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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"TV Show" redirects here. For the album by Sergey Lazarev, see <a href="/wiki/TV_Show_(album)" title="TV Show (album)">TV Show (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">Broadcast programming</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">OTT</a> platform television show, see <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a>.</div> <p>A <b>television show</b>, <b>TV program</b>, or simply a <b>TV show</b>, is the general reference to any content produced for viewing on a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a> that is traditionally broadcast via over-the-air, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>. This includes content made by television broadcasters with in-house productions and content made for broadcasting by film production companies. It excludes <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">advertisements</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailers</a> that are typically placed between shows. Television shows are most often <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">scheduled for broadcast</a> well ahead of time and appear on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">electronic guides</a> or other <a href="/wiki/TV_listings" title="TV listings">TV listings</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Streaming_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming service">streaming services</a> often make them available for viewing anytime. The content in a television show is produced by one of two production <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodologies</a>: live taped shows such as variety and news magazine shows shot on an in-house television studio stage or sporting events (all considered linear productions.) The other production model includes animation and a variety of film productions ranging from movies to series. Shows not produced on a television studio stage are usually contracted or licensed to be made by appropriate production companies. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MDR_Kripo_live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MDR_Kripo_live.jpg/300px-MDR_Kripo_live.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MDR_Kripo_live.jpg/450px-MDR_Kripo_live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MDR_Kripo_live.jpg/600px-MDR_Kripo_live.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1583"></a><figcaption>A live television show set and cameras</figcaption></figure> <p>Television shows can be viewed live (in a linear/real time fashion), recorded on <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> for later viewing, <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">viewed on demand</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streamed over the internet</a>. A television show is also called a <b>television program</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="British English language">British English</a>: <span lang="en-GB"><b>programme</b></span>), especially if it lacks a <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structure</a>. In the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a <b>television series</b> is usually released in episodes that follow a narrative and are usually divided into <i>seasons</i>. In the UK, a television series is a yearly or semiannual set of new episodes. In effect, a "series" in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia is the same as a "season" in the United States and Canada. A small or one-off collection of episodes may also be called a <b>limited series</b>, <a href="/wiki/Television_special" title="Television special">TV special</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a>, or <b>telefilm</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> created for broadcasting on television. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Formats_and_genres"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Formats and genres</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_nations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other nations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pre-production"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Principal_photography"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Principal photography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Post-production"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-production</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Budgets_and_revenues"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Budgets and revenues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Seasons/series/strand"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Seasons/series/strand</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#North_American_usage"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">North American usage</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Miniseries,_limited_series,_and_event_series"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Miniseries, limited series, and event series</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#UK,_Ireland_and_Australia_usage"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">UK, Ireland and Australia usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Egypt</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Running_time"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Running time</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></div> <p>The first television shows were experimental, sporadic broadcasts viewable only within a very short range from the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast tower">broadcast tower</a> starting in the 1930s. Televised events such as the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Germany, the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth#Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth">coronation of King George VI</a> in the United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff#Early_history_of_television" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff's</a> famous introduction at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a> in the United States spurred growth in the medium, but <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> put a halt to development until after the war. The <a href="/wiki/1947_World_Series" title="1947 World Series">1947 World Series</a> inspired many Americans to buy their first television set, and then in 1948, the popular radio show <i><a href="/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theater" title="Texaco Star Theater">Texaco Star Theater</a></i> made the move and became the first weekly televised <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety show</a>, earning host <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a> the name "Mr. Television", and demonstrating that the medium was a stable, modern form of entertainment that could attract <a href="/wiki/Television_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Television advertising">advertisers</a>. The first national <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> broadcast in the US took place on September 4, 1951, when President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s speech at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Japanese Peace Treaty Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> was transmitted over <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s transcontinental <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave radio relay</a> system to broadcast stations in local markets.