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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Confectionery biscuits=== [[Image:PL gingerbread from Torun.jpg|thumb|Traditional Polish [[Toruń gingerbread|''Toruń'' gingerbread ''pierniki toruńskie'']]]] Early biscuits were hard, dry, and unsweetened. They were most often cooked after bread, in a cooling bakers' oven; they were a cheap form of sustenance for the poor. By the 7th century AD, cooks of the [[Persian empire]] had learnt from their forebears the techniques of lightening and enriching bread-based mixtures with eggs, butter, and cream, and sweetening them with fruit and honey.<ref name=FTL/> One of the earliest spiced biscuits was [[gingerbread]], in French, ''pain d'épices'', meaning "spice bread", brought to Europe in 992 by the [[Armenians|Armenian]] monk Grégoire de [[Nicopolis]]. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, of [[Lesser Armenia]] to live in [[Bondaroy]], France, near the town of [[Pithiviers]]. He stayed there for seven years and taught French priests and Christians how to cook gingerbread.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.logis-de-france-loiret.com/gastronomie_dans_loiret/confrerie_pain_epices.htm |title=La Confrérie du Pain d'Epices |access-date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322220814/http://www.logis-de-france-loiret.com/gastronomie_dans_loiret/confrerie_pain_epices.htm |archive-date=22 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ville-pithiviers.fr/specialite/specialite.php Le Pithiviers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230220854/http://www.ville-pithiviers.fr/specialite/specialite.php |date=30 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monastere-saintgregoire.net/fr/histoire/presentation-du-monastere.htm |title=Monastère orthodoxe des Saints Grégoire Armeanul et Martin le Seul |publisher=Monastere-saintgregoire.net |access-date=2013-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110224346/http://www.monastere-saintgregoire.net/fr/histoire/presentation-du-monastere.htm |archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> This was originally a dense, [[molasses|treaclely]] (molasses-based) spice cake or bread. As it was so expensive to make, early [[ginger biscuits]] were a cheap form of using up the leftover bread mix. [[File:Huntley & Palmers Biscuits tin, pic3.JPG|thumb|left|[[Huntley & Palmers]] [[biscuit tin]]. Formed in [[Reading, Berkshire]], in 1822, the biscuit company became one of the world's first global [[brands]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A new neighbourhood in Reading: former biscuit factory to become 765-home district alongside the River Kennet |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/homesandproperty/buying-mortgages/new-homes-reading-crossrail-river-kennet-a140456.html |access-date=19 August 2021 |work=Evening Standard}}</ref>]] With the combination of knowledge spreading from [[Al-Andalus]], and then the [[Crusades]] and subsequent spread of the [[spice trade]] to Europe, the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe.<ref name=FTL/> By [[mediaeval]] times, biscuits were made from a sweetened, spiced paste of breadcrumbs and then baked (e.g., gingerbread), or from cooked bread enriched with sugar and spices and then baked again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenchronicle.com/regional_recipes/biscuits.htm|title=Biscuits|publisher=greenchronicle.com|access-date=14 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103140/http://www.greenchronicle.com/regional_recipes/biscuits.htm|archive-date=3 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[King Richard I]] of England (aka Richard the Lionheart) left for the [[Third Crusade]] (1189–92) with "biskit of muslin", which was a mixed corn compound of [[barley]], [[rye]], and [[bean]] flour.<ref name=RoyNavyMus/> [[File:McVitie's chocolate digestive biscuit.jpg|thumb|190px|The milk chocolate coated side of a [[McVitie's]] [[chocolate digestive]]. It is routinely ranked the UK's favourite snack.<ref name="Wales Online">{{cite news |title=McVitie's chocolate digestives voted the most popular snack for people working from home |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/mcvities-chocolate-digestives-voted-most-17995653 |access-date=19 August 2021 |work=Wales Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Britain's top 20 favourite types of biscuit ranked|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-top-20-favourite-types-18883376 |access-date=22 August 2021 |work=Wales Online|quote=the Chocolate Digestive is the best biscuit in the whole of the United Kingdom with more than two thirds of Brits picking}}</ref><ref name="YouGov">{{cite news |title=Britain's top five biscuits revealed |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/articles-reports/2018/12/17/britains-top-five-biscuits-revealed |access-date=19 August 2021 |agency=YouGov|quote=YouGov Ratings data shows McVities, [[Cadbury]]'s and [[Walkers Shortbread|Walkers]] products dominate the list of Britain's favourite biscuits}}</ref>]] As the making and quality of bread had been controlled to this point, so were the skills of biscuit-making through the [[craft guild]]s.<ref name=FTL/> As the supply of sugar began, and the refinement and supply of flour increased, so did the ability to sample more leisurely foodstuffs, including sweet biscuits. Early references from the [[Vadstena monastery]] show how the Swedish [[nun]]s were baking gingerbread to ease digestion in 1444.<ref>[http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=34&strukturId=55 Pepparkakans historia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310035724/http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=34&strukturId=55 |date=10 March 2010}} Annas Pepparkakor [http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=82&strukturId=34 The history of gingerbread] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812061254/http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=82&strukturId=34 |date=12 August 2010}} Annas Pepparkakor</ref> The first documented trade of gingerbread biscuits dates to the 16th century, where they were sold in monastery pharmacies and town square farmers markets. Gingerbread became widely available in the 18th century. The [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain sparked the formation of businesses in various industries, and the British biscuit firms of [[McVitie's]], [[Carr's]], [[Huntley & Palmers]], and [[United Biscuits|Crawfords]] were all established by 1850.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Companion to Food|author=Alan Davidson|author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|title-link=Oxford Companion to Food}}</ref> {{quote|Chocolate and biscuits became products for the masses, thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the consumers it created. By the mid-19th century, sweet biscuits were an affordable indulgence and business was booming. Manufacturers such as [[Huntley & Palmers]] in Reading, [[Carr's]] of Carlisle and [[McVitie's]] in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations.|[[Polly Russell]] in the ''[[Financial Times]]'', 2018.<ref name="FT"/>}} British biscuit companies vied to dominate the market with new products and eye-catching packaging.<ref name="FT">{{cite news |title=History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> The decorative [[biscuit tin]], invented by Huntley & Palmers in 1831, saw British biscuits exported around the world.<ref name="FT"/> In 1900 Huntley & Palmers biscuits were sold in 172 countries, and their global reach was reflected in their advertising.<ref>{{cite news |title=Huntley & Palmers Biscuits |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O561034/huntley-palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith/huntley--palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |agency=[[Victoria and Albert Museum|Victoria & Albert Museum]]}}</ref> Competition and innovation among British firms saw 49 patent applications for biscuit-making equipment, tins, dough-cutting machines and ornamental moulds between 1897 and 1900.<ref name="FT"/> In 1891, [[Cadbury]] filed a patent for a [[Chocolate biscuit|chocolate-coated biscuit]].<ref name="FT"/> Along with local farm produce of meat and cheese, many regions of the world have their own distinct style of biscuit due to the historic prominence of this form of food. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">Biscuit</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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