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Robbins</i></span></h1> <!-- bodyContent --> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p><br /> </p> <center><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" title="The Administrative State Project"><img alt="Administrative State Banner - Circle Graphic - V2.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/e/eb/Administrative_State_Banner_-_Circle_Graphic_-_V2.jpg" decoding="async" width="2500" height="883" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="883" /></a></center> <div class="bp-dropdown-menu" id="tasp-menu"> <ul><li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Project_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative State Project Index">Administrative State Project Index</a></li> <li><a href="#The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter">The Checks and Balances Letter</a> <ul><li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">Scholarly work related to the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title="&quot;Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an &#39;Illegitimate Exotic&#39; in Full and Terrifying Flower&quot; by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title="&quot;Confronting the Administrative Threat&quot; by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title="&quot;Constitutionalism after the New Deal&quot; by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title="&quot;Rulemaking as Legislating&quot; by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title="&quot;The Study of Administration&quot; by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title="&quot;Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law&quot; by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">More scholary articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="#Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift &amp; Co.">Skidmore v. Swift &amp; Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey&#39;s Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; background-color:#efefef;box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr><td><big><b><a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">What is deference in the context of the administrative state?</a></b></big><br /> <p>Deference, or judicial deference, is a principle of judicial review in which a federal court yields to an agency's interpretation of a statute or regulation. The U.S. Supreme Court has developed several forms of deference in reviewing federal agency actions, including <a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference"><i>Chevron</i> deference</a>, <a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference"><i>Skidmore</i> deference</a>, and <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference"><i>Auer</i> deference</a>. Learn about <a href="/State_responses_to_judicial_deference" title="State responses to judicial deference">state-level responses to deference here</a>. </p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table class="infobox" style="width:250px; border:2px solid;font-size:90%; float:right; padding:4px;"> <tbody><tr><td width="120"></td><td width="130"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"><img alt="Supreme Court of the United States" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/150px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/225px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/300px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"><big><i><b>Auer et al. v. Robbins et al.</b></i></big></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <b>Reference:</b> 519 U.S. 452</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <b>Term:</b> 1996</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Important Dates</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Argued: December 10, 1996<br />Decided: February 19, 1997</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Outcome</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Eighth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals">Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="&lt;p&gt;The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. &lt;/p&gt;">affirmed</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Majority</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist</a> • <a href="/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> • <a href="/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O&#39;Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> • <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> • <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> • <a href="/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> • <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(U.S._Supreme_Court)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Thomas (U.S. Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> • <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> • <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>See also: <i><a href="/Kisor_v._Wilkie" title="Kisor v. Wilkie">Kisor v. Wilkie</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><b>Auer et al. v. Robbins et al.</b></i> is a 1997 <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> case that created a principle known as <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference"><i>Auer</i> deference</a>. Under <i>Auer</i> deference federal courts <a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">defer</a> to agency interpretations of ambiguities in their own regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> In the <i>Auer</i> case, a group of police sergeants and a police lieutenant sued members of the <a href="/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> Board of Police Commissioners alleging that the board failed to pay the policemen proper overtime wages under the <a href="/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> (FLSA). The board argued that the policemen were not entitled to overtime pay because the policemen fell under an exemption of the law pertaining to anyone employed in an executive, administrative, or professional capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-exempt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exempt-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The case:</b> A group of police officers argued that they were entitled to overtime pay under the <a href="/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> (FLSA). </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The issue:</b> "...whether the Secretary of Labor's 'salary basis' test for determining an employee's exempt status reflects a permissible reading of the statute as it applies to public sector employees."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The outcome:</b> The Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's ruling that the policemen were, in fact, paid on a salary basis—satisfying the salary basis provision provided by the secretary's regulation. The court also held that, for most of the policemen that filed suit, their duties also brought them within the exemption for overtime pay.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </li></div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Why it matters:</b> This case established the principle known as <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference"><i>Auer</i> deference</a>, which requires federal courts to give deference to how executive agencies interpret ambiguities in their own regulations. Auer deference requires "that an agency's interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation be given controlling weight unless the interpretation is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation or statute ... Agency interpretations need not be well-established or long-standing to be entitled to deference. They must, however, 'reflect the agency's fair and considered judgment on the matter in question.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Fourth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourth-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Case_background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Case background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Oral_argument"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Oral argument</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Decision"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Decision</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Opinion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Opinion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Auer_as_an_extension_of_judicial_deference"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Auer</i> as an extension of judicial deference</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Uncertain_future_of_Auer_deference"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Uncertain future of <i>Auer</i> deference</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Kisor_v._Wilkie"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Kisor v. Wilkie</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Case_background">Case background</span></h2> <table style="width:20%; background:#F0F0F0; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:3px; text-align: center; margin-left:1.5%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:115%; color:white; height:30px">Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:100%; color:white; height:30px">Five