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id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Aquilegia</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B6" title="Гупэж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гупэж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنقولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنقولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvilegiya" title="Akvilegiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akvilegiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ворлікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ворлікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кандилка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кандилка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniusglocke" title="Antoniusglocke – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Antoniusglocke" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek" title="Orlíček – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orlíček" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonet_Nain" title="Bonet Nain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bonet Nain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeleje" title="Akeleje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akeleje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeleien" title="Akeleien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akeleien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akelaja" title="Akelaja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Akelaja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurekell" title="Kurekell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurekell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvilegio" title="Akvilegio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvilegio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="تاج‌الملوک (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاج‌الملوک (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancolie" title="Ancolie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancolie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaimb%C3%ADn" title="Colaimbín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colaimbín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%B0%9C%ED%86%B1%EC%86%8D" title="매발톱속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매발톱속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Արծվամագիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արծվամագիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akelaja" title="Akelaja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Akelaja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakujac" title="Pakujac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakujac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegio" title="Aquilegio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquilegio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Донæмбырдгæнæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Донæмбырдгæнæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnsberi" title="Vatnsberi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnsberi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წყალიკრეფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალიკრეფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Шөмішгүл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шөмішгүл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kough_damawynn" title="Kough damawynn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kough damawynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozol%C4%ABtes" title="Ozolītes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ozolītes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinavadas" title="Sinavadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinavadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkelej" title="Akkelej – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Akkelej" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harangl%C3%A1b_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Harangláb (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harangláb (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="انقوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انقوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Удвал (ургамал) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Удвал (ургамал)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akelei" title="Akelei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Akelei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerenklokjen" title="Boerenklokjen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boerenklokjen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E5%B1%9E" title="オダマキ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オダマキ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akelein" title="Akelein – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Akelein" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeleieslekta" title="Akeleieslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akeleieslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvilegiya" title="Akvilegiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akvilegiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlik_(ro%C5%9Blina)" title="Orlik (roślina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orlik (roślina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Водосбор (растение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водосбор (растение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" 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Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aquilegia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Орлики (рослина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орлики (рослина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChkj%C3%A4i%C5%BEenhein" title="Kühkjäiženhein – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kühkjäiženhein" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of perennial plants (columbine)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aquilegia (disambiguation)">Aquilegia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Columbine </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wald-Akelei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wald-Akelei.JPG/220px-Wald-Akelei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wald-Akelei.JPG/330px-Wald-Akelei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wald-Akelei.JPG/440px-Wald-Akelei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="555" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">Aquilegia vulgaris</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aquilegia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalictroideae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalictroideae (page does not exist)">Thalictroideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Aquilegia</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">Aquilegia vulgaris</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/L." class="mw-redirect" title="L.">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species<sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>130, see <a href="#Species">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Aquilina</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bubani, nom. illeg.</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Aquilegia</b></i> (common names: <b>granny's bonnet</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>columbine</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of about 130 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a><sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial plants</a> that are found in <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the <a href="/wiki/Spur_(botany)" title="Spur (botany)">spurred</a> petals<sup id="cite_ref-Puzey,_J.R._2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzey,_J.R._2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of their <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus name <i>Aquilegia</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "Aquila", or "eagle"; this is in obvious reference to the spurred, "hook" shapes within the blooms, that many gardeners say resemble an eagle's talons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous plants">herbs</a>, with woody, erect stock, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> forming thick <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>. The basal <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are compound, 1–3 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_structure" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">ternate</a>, blades 3-lobed -partite, and lobes lobulate and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#obtuse" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">obtuse</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cauline" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauline">cauline</a> leaves are similar to the basal ones, while the upper ones are <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bract</a> like. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Bisexual" title="Plant reproductive morphology">hermaphrodite</a> (bisexual) <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> are terminal to stem and branches. They are usually <a href="/wiki/Pentamerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamerous">pentamerous</a> (with five spreading <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> <a href="/wiki/Petaloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaloid">petaloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepal</a> segments). Five tubular honey-leaves<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are semi erect with a flat limb and spurred or <a href="/wiki/Saccate" title="Saccate">saccate</a> at the base. The spur is directed backwards and secretes <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">Stamens</a> are numerous (often more than 50) in <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a> of 5, the innermost being <a href="/wiki/Scarious" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarious">scarious</a> <a href="/wiki/Staminodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Staminodes">staminodes</a>. There are ten membranaceous intrastaminal scales. There are five <a href="/wiki/Pistils" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistils">pistils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpels" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpels">carpels</a> are free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamura1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> has several (five to 15) <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicles</a> which are semi erect and slightly <a href="/wiki/Connation" title="Connation">connate</a> downwards. These hold many seeds and are formed at the end of the pistils. The nectar is mainly consumed by long-beaked birds such as hummingbirds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all <i>Aquilegia</i> species have a ring of staminodia around the base of the stigma, which may help protect against insects.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome number">Chromosome number</a> is x=7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamura1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relatives">Relatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbines are closely related to plants in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(plant)" title="Actaea (plant)">Actaea</a></i> (baneberries) and <i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a></i> (wolfsbanes/monkshoods), which like <i>Aquilegia</i> produce cardiogenic <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tilford1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilford1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects">Insects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are used as food plants by some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (butterfly and moth) <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>. These are mainly of <a href="/wiki/Noctuid_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctuid moth">noctuid moths</a> – noted for feeding on many poisonous plants without harm – such as <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_moth" title="Cabbage moth">cabbage moth</a> (<i>Mamestra brassicae</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dot_moth" title="Dot moth">dot moth</a> (<i>Melanchra persicariae</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_moth" title="Mouse moth">mouse moth</a> (<i>Amphipyra tragopoginis</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(moth)" title="Engrailed (moth)">engrailed</a> (<i>Ectropis crepuscularia</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">geometer moth</a>, also uses columbine as a larval food plant. The larvae of the <i><a href="/wiki/Papaipema_leucostigma" title="Papaipema leucostigma">Papaipema leucostigma</a></i> also feed on columbine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants in the genus <i>Aquilegia</i> are a major food source for <i><a href="/wiki/Bombus_hortorum" title="Bombus hortorum">Bombus hortorum</a></i>, a species of bumblebee. Specifically, they have been found to forage on species of <i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">Aquilegia vulgaris</a></i> in Belgium and <i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_chrysantha" title="Aquilegia chrysantha">Aquilegia chrysantha</a></i> in North America and Belgium. The bees do not show any preference in color of the flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg/440px-Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Columbine <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> 'Magpie' also known as 'William Guiness'<sup id="cite_ref-Nold_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nold-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Columbine is a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagates</a> by seed. It will grow to a height of 40–50 cm (15–20 in). It will grow in full sun; however, it prefers growing in partial shade and well drained soil, and is able to tolerate average soils and dry soil conditions. Columbine is rated at <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> 3 in the United States so does not require mulching or protection in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of hybrids are available for the garden, since the European <i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">A. vulgaris</a></i> was hybridized with other European and North American varieties. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aquilegia</i> species are very interfertile, and will self-sow.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties are short-lived so are better treated as <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nold_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nold-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British National Collection of <i>Aquilegia</i>s was held by Mrs Carrie Thomas at <a href="/wiki/Killay,_Swansea" title="Killay, Swansea">Killay</a> near <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some time during or before 2014 the collection started to succumb to Aquilegia Downy Mildew <i><a href="/wiki/Peronospora_aquilegiicola" title="Peronospora aquilegiicola">Peronospora aquilegiicola</a></i> which was at the time an emerging disease to which the plants had no resistance. By 2018 the entire collection had been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquilegia can be grown from seeds or rhizomes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAM2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAM2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG/220px-Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG/330px-Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG/440px-Doubled_flower_of_Aquilegia_x_hybrida_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Double-flowered" title="Double-flowered">Double-flowered</a> <i>Aquilegia</i> × <i>hybrida</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The flowers of various species of columbine were consumed in moderation by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a> with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. The plant's seeds and roots, however, are highly poisonous and contain <a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiogenic">cardiogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> which cause both severe <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_palpitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart palpitation">heart palpitations</a> if consumed as food. Native Americans used very small amounts of <i>Aquilegia</i> root as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">ulcers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the medical use of this plant is better avoided due to its high toxicity; columbine poisonings may be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-tilford1997_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilford1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">acute toxicity</a> test in mice has demonstrated that ethanol extract mixed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocytisoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocytisoside (page does not exist)">isocytisoside</a>, the main flavonoid compound from the leaves and stems of <i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i>, can be classified as non-toxic, since a dose of 3000 mg/kg did not cause mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_blue_columbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado blue columbine">Colorado blue columbine</a> (<i>A. coerulea</i>) is the official <a href="/wiki/State_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="State flower">state flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Columbine,_Colorado" title="Columbine, Colorado">Columbine, Colorado</a>). It is also used as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">former city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a> in the Canadian province of Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg/220px-Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg/330px-Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg/440px-Wild_Columbine_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>Wild columbine (<i>Aquilegia canadensis</i>) growing in <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Bear_Dunes_National_Lakeshore" title="Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore">Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</a> near <a href="/wiki/Glen_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Glen Arbor, Michigan">Glen Arbor, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbines have been important in the study of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. It was found that the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_columbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra columbine">Sierra columbine</a> (<i>A. pubescens</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Crimson_columbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimson columbine">crimson columbine</a> (<i>A. formosa</i>) each has <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> specifically to a <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a>. Bees and hummingbirds are the visitors to <i>A. formosa</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Hawkmoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkmoth">hawkmoths</a> would only visit <i>A. pubescens</i> when given a choice. Such a "<a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome" title="Pollination syndrome">pollination syndrome</a>", being due to flower color and orientation controlled by their <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, ensures <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductive isolation</a> and can be a cause of <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Aquilegia</i> petals show an enormous range of petal spur length diversity ranging from a centimeter to the 15 cm spurs of <i>Aquilegia longissima</i>. Selection from pollinator shifts is suggested to have driven these changes in nectar spur length.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was shown that this spur length diversity is achieved solely through changing cell shape, not cell number or cell size. This suggests that a simple microscopic change can result in a dramatic evolutionarily relevant morphological change.<sup id="cite_ref-Puzey,_J.R._2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puzey,_J.R._2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwarzviolette_Akelei_(Aquilegia_atrata)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg/220px-Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg/330px-Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg/440px-Schwarzviolette_Akelei_%28Aquilegia_atrata%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Dark columbine (<i>Aquilegia atrata</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg/170px-Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg/255px-Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg/340px-Aquilegia_alpina1JUSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i>Aquilegia alpina</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg/440px-Aquilegia_flabellata1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fan columbine (<i>Aquilegia flabellata</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg/170px-Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg/255px-Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg/340px-Aquilegia_fragrans_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>Fragrant columbine (<i>Aquilegia fragrans</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg/170px-Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg/255px-Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg/340px-Aquilegia_x_maruyamana1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i>Aquilegia</i> × <i>maruyamana</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg/440px-Aquilegia_pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pyrenean columbine (<i>Aquilegia pyrenaica</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_longissima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aquilegia_longissima.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_longissima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aquilegia_longissima.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_longissima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Aquilegia_longissima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_longissima" title="Aquilegia longissima">Aquilegia longissima</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>130 columbine species are accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_alpina" title="Aquilegia alpina">Aquilegia alpina</a></i> <small>L.</small> – alpine columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_amaliae" title="Aquilegia amaliae">Aquilegia amaliae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Heldreich" title="Theodor von Heldreich">Heldr.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Edmond_Boissier" title="Pierre Edmond Boissier">Boiss.</a></span> - Amalia's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_apuana" title="Aquilegia apuana">Aquilegia apuana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Marchetti) E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_aradanica" title="Aquilegia aradanica">Aquilegia aradanica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Shaulo & Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_aragonensis" title="Aquilegia aragonensis">Aquilegia aragonensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Willk.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_atrata" title="Aquilegia atrata">Aquilegia atrata</a></i> <small>W.D.J.Koch</small> – dark columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_atrovinosa" title="Aquilegia atrovinosa">Aquilegia atrovinosa</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Grigorevich_Popov" title="Mikhail Grigorevich Popov">Popov</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Pavlovna_Gamajunova" title="Aleksandra Pavlovna Gamajunova">Gamajun.</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_atwoodii" title="Aquilegia atwoodii">Aquilegia atwoodii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.L.Welsh</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_aurea" title="Aquilegia aurea">Aquilegia aurea</a></i> <small>Janka</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_ballii" title="Aquilegia ballii">Aquilegia ballii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Litard. & Maire) E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_baluchistanica" title="Aquilegia baluchistanica">Aquilegia baluchistanica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Qureshi & Chaudhri</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_barbaricina" title="Aquilegia barbaricina">Aquilegia barbaricina</a></i> <small>Arrigoni & E.Nardi</small> – Barbaricina columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_barnebyi" title="Aquilegia barnebyi">Aquilegia barnebyi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Munz</span> – oil shale columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_barykinae" title="Aquilegia barykinae">Aquilegia barykinae</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst, Karakulov & Luferov</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_bashahrica" title="Aquilegia bashahrica">Aquilegia bashahrica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_bernardii" title="Aquilegia bernardii">Aquilegia bernardii</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Marie_Grenier" title="Jean Charles Marie Grenier">Gren.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Alexandre_Godron" title="Dominique Alexandre Godron">Godr.</a></small> – Bernard's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_bertolonii" title="Aquilegia bertolonii">Aquilegia bertolonii</a></i> <small>Schott</small> – Bertoloni columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_blecicii" title="Aquilegia blecicii">Aquilegia blecicii</a></i> <small>Podobnik</small> - Blečić's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_borodinii" title="Aquilegia borodinii">Aquilegia borodinii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Schischk.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_brevistyla" title="Aquilegia brevistyla">Aquilegia brevistyla</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hook.