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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coaches_for_public_hire_or_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coaches_for_public_hire_or_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coaches for public hire or transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coaches_for_public_hire_or_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coach-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coach-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coach-building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coach-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Miscellany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coach_horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coach_horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Coach horses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coach_horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koets" title="Koets – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koets" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Карета (превозно средство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карета (превозно средство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotxe_de_cavalls" title="Cotxe de cavalls – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cotxe de cavalls" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8D%C3%A1r" title="Kočár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kočár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsche" title="Kutsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kutsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coche_de_caballos" title="Coche de caballos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coche de caballos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale%C5%9Do" title="Kaleŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaleŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalgurdi" title="Zalgurdi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zalgurdi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coche_(hippomobile)" title="Coche (hippomobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coche (hippomobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dija" title="Kočija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kočija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochi" title="Cochi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cochi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocchio" title="Cocchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cocchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7k" title="Koçk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Koçk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsch" title="Kutsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kutsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocsi" title="Kocsi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kocsi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koets" title="Koets – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koets" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocz_(pow%C3%B3z)" title="Kocz (powóz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kocz (powóz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coche" title="Coche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Повозка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повозка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coach (carriage)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dija" title="Kočija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kočija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dija" title="Kočija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kočija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droska" title="Droska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Droska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87_(%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6)" title="Коч (екіпаж) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коч (екіпаж)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%BC%AA%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8A" title="四輪馬車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="四輪馬車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large four-wheeled closed carriage</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg/220px-Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg/330px-Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg/440px-Buberel_Coronation_coach_Catherine_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>'s carved, painted and gilded Coronation Coach (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coach</b> is a large, closed, four-wheeled, passenger-carrying vehicle or <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> usually drawn by two or more horses controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">coachman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">postilion</a>, or both. A coach has doors in its sides and a front and a back seat inside. The driver has a raised seat in front of the carriage to allow better vision. It is often called a box<i>, box seat,</i> or <i>coach box</i>. There are many types of coaches depending on the vehicle's purpose. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a></div> <p>In the early 14th century England, coaches would still have been extremely rare. It is unlikely there were more than a dozen, and even then they were very costly until the end of the century. These coaches would have had four six-spoke, six-foot high wheels that were linked by greased axles under the body of the coach and they had no suspension. The chassis was made from oak beams and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kocs" title="Kocs">Kocs</a> was the Hungarian post town in the 15th century onwards, which gave its name to a fast light vehicle, which later spread across Europe. <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Therefore, the English word <i>coach</i>, the Spanish and Portuguese <i>coche</i>, the German <i>Kutsche</i>, the Slovak <i> koč</i>, Czech <i>kočár</i>, and Slovene <i>kočija</i> all probably derive from the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> word "Kocsi", literally meaning "of Kocs".</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source says that in, “1564, Boonen, a Dutchman, became the Queen’s coachman, and was the first that brought the use of coaches into England.”<sup id="cite_ref-knight_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 675">: 675 </span></sup> Another source says it was not until 1580, in the reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, that coaches were introduced to England from France by <a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzAlan,_19th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel">Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were designed to be pulled by a pair of horses. In 1619 <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a> introduced the coach drawn by six horses.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A coach with four horses is a <i>coach-and-four</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkebile1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coach together with the horses, harness and attendants is a <i>turnout</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkebile1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 286">: 286 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodies of early coaches were hung on leather straps. In the eighteenth century steel springs were also used in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> systems. An advertisement in the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Courant" title="Edinburgh Courant">Edinburgh Courant</a></i> for 1754 reads: </p> <blockquote><p><i>The Edinburgh stage-coach, for the better accommodation of passengers, will be altered to a new genteel two-end glass coach-machine, hung on steel springs, exceedingly light and easy...