Pillars of the Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small>• <b><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a><br />• <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation</a><br />• <a href="/Appointment_and_removal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Appointment and removal power">Executive control</a><br />• <a href="/Procedural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedural rights">Procedural rights</a><br />• <a href="/Agency_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency dynamics">Agency dynamics</a></b></small> <hr style="background-color:#407374" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small><b>Click here for more coverage of the <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia</b></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several publicly paid police sergeants and a police lieutenant sued members of the <a href="/St._Louis,_Missouri" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, Board of Police Commissioners alleging that the board failed to pay the policemen overtime pay due to them under Section §7(a)(1) of the <a href="/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> (FLSA), codified as <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/207">29 U.S.C. §207(a)(1)</a>. The board argued that the policemen were not entitled to overtime pay because the policemen fell under an exemption provided by <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/213">§213(a)(1)</a>. That exemption provided that the provisions of §207(a)(1) do not apply to "any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-exempt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exempt-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Secretary of Labor</a> provided further regulations for the FLSA, one of which made earning a specific minimum salary a requirement for exempt status under §213(a)(1). The regulations provided that "[a]n employee will be considered to be paid 'on a salary basis' ... if under his employment agreement he regularly receives each pay period on a weekly, or less frequent basis, a predetermined amount constituting all or part of his compensation, which amount is not subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity of the work performed."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The policemen argued that the salary basis test provided by the secretary's regulations was not met because the policemen's compensation was subject to reduction under terms of the St. Louis police manual based on the "quality or quantity" of work performed. The policemen also argued that their duties did not qualify them for overtime pay exemption because the duties were not of a "bona fide executive, administrative or professional capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri">federal district court</a> held that the policemen were, in fact, paid on a salary basis, satisfying the salary basis provision provided by the secretary's regulation. The court also held that, for most of the policemen that filed suit, their duties also brought them within the exemption for overtime pay. The <a href="/Eighth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals">Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="&lt;p&gt;The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. &lt;/p&gt;">affirmed</span> on the salary basis test provision and <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="&lt;p&gt;The action of an appellate court overturning a lower court's decision. &lt;/p&gt;">reversed</span> on the duties test provision, finding that all the policemen involved in the lawsuit had duties that brought the officers within the overtime pay exemption.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Oral_argument">Oral argument</span></h2> <p>Oral argument was held on December 10, 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Decision">Decision</span></h2> <p>The judgment of the <a href="/Eighth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals">Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> was <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="&lt;p&gt;The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. &lt;/p&gt;">affirmed</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Opinion">Opinion</span></h2> <p>Justice <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> delivered the opinion for a unanimous court. The court held that the secretary of labor's interpretation of the salary basis test met the court's standard for deference because the test was "a creature of the Secretary's own regulations," which made his interpretation "controlling unless 'plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation'." Justice Scalia argued that the approach offered by the Labor Department was instructive:<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>No clear inference can be drawn as to the likelihood of a sanction's being applied to employees such as petitioners. Nor, under the Secretary's approach, is such a likelihood established by the one time deduction in a sergeant's pay, under unusual circumstances. ... The Secretary's position is in no sense a 'post hoc rationalizatio[n]' advanced by an agency seeking to defend past agency action against attack ... There is simply no reason to suspect that the interpretation does not reflect the agency's fair and considered judgment on the matter in question. <sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The court further rejected arguments that the Labor Department's regulation was overly broad and therefore not narrowly tailored as required. The court reasoned that the department was free to write regulations as broadly as it deemed fit, subject only to statutory limits.<sup id="cite_ref-opinion_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the reasoning presented in the opinion, the <a href="/Eighth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals">Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> was <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="&lt;p&gt;The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. &lt;/p&gt;">affirmed</span>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Auer_as_an_extension_of_judicial_deference"><i>Auer</i> as an extension of judicial deference</span></h3> <p>This case is largely seen as an extension of the court's 1984 opinion in <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i>. In that case, a principle known as <a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference"><i>Chevron</i> deference</a> was created, requiring federal courts to give deference to executive agencies in how their regulations interpret a statute. Here, the court expanded this idea via a principle known as <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference"><i>Auer</i> deference</a>, which requires federal courts to give deference to how executive agencies interpret ambiguities in their own regulations. Auer deference requires "that an agency's interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation be given controlling weight unless the interpretation is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation or statute ... Agency interpretations need not be well-established or long-standing to be entitled to deference. They must, however, 'reflect the agency's fair and considered judgment on the matter in question.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Fourth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourth-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uncertain_future_of_Auer_deference">Uncertain future of <i>Auer</i> deference</span></h3> <p>Some scholars have called the status of <i>Auer</i> into question. <i><a href="/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that "before his death, however, <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia</a> had second thoughts, concluding that <a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">judicial deference</a> to agency interpretations of their own regulations was unwarranted, and he was not alone." <i>Notice &amp; Comment</i>, a blog from the <i>Yale Journal on Regulation</i> and the <a href="/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, held a September 2016 symposium on the future of <i>Auer</i> and an earlier regulatory case, <i><a href="/Bowles_v._Seminole_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowles v. Seminole Rock">Bowles v. Seminole Rock</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kisor_v._Wilkie"><i>Kisor v. Wilkie</i></span></h3> <p>In 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the judicial deference precedents established in <i>Auer</i> and <i>Seminole Rock</i> in a case called <a href="/Kisor_v._Wilkie" title="Kisor v. Wilkie"><i>Kisor v. Wilkie</i></a>. The case also placed clear limitations on which regulatory interpretations qualify for deference.<sup id="cite_ref-kisoropinion_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kisoropinion-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference"><i>Auer</i> deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/Gloucester_County_School_Board_v._G.G." title="Gloucester County School Board v. G.G.">Gloucester County School Board v. G.G.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/History_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="History of the Supreme Court">History of the Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=Auer+v.