</span> – smallflower columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_buergeriana" title="Aquilegia buergeriana">Aquilegia buergeriana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Siebold</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gerhard_Zuccarini" title="Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini">Zucc.</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_canadensis" title="Aquilegia canadensis">Aquilegia canadensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span> – Canadian columbine, wild columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_cazorlensis" title="Aquilegia cazorlensis">Aquilegia cazorlensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Heywood</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_champagnatii" title="Aquilegia champagnatii">Aquilegia champagnatii</a></i> <small>Moraldo, E.Nardi & la Valva</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei" title="Aquilegia chaplinei">Aquilegia chaplinei</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Standl. ex Payson</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_chitralensis" title="Aquilegia chitralensis">Aquilegia chitralensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Qureshi & Chaudhri</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_chrysantha" title="Aquilegia chrysantha">Aquilegia chrysantha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">A.Gray</span> – golden columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Aquilegia coerulea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">E.James</span> – Colorado blue columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_colchica" title="Aquilegia colchica">Aquilegia colchica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kem.-Nath.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_confusa" title="Aquilegia confusa">Aquilegia confusa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rota</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_cossoniana" title="Aquilegia cossoniana">Aquilegia cossoniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Maire & Sennen) Rivas Mart.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_%C3%97_cottia" title="Aquilegia × cottia">Aquilegia × cottia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Beyer</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_cremnophila" title="Aquilegia cremnophila">Aquilegia cremnophila</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bacch., Brullo, Congiu, Fenu, J.L.Garrido & Mattana</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_cymosa" title="Aquilegia cymosa">Aquilegia cymosa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Qureshi & Chaudhri</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_daingolica" title="Aquilegia daingolica">Aquilegia daingolica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst & Shaulo</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_desertorum" title="Aquilegia desertorum">Aquilegia desertorum</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Marcus_E._Jones" title="Marcus E. Jones">M.E.Jones</a>) <a href="/wiki/Theodore_D._A._Cockerell" title="Theodore D. A. Cockerell">Cockerell</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Amos_Arthur_Heller" title="Amos Arthur Heller">A.Heller</a></small> – desert columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_desolaticola" title="Aquilegia desolaticola">Aquilegia desolaticola</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Larson_Welsh" title="Stanley Larson Welsh">S.L.Welsh</a> & N.D.Atwood</small> – desolation columbine, Desolation Canyon columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_dichroa" title="Aquilegia dichroa">Aquilegia dichroa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Freyn</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_dinarica" title="Aquilegia dinarica">Aquilegia dinarica</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Beck_von_Mannagetta_und_Lerchenau" title="Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau">Beck</a></small> - Dinaric columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_discolor" title="Aquilegia discolor">Aquilegia discolor</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Levier & Leresche</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_dumeticola" title="Aquilegia dumeticola">Aquilegia dumeticola</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Jord.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_ecalcarata" title="Aquilegia ecalcarata">Aquilegia ecalcarata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maxim.</span> – spurless columbine, false columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_einseleana" title="Aquilegia einseleana">Aquilegia einseleana</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schultz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz">F.W.Schultz</a></small> – Einsele's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_elegantula" title="Aquilegia elegantula">Aquilegia elegantula</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Greene</span> – western red columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_%C3%97_emodi" title="Aquilegia × emodi">Aquilegia × emodi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_eximia" title="Aquilegia eximia">Aquilegia eximia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Van Houtte ex Planch.</span> – Van Houtte's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_flabellata" title="Aquilegia flabellata">Aquilegia flabellata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Siebold & Zucc.</span> – fan columbine, Japanese <i>wodamakinari</i> (including <i>A. akitensis</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_flavescens" title="Aquilegia flavescens">Aquilegia flavescens</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.Watson</span> – yellow columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_formosa" title="Aquilegia formosa">Aquilegia formosa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Fisch. ex DC.</span> – crimson columbine, western columbine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_formosa_var._truncata" title="Aquilegia formosa var. truncata"><i>Aquilegia formosa</i> var. <i>truncata</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Baker</span> – red columbine, western columbine</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_fosteri" title="Aquilegia fosteri">Aquilegia fosteri</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(S.L.Welsh) S.L.Welsh</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_fragrans" title="Aquilegia fragrans">Aquilegia fragrans</a></i> <small>Benth.</small> – fragrant columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_ganboldii" title="Aquilegia ganboldii">Aquilegia ganboldii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kamelin & Gubanov</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_gegica" title="Aquilegia gegica">Aquilegia gegica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Jabr.-Kolak.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_glandulosa" title="Aquilegia glandulosa">Aquilegia glandulosa</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Fischer" title="Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer">Fisch.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link">Link.</a></small> – Siberian columbine, Altai columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_gracillima" title="Aquilegia gracillima">Aquilegia gracillima</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rech.f.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_grata" title="Aquilegia grata">Aquilegia grata</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Maly ex Zimmeter</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_grubovii" title="Aquilegia grubovii">Aquilegia grubovii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst, Luferov, Wei Wang & K.l.Xiang</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_guarensis" title="Aquilegia guarensis">Aquilegia guarensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Losa</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_hebeica" title="Aquilegia hebeica">Aquilegia hebeica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_hinckleyana" title="Aquilegia hinckleyana">Aquilegia hinckleyana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Munz</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_hirsutissima" title="Aquilegia hirsutissima">Aquilegia hirsutissima</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Timb.