoli_130vjetor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808072550/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723720,00.html">"Albania: Zog, Not Scanderbeg"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 17 June 1929. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723720,00.html">the original</a></span> on 8 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Albania%3A+Zog%2C+Not+Scanderbeg&rft.date=1929-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C723720%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lendvai1969-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai1969_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lendvai1969" class="citation book cs1">Paul Lendvai (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGRpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eagles in cobwebs: nationalism and communism in the Balkans</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780356030104" title="Special:BookSources/9780356030104"><bdi>9780356030104</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles+in+cobwebs%3A+nationalism+and+communism+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780356030104&rft.au=Paul+Lendvai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGRpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson2004-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2004_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Pearson2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen Pearson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&pg=PA304"><i>Albania And King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908–1939</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>He forbade the carrying of arms by civilians, enforcing this prohibition among the tribesmen by ordering all tribes to be disarmed except his own, the Moslem Mati, their allies, the Diber, and the catholic Mirdite</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+And+King+Zog%3A+Independence%2C+Republic+And+Monarchy+1908%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-013-0&rft.au=Owen+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_Sh3y9IMZAC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Villari, "A Failed Experiment: The Exportation of Fascism to Albania." <i>Modern Italy</i> 12.2 (2007): 157–171 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/53975552/Giovanni_Villari_-_A_Failed_Experiment_The_Exportation_of_Fascism_to_Albania.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Misha</a> (2012). <i>The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2012</i>. House of Anansi. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101610992" title="Special:BookSources/9781101610992"><bdi>9781101610992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+Nationalism%2C+War%2C+and+the+Great+Powers%2C+1804%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781101610992&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreveld1972" class="citation journal cs1">Creveld, Martin van (July–October 1972). "In the Shadow of Barbarossa: Germany and Albania, January–March 1941". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>7</b> (3/4): 22–230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259913">259913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Barbarossa%3A+Germany+and+Albania%2C+January%E2%80%93March+1941&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=22-230&rft.date=1972-07%2F1972-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Creveld&rft.aufirst=Martin+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/25.htm">"Albania: A Country Study: Albania's Reemergence after World War I, Library of Congress"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807032027/http://countrystudies.us/albania/25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study%3A+Albania%27s+Reemergence+after+World+War+I%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/28.htm">"Italian Penetration"</a>. <i>Albania: A Country Study</i>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Italian+Penetration&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, B. J: <i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i>, page 7. Hurst, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/29.htm">"Zog's Kingdom"</a>. <i>Albania: A Country Study</i>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Zog%27s+Kingdom&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC2_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC2_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/30.htm">"Italian Occupation"</a>. <i>Albania: A Country Study</i>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=Italian+Occupation&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, B. J: <i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i>, page 36. Hurst, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-84511-104-4-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-84511-104-4_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Pearson2006" class="citation book cs1">Owen Pearson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3knunC7z_oC&q=%22Shefqet+Verlaci%22+%22prime+minister%22&pg=PA167"><i>Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History : Volume II: Albania in Occupation and War, 1939–45</i></a>. London: I. B. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Albania+swears+in+ninth+president+amid+political+division&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fenlargement%2Fnews%2Falbania-swears-in-ninth-president-amid-political-division%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/07/19/historic-moment-eu-opens-accession-negotiations-with-albania-and-north-macedonia">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic moment': EU negotiations open for Albania, North 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class="citation book cs1"><i>The American Slavic and East European Review 1952</i>. 1952. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/dp/1258092352">1258092352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review+1952&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucellier1999" class="citation book cs1">Ducellier, Alain (1999). "24(b) – Eastern Europe: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria". In Abulafia, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c.1198 – c.1300</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-136289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-136289-4"><bdi>978-0-52-136289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24%28b%29+%E2%80%93+Eastern+Europe%3A+Albania%2C+Serbia+and+Bulgaria&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+5%2C+c.1198+%E2%80%93+c.1300&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=779-795&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-52-136289-4&rft.aulast=Ducellier&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbclfdU_2lesC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaFlGXIg8uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisKlusáková2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC&pg=PA134"><i>Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities</i></a>. Edizioni Plus. pp. 134–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-466-7"><bdi>978-88-8492-466-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Frontiers%2C+Contesting+Identities&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-466-7&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rft.au=Klus%C3%A1kov%C3%A1%2C+Lud%27a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zXFCs9EfEYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604" title="Special:BookSources/0472082604"><bdi>0472082604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0472082604&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gjon Marku, Ndue (2017). <i>Mirdita House of Gjomarku Kanun</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1542565103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1542565103"><bdi>978-1542565103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirdita+House+of+Gjomarku+Kanun&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1542565103&rft.aulast=Gjon+Marku&rft.aufirst=Ndue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gori, Maja; Recchia, Giulia; Tomas, Helen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36936788">"The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC: new data and research perspectives"</a>. <i>38° Convegno Nazionale Sulla Preistoria, Protostoria, Storia della Daunia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=38%C2%B0+Convegno+Nazionale+Sulla+Preistoria%2C+Protostoria%2C+Storia+della+Daunia&rft.atitle=The+Cetina+phenomenon+across+the+Adriatic+during+the+2nd+half+of+the+3rd+millennium+BC%3A+new+data+and+research+perspectives&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gori&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft.au=Recchia%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Tomas%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36936788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovedarica2016" class="citation journal cs1">Govedarica, Blagoje (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=528608">"The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region"</a>. <i>Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja</i> (45). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-0020">0350-0020</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania". <i>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</i>. <b>26</b> (6). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 1067–1077. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Foa.2519">10.1002/oa.2519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&rft.atitle=Mother+City+and+Colony%3A+Bioarchaeological+Evidence+of+Stress+and+Impacts+of+Corinthian+Colonisation+at+Apollonia%2C+Albania&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1067-1077&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Foa.2519&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Schepartz%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>377</b> (6609): eabm4247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">10064553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007055">36007055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843620">251843620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=eabm4247&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarzos1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). <bdi lang="el">Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών</bdi> [<i>The Genealogy of the Komnenoi</i>]. Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%97+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft.pub=Centre+for+Byzantine+Studies%2C+University+of+Thessaloniki&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Varzos&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abrahams, Fred C <i>Modern Albania : From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe</i> (2015)</li> <li>Bernd Jürgen Fischer. <i>Albania at war, 1939-1945</i> (Purdue UP, 1999)</li> <li>Elsie, Robert. <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RobertEliseHistoricalDictionaryOfAlbania2NdEdition.