+Robbins">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-opinion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-5">1.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-6">1.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-7">1.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-8">1.8</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_1-9">1.9</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/519/452.html">Supreme Court of the United States (via Findlaw), <i>Auer et al. v. Robbins et al.,</i> decided February 19, 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exempt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-exempt_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-exempt_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/213"><i>Cornell University's Legal Information Institute</i>, "29 U.S. Code § 213 - Exemptions," accessed November 4, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fourth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/File:Gloucester_County_School_Board_v._G.G._Fourth_Circuit_opinion.pdf">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, <i>G.G., by his next friend and mother, Deirdre Grimm v. Gloucester County School Board,</i> April 19, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/09/13/whither-seminole-rock-an-online-symposium/"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Whither Seminole Rock? An online symposium.," September 13, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/category/symposia/reflections-on-seminole-rock-and-the-future-of-judicial-deference-to-agency-regulatory-interpretations/"><i>Notice &amp; Comment</i>, "Reflections on Seminole Rock and the Future of Judicial Deference to Agency Regulatory Interpretations," September 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kisoropinion-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kisoropinion_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/18-15_9p6b.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "<i>Kisor v. Wilkie</i>," June 26, 2019</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TASP_hnt" title="Template:TASP hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TASP_hnt&amp;action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Main</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State Project main page</a> • <a href="/Administrative_State_Project_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative State Project Index">Administrative State Project Index</a> • <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a> • <a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">Deference</a> • <a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Ballotpedia's administrative state legislation tracker</a></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="13"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" title="The Administrative State Project"><img alt="The Administrative State Project Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/150px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/225px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/300px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Reporting</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a> • <a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register,_1936-2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016">Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Laws</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> • <a href="/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> • <a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a> • <a href="/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Electronic_Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Electronic Freedom of Information Act">Electronic Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</a> • <a href="/Federal_Housekeeping_Statute" title="Federal Housekeeping Statute">Federal Housekeeping Statute</a> • <a href="/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> • <a href="/Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Freedom of Information Act">Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a> • <a href="/Independent_Offices_Appropriations_Act_of_1952" title="Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952">Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952</a> • <a href="/Information_Quality_Act" title="Information Quality Act">Information Quality Act</a> • <a href="/Interstate_Commerce_Act" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a> • <a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> • <a href="/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> • <a href="/Pendleton_Act" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> • <a href="/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)" class="mw-redirect" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">REINS Act (Wisconsin)</a> • <a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> • <a href="/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Small_Business_Regulatory_Enforcement_Fairness_Act" title="Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act">Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act</a> • <a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a> • <a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Cases</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey&#39;s Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. &amp; Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. &amp; Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow&#39;s">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift &amp; Co.">Skidmore v. Swift &amp; Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a> • <a href="/Barrier_to_entry" title="Barrier to entry">Barrier to entry</a> • <a href="/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a> • <a href="/Chevron_deference_(doctrine)" title="Chevron deference (doctrine)">Chevron deference (doctrine)</a> • <a href="/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> • <a href="/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> • <a href="/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> • <a href="/Codify_(administrative_state)" title="Codify (administrative state)">Codify (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a> • <a href="/Compliance_costs" title="Compliance costs">Compliance costs</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> • <a href="/Coordination_(administrative_state)" title="Coordination (administrative state)">Coordination (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_policy_officer" title="Regulatory policy officer">Regulatory policy officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_reform_officer" title="Regulatory reform officer">Regulatory reform officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_review" title="Regulatory review">Regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Rent_seeking" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a> • <a href="/Retrospective_regulatory_review" title="Retrospective regulatory review">Retrospective regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Risk_assessment_(administrative_state)" title="Risk assessment (administrative state)">Risk assessment (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> • <a href="/Significant_regulatory_action" title="Significant regulatory action">Significant regulatory action</a> • <a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a> • <a href="/Statutory_authority" title="Statutory authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title="&quot;Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an &#39;Illegitimate Exotic&#39; in Full and Terrifying Flower&quot; by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title="&quot;Confronting the Administrative Threat&quot; by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title="&quot;Constitutionalism after the New Deal&quot; by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title="&quot;From Administrative State to Constitutional Government&quot; by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title="&quot;Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine&quot; by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title="&quot;Rulemaking as Legislating&quot; by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title="&quot;The Checks &amp; Balances of the Regulatory State&quot; by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks &amp; Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title="&quot;The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine&quot; by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title="&quot;The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis&quot; by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title="&quot;The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State&quot; by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title="&quot;The Study of Administration&quot; by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title="&quot;The Threat to Liberty&quot; by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title="&quot;Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law&quot; by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&amp;action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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