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first national <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color</a> broadcast (the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournament of Roses Parade">Tournament of Roses Parade</a>) in the US occurred on January 1, 1954. During the following ten years, most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. The color transition was announced for the fall of 1965, during which over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network shows converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Formats_and_genres">Formats and genres</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_genres#Film_and_television_genres" title="List of genres">List of genres § Film and television genres</a></div> <p>Television shows are more varied than most other forms of media due to the wide variety of formats and genres that can be presented. A show may be <a href="/wiki/Fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional">fictional</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">comedies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic programming">dramas</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Non-fictional" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-fictional">non-fictional</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Documentary_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary television">documentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">news</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a>). It may be topical (as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local</a> <a href="/wiki/Newscast" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscast">newscast</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Made-for-television" class="mw-redirect" title="Made-for-television">made-for-television</a> films), or historical (as in the case of many documentaries and fictional series). They could be primarily <a href="/wiki/Instructional_television" title="Instructional television">instructional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_television" title="Educational television">educational</a>, or entertaining, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">situation comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures. Before the 1980s, shows (except for <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">serials</a>) typically remained static without <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arcs</a>, and the main characters and premise changed little.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If some change happened to the characters' lives during the <a href="/wiki/Episode" title="Episode">episode</a>, it was usually undone by the end. Due to this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the 1980s, many series feature progressive change in the plot, the characters, or both. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/St._Elsewhere" title="St. Elsewhere">St. Elsewhere</a></i> were two of the first US prime time drama television series to have this kind of dramatic structure,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while the later series <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> further exemplifies such structure in that it had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a larger component of major media companies' revenues than film.<sup id="cite_ref-wrap120606_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrap120606-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also noted the increase in quality of some television programs. In 2012, Academy Award-winning film director <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a>, commenting on ambiguity and complexity of character and narrative, stated: "I think those qualities are now being seen on television, and that people who want to see stories that have those kinds of qualities are watching television."<sup id="cite_ref-thr120629_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thr120629-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <p>When a person or company decides to create new content for television broadcast, they develop the show's elements, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Television_crew" title="Television crew">crew</a>, and the cast. Then they often "pitch" it to the various <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">networks</a> in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> for the first episode of the series, known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Television_pilot" title="Television pilot">pilot</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Coleman_(producer)" title="Eric Coleman (producer)">Eric Coleman</a>, an animation executive at <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, told an interviewer, "One misconception is that it's very difficult to get in and pitch your show, when the truth is that development executives at networks want very much to hear ideas. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they're looking for."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If audiences respond well to the pilot, the network will pick up the show to air it the next season.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sometimes they save it for mid-season or request rewrites and additional review.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other times, they <i>pass</i> entirely, forcing the show's creator to "shop it around" to other networks. Many shows never make it past the pilot stage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_show" title="Special:EditPage/Television show">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The method of "team writing" is employed on some longer dramatic series (usually running up to a maximum of around 13 episodes). The idea for such a program may be generated "in-house" by one of the networks; it could originate from an independent production company (sometimes a product of both). For instance, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s long-running soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a></i> is wholly a BBC production, whereas its popular drama <i><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (UK TV series)">Life on Mars</a></i> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Kudos_(production_company)" title="Kudos (production company)">Kudos</a> in association with the broadcaster. </p><p>There are still a significant number of programs (usually <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a>) that are built by just one or two writers and a small, close-knit production team. These are "pitched" in the traditional way, but since the creators handle all the writing requirements, there is a run of six or seven episodes per series once approval has been given. Many of the most popular British comedies have been made this way, including <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i> (albeit with an exclusive team of six writer-performers), <i><a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder" title="Blackadder">Blackadder</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(British_TV_series)" title="The Office (British TV series)">The Office</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_nations">Other nations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: coverage of other countries. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATelevision_show&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Television+show">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_show&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere,_1.2.1965_(19746637354).