</i></p></blockquote> <p>Strap suspensions persisted, however; the 19th century American <a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coaches</a> used leather straps exactly as the first Berline from 1660 did. </p><p>A coach might have a built-in compartment called a <i>boot</i>, used originally as a seat for the coachman and later for storage. A luggage case for the top of a coach was called an <i>imperial</i>; the top, roof or second-story compartment of a coach was also known as an imperial.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front and rear <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a> were connected by a main shaft called the <i>perch</i> or <i>reach</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crossbar known as a <i>splinter bar</i> supported the springs. </p><p>In 1772, Robert Norris described the use of two coaches in <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> during a ceremonial procession. They were drawn by 12 men instead of horses probably as a result of the small number of horses in Dahomey.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century the name coach was used for U.S. <a href="/wiki/Coach_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (rail)">railway carriages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 20th century to <a href="/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (vehicle)">motor coaches</a>. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(poet)" title="John Taylor (poet)">John Taylor (poet)</a> for a very adverse opinion of the arrival of horse drawn coaches in England. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Example of coaches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocheoceanos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornate detail on one of the Portuguese Royal Coaches at the National Coach Museum in Lisbon"><img alt="Ornate detail on one of the Portuguese Royal Coaches at the National Coach Museum in Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cocheoceanos.jpg/442px-Cocheoceanos.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cocheoceanos.jpg/664px-Cocheoceanos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cocheoceanos.jpg/883px-Cocheoceanos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4980" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornate detail on one of the Portuguese Royal Coaches at the <a href="/wiki/National_Coach_Museum" title="National Coach Museum">National Coach Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_(5_av_16).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coaches are nowadays also used on ceremonial occasions. Here, a coach is used to convey President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson of Iceland during a state visit to Sweden."><img alt="Coaches are nowadays also used on ceremonial occasions. Here, a coach is used to convey President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson of Iceland during a state visit to Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg/371px-President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg/557px-President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg/741px-President_Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson_in_Stockholm_2018_%285_av_16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="2857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coaches are nowadays also used on ceremonial occasions. Here, a coach is used to convey President <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson" title="Guðni Th. Jóhannesson">Guðni Th. Jóhannesson</a> of Iceland during a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Sweden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_(18th_Century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coach of King John V of Portugal, 18th century"><img alt="Coach of King John V of Portugal, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg/404px-Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg/606px-Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg/807px-Portugal_King_D._Joao_V_Coach_%2818th_Century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coach of King <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V of Portugal</a>, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coach of a noble family, c. 1870"><img alt="Coach of a noble family, c. 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/422px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG" decoding="async" width="282" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/634px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/844px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coach of a noble family, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House,_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The London-Farringdon coach, 1835"><img alt="The London-Farringdon coach, 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/356px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/535px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/712px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4794" data-file-height="3433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The London-Farringdon coach, 1835</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coach commissioned in 1837 for Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, pictured before the 2012 restoration[14] (Imperial Museum of Brazil)"><img alt="Coach commissioned in 1837 for Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, pictured before the 2012 restoration[14] (Imperial Museum of Brazil)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg/340px-Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg/511px-Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg/680px-Petropolis-CoachImperialMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coach commissioned in 1837 for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>, pictured before the 2012 restoration<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Museum of Brazil</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff Leo XII in the years 1824–1826. Gregory XVI requested some important modifications."><img alt=""The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff Leo XII in the years 1824–1826. Gregory XVI requested some important modifications." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/340px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/511px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/680px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff <a href="/wiki/Leo_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XII">Leo XII</a> in the years 1824–1826. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a> requested some important modifications.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 299.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 297.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koets_Brussel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Gala Coupé, 18th century; Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels"><img alt="A Gala Coupé, 18th century; Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/446px-Koets_Brussel.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/670px-Koets_Brussel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/892px-Koets_Brussel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Gala Coupé, 18th century; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a>, Brussels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gold State Coach of the British monarch"><img alt="The Gold State Coach of the British monarch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG/359px-Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG/539px-Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG/718px-Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3241" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gold_State_Coach" title="Gold State Coach">Gold State Coach</a> of the British monarch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Golden Coach (Netherlands) is a coach owned and used by the Dutch royal family."