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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_in_meaning_of_biscuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_in_meaning_of_biscuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Variations in meaning of <i>biscuit</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_in_meaning_of_biscuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biscuits_for_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biscuits_for_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biscuits for travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biscuits_for_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confectionery_biscuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confectionery_biscuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Confectionery biscuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confectionery_biscuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_in_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_in_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Introduction in South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_"hard"_biscuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_"hard"_biscuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern "hard" biscuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_"hard"_biscuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biscuit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keks" title="Keks – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Keks" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannuc" title="Bannuc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bannuc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بسكويت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بسكويت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskvit" title="Biskvit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biskvit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F" title="বিস্কুট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিস্কুট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabin" title="Gabin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gabin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бисквита – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бисквита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwispid" title="Gwispid – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwispid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bescuit" title="Bescuit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bescuit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisged" title="Bisged – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bisged" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiks" title="Kiks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kiks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keks" title="Keks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Μπισκότο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπισκότο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleta" title="Galleta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galleta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskvito" title="Biskvito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biskvito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleta" title="Galleta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galleta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بیسکویت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیسکویت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biscuit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briosca" title="Briosca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briosgaid" title="Briosgaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Briosgaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleta" title="Galleta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galleta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%B7" title="비스킷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비스킷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9_(%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Բիսկվիթ (անգլախոս երկրներում) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիսկվիթ (անգլախոս երկրներում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F" title="बिस्कुट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिस्कुट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskvit" title="Biskvit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biskvit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisquito" title="Bisquito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bisquito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskuit" title="Biskuit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biskuit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kex" title="Kex – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kex" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscotto" title="Biscotto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biscotto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98" title="ביסקוויט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביסקוויט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskuit" title="Biskuit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biskuit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindok" title="Hindok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hindok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keksz" title="Keksz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keksz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бисквити – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бисквити" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بسكويت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بسكويت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskut" title="Biskut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biskut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C4%81ng-g%C4%83ng" title="Biāng-găng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Biāng-găng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuitje" title="Biscuitje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biscuitje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ビスケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビスケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeks" title="Kjeks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeks" title="Kjeks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="بسکٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بسکٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbatnik" title="Herbatnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbatnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscoito" title="Biscoito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biscoito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biscuit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бисквит (продукт питания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бисквит (продукт питания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscottu" title="Viscottu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Viscottu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biscuit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%BD" title="بسڪوٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بسڪوٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskud" title="Buskud – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Buskud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Бисквит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бисквит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kex" title="Kex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskwit" title="Biskwit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biskwit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81" title="மாச்சில்லு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாச்சில்லு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="บิสกิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิสกิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisk%C3%BCvi" title="Bisküvi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bisküvi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Бісквіт (англомовні країни) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бісквіт (англомовні країни)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="بسکٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بسکٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%85%E4%B9%BE" title="餅乾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="餅乾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A5%BC%E5%B9%B2" title="饼干 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="饼干" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sweet baked item</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the North American variant, see <a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(bread)" title="Biscuit (bread)">Biscuit (bread)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Biscuit (disambiguation)">Biscuit (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Biscuit</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg/220px-Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg/330px-Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg/440px-Crackers_and_Oreo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">An <a href="/wiki/Oreo" title="Oreo">Oreo</a>, a brand of sweet <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_cookie" title="Sandwich cookie">sandwich biscuit</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">crackers</a>, a type of savoury biscuit</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Biscuit" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Biscuit">Cookbook: Biscuit</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biscuits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biscuits">Media: Biscuit</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>biscuit</b>, in many English-speaking countries, including Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa but not Canada or the US, is a <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour-based</a> baked and shaped food item. Biscuits are typically hard, flat, and <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened</a>. They are usually sweet and may be made with <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icing_(food)" title="Icing (food)">icing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>. They can also be savoury, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">crackers</a>. Types of biscuit include <a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">biscotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich biscuit">sandwich biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestive_biscuit" title="Digestive biscuit">digestive biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger biscuit">ginger biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a> biscuits, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">chocolate chip cookies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate-coated_marshmallow_treats" title="Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats">chocolate-coated marshmallow treats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anzac_biscuit" title="Anzac biscuit">Anzac biscuits</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Speculaas" title="Speculaas">speculaas</a></i>. </p><p>In most of North America, nearly all hard sweet biscuits are called "<a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a>" and savoury biscuits are called "crackers", while the term <i><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(bread)" title="Biscuit (bread)">biscuit</a></i> is used for a soft, leavened <a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">quick bread</a> similar to a savoury version of a <i><a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scone</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_in_meaning_of_biscuit">Variations in meaning of <i>biscuit</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations in meaning of biscuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png/220px-BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png/330px-BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png/440px-BiscuitsAmerican%26British.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>North American biscuit (left) and British biscuits of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_biscuit" title="Bourbon biscuit">bourbon</a> variety (right). The North American biscuit is soft and flaky like a <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scone</a>, whereas the British biscuits are smaller, drier, sweeter, and crunchy like <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg/220px-Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg/330px-Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg/440px-Biscuits_in_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Biscuits from <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In most of the English-speaking world, a "biscuit" is a small, hard baked product that would be called either a "<a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookie</a>" or a "<a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">cracker</a>" in the United States and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. "Biscuits" in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and Ireland are usually hard and may be savoury or sweet, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> biscuits, <a href="/wiki/Digestive_biscuit" title="Digestive biscuit">digestives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobnob_biscuit" title="Hobnob biscuit">hobnobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger nuts">ginger nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_tea" title="Rich tea">rich tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_biscuit" title="Bourbon biscuit">bourbons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custard_cream" title="Custard cream">custard creams</a>. The term <i>cookie</i> typically refers to only one type of biscuit (the sweeter baked dough typically containing chocolate chips or raisins); however, it may also locally refer to specific types of biscuits or breads.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the United States and some parts of Canada, a "<a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(bread)" title="Biscuit (bread)">biscuit</a>" is a <a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">quick bread</a>, somewhat similar to an unsweetened <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scone</a>, but with a texture more "fluffy and flaky" vs. "sturdy and crumbly".