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg/220px-Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5670" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg/220px-Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg/330px-Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg/440px-Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell%E2%80%99s_studio_in_Tampere%2C_1.2.1965_%2819746637354%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tamvisio's <a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">camera operators</a> film a television program at Frenckell's studio on January 2, 1965, in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Production_company" title="Production company">production company</a> is often separate from the broadcaster. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">executive producer</a>, often the show's creator, is in charge of running the show. They pick the <a href="/wiki/Television_crew" title="Television crew">crew</a> and help cast the actors, approve and sometimes write series plots—some even write or direct major episodes—while various other producers help to ensure that the show runs smoothly. Very occasionally, the executive producer will cast themselves in the show. As with <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a> production, producing of an individual episode can be divided into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">principal photography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-production">Pre-production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Schlesinger,_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG/210px-Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1980"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG/210px-Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG" data-width="210" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG/315px-Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG/420px-Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-production begins when a script is approved. A <a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">director</a> is chosen to plan the episode's final look. Pre-production tasks include storyboarding; construction of sets, props, and costumes; casting guest stars; budgeting; acquiring resources like lighting, special effects, stunts, etc. Once the show is planned, it must then be scheduled: scenes are often filmed out of sequence, and guest actors or even regulars may only be available at certain times. Sometimes the principal photography of different episodes must be done at the same time, complicating the schedule (a guest star might shoot scenes from two episodes on the same afternoon). Complex scenes are translated from storyboard to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation#Animatic" title="Traditional animation">animatics</a> to further clarify the action. Scripts are adjusted to meet altering requirements. </p><p>Some shows have a small stable of directors, but also usually rely on outside directors. Given the time constraints of broadcasting, a single show might have two or three episodes in pre-production, one or two episodes in principal photography, and a few more in various stages of post-production. The task of directing is complex enough that a single director can usually not work on more than one episode or show at a time, hence the need for multiple directors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_photography">Principal photography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a></div> <p>Principal photography is the actual filming of the episode. Director, actors, and crew gather at a <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a> or on location for filming or <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">videoing</a> a scene. A scene is further divided into shots, which should be planned during pre-production. Depending on scheduling, a scene may be shot in non-sequential order of the story. Conversations may be filmed twice from different <a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">camera angles</a>, often using stand-ins, so one actor might perform all their lines in one set of shots, and then the other side of the conversation is filmed from the opposite perspective. To complete a production on time, a second unit may be filming a different scene on another set or location at the same time, using a different set of actors, an assistant director, and a second unit crew. A <a href="/wiki/Director_of_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of photography">director of photography</a> supervises the lighting of each shot to ensure consistency. </p><p>Live events are usually covered by Outside Broadcast crews using mobile television studios, known as scanners or OB trucks. Although varying greatly depending on the era and subject covered, these trucks were normally crewed by up to 15 skilled operators and production personnel. In the UK for most of the 20th century, the BBC was the preeminent provider of outside broadcast coverage. BBC crews worked on almost every major event, including Royal weddings and funerals, major political and sporting events, and even drama programs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-production">Post-production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></div> <p>Once principal photography is complete, producers coordinate tasks to begin the <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a>. Visual and <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_effect" title="Digital video effect">digital video effects</a> are added to the film; this is often outsourced to companies specializing in these areas. Often music is performed with the conductor using the film as a time reference (other musical elements may be previously recorded). An <a href="/wiki/Film_editing#Film_Editor" title="Film editing">editor</a> cuts the various pieces of film together, adds the <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">musical score</a> and effects, determines scene transitions, and assembles the completed show. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Budgets_and_revenues">Budgets and revenues</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Most television networks throughout the world are 'commercial', dependent on selling advertising time or acquiring <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsors</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Broadcasting executives' main concern over their programming is <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the past, the number of 'free to air' stations was restricted by the availability of <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">channel</a> frequencies, but <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> (outside the United States, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>) technology has allowed an expansion in the number of channels available to viewers (sometimes at premium rates) in a much more competitive environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, the average broadcast network drama costs $3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million an episode to produce, while cable dramas cost $2<span class="nowrap"> </span>million on average.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt100404_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt100404-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Television_pilot" title="Television pilot">pilot</a> episode may be more expensive than a regular episode.