CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mass media in Ghana - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1953c3e1-24e0-408c-bfc3-65cf8b2ab3e1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mass_media_in_Ghana","wgTitle":"Mass media in Ghana","wgCurRevisionId":1248531410,"wgRevisionId":1248531410,"wgArticleId":21067098,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2020","Mass media in Ghana","Mass media by country","Mass media in Africa by country"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mass_media_in_Ghana","wgRelevantArticleId":21067098,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Media_of_Ghana","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16257889","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/1200px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/800px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/640px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="425"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mass media in Ghana - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mass_media_in_Ghana rootpage-Mass_media_in_Ghana skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mass+media+in+Ghana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mass+media+in+Ghana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mass+media+in+Ghana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mass+media+in+Ghana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992-2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1992-2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2000-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_foreign_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_foreign_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relations with foreign media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_foreign_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_Ghanaian_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_Ghanaian_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Challenges to Ghanaian media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_to_Ghanaian_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges to Ghanaian media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_Ghanaian_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Freedom of the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass media in Ghana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Medien" title="Ghana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafafen_watsa_labarai_a_Ghana" title="Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16257889#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mass_media_in_Ghana" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ghana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mass_media_in_Ghana" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mass_media_in_Ghana" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&oldid=1248531410" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mass_media_in_Ghana&id=1248531410&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMass_media_in_Ghana"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMass_media_in_Ghana"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16257889" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Ghana&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ghana">Media of Ghana</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/200px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/300px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg/400px-John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">2nd President of the 4th Republic of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a> speaks with the press.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>mass media in Ghana</b>, includes television, radio, internet publishing and newspapers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> first emerged in the 19th century with the publication of <i>The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer</i> in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper had several functions: to provide information for civil servants and European <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, and to help promote literacy rates and rural development among the local population - while encouraging unity with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Gold Coast government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hodson" title="Arnold Hodson">Arnold Hodson</a> introduced the first radio channel, named Radio ZOY, on 31 July 1935, before it was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">Ghana Broadcasting Corporation</a> upon the country's independence in 1957. Its main use was to spread propaganda to gain the support of the colonies<sup id="cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghanahistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 6 March 1957 declaration of independence by Ghana from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, there were only around four newspapers. Leader <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> eventually controlled all the press in Ghana and saw it as an instrument of state authority, providing <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> that encouraged national unity and creating a hierarchal system of state apparatus to manage the media.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transfer of the media had changed hands from a civilian to a military government, and a series of arrests and imprisonment of political opponents by Nkrumah had a <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilling effect (term)">chilling effect</a> on the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition <i>Ashanti Pioneer</i>, which had operated since the 1930s, was shut down by Nkrumah after being subject to censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana#Fall_of_the_Nkrumah_regime_and_its_aftermath" title="History of Ghana">Nkrumah's overthrow in a coup</a>, many <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state outlets</a> changed hands, though still under the control of the ruling party. The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a> (NLC) imposed stricter controls on domestic private outlets; for example, the Rumours Decree in 1966 prevented anyone from suing government-owned newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, the democratically elected civilian government of <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Busia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofi Busia">Kofi Busia</a> that followed the NLC were left with a large number of media outlets under state control. Busia repealed various acts and dismissed the owner of the state-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Graphic_(Ghana)" title="Daily Graphic (Ghana)">Daily Graphic</a></i> for opposing Busia, who had appealed for African dialogue with the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid government in South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew the Busia government, he reinstated strict media control and clamped down on opposition outlets by cutting off foreign exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of opposition media remained unimpeded during the Acheampong regime, and by 1978 had grown in their calls for a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party democracy</a> in Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regime of Acheampong was overthrown in May 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Akuffo" title="Fred Akuffo">General Akuffo</a>, who reversed some of his predecessors media policies and released jailed journalists and opposition