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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mongol campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mongol_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mongol campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mongol_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongol_invasion_and_accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_invasion_and_accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mongol invasion and accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_invasion_and_accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_at_Parwan_and_the_Indus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_at_Parwan_and_the_Indus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Battles at Parwan and the Indus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_at_Parwan_and_the_Indus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_and_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_and_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Persia and Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_and_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and assessment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and assessment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalal al-Din Mangburni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جلال الدين منكبرتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلال الدين منكبرتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99lal%C9%99ddin_M%C9%99nguberdi" title="Cəlaləddin Mənguberdi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəlaləddin Mənguberdi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal-ad-Din_Mangubert%C3%AD" title="Jalal-ad-Din Mangubertí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jalal-ad-Din Mangubertí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschalal_ad-Din_(Choresm-Schah)" title="Dschalal ad-Din (Choresm-Schah) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschalal ad-Din (Choresm-Schah)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جلال‌الدین خوارزمشاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلال‌الدین خوارزمشاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din" title="Jalal ad-Din – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jalal ad-Din" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%98%EB%9E%84_%EC%9B%83%EB%94%98" title="잘랄 웃딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잘랄 웃딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="जलालुद्दीन ख्वारिज्म शाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलालुद्दीन ख्वारिज्म शाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Mingburnu" title="Jalaluddin Mingburnu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalaluddin Mingburnu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mankubirni" title="Jalal al-Din Mankubirni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jalal al-Din Mankubirni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯალალედინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯალალედინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Жалаладдин Мәңгіберді – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалаладдин Мәңгіберді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жалалиддин Маңгуберди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жалалиддин Маңгуберди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯალალედინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯალალედინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جلال الدين منكبرتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جلال الدين منكبرتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ジャラールッディーン・メングベルディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャラールッディーン・メングベルディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaloliddin_Manguberdi" title="Jaloliddin Manguberdi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jaloliddin Manguberdi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="جلال الدین خوارزم شاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جلال الدین خوارزم شاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCalal_ad-Din_Manguberti" title="Dżalal ad-Din Manguberti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżalal ad-Din Manguberti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaladim_Mingueburnu" title="Jalaladim Mingueburnu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jalaladim Mingueburnu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джелал ад-Дин Мангуберди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джелал ад-Дин Мангуберди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81" title="சலாலத்தீன் மிங்புர்னு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சலாலத்தீன் மிங்புர்னு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҷалолуддин Мангубердӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷалолуддин Мангубердӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%A2leddin_Harezm%C5%9Fah" title="Celâleddin Harezmşah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Celâleddin Harezmşah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelaleddin_Me%C5%88burun" title="Jelaleddin Meňburun – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jelaleddin Meňburun" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1220 to 1231</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Jalal al-Din Mangburni</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OUZBEKISTAN,_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-OUZBEKISTAN%2C_25_Som_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani soum">25 soʻm</a> coin commemorating Jalal al-Din</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1220 – August 1231</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1231<br /><a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Silvan, Diyarbakır</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Qutlubika Khatun</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulafa_Khatun" title="Sulafa Khatun">Sulafa Khatun</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Ay-Chichek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jalal al-Din Mangburni</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی</span>), also known as <b>Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جلال الدین خوارزمشاه</span></span>), was the last <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty</a>. The eldest son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Muhammad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Muhammad II">Ala ad-Din Muhammad II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a>, Jalal al-Din was brought up at <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a>, the wealthy capital of the Khwarazmid homeland. An able general, he served as second-in-command to his father in <a href="/wiki/Irghiz_River_skirmish" title="Irghiz River skirmish">at least one battle</a>; however, since he was the son of a concubine, he was challenged as successor by a younger brother, whose cause was supported by the powerful Queen Mother, <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a>. Nevertheless, after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire</a> led to his father's flight and death on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty of the majority of Khwarazmian loyalists. </p><p>The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> patrols, he gathered a substantial army at <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>. He managed to inflict an excellent defeat on <a href="/wiki/Shigi_Qutuqu" title="Shigi Qutuqu">Shigi Qutuqu</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parwan" title="Battle of Parwan">Battle of Parwan</a>, but soon lost a good portion of his army in a dispute over spoils. He was defeated by a vengeful <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus" title="Battle of the Indus">Battle of the Indus</a>, and fled across the river. Now essentially a warlord, Jalal al-Din managed to establish a succession of short-lived states: first in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> from 1222 to 1224, and then in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">northwest Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> after 1225. Jalal al-Din did not have the political ability needed to underpin his martial exploits, and he was forced to combat several large revolts and increasing pressure from Mongol forces. Eventually, he was killed in August 1231. The army he had gathered would continue to terrorize the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> as the mercenary <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmiyya">Khwarazmiyya</a> until its final defeat in 1246. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_early_life">Name and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spelling and meaning of his <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> personal name is obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">hazarmard</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 142">: 142 </span></sup> </p><p>Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the Khwarazmshah <a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Muhammad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Muhammad II">Ala ad-Din Muhammad II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1200–1220</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his mother was a concubine of <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a> origin, whose name was Ay-Chichek.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasawi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasawi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the low status of Jalal al-Din's mother, his powerful grandmother and <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a> refused to support him as heir to the throne, and instead favored his half-brother Uzlagh-Shah, whose mother was also a Qipchaq. Jalal al-Din first appears in historical records in 1215, when Muhammad II divided his empire among his sons, giving the southwestern part (part of the former <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a>) to Jalal al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 142">: 142 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongol_campaigns">Mongol campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mongol campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_invasion_and_accession">Mongol invasion and accession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mongol invasion and accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> had chosen to ignore <a href="/wiki/Battle_near_the_Irghiz_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle near the Irghiz River">a skirmish</a> between the Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a> and the Shah, in which Jalal al-Din's military acumen had saved the Shah from a humiliating defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 255">: 255 </span></sup> However, he could not ignore the seizure of a trade caravan in <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a> and subsequent execution of Mongol envoys in <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War between the two new neighbours was inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 111">: 111 </span></sup> The Khan commanded a skilled and disciplined army: the precise size of it is disputed, but most agree on around 75,000 to 200,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 404">: 404 </span></sup> The Khwarazmshah, meanwhile, faced many problems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 404">: 404 </span></sup> In addition, his mother <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_ad-Din_Tekish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)">Terken Khatun</a> still wielded substantial power in the realm – one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being Jalal al-Din. If he had sought open battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as Samarkand, <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rene_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 238">: 238 </span></sup> Meanwhile, the Shah raised taxes to raise a field army, with whom he would harass the besieging Mongol forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p><p>However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia. <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a> fell, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bukhara" title="Siege of Bukhara">Bukhara was taken</a>, as was Samarkand. Genghis Khan then sent an army under his elite generals <a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> specifically to pursue the Shah; although Muhammad, accompanied by Jalal-al Din and two other sons, managed to escape, he was prevented from gathering any forces as his empire collapsed around him.<sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 120">: 120 </span></sup> Fleeing to the loyal region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, the Shah died destitute on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 419">: 419 </span></sup> Jalal al-Din would later claim that his father had appointed him as his successor on his deathbed. Meanwhile, the Mongols had occupied all of <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a>, and had invaded <a href="/wiki/Tocharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharistan">Tocharistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guzgan" title="Guzgan">Guzgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharchistan" title="Gharchistan">Gharchistan</a> during the latter half of 1220. </p><p>Jalal ad-Din rode to <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a>, a city reportedly housing 90,000 soldiers, and found the city in turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 432">: 432 </span></sup> The city's nobility, like Terken Khatun, were not prepared to accept Jalal ad-Din as Shah, preferring the more malleable Uzlaq, and planned a coup against al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 123">: 123 </span></sup> Al-Din left the capital after being warned of the coup, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Timur_Malik" title="Timur Malik">Timur Malik</a> and 300 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 432">: 432 </span></sup> Crossing the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a>, he attacked the garrison of a Mongol detachment at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisa_(1221)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nisa (1221)">Nesa</a>, killing most of the force including two brothers of Toghachar, son in law of Genghis Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 295">: 295 </span></sup> The Mongols pursued, past Nishapur and Herat, but lost the trail before Ghazni, where al-Din found 50,000 loyalists waiting for him. After a few days, he was joined by his maternal uncle Temur Malik, who brought an additional 30,000 veterans – al-Din now had a sizeable force with which to strike back at the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 303–4">: 303–4 </span></sup> Meanwhile, back in Khwarazm, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurganj" title="Siege of Gurganj">Gurganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Merv_(1221)" title="Siege of Merv (1221)">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> had all been taken by the Mongol forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Juvaini_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvaini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 