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)"><i>Lost</i></a>'s two-hour pilot cost $10 to $14<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)" title="Fringe (TV series)"><i>Fringe</i></a>'s two-hour pilot cost $10<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, and in 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Empire" title="Boardwalk Empire">Boardwalk Empire</a></i> was $18<span class="nowrap"> </span>million for the first episode. In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Is_Coming" title="Winter Is Coming">Game of Thrones</a></i> was $5 to $10<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(TV_series)" title="Pan Am (TV series)"><i>Pan Am</i></a> cost an estimated $10<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, while <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(TV_series)" title="Terra Nova (TV series)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a>'s two-hour pilot was between $10 and $20<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-thr110926_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thr110926-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt110828_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt110828-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scripted <a href="/wiki/Network_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Network television">network television</a> shows in the United States are financed through deficit financing: a studio finances the production cost of a show and a network pays a license fee to the studio for the right to air the show. This license fee does not cover the show's production costs, leading to the deficit. Although the studio does not make its money back in the original airing of the show, it retains ownership of the show. This allows the studio to make its money back and earn a profit through <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a> and sales of <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-rays</a>. This system places most of the financial risk on the studios; however, a hit show in the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a> and home video markets can more than make up for the misses. Although deficit financing places minimal financial risk on the networks, they lose out on the future profits of big hits since they are only licensing the shows.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Costs are recouped mainly by advertising revenues for broadcast networks and some cable channels, while other cable channels depend on subscriptions. In general, advertisers, and consequently networks that depend on advertising, are more interested in the number of viewers within the 18–49 age range than in the total number of viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-demos_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demos-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pocketbook_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocketbook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advertisers are willing to pay more to advertise on shows successful with young adults because they watch less television and are harder to reach.<sup id="cite_ref-reason_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Advertising Age</i>, during the 2007–08 season, <i><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Grey's Anatomy</a></i> was able to charge $419,000 per commercial, compared to only $248,000 for a commercial during <i><a href="/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation" title="CSI: Crime Scene Investigation">CSI</a></i>, despite CSI having almost five million more viewers on average.<sup id="cite_ref-demos2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demos2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its strength with younger viewers, <i><a href="/wiki/Friends_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends (TV series)">Friends</a></i> was able to charge almost three times as much for a commercial as <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i>, even though the two series had similar total viewer numbers at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-demos_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demos-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)" title="Glee (TV series)">Glee</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a></i> drew fewer total viewers than <i><a href="/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)" title="NCIS (TV series)">NCIS</a></i> during the 2009–10 season, but earned an average of $272,694 and $213,617 respectively, compared to $150,708 for NCIS.<sup id="cite_ref-estadrates_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estadrates-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Broadcast syndication</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_show" title="Special:EditPage/Television show">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After production, the show is handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television network</a>, which sends it out to its <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliate</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">stations</a>, which broadcast it in the specified <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">broadcast programming</a> time slot. If the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> are good, the show is kept alive as long as possible. If not, the show is usually <a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancellation (television)">canceled</a>. The show's creators are then left to shop around for remaining episodes, and the possibility of future episodes, on other networks. On especially successful series, the producers sometimes call a halt to a series on their own like <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Gas" title="Corner Gas">Corner Gas</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a></i> and end it with a concluding episode, which sometimes is a big <a href="/wiki/Series_finale" title="Series finale">series finale</a>. </p><p>On rare occasions, a series that has not attracted particularly high ratings and has been canceled can be given a reprieve if <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> viewership has been particularly strong. This has happened in the cases of <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> in the US and <i><a href="/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)" title="Peep Show (British TV series)">Peep Show</a></i> in the UK. </p><p>In the United States, if the show is popular or lucrative, and a minimum number of episodes (<a href="/wiki/100_episodes" title="100 episodes">usually 100</a>) have been made, it can go into <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a>, where rights to broadcast the program are then resold for cash or put into a barter exchange (offered to an outlet for free in exchange for airing additional commercials elsewhere in the station's broadcast day). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Seasons/series/strand"><span id="Seasons.2Fseries.2Fstrand"></span>Seasons/series/strand</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: coverage of other countries. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATelevision_show&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Television+show">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_show&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The terminology used to define a set of <a href="/wiki/Episode" title="Episode">episodes</a> produced by a television series varies from country to country. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_usage">North American usage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial (radio and television)</a></div><p>In North American television, a series is a connected set of television program episodes that run under the same title, possibly spanning many seasons. During the 1950s, it was common for television seasons to consist of more than 30 episodes—however, the average length has been declining since.