members. This led to the establishment of two party papers: the <i>Star</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_Party" title="Popular Front Party">Popular Front Party</a> (PFP) and the <i>Gong Gong</i> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party_(Ghana)" title="People's National Party (Ghana)">People's National Party</a> (PNP). The Akuffo regime was short lived, ending in another <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a> (AFRC) headed by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a>, who repealed the press laws that were passed by Acheampong. Rawlings replaced the chief editor of the <i>Daily Graphic</i> who criticised the AFRC executions,<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they had no authority to do so as it undermined the Constitution of the Third Republic, which stated they had to be replaced by the Press Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After eight months of the AFRC regime, which had promised media reform but in the end did not materialise, power was returned to the democratically elected PNP with <a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Hilla Limann</a> on 24 September 1979. Limann was an advocate of liberal media reform, establishing a 12-member Press Commission on 25 July 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall, as elected President of Ghana, be forever prepared to submit to the acid test of public judgement the claims of those who may think that they represent the public more than me or any other political leader. Bluff, snobbery and arrogance on all sides must now cease, so that the Press Commission can function in a way that it has been envisaged by those who have never had any personal axe to grind. I have long been one of the protagonists myself. Since the functions of the Press Commission have clearly been spelt out in the Constitution, I can do no more than reassure its members and our journalists that my government will respect, uphold and defend the Constitution and thus do everything in our power to help the Press Commission discharge its obligation, in the overall interest of the public to which we are all to varying degrees accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Press Commission, as enshrined in law, were to investigate complaints about the press, uphold <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a> and provide necessary regulation and licensing to media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Limann's rule, he respected the new Constitution and accepted criticism from the media. This did not last long however, as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">John Rawlings</a>, citing "corruption and maladministration", once again seized power under the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a> on 31 December 1981, and repealed the liberal media reforms instigated by Limann.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new government, the Third Constitution, along with the Press Commission, was abolished. Through the state-owned <i>Daily Graphic</i> on 5 January 1982, he told the press to lead the "Holy War" and direct the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawlings passed laws that prevented criticism of the government or its policies, dismissed editors critical of him and passed various laws such as the Preventive Custody Law and Newspaper Licensing Law which allowed indefinite detention without trial of journalists, and stifled private media development respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PNDC Secretary of Information <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Aryee" title="Joyce Aryee">Joyce Aryee</a> in 1983 defended direct government control: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I don't see the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a> as lying outside the political institutions that we already have. This is where I feel people ought to realise that the press differs from country to country. In a situation like ours, where we need to <a href="/wiki/Conscientization" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientization">conscientize</a> people, and where we have an illiteracy problem, you use institutions like the press to do the conscientization.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The policies not only affected print media but also the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">Ghana Broadcasting Corporation</a>, with several dismissals or premature retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some media avoided all discussions of politics altogether and focused on other topics like sport or entertainment instead.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992-2000">1992-2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1992-2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, Ghana promulgated a new constitution, and returned to democratic rule on 7 January 1993. Rawlings as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> (he retired a Flight Lieutenant of the Ghana Armed Forces) liberalised the media by repealing previous laws the PNDC signed in. The private media, which had previously been silenced under the regime for the past decade, used the new press freedom laws to voice criticism at Rawlings of the years of strict laws and published several accusations of violent <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and drug abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state media however, maintained a favourable image of Rawlings. Rawlings acknowledged the years of media repression, though he defended the military coup: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All that has happened during the last decade cannot be divorced from today's constitutional order. No one can fail to appreciate the significance of the 31st December Revolution in bringing Ghanaians to the threshold of the Fourth Republic, and in establishing firm principles of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> which will make the constitution a living reality - to do so would mean distorting Ghana's history and putting aside those vital lessons which would indeed enrich this phase of Ghanaian experience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, Rawlings had pledged to uphold Chapter 12 of the Constitution of Ghana, promoting press freedom, responsibility of both private and state outlets and these freedoms to be additional to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new 15-member National Press Commission (later Ghanaian Media Commission) was created that was independent of government, which would uphold the aforementioned responsibilities. Despite these new reforms, President Rawlings and the NDC government remained critical of the private press, calling it "politically irresponsible" and motivated by profit.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One government official claimed the private media "tested the limits of the government", while others accused it of portraying Parliament as inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group named Friends of Democracy claimed it had 1,000 signatories protesting against the private media.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editors from the <i>Free Press</i> and <i>New Statesman</i> had reported being sent death threats from the NDC for criticising the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valerie Sackey who was an assistant to President Rawlings, noted that the private press had a duty to provide legitimate criticism of the government and to act responsibly, rather than simply portraying that the government was attempting to muzzle them.