150–2">: 150–2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_at_Parwan_and_the_Indus">Battles at Parwan and the Indus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battles at Parwan and the Indus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Jalal_ad-Din" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battles involving Jalal ad-Din"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Jalal_ad-Din" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battles involving Jalal ad-Din"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_involving_Jalal_ad-Din" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu"><span class="wrap">Battles involving Jalal ad-Din</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Irghiz_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle on the Irghiz River">Irghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waliyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Waliyan">Waliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parwan" title="Battle of Parwan">Parwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus" title="Battle of the Indus">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garni" title="Battle of Garni">Garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolnisi" title="Battle of Bolnisi">Bolnisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yassicemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yassicemen">Yasi Cemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river,_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/220px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/330px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/440px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus" title="Battle of the Indus">Battle of the Indus</a>: Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> on horseback, escaping <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and the Mongol army.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> which was under siege by a Mongol army and defeated them after a two-day battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 127">: 127 </span></sup> In autumn 1221, he then moved north to <a href="/wiki/Parwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Parwan">Parwan</a> and attacked a besieging army north of <a href="/wiki/Charikar" title="Charikar">Charikar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waliyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Waliyan">Battle of Waliyan</a>; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 442">: 442 </span></sup> Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under <a href="/wiki/Shigi_Qutuqu" title="Shigi Qutuqu">Shigi Qutuqu</a> to confront the Shah. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parwan" title="Battle of Parwan">Battle of Parwan</a> was fought on a rock-strewn, narrow valley which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry, and the Muslims fought dismounted until the final charge led by Jalal ad-Din, who personally commanded the center, resulting in the repulsion of the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle made Jalal al-Din's reputation; however, he soon lost half of his army through infighting: the sources report a dispute over booty between Temur Malik and Ighrak, commander of the right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution. </p><p>Genghis Khan, now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bamyan_(1221)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bamyan (1221) (page does not exist)">at Bamiyan</a>, did not take this defeat lightly. After executing that fortress, he made his way eastwards to confront Jalal al-Din, using his powers of organisation to send detachments out to prevent the disparate Khwarazmid factions from uniting, one of whom al-Din managed to isolate and defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Juvaini_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvaini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buniyatov_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buniyatov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 128">: 128 </span></sup> Al-Din knew he had no chance of winning against Genghis in a pitched battle with his diminished army and after attempts to win back Ighrak and his men failed, he marched towards India.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 445">: 445 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 307">: 307 </span></sup> The Khan's army managed to surround al-Din's army on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="River Indus">River Indus</a> and crushed them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Indus">ensuing battle</a> in November 1221.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthold_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 446">: 446 </span></sup> The Shah escaped the battle by jumping into the river fully armed, and reaching the other shore.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 309">: 309 </span></sup> This act of desperation is said to have drawn the admiration of Genghis Khan, who forbade Mongols to pursue the Shah or shoot him with arrows. The Shah's surviving troops were however slaughtered, along with his harem and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Juvaini_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvaini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 133–4">: 133–4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_campaigns">Later campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_(20mm,_5.90_g,_1h)._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg/220px-Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg/330px-Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg/440px-Khwarizm_Shahs._Jalal_al-Din_Mangubarni._AH_617-628_AD_1220-1231._AR_Double_Dirhem_%2820mm%2C_5.90_g%2C_1h%29._Qal_%27a_Nay_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AR Double Dirham. <a href="/wiki/Qara_Nay" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara Nay">Qara Nay</a> mint</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasawi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasawi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: chapter 38">: chapter 38 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panjab_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panjab-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sought asylum in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a> but <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> denied this to him because of al-Din's poor relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>; he did however give one of his daughters to al-Din as a peace offering.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 310">: 310 </span></sup> The Khan sent Dorbei Doqshin with two <i><a href="/wiki/Tumens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumens">tumens</a></i> to pursue al-Din, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure al-Din, and return to the Khan in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task.<sup id="cite_ref-Juvaini_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvaini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 141">: 141 </span></sup> Meanwhile, al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Panjab_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panjab-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took <a href="/wiki/Nandana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandana">Nandana</a> from one of the lieutenants of Jalal ad-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarezmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days. Peter Jackson suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to Islam and joined al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-Panjab_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panjab-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of al-Din's three years in exile in India were spent in taking large parts of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>; he returned to Persia at the behest of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who still controlled parts of Persia, in late 1223.