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1980s, most new programs for the US <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">broadcast networks</a> debuted in the "fall season", which ran from September through March and nominally contained 24 to 26 episodes. These episodes were rebroadcast during the spring (or summer) season, from April through August. Because of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> and the Nielsen <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">sweeps</a>, the "fall" season now normally extends to May. Thus, a "full season" on a broadcast network now usually runs from September through May for at least 22 episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-NetworkShortOrders_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetworkShortOrders-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Split_television_season"></span> A full season is sometimes split into two separate units with a hiatus around the end of the calendar year, such as the first season of <i><a href="/wiki/Jericho_(2006_TV_series)" title="Jericho (2006 TV series)">Jericho</a></i> on CBS. When this split occurs, the last half of the episodes are sometimes referred to with the letter B as in "The last nine episodes (of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>) will be part of what is being called either 'Season 6, Part 2' or 'Season 6B<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> is splitting its seasons similar to how <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> does, doing half a season at a time, so this is season 6B for them."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, these shorter seasons also have been referred to as "split" or "half" seasons, which is done to increase profits, as seen with shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witcher_(TV_series)" title="The Witcher (TV series)">The Witcher</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least the 2000s, new broadcast television series are often ordered (funded) for just the first 10 to 13 episodes, to gauge audience interest. If a series is popular, the network places a "back nine order" and the season is completed to the regular 20 to 26 episodes. An established series that is already popular, however, will typically receive an immediate full-season order at the outset of the season. A <a href="/wiki/Midseason_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Midseason replacement">midseason replacement</a> is a less-expensive short-run show of generally 10 to 13 episodes designed to take the place of an original series that failed to garner an audience and has not been picked up. A "series finale" is the last show of the series before the show is no longer produced. (In the UK, it means the end of a season, what is known in the United States as a "<i>season</i> finale".) Streaming services time finales to the next quarter to induce consumers to renew at least one more quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A standard television season in the United States runs predominantly during <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer months of June through roughly mid-September, network schedules typically feature reruns of their flagship programs, first-run series with lower rating expectations, and other specials. First-run scripted series are typically shorter and of a lower profile than those aired during the main season and can also include <a href="#Miniseries,_limited_series,_and_event_series">limited series</a> events. <a href="/wiki/Reality_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality show">Reality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a> have also been fixtures of the schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the commercial networks air most US programming in tandem with the US television season, but their original Canadian shows follow a model closer to British than US television production. Due to the smaller production budgets available in Canada, a Canadian show's season normally runs to a maximum of 13 episodes rather than 20 or more, although an exceptionally popular series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Gas" title="Corner Gas">Corner Gas</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a></i> might receive 20-episode orders in later seasons. Canadian shows do not normally receive "back nine" extensions within the same season, however; even a popular series simply ends for the year when the original production order has finished airing, and an expanded order of more than 13 episodes is applied to the next season's renewal order rather than an extension of the current season. Only the public <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> normally schedules Canadian-produced programming throughout the year; the commercial networks typically now avoid scheduling Canadian productions to air in the fall, as such shows commonly get lost amid the publicity onslaught of the US fall season. Instead, Canadian-produced shows on the commercial networks typically air either in the winter as mid-season replacements for canceled US shows or in the summer (which may also improve their chances of being picked up by a US network for a summer run).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miniseries,_limited_series,_and_event_series"><span id="Miniseries.2C_limited_series.2C_and_event_series"></span>Miniseries, limited series, and event series</h4></div> <p>While network orders for 13- or 22-episode seasons are still pervasive in the television industry, several shows have deviated from this traditional trend. Written to be closed-ended and of shorter length than other shows, they are marketed with a variety of terms. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">Miniseries</a>: A very short, closed-ended series, typically six or more hours in two or more parts (nights), similar to an extended <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television movie</a>. Many early miniseries were adaptations of popular novels of the day, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Dream_(miniseries)" title="The National Dream (miniseries)">The National Dream</a></i> (1974), <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)" title="Roots (1977 miniseries)">Roots</a></i> (1977), and <i><a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)" title="North and South (miniseries)">North and South</a></i> (1985). In recent years, as described by several television executives interviewed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>, the term <i>miniseries</i> has grown to have negative <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotations</a> within the industry, having become associated with <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>-heavy works that were commonly produced under the format, while <i>limited series</i> or <i>event series</i> receive higher respect.<sup id="cite_ref-miniseries_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miniseries-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Limited_series"></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited series</a>: Distinct from miniseries in that the production is seen to have potential to be renewed, but without the requirement of it having as many episodes as a typical order per season. <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Dome_(TV_series)" title="Under the Dome (TV series)">Under the Dome</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Killer_Women" title="Killer Women">Killer Women</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Luther_(TV_series)" title="Luther (TV series)">Luther</a></i> were marketed as limited series. Individual season-length stories of <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series#Television" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)" title="Fargo (TV series)">Fargo</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a></i> are also described as "limited series". The <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmys</a> have had to make numerous changes to their <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series">miniseries/limited series category</a> to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> and other limited series.