<sup id="cite_ref-Anokwa_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000-present">2000-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2000-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the election in 2000 of <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor was a supporter of press freedom and repealed the criminal <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">libel</a> law, though maintained that the media had to act responsibly.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghanaian media has been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa, operating with little restriction on private media. The private press often carries criticism of government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media, and broadcast media in particular, were vigorous in their coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian presidential election, 2008">2008 Ghanaian presidential election</a>, and the Ghanaian Journalists Association (GJA) praised <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> on his election, hoping to foster a good media-government relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 1999 interview, the GJA described how the media has helped promote <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in the country: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The press has forced the Government to accept that officials are accountable....It is for me a positive indication that the media of Ghana have made some impact on democracy since the foundation of the 4th Republic</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Seyd, C., 4 June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Due to the new freedom of media, the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">video game industry</a> in Ghana is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_foreign_media">Relations with foreign media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with foreign media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ghanaian media holds good relations with foreign media, with many international journalists from Western, African and Asian organisations based in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>. Journalists are not hindered during their work, and information is not censored into or out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main news agency, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghana_News_Agency" title="Ghana News Agency">Ghana News Agency</a></i>, was set up in 1957 by Nkrumah to provide balanced information on local and international news. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> helped provide the agency with guidance and technical assistance until 1961. The agency had subscriptions from over 140 organisations and six news agencies in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_to_Ghanaian_media">Challenges to Ghanaian media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Challenges to Ghanaian media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its relative freedom, the media in Ghana does face some challenges. Journalists in Ghana are often poorly paid, under resourced, and often lack training. As a result, journalists in Ghana find themselves susceptible to bribery and self-censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of radio and television broadcast media programming is low. With respect to newspapers, the ownership landscape of newspapers is politically polarized with most newspapers supporting either the government or opposition party lines. Only one newspaper, the state-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Graphic_(Ghana)" title="Daily Graphic (Ghana)">Daily Graphic</a></i> is truly national in distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Freedom of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights in Ghana</a></div> <p>Although the constitution and law provide for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press</a>, the government sometimes restricts those rights. The police arbitrarily arrest and detain journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists practice <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government respects these prohibitions in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 the government of Ghana censored Internet media coverage of tribal violence in Northern Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Newspaper</th> <th>Circulation<br />(Copies)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daily_Graphic_(Ghana)" title="Daily Graphic (Ghana)">Daily Graphic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">100000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Times" title="Ghanaian Times">Ghanaian Times</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">80000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Ghanaian_Chronicle" title="The Ghanaian Chronicle">Chronicle</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">45000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daily_Guide_(Ghana)" title="Daily Guide (Ghana)">Daily Guide</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daily Democrat </td> <td style="text-align:right">5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daily Dispatch </td> <td style="text-align:right">5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Crusading Guide </td> <td style="text-align:right">5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daily Post </td> <td style="text-align:right">5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daily Searchlight </td> <td style="text-align:right">1500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ghana" title="List of newspapers in Ghana">List of newspapers in Ghana</a></div> <p>Around 135 newspapers are published in Ghana, including 16 independent newspapers and 9 daily newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contribution of a large number of state and private newspapers create a diverse media environment in Ghana. State papers such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Graphic_(Ghana)" title="Daily Graphic (Ghana)">Daily Graphic</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Times" title="Ghanaian Times">Ghanaian Times</a></i> tend to promote and encourage support for government policies and follow a conservative line, unlike private press which has exposed lavish styles of government officials and mis-management of government affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-hasty_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasty-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/National_Media_Commission" title="National Media Commission">National Media Commission</a>, an independent commission, was set up to monitor and receive complaints about the media.