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Elsie, Robert. <i>The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture</i> (I.B. Tauris, 2015)</li> <li>Fischer, Bernd J., and Oliver Jens Schmitt. <i>A Concise History of Albania</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2022).</li> <li>Hall, Richard C. <i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/War-Balkans-Encyclopedic-History-Yugoslavia/dp/1610690303/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Najbor, Patrice. <i>Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale</i> (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9532382-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9532382-0-4">978-2-9532382-0-4</a>).</li> <li>Rama, Shinasi A. <i>The end of communist rule in Albania : political change and the role of the student movement</i> (Routledge, 2019)</li> <li>Reci, Senada, and Luljeta Zefi. "Albania-Greece sea issue through the history facts and the future of conflict resolution." <i>Journal of Liberty and International Affairs</i> 7.3 (2021): 299–309.</li> <li>Sette, Alessandro. <i>From Paris to Vlorë. Italy and the Settlement of the Albanian Question (1919–1920)</i>, in <i>The Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) and Its Aftermath: Settlements, Problems and Perceptions</i>, eds. S. Arhire, T. Rosu, (2020).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3235.htm">2003 U.S. Department of State Background Note</a> of Albania</li> <li>Vickers, Miranda. <i>The Albanians: A Modern History</i> (I.B. Tauris, 2001)</li> <li>Winnifrith, Tom, ed. <i>Perspectives on Albania</i>. (Palgrave Macmillan, 1992).</li> <li>Winnifrith, T. J. <i>Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania</i> (2021).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Albania&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Albania_(1910–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Albania" title="Template:Years in Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Albania" title="Template talk:Years in Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Albania_(1910–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Albania" title="List of years in Albania">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">1910</a>–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Albania" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Albania">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 in Albania (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 in Albania (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 in Albania (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 in Albania (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 in Albania (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 in Albania (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 in Albania (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1917_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 in Albania (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Albania" title="1918 in Albania">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Albania" title="1919 in Albania">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 in Albania (page does not exist)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 in Albania (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 in Albania (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Albania (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Albania (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Albania (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Albania (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Albania (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Albania (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Albania (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Albania (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Albania (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Albania (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Albania (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Albania (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Albania (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Albania (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Albania (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Albania (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Albania (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Albania (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Albania (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Albania (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Albania (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_Albania" title="1944 in Albania">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Albania" title="1945 in Albania">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_Albania" title="1946 in Albania">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_Albania" title="1947 in Albania">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Albania (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Albania (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Albania (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Albania (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Albania (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Albania (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Albania (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Albania (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Albania (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Albania (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Albania (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Albania (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Albania (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Albania (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Albania (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Albania (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Albania (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Albania (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Albania (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Albania (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Albania (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Albania (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Albania (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Albania (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Albania (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Albania (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Albania (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Albania (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Albania (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Albania (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Albania (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Albania (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Albania (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Albania (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Albania (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Albania (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Albania (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Albania (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Albania (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Albania (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Albania (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Albania (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Albania" title="1990 in Albania">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Albania (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Albania (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Albania (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Albania (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Albania (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Albania (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 in Albania">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Albania" title="1998 in Albania">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Albania" title="1999 in Albania">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Albania" title="2000 in Albania">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_Albania" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in Albania">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Albania" title="2001 in Albania">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Albania" title="2002 in Albania">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Albania" title="2003 in Albania">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Albania" title="2004 in Albania">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Albania" title="2005 in Albania">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Albania" title="2006 in Albania">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Albania" title="2007 in Albania">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Albania" title="2008 in Albania">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Albania" title="2009 in Albania">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Albania" title="2010 in Albania">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Albania" title="2011 in Albania">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Albania" title="2012 in Albania">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Albania" title="2013 in Albania">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Albania" title="2014 in Albania">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Albania" title="2015 in Albania">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Albania" title="2016 in Albania">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Albania" title="2017 in Albania">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Albania" title="2018 in Albania">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Albania" title="2019 in Albania">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Albania" title="2020 in Albania">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Albania" title="2021 in Albania">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Albania" title="2022 in Albania">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Albania" title="2023 in Albania">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Albania" title="2024 in Albania">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Albania" title="2025 in Albania">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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