-Lagr. ex Gariod</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_hispanica" title="Aquilegia hispanica">Aquilegia hispanica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Willk.) Borbás</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_holmgrenii" title="Aquilegia holmgrenii">Aquilegia holmgrenii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_%C3%97_hybrida" title="Aquilegia × hybrida">Aquilegia × hybrida</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Sims_(taxonomist)" title="John Sims (taxonomist)">Sims</a></small> – hybrids of <i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i> and <i>Aquilegia canadensis</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_incurvata" title="Aquilegia incurvata">Aquilegia incurvata</a></i> <small>P.K.Hsiao</small> - Qinling columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_iulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia iulia (page does not exist)">Aquilegia iulia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_jonesii" title="Aquilegia jonesii">Aquilegia jonesii</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Parry" title="Charles Christopher Parry">Parry</a></small> – Jones' columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_kamelinii" title="Aquilegia kamelinii">Aquilegia kamelinii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst, Shaulo & Shmakov</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_kanawarensis" title="Aquilegia kanawarensis">Aquilegia kanawarensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Jacquem. ex Cambess.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_kansuensis" title="Aquilegia kansuensis">Aquilegia kansuensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Brühl) Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_karatavica" title="Aquilegia karatavica">Aquilegia karatavica</a></i> <small>Mikeschin</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_karelinii" title="Aquilegia karelinii">Aquilegia karelinii</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Baker" title="John Gilbert Baker">Baker</a>) <a href="/wiki/Olga_Fedchenko" title="Olga Fedchenko">O.Fedtsch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Boris_Fedtschenko" title="Boris Fedtschenko">B.Fedtsch.</a></small> - Afghan columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_kitaibelii" title="Aquilegia kitaibelii">Aquilegia kitaibelii</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Schott" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Schott">Schott</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_kozakii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia kozakii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia kozakii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Masam.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_kubanica" title="Aquilegia kubanica">Aquilegia kubanica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">I.M.Vassiljeva</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_lactiflora" title="Aquilegia lactiflora">Aquilegia lactiflora</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Karelin" title="Grigory Karelin">Kar.</a> & Kir.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_laramiensis" title="Aquilegia laramiensis">Aquilegia laramiensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">A.Nelson</span> – Laramie columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_litardierei" title="Aquilegia litardierei">Aquilegia litardierei</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Isaac_Briquet" title="John Isaac Briquet">Briq.</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_longissima" title="Aquilegia longissima">Aquilegia longissima</a></i> – <small><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Gray</a>.</small> – longspur columbine, long-spurred columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_lucensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia lucensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia lucensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_magellensis" title="Aquilegia magellensis">Aquilegia magellensis</a></i> <small>F.Conti & Soldano</small> – Magella columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_maimanica" title="Aquilegia maimanica">Aquilegia maimanica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rech.f.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_marcelliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia marcelliana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia marcelliana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_%C3%97_maruyamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia × maruyamana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia × maruyamana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kitam.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_meridionalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia meridionalis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia meridionalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Quézel & Contandr.) E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_micrantha" title="Aquilegia micrantha">Aquilegia micrantha</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alice_Eastwood" title="Alice Eastwood">Eastw.</a></small> – Mancos columbine, Bluff City columbine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_micrantha_var._grahamii" title="Aquilegia micrantha var. grahamii"><i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> var. <i>grahamii</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(S.L.Welsh & Goodrich) N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren</span> – Graham's columbine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_micrantha_var._loriae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia micrantha var. loriae (page does not exist)"><i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> var. <i>loriae</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood) N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren</span> – Lori's columbine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_micrantha_var._mancosana" title="Aquilegia micrantha var. mancosana"><i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> var. <i>mancosana</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eastw.</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_microcentra" title="Aquilegia microcentra">Aquilegia microcentra</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rech.f.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_%C3%97_miniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia × miniana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia × miniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(J.F.Macbr. & Payson) Cronk</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_montsicciana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia montsicciana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia montsicciana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Font Quer</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_moorcroftiana" title="Aquilegia moorcroftiana">Aquilegia moorcroftiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wall. ex Royle</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_nevadensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia nevadensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia nevadensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Boiss. & Reut.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_nigricans" title="Aquilegia nigricans">Aquilegia nigricans</a></i> <small>Baumg.</small> – Bulgarian columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_nikolicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia nikolicii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia nikolicii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Niketić & Cikovak</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_nivalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia nivalis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia nivalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Falc. ex Brühl) J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_nugorensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia nugorensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia nugorensis</a></i> <small>Arrigoni & E.Nardi</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_nuragica" title="Aquilegia nuragica">Aquilegia nuragica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Arrigoni & E.Nardi</span> – Nuragica columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_ochotensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia ochotensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia ochotensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Vorosch.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_%C3%97_oenipontana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia × oenipontana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia × oenipontana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">A.Kern. ex Riedl</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_olympica" title="Aquilegia olympica">Aquilegia olympica</a></i> <small>Boiss.