<sup id="cite_ref-blank_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission had received 50 complaints in 2002, and in May 2001, forced the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Chronicle">Ghanaian Chronicle</a></i> to apologise for publishing "false stories" on individuals without substantial evidence. However, similar rulings have been ignored due to a lack of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-blank_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today <a href="/wiki/News_Ghana" title="News Ghana">News Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/ModernGhana" title="ModernGhana">Modern Ghana</a> are the most popular Newspapers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Television and radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/200px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/300px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg/400px-Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Ghana <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> and information provided by <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ghana">List of radio stations in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_TV_stations_in_Ghana" title="List of TV stations in Ghana">List of TV stations in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg/220px-Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg/330px-Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg/440px-Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Radio studio in Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>Television was introduced to Ghana in 1965 and was under State control. The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">Ghana Broadcasting Corporation</a> held a monopoly on television broadcasting until 1994, following the 1992 constitution of the new democratically elected government. Part of the 1992 constitution established the National Media Commission which held the responsibility to promote and ensure the independence of the media.<sup id="cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghanahistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the 1966 coup of Nkrumah by the National Liberation Council (who held an even tighter State grip on the nation's media), the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation announced a decree to, "broadcast programmes in the field of culture, education, information and entertainment, to reflect national progress and aspirations, and to broadcast in the main Ghanaian languages and in English".<sup id="cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghanahistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were seven broadcast stations in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the stations, there is the <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state-run</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">Ghana Broadcasting Corporation</a> and four private channels, <a href="/wiki/TV3_Ghana" title="TV3 Ghana">TV3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_TV_(Ghana)" title="Metro TV (Ghana)">Metro TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viasat_1" title="Viasat 1">Viasat 1</a>, TV Skyy, and TV Africa, with TV3 and Metro TV going on the air in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghanahistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpress_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpress-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign stations such as <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> are freely accessible. </p><p>FM radio began in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-fuller_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed foreign radio stations into the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> and BBC broadcasts on 101.3FM.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public demonstration in 1995 over seizure of equipment from a private station, <i>Radio EYE</i>, forced the government to issue many FM frequencies for other private stations, creating a new era of "broadcast pluralism".<sup id="cite_ref-fuller_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactive phone-in discussions on local and national issues are very popular on Ghanaian radio.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuller_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> stations, there are several in local dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 86 FM and three shortwave stations existed.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Ghana">Internet in Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Media_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Media in Ghana">New Media in Ghana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Internet censorship and surveillance in Ghana</a></div> <p>The Internet was used by an estimated 4.2 million <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian people">Ghanaians</a> in 2012, roughly 17% of the population. There was no significant improvement in 2014 as reported by Internet World Statistics there were "5,171,993 Internet users on Dec 31, 2014, 19.6% of the population, per IWS." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm">[1]</a>. As it stands, there are so many possibilities of reaching more people in the Ghanaian Digital News Space<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-NIUCalc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIUCalc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unrestricted by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Telecommunications in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ghana" title="Telephone numbers in Ghana">Telephone numbers in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_in_Ghana" title="New media in Ghana">New media in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_literature" title="Ghanaian literature">Ghanaian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Ghana" title="News Ghana">News Ghana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html">Ghanaian Media</a>, <i>Press Reference</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghanahistory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghanahistory_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckley" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCEERD/Resources/WBIGhanaBroadcasting.pdf">"Ghana Broadcasting Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana+Broadcasting+Study&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTCEERD%2FResources%2FWBIGhanaBroadcasting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anokwa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anokwa_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anokwa, K. (1997). In <i>Press Freedom and Communication in Africa.</i> Erbio, F., and W. Jong-Ebot (eds), Africa World Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-551-3">978-0-86543-551-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Africa Contemporary Record</i>. Volume 12, 1979-1980. London: Africana Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Democracy and Ghana: Selected Speeches of President Hilla Limann.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Rex_Collings" title="Rex Collings">Rex Collings</a>, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daily Graphic</i>, 5 January 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Africa Contemporary Record.</i> Volume 16, 1983-1984. London: Africana Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_(magazine)" title="West Africa (magazine)">West Africa</a></i>, 18–24 January 1993: 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp">Constitution of Ghana</a>, <i>Government of Ghana</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>West Africa</i>. 21–27 June 1994: 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media">BBC Country Profile: Ghana</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.myjoyonline.com/politics/200901/24923.asp">GJA congratulates President Atta Mills</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726130555/http://news.myjoyonline.com/politics/200901/24923.asp">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Joy fm</i>, 11 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyd, C. (2002). <i>Die Zivilgesellschaft in Ghana: Organisations-, Gestaltungs- und Politikfähigkeit ausgewählter ziviler Akteure(1957-1999).</i> GIGA-Hamburg, pp. 226. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-928049-81-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-928049-81-8">978-3-928049-81-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalegouaAslinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Halegoua, Germaine R.; Aslinger, Ben (17 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4bDCwAAQBAJ&q=Video+gaming+in+ghana&pg=PT109"><i>Locating Emerging Media</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136683039" title="Special:BookSources/9781136683039"><bdi>9781136683039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+Emerging+Media&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.isbn=9781136683039&rft.aulast=Halegoua&rft.aufirst=Germaine+R.&rft.au=Aslinger%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4bDCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DVideo%2Bgaming%2Bin%2Bghana%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/researchlearning/story/2006/12/061206_amdi_ghana.shtml">Amdi Ghana</a>. 1 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154349.htm">"Ghana"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Ghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Faf%2F154349.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204126">"Ghana"</a>, <i>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012</i>, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibii.com/articlesghanacensorship">"Ghana Internet Censorship 2008"</a>. NIBII. 15 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghana+Internet+Censorship+2008&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibii.com%2Farticlesghanacensorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuehnhenrich, Daniel (2012). <i>Entwicklung oder Profit? Die staatliche und private Presse in Ghana</i>. ibidem. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-0304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-0304-1">978-3-8382-0304-1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jp1M9yx8u4C">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fh-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fh_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007">Freedom House 2007 report on Ghana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasty-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hasty_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasty, J. (2005). <i>The Press and Political Culture in Ghana.</i> Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34524-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34524-0">978-0-253-34524-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blank-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blank_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blank_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankson, I. A., and P. D. Murphy (2007). <i>Negotiating Democracy: Media Transformations in Emerging Democracies.</i> SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7233-0">978-0-7914-7233-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/">CIA World Factbook - Ghana</a>, <i>CIA</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpress-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gpress_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasty" class="citation web cs1">Hasty, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html#b">"Ghana Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghana+Press%2C+Media%2C+TV%2C+Radio%2C+Newspapers&rft.aulast=Hasty&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreference.com%2FFa-Gu%2FGhana.html%23b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuller-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fuller_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuller_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuller_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, L. K. (2004), <i>National Days/National Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations Around the World</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97270-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97270-7">978-0-275-97270-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, D. (1986), <i>Ghana: Politics, Economics and Society</i>, Lynne Reinner Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedia2024" class="citation web cs1">Media, Ghana (13 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghanamedia.net/?p=466">"If you're looking to reach millions of Ghanaians worldwide through the digital marketing, Ghana Media is the answer"</a>. <i>Ghana Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ghana+Media&rft.atitle=If+you%E2%80%99re+looking+to+reach+millions+of+Ghanaians+worldwide+through+the+digital+marketing%2C+Ghana+Media+is+the+answer.&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft.aulast=Media&rft.aufirst=Ghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghanamedia.net%2F%3Fp%3D466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIUCalc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIUCalc_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated using penetration rate and population data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php">"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"</a>, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls">"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"</a>, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwame_S._T._Boafo1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kwame S. T. Boafo (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/">"Democratizing Media Systems in African Societies: The Case of Ghana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Africa_Media_Review" title="Africa Media Review">Africa Media Review</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1) – via Michigan State University Libraries, <a href="/wiki/African_e-Journals_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="African e-Journals Project">African e-Journals Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Media+Review&rft.atitle=Democratizing+Media+Systems+in+African+Societies%3A+The+Case+of+Ghana&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Kwame+S.+T.+Boafo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.msu.edu%2Fprojects%2Fafricanjournals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac_Obeng-Quaidoo,_Isaac1988" class="citation journal cs1">Isaac Obeng-Quaidoo, Isaac (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/">"Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Journalistic Expression in Africa: The Case of Ghana"</a>. <i>Africa Media Review</i>. <b>2</b> (2) – via Michigan State University Libraries, African e-Journals Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Media+Review&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Factors+Affecting+Journalistic+Expression+in+Africa%3A+The+Case+of+Ghana&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Isaac+Obeng-Quaidoo%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.msu.edu%2Fprojects%2Fafricanjournals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Ghana: Directory: Broadcasting and Communications". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2004</i></a>. Regional Surveys of the World. <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2004. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857431839" title="Special:BookSources/1857431839"><bdi>1857431839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghana%3A+Directory%3A+Broadcasting+and+Communications&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2004&rft.series=Regional+Surveys+of+the+World&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1857431839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djj4J-AXGDaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathon_GreenNicholas_J._Karolides2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Green" title="Jonathon Green">Jonathon Green</a>; Nicholas J. Karolides (2005). "Ghana". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bunHURgi7FcC"><i>Encyclopedia of Censorship</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File, Inc.">Facts on File, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1001-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-1001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghana&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Censorship&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1001-1&rft.au=Jonathon+Green&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Karolides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbunHURgi7FcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/ghana">"Ghana"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press</a></i>, USA: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, 2016, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361">57509361</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press&rft.atitle=Ghana&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57509361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2F2016%2Fghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10164">Ghana - 2004 Annual Report</a>, <i>Reporters Without Borders</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghana_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_topics" title="Template talk:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghana_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ghanaian_history" title="Timeline of Ghanaian history">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ghana" title="Early history of Ghana">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">First Republic (1960–1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia" title="Kofi Abrefa Busia">Kofi Busia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Ignatius Kutu Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Hilla Limann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Ghana" title="Political history of Ghana">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ghana" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Ghana" title="Template:Borders of Ghana">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Ghana" title="Category:Forests of Ghana">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Ghana" title="Category:Mountains of Ghana">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Ghana" title="List of national parks of Ghana">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Ghana" title="Category:Protected areas of Ghana">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ghana" title="List of rivers of Ghana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Ghana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ghana" title="Administrative divisions of Ghana">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ghana" title="Cabinet of Ghana">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ghana" title="Elections in Ghana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ghana" title="Government of Ghana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Cedi (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Ghana" title="Electricity sector in Ghana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Ghana" title="Mining industry of Ghana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Ghana" title="Oil reserves in Ghana">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ghana" title="Tourism in Ghana">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ghana" title="Category:Society of Ghana">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ghana" title="Crime in Ghana">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_in_Ghana" title="Cybercrime in Ghana">Cybercrime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_Ghana" title="Discrimination in Ghana">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ghana" title="Human trafficking in Ghana">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Ghana" title="Illegal immigration to Ghana">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_justice_in_Ghana" title="Mob justice in Ghana">Mob justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ghana" title="Polygamy in Ghana">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ghana" title="Prostitution in Ghana">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_Ghana" title="Street children in Ghana">Street children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ghana" title="Squatting in Ghana">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%27s_material_cultural_heritage" title="Ghana's material cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ghana">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_Our_Homeland_Ghana" title="God Bless Our Homeland Ghana">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pledge_Of_Ghana" title="National Pledge Of Ghana">National pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ghana" title="Public holidays in Ghana">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ghana" title="Sports in Ghana">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conduct_in_Ghana" title="Social conduct in Ghana">Social conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana" title="Outline of Ghana">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ghana#Further_reading" title="Ghana">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghana" title="Category:Ghana">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Libya" title="Media of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan" title="Media of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somaliland" title="Media of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&oldid=1248531410">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&oldid=1248531410</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Ghana" title="Category:Mass media in Ghana">Mass media in Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_country" title="Category:Mass media by country">Mass media by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Africa_by_country" title="Category:Mass media in Africa by country">Mass media in Africa by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 01:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Ghana&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-zzqwz","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.455","walltime":"0.635","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4224,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":85998,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14818,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84943,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 513.929 1 -total"," 31.25% 160.592 1 Template:Ghana_topics"," 30.44% 156.461 1 Template:Country_topics"," 29.50% 151.614 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.87% 76.409 3 Template:Cite_web"," 12.28% 63.134 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.37% 37.862 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.50% 33.427 6 Template:ISBN"," 5.34% 27.419 4 Template:Quote"," 3.87% 19.891 1 Template:See"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.213","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6063486,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5676f668c8-hg58t","timestamp":"20241126205440","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mass media in Ghana","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_media_in_Ghana","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16257889","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16257889","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-01-13T01:40:21Z","dateModified":"2024-09-30T01:26:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/John_Kufuor_080630-F-1644L-068.jpg","headline":"Ghanaian mass media"}</script> </body> </html>