><img alt="The Golden Coach (Netherlands) is a coach owned and used by the Dutch royal family." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg/383px-Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg/575px-Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg/765px-Gouden_Koets_Prinsjesdag_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Coach_(Netherlands)" title="Golden Coach (Netherlands)">Golden Coach (Netherlands)</a> is a coach owned and used by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_(29698894852).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage) is a royal carriage that was used by the Dutch royal family."><img alt="The Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage) is a royal carriage that was used by the Dutch royal family." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg/383px-De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg/575px-De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg/765px-De_Glazen_Koets_-_Prinsjesdag_2016_%2829698894852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Glass_Coach_(Dutch_royal_carriage)" title="Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage)">Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage)</a> is a royal carriage that was used by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of coach types, including but not limited to: </p> <ul><li><b>Coach</b>: a large heavy vehicle designed to carry passengers</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a></b>: A coach of state is used to carry very important persons, like a visiting head of state, royalty and high nobility such as princes and dukes on state occasions. <ul><li>The principal ceremonial coaches (state coaches) in the United Kingdom are the <a href="/wiki/Gold_State_Coach" title="Gold State Coach">Gold State Coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_State_Coach" title="Irish State Coach">Irish State Coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London%27s_State_Coach" title="Lord Mayor of London's State Coach">Lord Mayor of London's State Coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_State_Coach" title="Scottish State Coach">Scottish State Coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker%27s_State_Coach" title="Speaker's State Coach">Speaker's State Coach</a>. In addition there are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_State_Coach" title="Australian State Coach">Australian State Coach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_State_Coach" title="Diamond Jubilee State Coach">Diamond Jubilee State Coach</a>. In the Netherlands there is the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Coach_(Netherlands)" title="Golden Coach (Netherlands)">Dutch Golden Coach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glass_Coach_(Dutch_royal_carriage)" title="Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage)">Glass Coach (Dutch royal carriage)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Private coach</b>: a very expensive cumbersome 17th century luxury replaced as they were developed by light fast carriages except on formal occasions.</li> <li><b>Road coach</b>: a private coach kept for pleasure. See <a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><b>Drag</b> or <b>park drag</b>: a gentleman's coach kept for pleasure, usually used during <a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">driving club</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coaches_for_public_hire_or_transport">Coaches for public hire or transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coaches for public hire or transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Funeral coach: not a coach but a U.S. name for a <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearse</a>, a wagon adapted to carry a coffin. Can also be used to describe a coach used by mourners following a hearse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney coach">Hackney coach</a> or a coach for hire. The use of these in England began in 1625. They did not stand in the streets, but at the principal inns. By 1637 there were 50 Hackney coaches for hire in London and Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 676">: 676 </span></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></b>: heavy, usually four-in-hand, closed; built to carry passengers on scheduled long-distance services changing exhausted horses at stage stations, carrying as many as twenty passengers and goods</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a></b> or post coach: same as a stagecoach, used to transport mail but also for carrying premium-fare passengers. The first mail coach in Britain travelled from London to Edinburgh in about 1785, and to Glasgow in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 676">: 676 </span></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a></b>: as stagecoach — designed with its body swung on leather thorough-braces was to help cope with bad roads.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a></b> or mud wagon: (U.S.) lighter and smaller than a stagecoach, flat sides, simpler joinery</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Omnibus</a></b>, a type of long-bodied horse-drawn coach used to transport passengers in cities and large towns. The first omnibus in London was introduced in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, legislation was passed to allow these vehicles to ply the streets of that city provided the drivers and conductors took out a license and wore a badge with a number on it.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 676">: 676 </span></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tally-ho#Horse-drawn_vehicles" title="Tally-ho">Tally-ho</a></b>, a common name given to many road coaches. Sometimes <i>Tally-Ho</i> was the name of a specific coach. Sometimes all the coaches in a road coach fleet were painted with "Tally-Ho" on the sides, as was the case in England.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Types of coaches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_(18416040161).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drag of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, president of the Four-in-Hand Driving Club"><img alt="Drag of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, president of the Four-in-Hand Driving Club" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg/368px-The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg/552px-The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg/735px-The_Drag_of_the_Duke_of_Beaufort_%2818416040161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drag of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, president of the Four-in-Hand <a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving Club</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eakins,_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_(May_Morning_in_Park)_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand, by Thomas Eakins, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 1880"><img alt="The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand, by Thomas Eakins, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg/383px-Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg/575px-Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg/765px-Eakins%2C_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand_%28May_Morning_in_Park%29_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairman_Rogers_Four-in-Hand" title="The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand">The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, Philadelphia, 