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_ophiolithica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia ophiolithica (page does not exist)">Aquilegia ophiolithica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Barberis & E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_ottonis" title="Aquilegia ottonis">Aquilegia ottonis</a></i> <small>Orph. ex Boiss.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_oxysepala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia oxysepala (page does not exist)">Aquilegia oxysepala</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Trautv. & C.A.Mey.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_pancicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia pancicii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia pancicii</a></i> <small>Degen</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_parviflora" title="Aquilegia parviflora">Aquilegia parviflora</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ledeb.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_paui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia paui (page does not exist)">Aquilegia paui</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Font Quer</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_pubescens" title="Aquilegia pubescens">Aquilegia pubescens</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Coville</span> – Sierra columbine, Coville's columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_pubiflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia pubiflora (page does not exist)">Aquilegia pubiflora</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wall. ex Royle</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_pyrenaica" title="Aquilegia pyrenaica">Aquilegia pyrenaica</a></i> <small>DC.</small> – Pyrenean columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_reuteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia reuteri (page does not exist)">Aquilegia reuteri</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Boiss.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_rockii" title="Aquilegia rockii">Aquilegia rockii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Munz</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_saxifraga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia saxifraga (page does not exist)">Aquilegia saxifraga</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Casim.-Sor.Solanas & Cabezudo</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_saximontana" title="Aquilegia saximontana">Aquilegia saximontana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rydb.</span> – Rocky Mountain columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_scopulorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia scopulorum (page does not exist)">Aquilegia scopulorum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tidestr.</span> – blue columbine, Utah columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_shockleyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia shockleyi (page does not exist)">Aquilegia shockleyi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eastw.</span> – desert columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_sibirica" title="Aquilegia sibirica">Aquilegia sibirica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lam.</span> – Siberian columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_sicula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia sicula (page does not exist)">Aquilegia sicula</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Strobl) E.Nardi</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_skinneri" title="Aquilegia skinneri">Aquilegia skinneri</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Hook.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_sternbergii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia sternbergii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia sternbergii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rchb.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_subscaposa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia subscaposa (page does not exist)">Aquilegia subscaposa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Borbás</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_synakensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia synakensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia synakensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Shaulo & Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_taygetea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia taygetea (page does not exist)">Aquilegia taygetea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Orph.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_tianschanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia tianschanica (page does not exist)">Aquilegia tianschanica</a></i> <small>Butkov</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_transsilvanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia transsilvanica (page does not exist)">Aquilegia transsilvanica</a></i> <small>Schur</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_turczaninovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia turczaninovii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia turczaninovii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kamelin & Gubanov</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_tuvinica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia tuvinica (page does not exist)">Aquilegia tuvinica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">I.M.Vassiljeva</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_ullepitschii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia ullepitschii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia ullepitschii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pax</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_vicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia vicaria (page does not exist)">Aquilegia vicaria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Nevski</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_viridiflora" title="Aquilegia viridiflora">Aquilegia viridiflora</a></i> <small>Pall.</small> – green columbine, green-flowered columbine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_viscosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilegia viscosa">Aquilegia viscosa</a></i> <small>Gouan</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_vitalii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia vitalii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia vitalii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gamajun.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">Aquilegia vulgaris</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span> – common columbine, European columbine, granny's nightcap</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_wittmanniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia wittmanniana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia wittmanniana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Steven ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_xinjiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia xinjiangensis (page does not exist)">Aquilegia xinjiangensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Erst</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_yabeana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia yabeana (page does not exist)">Aquilegia yabeana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kitag.</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_yangii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia yangii (page does not exist)">Aquilegia yangii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Y.Luo & Lu Li</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_zapateri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquilegia zapateri (page does not exist)">Aquilegia zapateri</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pau</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_cup" title="Columbine cup">Columbine cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Barlow" title="Nora Barlow">Nora Barlow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>, a variety of terms are used to describe the whorl of structures between the <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a> and stamens, including honey-leaves, petals, staminodes or <a href="/wiki/Nectaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectaries">nectaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittemoreParfitt2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittemoreParfitt2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-powo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powo_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325954-2">"<i>Aquilegia</i> L."