<sup id="cite_ref-Panjab_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panjab-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia_and_Georgia">Persia and Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Persia and Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg/220px-Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg/330px-Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg/440px-Bataille_de_Bolnisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> (left) against the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmians</a> (right) in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolnisi" title="Battle of Bolnisi">battle of Bolnisi</a> in 1227. From the <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_Suppl%C3%A9ment_persan_206" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bibliothèque nationale Supplément persan 206">Tarikh-i Jahangushay</a></i> manuscript created in Shiraz, Iran, in 1438.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed <a href="/wiki/Buraq_Hajib" title="Buraq Hajib">Burak Hadjib</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">Caliph An Nasser</a> in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a>, and set himself up in their capital of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, defeating its forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garni" title="Battle of Garni">battle of Garni</a>, and conquered <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 260">: 260 </span></sup> after which a hundred thousand citizens <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Martyrs_of_Tbilisi" title="Hundred Thousand Martyrs of Tbilisi">were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity</a>. </p><p>Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqs">Seljuqs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rûm</a>. His dominance in the region required year-after-year campaigning. In 1226, Burak Hadjib, the governor of Kerman and al-Din's father-in-law, rebelled against him, but after al-Din marched against him he was subdued. Jalal ad-Din then had a brief victory over the Seljuqs and captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Akhlat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhlat">Akhlat</a> in Turkey from the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>. In 1227, after the death of Genghis Khan, a new Mongol army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Chormagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chormagan">Chormagan</a> was sent to invade al Din's lands; they were met near <a href="/wiki/Dameghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dameghan">Dameghan</a> and defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1228, a new Mongol army under the leadership of Taymas Noyan invaded the re-established kingdom. Jalal al-Din met them near Isfahan and the two armies battled. The Mongols scored a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic victory</a> in this battle, unable to exploit their victory as they had no power left to advance.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, his brother Ghiyath al-Din rebelled but was defeated. Ghiyath al-Din fled to Kerman where he and his mother were killed. The revived Khwarazmshah by this time controlled Kerman, Tabriz, Isfahan and <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>. Jalal ad-Din moved against <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Ahlat</a> again in 1229. However, he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_I" title="Kayqubad I">Kayqubad I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yass%C4%B1%C3%A7emen" title="Battle of Yassıçemen">Battle of Yassıçemen</a> in 1230, from whence he escaped to <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a>, the Mongols learned that Jalal ad-Din had recently been defeated; the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Nizari Ismaili Assassins</a> sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>, proposing joint operation against Jalal al-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-McLynn_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLynn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 392–3">: 392–3 </span></sup> Ögedei Khan sent a new army of 30,000 – 50,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the remaining Khwarazmians, whose numbers were in hundreds, were swept away by the new Mongol army, which occupied <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">Northern Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Silvan</a> mountains and there in August he was killed by a <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurd</a> who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed in <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Ahlat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until their destruction in 1246.<sup id="cite_ref-Panjab_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panjab-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter, Turkan, would grow up in the court of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a>, who married her to the governor of Mosul. </p><p>Some pretenders to the name of Jalal al-Din arose after his death. In 1236, the founder and the leader of an insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a> claimed he was Jalal al-Din. After he was defeated, the Mongols verified that his claim was false, and he was executed. In the year 1254, a leader of a merchant group claimed he was Jalal al-Din; detained and tortured, he asserted he was truthful until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Taneri_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taneri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of Jalal ad-Din, citing Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">Al-Mustansir Bi'llah</a> 623–628 AH (1226–1231 AD).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg/220px-Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg/330px-Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg/440px-Jaloliddin_Manguberdi_haykali_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian statue of Jalal ad-Din in <a href="/wiki/Urgench" title="Urgench">Urgench</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer, <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi" title="Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi">Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi</a>, described him as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke Persian. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Juzjani</a> described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yass%C4%B1%C3%A7emen" title="Battle of Yassıçemen">Battle of Yassıçemen</a> was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic";<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, where he is associated with the mythological warrior <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> Jalal al-Din's contemporary Ibn Wasil attributed the Mongol triumph over the Muslim countries into Jalal al-Din's fall, which was in turn attributed to Jalal al-Din's treachorus behaviour. Ibn Wasil explicitly stated that Jalal al-Din's army could have been a buffer between the Islamic countries and the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after defeating Jalal al-Din at the battle of Indus, Genghis khan was keen on maintaining peace with Jalal al-Din, promising not to cross the demarcation between the Mongol empire and Jalal al-Din's re-established realm after being informed of Jalal al-Din's might.