1880</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_(3716748680)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pleasure driving 2009 Marathon competition Stoneleigh Park"><img alt="Pleasure driving 2009 Marathon competition Stoneleigh Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/407px-Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/543px-Final_Judging_of_the_Coaching_Marathon_%283716748680%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pleasure driving 2009<br />Marathon competition <a href="/wiki/Stoneleigh_Park" title="Stoneleigh Park">Stoneleigh Park</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coach-building">Coach-building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coach-building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used. And there were many minor specialists within each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced the body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a>. The tools and processes were similar to those used in <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinet-making</a>, plus others specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axels, springs and other metal used was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of workmen in London.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 677">: 677 </span></sup> Lining the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior required the work of specialist tradesmen. Building carts and wagons involved similar skills, but of a coarser kind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Miscellany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cocheiro_Mor_da_Casa_Real_Sec._XIX.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A Portuguese Royal Coach driver's uniform</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeMailFrancais1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LeMailFrancais1906.jpg/220px-LeMailFrancais1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LeMailFrancais1906.jpg/330px-LeMailFrancais1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LeMailFrancais1906.jpg/440px-LeMailFrancais1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>Park Drag Paris 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>The business of a coachman, like the pilot of an aircraft, was to expertly direct and take all responsibility for a coach or carriage and its horses, their stabling, feeding and maintenance and the associated staff. He was also called a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jarvey" class="extiw" title="wikt:jarvey">jarvey</a></i> or <i>jarvie</i>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p>If he drove dangerously fast or recklessly he was a <i>jehu</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel</a>, who was noted for his furious attacks in a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> 9:20), or a <i>Phaeton</i> (from Greek <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, who attempted to drive the chariot of the sun but managed to set the earth on fire). </p><p>A <i>postilion</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Postillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Postillion">postillion</a></i> sometimes rode as a guide on the near horse of a pair or of one of the pairs attached to a coach, especially when there was no coachman. A guard on a horse-drawn coach was called a <i>shooter</i>. </p><p>Traveling by coach, or pleasure driving in a coach, as in a <a href="/wiki/Tally-ho#Coach" title="Tally-ho">tally-ho</a>, was called coaching. In driving a coach, the coachman used a <a href="/wiki/Carriage#whip" title="Carriage">coachwhip</a>, usually provided with a long lash. Experienced coachmen never used the lash on their horses. They used the whip to flick the ear of the leader to give them the office to move on, or cracked it next to their heads to request increased speed. </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/box_coat" class="extiw" title="wikt:box coat">box coat</a>: a heavy overcoat with or without shoulder capes used by coachmen (riding on the box seat) exposed to all kinds of weather.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beaufort_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaufort-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 356">: 356 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">hammercloth</a>: ornamented and often fringed; was hung over the coachman's seat, especially on a ceremonial coach.<sup id="cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkebile1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 350">: 350 </span></sup></li> <li>cockhorse: an extra horse led behind a coach to be hitched when passing over steep or difficult terrain.</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stable</a> was a building to shelter horses, usually close to the owner's house. Staff accommodation would also be close– often within the same building.</li> <li>a coach house was a special building for sheltering a coach or coaches, but coaches were more often kept within the stable building.</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">coaching inn</a> or coaching house provided accommodation for travellers, and usually provided a change of horses and offered stabling.</li> <li>coach dog or carriage dog was trained to run in attendance on a coach, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian (dog)">Dalmatians</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coach_horses">Coach horses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coach horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A coach horse or coacher bred for drawing a coach is typically heavier than a saddle horse and exhibits good style and action.<sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71-74">: 71-74 </span></sup> Breeds have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bay" title="Cleveland Bay">Cleveland Bay</a> <sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 161">: 161 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postier_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Postier Breton">Postier Breton</a>: The lighter of the two subtypes of Breton <sup id="cite_ref-simon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup></li> <li>German coach: large, rather coarse, harness horse; bay, brown or black in color.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian (horse)">Hanoverian</a>: developed by crossing heavy cold-blooded German horses with Thoroughbreds <sup id="cite_ref-simon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsteiner" title="Holsteiner">Holsteiner</a> <sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburger" title="Oldenburger">Oldenburger</a> <sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a> <sup id="cite_ref-simon_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 87">: 87 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coach_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Coach Horse">Yorkshire Coach Horse</a>: large, strong, bay or brown; dark legs, mane and tail; derived largely from crossing <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bay" title="Cleveland Bay">Cleveland Bay</a> horses with <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbreds</a> <sup id="cite_ref-harper_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 163-4">: 163-4 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansom">Hansom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Omnibus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation, page 239: "the term now recognized as properly descriptive of a coach for private driving is 'drag.'"