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Aquilegia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F325954-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dayliliesinaustralia.com.au/aquilegia-grannys-bonnet-columbine">"Aquilegia Plants: How To Grow And Take Care Of Aquilegias"</a>. <i>Daylilies in Australia</i>. 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Proceedings of the Royal Society B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sutrostewards.org/post/2017/07/25/columbine-a-flower-of-meanings">"Columbine: A Flower of Meanings"</a>. San Francisco, CA: Sutro Stewards. 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbine%3A+A+Flower+of+Meanings&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Sutro+Stewards&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sutrostewards.org%2Fpost%2F2017%2F07%2F25%2Fcolumbine-a-flower-of-meanings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittemoreParfitt2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittemoreParfitt2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittemoreParfitt2003">Whittemore & Parfitt 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al1993_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullen_et_al1993">Cullen et al 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley199750_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMabberley1997">Mabberley 1997</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamura1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura1993_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamura1993_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamura1993">Tamura 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1915" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Margaret (1915). <i>Western Wild Flowers</i>. 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Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 18, <span class="nowrap">65–</span>66, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-588-3"><bdi>978-0-88192-588-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbines+%3A+Aquilegia%2C+Paraquilegia%2C+and+Semiaquilegia&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=18%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66%2C+77&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-588-3&rft.aulast=Nold&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbines00robe%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardenersnet.com/flower/columbine.htm">"The Gardener's Network"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gardener%27s+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenersnet.com%2Fflower%2Fcolumbine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kilmer (1989). <i>The Perennial Encyclopedia</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88665-639-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88665-639-7">0-88665-639-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taGxynmhi54C">Andrew McIndoe, Kevin Hobbs: Perennials. David & Charles, 2005</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55870-764-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55870-764-6">1-55870-764-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55870-764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55870-764-1">978-1-55870-764-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullina2000" class="citation book cs1">Cullina, William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81-9XHU9qi4C"><i>New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytother+Res&rft.atitle=Hepatoprotective+effect+of+the+extract+and+isocytisoside+from+Aquilegia+vulgaris&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E691-%3C%2Fspan%3E696&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22144186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12820244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fptr.1233&rft.aulast=Adamska&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12820244%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/606">"City of Scarborough"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Scarborough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fheraldry%2Fpublic-register%2Fproject%2F606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulton & Hodges (1999), Hodges et al. (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittallHodges,_Scott_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Whittall, Justen B.; Hodges, Scott A. (7 June 2007). "Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers". <i>Nature</i>. <b>447</b> (7145): <span class="nowrap">706–</span>709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..706W">2007Natur.447..706W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05857">10.1038/nature05857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17554306">17554306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4412955">4412955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Pollinator+shifts+drive+increasingly+long+nectar+spurs+in+columbine+flowers&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7145&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E706-%3C%2Fspan%3E709&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4412955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17554306&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.447..706W&rft.aulast=Whittall&rft.aufirst=Justen+B.&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezhiRobinson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dezhi, Fu; Robinson, Orbélia R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102388">"Aquilegia Linnaeus"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">278–</span>281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+China&rft.atitle=Aquilegia+Linnaeus&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dezhi&rft.aufirst=Fu&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Orb%C3%A9lia+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D102388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen_et_al1993" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, J; et al. (1993) [1964]. "Aquilegia L.". In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tutin" title="Tom Tutin">Tutin, T. G.</a>; Burges, N. A.; Edmondson, J. R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SKzwwEACAAJ"><i>Flora Europaea. Volume 1, Psilotaceae to Platanaceae</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">287–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41007-6"><bdi>978-0-521-41007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aquilegia+L.&rft.btitle=Flora+Europaea.+Volume+1%2C+Psilotaceae+to+Platanaceae&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41007-6&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SKzwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span> <i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Flora_Europaea" title="Flora Europaea">Flora Europaea</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabberley1997" class="citation book cs1">Mabberley, D. J. (1997) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC"><i>The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41421-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41421-0"><bdi>978-0-521-41421-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plant-Book%3A+A+Portable+Dictionary+of+the+Vascular+Plants&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41421-0&rft.aulast=Mabberley&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVdoUPtqKCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittemoreParfitt2003" class="citation web cs1">Whittemore, Alan T.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10757">"Ranunculaceae Jussieu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Ranunculaceae+Jussieu&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Whittemore&rft.aufirst=Alan+T.&rft.au=Parfitt%2C+Bruce+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D10757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzki_et_al1993" class="citation book cs1">Kubitzki, Klaus; Rohwer, Jens G.; Bittrich, Volker, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC"><i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540555094" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540555094"><bdi>978-3540555094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Families+and+Genera+of+Vascular+Plants.+II+Flowering+plants+-+Dicotyledons.+Magnoliid%2C+Hamamelid+and+Caryophyllid+families&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3540555094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjlzrzbRXNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minoru_N._Tamura" title="Minoru N. Tamura">Tamura, M</a> (1993-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC&pg=PA563"><i>Aquilegia</i></a>. Springer. p. 