<sup id="cite_ref-Variety-Limited_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety-Limited-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Event series: Largely considered a marketing term, falling under the general category of <a href="/wiki/Event_television" title="Event television">event television</a>. The term can be applied to almost any new, short-run series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/24:_Live_Another_Day" title="24: Live Another Day">24: Live Another Day</a></i>. It has also been used to describe <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Million_Second_Quiz" title="The Million Second Quiz">The Million Second Quiz</a></i> which aired for just two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-miniseries_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miniseries-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK,_Ireland_and_Australia_usage"><span id="UK.2C_Ireland_and_Australia_usage"></span>UK, Ireland and Australia usage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_show" title="Special:EditPage/Television show">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Television+show%22">"Television show"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Television+show%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Television+show%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Television+show%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Television+show%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Television+show%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United Kingdom and other countries, these sets of episodes are referred to as a "series". In Australia, the broadcasting may be different from North American usage. The terms <i>series</i> and <i>season</i> are both used and are the same. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> has an original series as well as a remake, both are considered a different series, each with their own number of individual seasons. </p><p>Australian television does not follow "seasons" in the way that US television does; for example, there is no "<a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a> season" or "fall schedule". For many years, popular night-time dramas in Australia would run for much of the year, and would only go into recess during the summer period (December to February, as Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere), when ratings are not taken. Therefore, popular dramas would usually run from February through November each year. This schedule was used in the 1970s for popular dramas, including <i><a href="/wiki/Number_96_(TV_series)" title="Number 96 (TV series)">Number 96</a></i>. Many drama series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/McLeod%27s_Daughters" title="McLeod's Daughters">McLeod's Daughters</a></i>, have received between 22 and 32 episodes per season. </p><p>Typically, <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a>, which have always run in season format in Australia, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Home_and_Away" title="Home and Away">Home and Away</a></i>, would usually begin a new season in late January, while the season finale would air in late November, as the show is off air for two months, or sometimes longer, depending on the schedule. In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a new season would begin in early February, and the season finale would broadcast in early December. Since <i>Home and Away</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s inception, it normally receives 230 episodes per season. Some seasons have seen between 205 and 235 episodes commissioned. During the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>, <i>Home and Away</i> would often go on hiatus, which was referred to as an "Olympic cliffhanger". Therefore, the number of episodes would decrease. Australian <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">situation comedy</a> series' seasons are approximately 13 episodes long and premiere any time between February and November. </p><p>British shows have tended toward shorter series in recent years. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(season_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who (season 1)">first series</a> of long-running <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> show <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> in 1963 featured forty-two 25‑minute episodes, and continued with a similar number each year until it was reduced to twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(season_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who (season 7)">for 1970</a> to accommodate changes in production and significantly reducing the actors' workload) and continued to 1984. <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(season_22)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who (season 22)">For 1985</a> fewer but longer episodes were shown, but even after a return to shorter episodes in 1986, lack of support within the BBC meant fewer episodes were commissioned leading to only fourteen 25‑minute episodes up to <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(season_26)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who (season 26)">those in 1989</a> after which it was cancelled. The revival of <i>Doctor Who</i> from 2005 has comprised thirteen 45‑minute installments. </p><p>There are some series in the UK that have a larger number of episodes, for example <i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Road_(TV_series)" title="Waterloo Road (TV series)">Waterloo Road</a></i> started with 8 to 12 episodes, but from series three onward it increased to twenty episodes and series seven will contain 30 episodes. Recently, US non-cable networks have also begun to experiment with shorter series for some programs, particularly reality shows, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)" title="Survivor (American TV series)">Survivor</a></i>. They often air two series per year, resulting in roughly the same number of episodes per year as a drama. </p><p>This is a reduction from the 1950s, in which many US shows (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i>) had between 29 and 39 episodes per season. Actual storytelling time within a commercial television hour has also gradually reduced over the years, from 50 minutes out of every 60 to the current 44 (and even less on some networks), beginning in the early 21st century. </p><p>The usage of "season" and "series" differ for DVD and Blu-ray releases in both Australia and the UK. In Australia, many locally produced shows are termed differently on home video releases. For example, a set of the television drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Packed_to_the_Rafters" title="Packed to the Rafters">Packed to the Rafters</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Wentworth_(TV_series)" title="Wentworth (TV series)">Wentworth</a></i> is referred to as "season" ("The Complete First Season", etc.), whereas drama series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tangle_(TV_series)" title="Tangle (TV series)">Tangle</a></i> are known as a "series" ("Series 1", etc.). British-produced shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Brown%27s_Boys" title="Mrs. Brown's Boys">Mrs. Brown's Boys</a></i> are referred to as "season" in Australia for the DVD and Blu-ray releases. </p><p>In the UK and Ireland, most programs are referred to as 'series' while 'season' is starting to be used for some US and international releases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> <p>The 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Mr_Shalash" title="The Family of Mr Shalash">The Family of Mr Shalash</a></i> miniseries, starring <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laila_Taher" title="Laila Taher">Laila Taher</a>, was the highest rated at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Running_time">Running time<span