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biscuits may be referred to as either "baking powder biscuits"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "buttermilk biscuits" if <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> is used rather than milk as a liquid, as buttermilk is not only flavourful but acidic (allowing use of <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> which is a mixture of baking soda with an acidifier and buffer). A Southern regional variation using the term <i><a href="/wiki/Beaten_biscuit" title="Beaten biscuit">beaten biscuit</a></i> (or in New England <i>sea biscuit</i>) is closer to <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">hardtack</a> than soft dough biscuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FTL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Canada, the term <i>biscuit</i> can simultaneously refer to what is commonly identified as a biscuit in either the United Kingdom or the United States. The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Oxford_Dictionary" title="Canadian Oxford Dictionary">Canadian Oxford Dictionary</a></i> describes each word in reference to the other; "biscuit" can mean "Brit. a cookie", whilst "cookie" can mean "N. Amer. a small sweet biscuit". "Tea biscuit" is also a standard <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadianism</a> for the "North American" biscuit.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_biscuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheat and cream biscuits (northern England)"><img alt="Wheat and cream biscuits (northern England)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat_biscuit.jpg/236px-Wheat_biscuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat_biscuit.jpg/353px-Wheat_biscuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat_biscuit.jpg/471px-Wheat_biscuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheat and cream biscuits (northern England)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaten biscuits (southern US)"><img alt="Beaten biscuits (southern US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg/300px-Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg/450px-Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg/600px-Flickr_stuart_spivack_8254492--Beaten_biscuits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaten_biscuit" title="Beaten biscuit">Beaten biscuits</a> (southern US)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern-day difference in the English language regarding the word <i>biscuit</i> is remarked on by British cookery writer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/English_Bread_and_Yeast_Cookery" title="English Bread and Yeast Cookery">English Bread and Yeast Cookery</a></i>, in the chapter "Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes" and section "Soft Biscuits". She writes:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>It is interesting that these soft biscuits (such as scones) are common to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, and that the term <i>biscuit</i> as applied to a soft product was retained in these places, and in America, whereas in England it has completely died out. </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg/200px-Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg/300px-Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg/400px-Spekulatius_four_pieces_of.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Speculaas" title="Speculaas">speculaas</a></i></span> biscuit in various shapes: ship, farmhouse, elephant, horse</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> word <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">bescuit</i></span> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bis</i></span> ('twice') and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">coquere, coctus</i></span> ('to cook', 'cooked'), and, hence, means 'twice-cooked'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because biscuits were originally cooked in a twofold process: first baked, and then dried out in a slow oven.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was then adapted into English in the 14th century during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> word <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">bisquite</i></span>, to represent a hard, twice-baked product<sup id="cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWBiscuit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see the German <a href="/wiki/Zwieback" title="Zwieback">Zwieback</a>). It finally evolved into <i>biscuit</i> to follow the modern french spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWBiscuit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> from around 1703 had adopted the word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">koekje</i></span> ('little cake') to have a similar meaning for a similar hard, baked product.<sup id="cite_ref-MWCookie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWCookie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the secondary Dutch word and that of Latin origin is that, whereas the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">koekje</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cake</a> that rises during baking, the biscuit, which has no <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">raising agent</a>, in general does not (see <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ginger_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger biscuit">ginger biscuit</a>), except for the expansion of heated air during baking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another cognate Dutch form is <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">beschuit</i></span>, which is a circular and brittle grain product usually covered by savoury or sweet toppings and eaten at breakfast. </p><p>When continental Europeans began to emigrate to colonial North America, the two words and their "same but different" meanings began to clash. The words <i>cookie</i> or <i>cracker</i> became the words of choice to mean a hard, baked product. Further confusion has been added by the adoption of the word biscuit for a small leavened bread popular in the United States. According to the American English dictionary <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, a cookie is a "small flat or slightly raised cake".<sup id="cite_ref-MWCookie_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWCookie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biscuit is "any of various hard or crisp dry baked product" similar to the American English terms <i>cracker</i> or <i>cookie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWBiscuit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "a small quick bread made from dough that has been rolled out and cut or dropped from a spoon".<sup id="cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWBiscuit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a number of other European languages, terms derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bis coctus</i></span> refer instead to yet another baked product, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a>; e.g. Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bizcocho</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Biskuit</i></span>, Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">бисквит</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">biskvit</i></span>), and Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">biszkopt</i></span>. </p><p>In modern Italian usage, the term <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">biscotto</i></span> is used to refer to any type of hard twice-baked biscuit, and not only to the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">cantucci</a></i></span> as in English-speaking countries; it is the same for the modern French term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">biscuit</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biscuits_for_travel">Biscuits for travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biscuits for travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">Hardtack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG/220px-Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG/330px-Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG/440px-Oldest_ship_biscuit-Kronborg-DK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Ship's biscuit from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1852</span> on display in <a href="/wiki/Kronborg" title="Kronborg">Kronborg</a>, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>The need for nutritious, easy-to-store, easy-to-carry, and long-lasting foods on long journeys, in particular at sea, was initially solved by taking livestock along with a butcher/<a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">cook</a>. However, this took up additional space on what were either horse-powered treks or small ships, reducing the time of travel before additional food was required. This resulted in early armies' adopting the style of hunter-<a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a>. </p><p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> of processed cereals, including the creation of flour, provided a more reliable source of food. <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> sailors carried a flat, brittle loaf of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> bread called <i>dhourra</i> cake while the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had a biscuit called <i>buccellum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyNavyMus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman cookbook <i><a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a></i> describes: "a thick paste of fine wheat flour was boiled and spread out on a plate. When it had dried and hardened, it was cut up and then fried until crisp, then served with honey and pepper." </p><p>Many early physicians believed that most medicinal problems were associated with <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Hence, for both sustenance and avoidance of illness, a daily consumption of a biscuit was considered good for health. </p><p>Hard biscuits soften as they age. To solve this problem, early bakers attempted to create the hardest biscuit possible. Because it is so hard and dry, if properly stored and transported, navies' <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">hardtack</a> will survive rough handling and high temperature. <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baked</a> hard, it can be kept without spoiling for years as long as it is kept dry. For long voyages, hardtack was baked four times, rather than the more common two.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To soften hardtack for eating, it was often dunked in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, coffee, or some other liquid or <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooked</a> into a skillet meal. </p><p>The collection <i><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_the_Desert_Fathers" title="Sayings of the Desert Fathers">Sayings of the Desert Fathers</a></i> mentions that <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a> (who lived in the 4th century AD) ate biscuits and the text implies that it was a popular food among monks of the time and region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, the daily allowance on board a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ship was one pound of biscuit plus one gallon of beer. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> in 1667 first regularised naval victualling with varied and nutritious rations. Royal Navy hardtack during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s reign was made by machine at the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard at <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>, Hampshire, stamped with the Queen's mark and the number of the oven in which they were baked. When machinery was introduced into the process the dough was thoroughly mixed and rolled into sheets about 2 yards (1.8 m) long and 1 yard (0.9 m) wide which were stamped in one stroke into about sixty hexagonal-shaped biscuits. This left the sheets sufficiently coherent to be placed in the oven in one piece and when baked they were easy to separate. The hexagonal shape rather than traditional circular biscuits meant a saving in material and was easier to pack.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biscuits remained an important part of the Royal Navy sailor's diet until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Canned_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned food">canned foods</a>. Canned meat was first marketed in 1814; preserved beef in tins was officially added to Royal Navy rations in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyNavyMus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confectionery_biscuits">Confectionery biscuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confectionery biscuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/220px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/330px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/440px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Polish <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread"><i>Toruń</i> gingerbread <i>pierniki toruńskie</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early biscuits were hard, dry, and unsweetened. They were most often cooked after bread, in a cooling bakers' oven; they were a cheap form of sustenance for the poor. </p><p>By the 7th century AD, cooks of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persian empire</a> had learnt from their forebears the techniques of lightening and enriching bread-based mixtures with eggs, butter, and cream, and sweetening them with fruit and honey.<sup id="cite_ref-FTL_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest spiced biscuits was <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a>, in French, <i>pain d'épices</i>, meaning "spice bread", brought to Europe in 992 by the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> monk Grégoire de <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Lesser Armenia</a> to live in <a href="/wiki/Bondaroy" title="Bondaroy">Bondaroy</a>, France, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Pithiviers" title="Pithiviers">Pithiviers</a>. He stayed there for seven years and taught French priests and Christians how to cook gingerbread.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was originally a dense, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">treaclely</a> (molasses-based) spice cake or bread. As it was so expensive to make, early <a href="/wiki/Ginger_biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger biscuits">ginger biscuits</a> were a cheap form of using up the leftover bread mix. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin,_pic3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG/220px-Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG/330px-Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG/440px-Huntley_%26_Palmers_Biscuits_tin%2C_pic3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a> <a href="/wiki/Biscuit_tin" title="Biscuit tin">biscuit tin</a>. Formed in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading, Berkshire</a>, in 1822, the biscuit company became one of the world's first global <a href="/wiki/Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Brands">brands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With the combination of knowledge spreading from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and subsequent spread of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> to Europe, the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FTL_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval">mediaeval</a> times, biscuits were made from a sweetened, spiced paste of breadcrumbs and then baked (e.g., gingerbread), or from cooked bread enriched with sugar and spices and then baked again.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King_Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Richard I">King Richard I</a> of England (aka Richard the Lionheart) left for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> (1189–92) with "biskit of muslin", which was a mixed corn compound of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a> flour.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyNavyMus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg/190px-McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg/285px-McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg/380px-McVitie%27s_chocolate_digestive_biscuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>The milk chocolate coated side of a <a href="/wiki/McVitie%27s" title="McVitie's">McVitie's</a> <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_digestive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate digestive">chocolate digestive</a>. It is routinely ranked the UK's favourite snack.<sup id="cite_ref-Wales_Online_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales_Online-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As the making and quality of bread had been controlled to this point, so were the skills of biscuit-making through the <a href="/wiki/Craft_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft guild">craft guilds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FTL_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the supply of sugar began, and the refinement and supply of flour increased, so did the ability to sample more leisurely foodstuffs, including sweet biscuits. Early references from the <a href="/wiki/Vadstena_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadstena monastery">Vadstena monastery</a> show how the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> were baking gingerbread to ease digestion in 1444.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented trade of gingerbread biscuits dates to the 16th century, where they were sold in monastery pharmacies and town square farmers markets. Gingerbread became widely available in the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Britain sparked the formation of businesses in various industries, and the British biscuit firms of <a href="/wiki/McVitie%27s" title="McVitie's">McVitie's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carr%27s" title="Carr's">Carr's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Biscuits" title="United Biscuits">Crawfords</a> were all established by 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Chocolate and biscuits became products for the masses, thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the consumers it created. By the mid-19th century, sweet biscuits were an affordable indulgence and business was booming. Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a> in Reading, <a href="/wiki/Carr%27s" title="Carr's">Carr's</a> of Carlisle and <a href="/wiki/McVitie%27s" title="McVitie's">McVitie's</a> in Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Polly_Russell" title="Polly Russell">Polly Russell</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>British biscuit companies vied to dominate the market with new products and eye-catching packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decorative <a href="/wiki/Biscuit_tin" title="Biscuit tin">biscuit tin</a>, invented by Huntley & Palmers in 1831, saw British biscuits exported around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900 Huntley & Palmers biscuits were sold in 172 countries, and their global reach was reflected in their advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competition and innovation among British firms saw 49 patent applications for biscuit-making equipment, tins, dough-cutting machines and ornamental moulds between 1897 and 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> filed a patent for a <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_biscuit" title="Chocolate biscuit">chocolate-coated biscuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with local farm produce of meat and cheese, many regions of the world have their own distinct style of biscuit due to the historic prominence of this form of food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_in_South_Asia">Introduction in South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction in South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg/220px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg/330px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg/440px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>1891 advertisement in London for <a href="/wiki/Peek_Freans" title="Peek Freans">Peek Freans</a>, a brand exported to Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Biscuits and <a href="/wiki/Loaf" title="Loaf">loaves</a> were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> during the British colonial period and became popular within the <a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylheti</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Muslim community</a>. However, the middle-class <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet region">Sylhet</a> were very suspicious of biscuits and breads as they believed they were baked by Muslims. On one occasion, a few Hindus in Cachar caught an Englishman eating biscuits with tea, which caused an uproar. The information reached the Hindus of Sylhet and a small rebellion occurred. In response to this, companies started to advertise their bread as "machine-made" and "untouched by (Muslim) hand" to tell Hindus that the breads were "safe for consumption". This incident is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>'s autobiography and he mentions how culinary habits of Hindus gradually changed and biscuits and loaves eventually became increasingly popular.<sup id="cite_ref-das_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-das-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_"hard"_biscuits"><span id="Modern_.22hard.22_biscuits"></span>Modern "hard" biscuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern "hard" biscuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg/220px-3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg/330px-3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg/440px-3_Biscuit_rose_de_Reims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_rose_de_Reims" title="Biscuit rose de Reims">Biscuit rose de Reims</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern biscuits can trace their origins back to either the hardtack ship's biscuit or the creative art of the baker: </p> <ul><li>Ship's biscuit derived: <a href="/wiki/Digestive_biscuit" title="Digestive biscuit">digestive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_tea" title="Rich tea">rich tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobnobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobnobs">hobnobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_biscuit" title="Garibaldi biscuit">Garibaldi</a>.