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 146">: 146 </span></sup> </p><p>Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering.<sup id="cite_ref-Taneri_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taneri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Vasily Bartold</a> believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a> (died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2012251_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2012251-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jalal al-Din was the subject of the Uzbek-Turkish TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Mendirman_Jaloliddin" title="Mendirman Jaloliddin">Mendirman Jaloliddin</a></i>, created by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Bozda%C4%9F" title="Mehmet Bozdağ">Mehmet Bozdağ</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sports_(Uzbekistan)" title="Ministry of Culture and Sports (Uzbekistan)">Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports</a>, where he was played by <a href="/wiki/Emre_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1m" title="Emre Kıvılcım">Emre Kıvılcım</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">president of Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As with the Mongol army, there is also debate as to the size and composition of the Shah's forces. Juvaini states that 50,000 were sent to aid Otrar, and gives a total of around 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Juvaini_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvaini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Most modern historians, however, prefer figures of between 50,000 and 150,000 effective soldiers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jalal-al-din-kvarazmsahi-mengbirni">"Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Jal%C4%81l-Al-Din+Kw%C4%81razm%C5%A1%C4%81h+%28I%29+Meng%C3%BCbirni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fjalal-al-din-kvarazmsahi-mengbirni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Jürgen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/jalal-al-din-mangburni-COM_32712">"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jal%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+Mangburn%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fjalal-al-din-mangburni-COM_32712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA441"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-337-8&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBYD2J2oE4C%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasawi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasawi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasawi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn-Nasawi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">An-Nasawi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus8/Nasawi/frametext3.htm">"Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38"</a>. <i>Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature)</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Mongols outside Mongolia". <i>The Mongol Empire</i>. 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Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shikhab+an-Nasawi.+Sirat+as-sultan+Jalal+al-Din+Mankburni+%28Biography+of+sultan+Jalal+ad-Din+Mingburnu%29&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Vostochnaya+Literatura%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Buniyatov&rft.aufirst=Z.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuzjani" class="citation book cs1">Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj. <i>Tabakat-i Nasiri</i>. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabakat-i+Nasiri&rft.pages=285&rft.aulast=Juzjani&rft.aufirst=Minhaj-i+Siraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSverdrup2017" class="citation book cs1">Sverdrup, Carl (2017). <i>The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei</i>. West Midlands: Helion & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910777-71-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910777-71-8"><bdi>978-1-910777-71-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Conquests+The+Military+Operations+of+Genghis+Khan+and+S%C3%BCbe%27etei.&rft.place=West+Midlands&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-910777-71-8&rft.aulast=Sverdrup&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) [1986]. <i>A History of the Khorezmian State Under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231</i> Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097–1231 [A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231]. Page: 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) [1986]. <i>Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231</i> %5B<i>A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231</i>%5D. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9943-357-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9943-357-21-1"><bdi>978-9943-357-21-1</bdi></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2012251-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2012251_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane2012">Lane 2012</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/782982-new-turkish-series-about-sultan-jalaluddin-khwarazmshah-to-release-in-uzbekistan">"New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=New+Turkish+series+about+Sultan+Jalaluddin+Khwarazmshah+to+release+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F782982-new-turkish-series-about-sultan-jalaluddin-khwarazmshah-to-release-in-uzbekistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/tk/habar/42738/hormatly-prezidentimiz-gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow-turkmen-bedewinin-bayramyna-bagyslanan-dabaralara-gatnasdy">"Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy"</a>. <i>turkmenistan.gov.tm</i> (in tm). 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turkmenistan.gov.tm&rft.atitle=Hormatly+Prezidentimiz+Gurbanguly+Berdimuhamedow+T%C3%BCrkmen+bedewini%C5%88+ba%C3%BDramyna+bagy%C5%9Flanan+dabaralara+gatna%C5%9Fdy&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenistan.gov.tm%2Ftk%2Fhabar%2F42738%2Fhormatly-prezidentimiz-gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow-turkmen-bedewinin-bayramyna-bagyslanan-dabaralara-gatnasdy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold,_W.1968" class="citation book cs1">Barthold W. (1968). <i>Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion</i> (third ed.). Messers, Luzac & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkestan+Down+to+the+Mongol+Invasion&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Messers%2C+Luzac+%26+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Barthold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.A._Boyle1968" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06936-6"><bdi>978-0-521-06936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-06936-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bregel" title="Yuri Bregel">Bregel, Yuri</a> (2003). <i>A Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938109618">938109618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938109618&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuniyatov2015" class="citation book cs1">Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015). <i>A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231</i>. IICAS Samarkand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9943-357-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9943-357-21-1"><bdi>978-9943-357-21-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+The+Khorezmian+State+under+the+Anushteginids+1097%E2%80%931231&rft.pub=IICAS+Samarkand&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9943-357-21-1&rft.aulast=Buniyatov&rft.aufirst=Z.