<sup id="cite_ref-belmont_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belmont-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 239">: 239 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Seabrook shows his park drag made by <a href="/wiki/F_%26_R_Shanks" title="F & R Shanks">F & R Shanks</a> (at 8:50-10:00 minutes), and Thomas Ryder explains the difference between a park drag and a road coach (at 10:00-12:15 minutes) <sup id="cite_ref-seabrook_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seabrook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation from pages 236 & 239, "A curious error into which people generally have fallen is that of calling the four-in-hand coach a Tally-ho. Even the lexicographers have perpetuated it, and so I suppose it will stand, although it may be interesting to point it out. De Lancey Kane named the four-in-hand road coach which he drove between New York and Pelham, a quarter of a century ago, the Tally-ho. It was merely the name of the vehicle, given according to English usage to the coaches which rumbled over their highways, for convenience in advertising and in conversation, the same as the name of a sea-going vessel."<sup id="cite_ref-belmont_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belmont-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 236–9">: 236–9 </span></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/timetravellersgu0000mort_p5o4"><i>The time traveller's guide to medieval England : a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century</i></a>. London: Vintage. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-099-6"><bdi>978-1-84595-099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+time+traveller%27s+guide+to+medieval+England+%3A+a+handbook+for+visitors+to+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-099-6&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimetravellersgu0000mort_p5o4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coach">"coach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=coach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcoach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coach">"coach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=coach&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knight-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knight_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol IV</i> (1848 ed.). London: Charles Knight.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Vol+IV&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1848&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_S.Percy,_R.1823" class="citation book cs1">Percy, S.; Percy, R. (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvkxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA54"><i>The Percy Anecdotes</i></a>. T. Boys. pp. 54–55<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Percy+Anecdotes&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=T.+Boys&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Percy%2C+S.&rft.au=Percy%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvkxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1832" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253">"August 22"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Book_of_Days" title="Chambers Book of Days"><i>The Book of Days</i></a>. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=August+22&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Days&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0UJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkebile1978-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berkebile1978_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkebile1978" class="citation book cs1">Berkebile, Donald H. (1978). <i>Carriage Terminology: An Historical Dictionary</i>. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935623434" title="Special:BookSources/9781935623434"><bdi>9781935623434</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33342342M">33342342M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carriage+Terminology%3A+An+Historical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Scholarly+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL33342342M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781935623434&rft.aulast=Berkebile&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/coach-and-four">Definition of coach-and-four by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.</a> Free access.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/turn+out">Turn out – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/imperial">Definition of imperial by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.</a> Free access.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney2004" class="citation book cs1">Kinney, Thomas A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPO_iwMOD5QC&dq=carriage+%22coach+perch%22&pg=PA207"><i>The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7946-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-7946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carriage+Trade%3A+Making+Horse-Drawn+Vehicles+in+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7946-3&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPO_iwMOD5QC%26dq%3Dcarriage%2B%2522coach%2Bperch%2522%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1980" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Robin (1980). "Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 249–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1159117">10.2307/1159117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159117">1159117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Wheeled+Transport+in+Pre-Colonial+West+Africa&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-262&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1159117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1159117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/rj/serra-lagos-norte/noticia/2012/12/museu-imperial-de-petropolis-rj-restaura-berlinda-de-d-pedro-ii.html">"Museu Imperial de Petrópolis, RJ, restaura Berlinda de D. Pedro II"</a> [Imperial Museum of Petropolis, RJ, restores D. Pedro II's carriage]. <i><a href="/wiki/G1_(website)" title="G1 (website)">G1</a></i> (in Portuguese). 10 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Museu+Imperial+de+Petr%C3%B3polis%2C+RJ%2C+restaura+Berlinda+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Frj%2Fserra-lagos-norte%2Fnoticia%2F2012%2F12%2Fmuseu-imperial-de-petropolis-rj-restaura-berlinda-de-d-pedro-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belmont-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belmont_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belmont_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelmont1901" class="citation book cs1">Belmont, Oliver H. P. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofsport00patt/page/239/mode/1up">"Coaching"</a>. In Patten, William (ed.). <i>The Book of Sport</i>. J.F. Taylor & Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24131749M">24131749M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coaching&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sport&rft.pub=J.F.