id="Running_time"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_show" title="Special:EditPage/Television show">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Television+show%22">"Television show"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Television+show%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Television+show%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Television+show%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Television+show%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Television+show%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, dramas produced for hour-long time slots typically are 37–42 minutes in length (excluding advertisements), while <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a> produced for 30-minute time slots typically are 18–21 minutes long. There are exceptions: subscription-based TV channels, such as <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, Starz, Cinemax, and Showtime, have episodes that are 45–48 minutes long, similar to the UK. Audience opinions of length have varied due to factors such as <a href="/wiki/Information_overload#Information_Age" title="Information overload">content overload</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, dramas typically run from 46–48 minutes on commercial channels, and 57–59 minutes on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Half-hour programs are around 22 minutes on commercial channels and around 28 minutes on the BBC. The longer duration on the BBC is due to the lack of advertising breaks. </p><p>In France, most television shows (whether dramas, game shows or documentaries) have a duration of 52 minutes. This is the same on nearly all French networks (TF1, France 2, France 5, M6, Canal+, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/48px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/64px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_actors_by_television_series" title="Lists of actors by television series">Lists of actors by television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_programs" title="Lists of television programs">Lists of television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_public_access_television_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American public access television programs">List of American public access television programs</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1951/09/04/archives/truman-to-be-televised-in-first-national-hookup.html">Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, September 4, 1951, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Heroes%2C+24%3A+What%27s+the+Difference+Between+a+%27Miniseries%2C%27+%27Limited%27+or+%27Event%27+Series%3F&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lacey&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Lesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fheroes-24-whats-difference-between-683563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variety-Limited-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Variety-Limited_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuritz2015" class="citation news cs1">Turitz, Neil (June 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/tv/spotlight/american-crime-wayward-pines-limited-series-1201517289/">"From 'American Crime' to 'Wayward Pines,' Limited Series Invade Network TV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=From+%27American+Crime%27+to+%27Wayward+Pines%2C%27+Limited+Series+Invade+Network+TV&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Turitz&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ftv%2Fspotlight%2Famerican-crime-wayward-pines-limited-series-1201517289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKijamii" class="citation web cs1">Kijamii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nilefm.com/tv-shows/article/335/15-egyptian-timeless-series-you-should-watch-over-and-over-again">"15 Timeless Egyptian Series You Should Watch Over And Over Again"</a>. NileFM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+Timeless+Egyptian+Series+You+Should+Watch+Over+And+Over+Again&rft.pub=NileFM&rft.au=Kijamii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnilefm.com%2Ftv-shows%2Farticle%2F335%2F15-egyptian-timeless-series-you-should-watch-over-and-over-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2019" class="citation web cs1">Nguyen, Hanh (April 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/tv-show-runtime-game-of-thrones-veep-barry-sons-of-anarchy-1202127051/">"During Peak TV, Are Shorter Episode Runtimes Better? – IndieWire Critics Survey"</a>. <i>IndieWire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=During+Peak+TV%2C+Are+Shorter+Episode+Runtimes+Better%3F+%E2%80%93+IndieWire+Critics+Survey&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Hanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral%2Ftv-show-runtime-game-of-thrones-veep-barry-sons-of-anarchy-1202127051%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morin, Fabien (March 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/le-scan-tele/actu-tele/2015/03/09/28001-20150309ARTFIG00332-pourquoi-les-programmes-durent-ils-52-minutes-a-la-television.php">"Pourquoi les programmes durent-ils 52 minutes à la télévision ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Magazine" title="TV Magazine">TV Magazine</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pourquoi+les+programmes+durent-ils+52+minutes+%C3%A0+la+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision+%3F&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Fabien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvmag.lefigaro.fr%2Fle-scan-tele%2Factu-tele%2F2015%2F03%2F09%2F28001-20150309ARTFIG00332-pourquoi-les-programmes-durent-ils-52-minutes-a-la-television.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+show" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706003758/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/rosandhoward/tvbooks.htm">National Television Guides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987896.v1">Recreation of a 1970s BBC Outside Broadcast production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987743.v1">Recreation of 1960s 16mm television crew planning to shoot for a basic interview sequence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987683.v1">Demonstration of telecine process which allows programmes shot on film to be broadcast</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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</section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_show&oldid=1257471159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_show&oldid=1257471159</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Television_show&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Filmedit48" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731634896"> <span>Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 01:41</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="برنامج تلفزيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج تلفزيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoha%27%C3%A3ngaty_ta%27angambyrygui" title="Tekoha'ãngaty ta'angambyrygui – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoha'ãngaty ta'angambyrygui" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="টেলিভিশন অনুষ্ঠান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিভিশন অনুষ্ঠান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тэлевізійная праграма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлевізійная праграма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B" title="टीवी शो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टीवी शो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Телевизионно предаване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телевизионно предаване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadenn_skinwel" title="Abadenn