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen1971" class="citation book cs1">Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baghdādī et les Khwārizmiens". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranislaminmemor0000unse"><i>Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 149–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-200-1"><bdi>978-0-85224-200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbdalla%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABf+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+et+les+Khw%C4%81rizmiens&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Islam%3A+In+Memory+of+the+Late+Vladimir+Minorsky&rft.pages=149-166&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-200-1&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanislaminmemor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset2005" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (2005). <i>The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1"><bdi>0-8135-0627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+The+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8135-0627-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2017). <i>The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22728-4"><bdi>978-0-300-22728-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0">10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+Islamic+World%3A+From+Conquest+to+Conversion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1n2tvq0%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22728-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuvaini1997" class="citation book cs1">Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik (1997). <i>Genghis Khan History of the World Conqurer</i>. Translated by Boyle, J. A. (3rd ed.). Mancherter University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5144-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5144-4"><bdi>0-7190-5144-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+History+of+the+World+Conqurer&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Mancherter+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7190-5144-4&rft.aulast=Juvaini&rft.aufirst=Ala-ad-Din+Ata-Malik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifford_Edmund_Bosworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lifford Edmund Bosworth (page does not exist)">Bosworth, C. Edmund</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jalal-al-din-kvarazmsahi-mengbirni">"Jalāl-al-Din Mengübirni"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/4: Jade III–Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali II. Work</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-04-2"><bdi>978-1-934283-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jal%C4%81l-al-Din+Meng%C3%BCbirni&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+XIV%2F4%3A+Jade+III%E2%80%93Jamalzadeh%2C+Mohammad-Ali+II.+Work&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=404-405&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934283-04-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fjalal-al-din-kvarazmsahi-mengbirni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2012" class="citation book cs1">Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In <a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987575-7"><bdi>978-0-19-987575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+in+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Iranian+History&rft.pages=1-432&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987575-7&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMclynn2015" class="citation book cs1">Mclynn, Frank (2015). <i>Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy</i>. Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82396-1"><bdi>978-0-306-82396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+His+Conquests%2C+His+Empire%2C+His+Legacy&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82396-1&rft.aulast=Mclynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Jürgen (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/jalal-al-din-mangburni-COM_32712">"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jal%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+Mangburn%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fjalal-al-din-mangburni-COM_32712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2002" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Stephen (2002). <i>Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban</i>. Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81233-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81233-9"><bdi>0-306-81233-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Military+History+from+Alexander+The+Great+to+the+Fall+of+The+Taliban&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-81233-9&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville2021" class="citation journal cs1">Melville, Charles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irannamag.com/en/article/juvainis-account-jalal-al-din-khwarazmshah-crossing-indus-historiographical-pictorial-aspects/">"Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects"</a>. <i>Iran Namag</i>. <b>6</b> (3–4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Namag&rft.atitle=Juvaini%27s+Account+of+Jalal+al-Din+Khwarazmshah+and+the+Crossing+of+the+Indus%3A+Historiographical+and+Pictorial+Aspects&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irannamag.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjuvainis-account-jalal-al-din-khwarazmshah-crossing-indus-historiographical-pictorial-aspects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJalal+al-Din+Mangburni" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Muhammad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Muhammad II">Muhammad II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Sultan of the Khwarezmian Empire</a> </b><br />1220–1231 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest">Mongol conquest</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khwarazmshahs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anushtiginid_Dynasty" title="Template:Anushtiginid Dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anushtiginid_Dynasty" title="Template talk:Anushtiginid Dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anushtiginid_Dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anushtiginid Dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khwarazmshahs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmshahs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad I of Khwarazm">Muhammad I</a> <small>(1097–1127)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a> <small>(1127/8–1156)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a> <small>(1156–1172)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Tekish" title="Ala al-Din Tekish">Tekish</a> <small>(1172–1200)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Shah_of_Khwarezm" title="Sultan Shah of Khwarezm">Sultan-Shah</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(1172–1193)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II</a> <small>(1200–1220)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manguberdi</a> <small>(1220–1231)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559416#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559416#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559416#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37852324">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124476163">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/celaleddin-harizmsah">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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