+Taylor+%26+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24131749M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Belmont&rft.aufirst=Oliver+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofsport00patt%2Fpage%2F239%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seabrook-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seabrook_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/503561882">"The Seabrook Carriage Collection (video)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carriage_Association_of_America" title="Carriage Association of America">Carriage Association of America</a>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seabrook+Carriage+Collection+%28video%29&rft.pub=Carriage+Association+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F503561882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledgeoflondon.com/buses.html">"The London Omnibus"</a>. <i>Knowledge of London</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+of+London&rft.atitle=The+London+Omnibus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledgeoflondon.com%2Fbuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524085241/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Box+Coat&offset=0">"Box Coat"</a>. <i>Probert Encyclopaedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Box+Coat&offset=0">the original</a> on 24 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Probert+Encyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Box+Coat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.probertencyclopaedia.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fres.pl%3Fkeyword%3DBox%2BCoat%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessmer2024" class="citation web cs1">Messmer, D (17 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisegeek.net/what-is-a-box-coat.htm">"What is a Box Coat?"</a>. <i>wisegeek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisegeek&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Box+Coat%3F&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Messmer&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.net%2Fwhat-is-a-box-coat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaufort-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beaufort_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaufort1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_8th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort">Beaufort, Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset (Duke of Beaufort)</a> (1901). <i>Driving</i>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22878921M">22878921M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22878921M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Beaufort&rft.aufirst=Henry+Charles+FitzRoy+Somerset+%28Duke+of+Beaufort%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harper-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1915" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Merritt W. (1915) [1913]. <i>Management and Breeding of Horses</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Orange_Judd" title="Orange Judd">Orange Judd Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24168673M">24168673M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+and+Breeding+of+Horses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Orange+Judd+Company&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24168673M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Merritt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simon-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simon_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simon_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simon_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongianni1988" class="citation book cs1">Bongianni, Maurizio (1988). <i>Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses & Ponies of the World</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671660675" title="Special:BookSources/0671660675"><bdi>0671660675</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2396660M">2396660M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+%26+Schuster%27s+Guide+to+Horses+%26+Ponies+of+the+World&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2396660M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0671660675&rft.aulast=Bongianni&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin" class="citation web cs1">Irwin, Lyndon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyndonirwin.com/04horse13.htm">"1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair : German Coach Horse Shows"</a>. Agricultural History Series, Missouri State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1904+St.+Louis+Worlds+Fair+%3A+German+Coach+Horse+Shows&rft.series=Agricultural+History+Series%2C+Missouri+State+University&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Lyndon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyndonirwin.com%2F04horse13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKintrea1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Kintrea, Frank (October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/when-coachman-was-millionare">"When The Coachman Was A Millionare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>. Vol. 18, no. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=When+The+Coachman+Was+A+Millionare&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Kintrea&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fwhen-coachman-was-millionare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoach+%28carriage%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coach_(carriage)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coaches_(carriage)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coaches (carriage)">Coaches (carriage)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Coaches" class="extiw" title="q:Coaches">Coaches</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coach" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coach">Coach</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijtuigmuseum.be/">Belgian coach museum in Bree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coaches_1750_to_1900.htm">Coaches 1750 to 1900.</a> History Learning Site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/bynpwllr/coaches2.htm">The Coaches: 'Travellers in Eighteenth-Century England'.</a> Civilization defined and explained in plain English: Library of mainly eighteenth century authors by P.Atkinson.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504164002/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~awoodley/carriage/history.html">Coaching History.</a> By Anne Woodley. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330041051/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~awoodley/carriage/accidents.html">Coaching Accidents</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607031949/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~awoodley/carriage/anecdote.html">Coaching Anecdotes</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607032014/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~awoodley/carriage/types.html">A selection of Georgian Coaches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110103309/http://www.carriagemuseumlibrary.org/Coachman.html">Coachman Driven Vehicles.</a> <a href="/wiki/Carriage_Museum_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage Museum of America">Carriage Museum of America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=237786">H3875 Horse-drawn coach, mail and passenger coach, timber / metal / leather, made by Cobb and Co. Coach and Buggy Factory, Charleville, Queensland, Australia, 1890 – Powerhouse Museum Collection.</a> Powerhouse Museum | Science + Design | Sydney Australia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1878/05/05/archives/the-history-of-coaching-travelling-in-old-england-the-first-coaches.html">The History of Coaching—Travelling in Old England—The First Coaches Introduced of The Mail-Coach System—Amateur Coachmen in the Olden Time—Early Coaching Parades—The Dangers of the Road—Highwaymen and Reckless Drivers.</a> The New York Times, May 5, 1878, page 10.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214204306/http://www.historicpelham.com/Articles/CoachingToPelham.htm">Col. Delancey Kane and "The Pelham Coach".</a> Historic Pelham.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715084419/http://www.janeausten.co.uk/magazine/page.ihtml?pid=310&step=4">Landscape Property|Regency|Georgian|history|lifestyle|house | Going By Coach.</a> Jane Austen Centre Bath UK England.