skinwel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abadenn skinwel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_televisi%C3%B3" title="Programa de televisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa de televisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizn%C3%AD_po%C5%99ad" title="Televizní pořad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Televizní pořad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaglen_deledu" title="Rhaglen deledu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhaglen deledu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv-program" title="Tv-program – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tv-program" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="برنامج د تلفازة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="برنامج د تلفازة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehsendung" title="Fernsehsendung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernsehsendung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesaade" title="Telesaade – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telesaade" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Τηλεοπτικό πρόγραμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεοπτικό πρόγραμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Programa de televisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa de televisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telebista-saio" title="Telebista-saio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telebista-saio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برنامه تلویزیونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه تلویزیونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mission_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" title="Émission de télévision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émission de télévision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefyzjeprogramma" title="Telefyzjeprogramma – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Telefyzjeprogramma" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Programa de televisión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa de televisión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8" title="텔레비전 프로그램 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레비전 프로그램" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հեռուստաշոու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռուստաշոու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="टेलीविजन कार्यक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेलीविजन कार्यक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizijski_program" title="Televizijski program – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Televizijski program" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara_televisi" title="Acara televisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Acara televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarps%C3%BE%C3%A1ttur" title="Sjónvarpsþáttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónvarpsþáttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_televisivo" title="Programma televisivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma televisivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="תוכנית טלוויזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית טלוויזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Телевизиска програма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телевизиска програма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancangan_televisyen" title="Rancangan televisyen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rancangan televisyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAxiptlay%C5%8Dltzintli" title="Īxiptlayōltzintli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Īxiptlayōltzintli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisieprogramma" title="Televisieprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Televisieprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="टेलिभिजन कार्यक्रम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेलिभिजन कार्यक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84" title="テレビ番組 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレビ番組" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-program" title="TV-program – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TV-program" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizion_ko%CA%BBrsatuv" title="Televizion koʻrsatuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Televizion koʻrsatuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D" title="កម្មវិធីទូរទស្សន៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កម្មវិធីទូរទស្សន៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_televis%C3%A3o" title="Programa de televisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa de televisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emisiune_de_televiziune" title="Emisiune de televiziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emisiune de televiziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Телевизионная программа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телевизионная программа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly_programme" title="Telly programme – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Telly programme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program" title="Television program – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Television program" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زنجیرەی تەلەڤیزیۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەی تەلەڤیزیۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Телевизијски програм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизијски програм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizijski_program" title="Televizijski program – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Televizijski program" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisio-ohjelma" title="Televisio-ohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Televisio-ohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-program" title="TV-program – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TV-program" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="รายการโทรทัศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รายการโทรทัศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizyon_program%C4%B1" title="Televizyon programı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Televizyon programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Телевізійна передача – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телевізійна передача" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_te%C5%82evizivo" title="Programa tełevizivo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Programa tełevizivo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh" title="Chương trình truyền hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình truyền hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E8%8A%82%E7%9B%AE" title="电视节目 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电视节目" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="טעלעוויזיע פראגראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעוויזיע פראגראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E7%AF%80%E7%9B%AE" title="電視節目 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電視節目" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C3%AA_t%C3%AAlevizyoni" title="Programê têlevizyoni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Programê têlevizyoni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E8%8A%82%E7%9B%AE" title="电视节目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电视节目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 01:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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