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540555094" title="Special:BookSources/9783540555094"><bdi>9783540555094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquilegia&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993-07-28&rft.isbn=9783540555094&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjlzrzbRXNQC%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki_et_al1993">Kubitzki et al (1993)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9igpDz3980C">Allan M. Armitage: Armitage's Native Plants for North American Gardens.Timber Press, 2006</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-760-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88192-760-0">0-88192-760-0</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-760-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-760-3">978-0-88192-760-3</a></li> <li>Dezhi, Fu; Robinson, Orbélia R. (2001): 19. <i>Aquilegia. In:</i> Wu, Z. Y.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Raven, Peter Hamilton</a> & Hong, D. Y. (eds.): <i>Flora of China</i> (Vol. 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae): 278. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930723-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-930723-25-3">1-930723-25-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102388">HTML fulltext</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFultonHodges1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fulton, M.; Hodges, S. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690454">"Floral isolation between <i>Aquilegia formosa</i> and <i>Aquilegia pubescens</i>"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>266</b> (1435): <span class="nowrap">2247–</span>2252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1999.0915">10.1098/rspb.1999.0915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690454">1690454</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Floral+isolation+between+Aquilegia+formosa+and+Aquilegia+pubescens&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=1435&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2247-%3C%2Fspan%3E2252&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690454%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1999.0915&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hodges%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesWhittallFultonYang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, S. A.; Whittall, J. B.; Fulton, M.; Yang, J. Y. (2002). "Genetics of Floral Traits Influencing Reproductive Isolation between <i>Aquilegia formosa</i> and <i>Aquilegia pubescens</i>". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>159</b> (S3): <span class="nowrap">S51 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S60</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ANat..159S..51H">2002ANat..159S..51H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F338372">10.1086/338372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18707369">18707369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3399289">3399289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+Floral+Traits+Influencing+Reproductive+Isolation+between+Aquilegia+formosa+and+Aquilegia+pubescens&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=S3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES51+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES60%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F338372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3399289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18707369&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ANat..159S..51H&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Whittall%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Fulton%2C+M.&rft.au=Yang%2C+J.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nold, Robert (2003): Columbines: <i>Aquilegia</i>, <i>Paraquilegia</i>, and <i>Semiaquilegia</i>. Timber Press. <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-588-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88192-588-8">0-88192-588-8</a></small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gLNhKoTgNEsC&dq=%22aquilegia+vulgaris%22+gardens&pg=RA1-PA128">Preview</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) [2008]: Digital <a href="/wiki/Flora_Europaea" title="Flora Europaea">Flora Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Aquilegia&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=species"><i>Aquilegia</i> species list</a>. Retrieved 2008-NOV-25.</li> <li>Tilford, Gregory L. (1997): <i>Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West</i>. Mountain Press Pub., Missoula, Montana. <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-359-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87842-359-1">0-87842-359-1</a></small></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzeyGerbodeHodgesKramer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Puzey, J. R.; Gerbode, S. J.; Hodges, S. A.; Kramer, E. M.; Mahadevan, L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11870383/75763416.pdf?sequence=1">"Evolution of spur-length diversity in <i>Aquilegia</i> petals is achieved solely through cell-shape anisotropy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>279</b> (1733): <span class="nowrap">1640–</span>1645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1873">10.1098/rspb.2011.1873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282339">3282339</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22090381">22090381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+spur-length+diversity+in+Aquilegia+petals+is+achieved+solely+through+cell-shape+anisotropy&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1733&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1640-%3C%2Fspan%3E1645&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22090381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1873&rft.aulast=Puzey&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Gerbode%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Hodges%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Mahadevan%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F11870383%2F75763416.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kramer, E. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092051">Aquilegia: A New Model for Plant Development, Ecology, and Evolution</a> <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology,</i> Vol. 60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAM2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanmeadows.com/perennials/columbine/how-to-grow-columbine">"How to Grow Columbine"</a>. <i>American Meadows</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Meadows&rft.atitle=How+to+Grow+Columbine&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanmeadows.com%2Fperennials%2Fcolumbine%2Fhow-to-grow-columbine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquilegia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4586" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4586" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Aquilegia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147641" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q147641">Q147641</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aquilegia">Aquilegia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188248">188248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/130744">130744</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121221">121221</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZHP">ZHP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/37461">37461</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AQIG">1AQIG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102388">102388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Aquilegia">Aquilegia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102388">102388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3033167">3033167</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=884">884</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48245">48245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/33064-1">33064-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1025084">1025084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18728">18728</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000456001">NHMSYS0000456001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3450">3450</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e6ef1470-c015-49a9-9098-1c71e3b224c7">e6ef1470-c015-49a9-9098-1c71e3b224c7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=964055">964055</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/AQUIL">AQUIL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325954-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325954-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40018252">40018252</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/838">838</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6e3fc015-bf90-4d24-807c-ff74b0561c9c">6e3fc015-bf90-4d24-807c-ff74b0561c9c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000002807">wfo-4000002807</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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