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/05/10/105053049.pdf">Some Coaching Costumes</a> by Marie Weldon, The New York Times, Magazine Supplement, page SM4.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Barouche">Barouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(carriage)" title="Berlin (carriage)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(carriage)" title="Brake (carriage)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britzka" title="Britzka">Britzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(carriage)" title="Brougham (carriage)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckboard" title="Buckboard">Buckboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)" title="Buggy (carriage)">Buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Calash">Calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariole" title="Cariole">Cariole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carryall" title="Carryall">Carryall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaise" title="Chaise">Chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_(carriage)" title="Clarence (carriage)">Clarence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diligence (vehicle)">Diligence</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dos-à-dos (carriage)">Dos-à-dos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (carriage)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">Droshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacre_(carriage)" title="Fiacre (carriage)">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(carriage)" title="Fly (carriage)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-in-hand_(carriage)" title="Four-in-hand (carriage)">Four-in-hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearse#History" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herdic" title="Herdic">Herdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Horsebus/Omnibus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(carriage)" title="Jingle (carriage)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karozzin" title="Karozzin">Karozzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibitka" title="Kibitka">Kibitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_carriage" title="Marathon carriage">Marathon carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Drag">Park Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">Post chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Coach">Road Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_(carriage)" title="Rockaway (carriage)">Rockaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(carriage)" title="Runabout (carriage)">Runabout (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_(carriage)" title="Sociable (carriage)">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider phaeton">Spider phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coach" title="Gold coach">Gilded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)" title="Surrey (carriage)">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantass" title="Tarantass">Tarantass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(carriage)" title="Victoria (carriage)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vozok" title="Vozok">Vozok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonette" title="Wagonette">Wagonette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two-wheeled<br />carriages and carts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy_(carriage)" title="Bandy (carriage)">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">Cabriolet</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_cart" title="Cape cart">Cape cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_(carriage)" title="Chariot (carriage)">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">Quadriga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e_(cart)" title="Chasse-marée (cart)">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidomo" title="Cidomo">Cidomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_(carriage)" title="Croydon (carriage)">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curricle" title="Curricle">Curricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">Dogcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokar">Dokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">Ekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(vehicle)" title="Gari (vehicle)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">Gharry</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">Gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess_cart" title="Governess cart">Governess cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunting_car" title="Jaunting car">Jaunting car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_car" title="Ralli car">Ralli car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_cart" title="Red River cart">Red River cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">Shay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjees" title="Sjees">Sjees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_cart" title="Sprung cart">Sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_(carriage)" title="Stanhope (carriage)">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_(carriage)" title="Tilbury (carriage)">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">Tumbrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheeled_calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-wheeled calash">Two-wheeled calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un-sprung_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Un-sprung cart">Un-sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_(carriage)" title="Volante (carriage)">Volante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey (carriage)">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-wheeled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">Travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">Troika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wagons & freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">Covered wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)" title="Lorry (horse-drawn)">Lorry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telega" title="Telega">Telega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_(horse-drawn)" title="Trolley (horse-drawn)">Trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van" title="Trolley and lift van">Trolley and lift van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage builder">Vehicle construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder#Horse-drawn_origins" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">Hammercloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_bow" title="Shaft bow">Shaft bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingletree" title="Swingletree">Swingletree/singletree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage#Undercarriage" title="Carriage">Undercarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree/double tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">Footman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">Postilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem#Horse_driving" title="Tandem">Tandem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carriage_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of carriage museums">Museums and collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carts" title="Category:Carts">Carts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders" title="Category:Coachbuilders">Coachbuilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriage_museums" title="Category:Carriage museums">Carriage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_driving" title="Category:Horse driving">Horse driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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