</li> <li>Baker's art: <i><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_rose_de_Reims" title="Biscuit rose de Reims">biscuit rose de Reims</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>Biscuits today can be <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">savoury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">crackers</a>) or sweet. Most are small, at around 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, and flat. <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_cookie" title="Sandwich cookie">Sandwich-style biscuits</a> consist of two biscuits sandwiching a layer of <a href="/wiki/Cream#Other_items_called_"cream"" title="Cream">"creme"</a> or <a href="/wiki/Icing_(food)" title="Icing (food)">icing</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Custard_cream" title="Custard cream">custard cream</a>, or a layer of jam (as in the biscuits that are known as "<a href="/wiki/Jammie_Dodgers" title="Jammie Dodgers">Jammie Dodgers</a>" in the United Kingdom). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg/220px-Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg/330px-Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg/440px-Dunking_a_biscuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)" title="Dunking (biscuit)">Dunking</a> a biscuit</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweet biscuits are commonly eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack food</a>, and are, in general, made with wheat flour or oats, and sweetened with sugar or honey. Varieties may contain chocolate, fruit, jam, nuts, ginger, or even be used to sandwich other fillings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_biscuit" title="Digestive biscuit">digestive biscuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rich_tea" title="Rich tea">rich tea</a> have a strong identity in British culture as the traditional accompaniment to a cup of tea and are regularly eaten as such.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tea drinkers <a href="/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)" title="Dunking (biscuit)">dunk</a> biscuits in tea, allowing them to absorb liquid and soften slightly before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-dunk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_digestive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate digestive">Chocolate digestives</a>, rich tea, and <a href="/wiki/Hobnobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobnobs">Hobnobs</a> were ranked the UK's top three favourite dunking biscuits in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-dunk_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a non-dunking poll the Chocolate Hobnob was ranked first with custard creams coming third.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Tams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tim_Tams.jpg/220px-Tim_Tams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tim_Tams.jpg/330px-Tim_Tams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tim_Tams.jpg/440px-Tim_Tams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4361" data-file-height="2907" /></a><figcaption>Milk chocolate <a href="/wiki/Tim_Tam" title="Tim Tam">Tim Tams</a>, a biscuit created in Australia in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Savoury biscuits or crackers (such as <a href="/wiki/Cream_cracker" title="Cream cracker">cream crackers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_biscuit" title="Water biscuit">water biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oatcake" title="Oatcake">oatcakes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crisp_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisp bread">crisp breads</a>) are usually plainer and commonly eaten with cheese following a meal. Many savoury biscuits also contain additional ingredients for flavour or texture, such as <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seeds</a>, onion or onion seeds, cheese (such as cheese melts), and olives. Savoury biscuits also usually have a dedicated section in most European supermarkets, often in the same aisle as sweet biscuits. The exception to savoury biscuits is the sweetmeal digestive known as the "<a href="/wiki/Hovis_biscuit" title="Hovis biscuit">Hovis biscuit</a>", which, although slightly sweet, is still classified as a cheese biscuit.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savoury biscuits sold in supermarkets are sometimes associated with a certain geographical area, such as Scottish oatcakes or Cornish wafer biscuits. </p><p>In general, the British, Australians, South Africans, New Zealanders, Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, Singaporeans, Nigerians, Kenyans, and Irish use the British meaning of "biscuit" for the sweet biscuit. The terms <i>biscuit</i> and <i>cookie</i> are used interchangeably, depending on the region and the speaker, with <i>biscuits</i> usually referring to hard, sweet biscuits (such as digestives, Nice, Bourbon creams, etc.) and <i>cookies</i> for soft baked goods (i.e. chocolate chip cookies).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Canada, <i>biscuit</i> is now used less frequently, usually with imported brands of biscuits or in <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">the Maritimes</a>; however, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/William_Mellis_Christie" title="William Mellis Christie">Christie Biscuits</a> referred to crackers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British meaning is at the root of the name of the United States' most prominent maker of cookies and crackers, the National Biscuit Company, now called <a href="/wiki/Nabisco" title="Nabisco">Nabisco</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biscuits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biscuits">Biscuits</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American and British English differences">American and British English differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_tin" title="Biscuit tin">Biscuit tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">Dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_biscuit" title="Ground biscuit">Ground biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ak" title="Ka'ak">Ka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baked_goods" title="List of baked goods">List of baked goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cookies" title="List of cookies">List of biscuits and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shortbread_biscuits_and_cookies" title="List of shortbread biscuits and cookies">List of shortbread biscuits and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk" title="Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">Biscotti</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Biscotti_regina" title="Biscotti regina">biscotti regina</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s use of "Twice-sod simplicity! <i>Bis coctus!</i>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i>. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CrystalBen_Crystal" class="citation web cs1">David Crystal; Ben Crystal (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315041715/http://www.shakespeareswords.com/Plays.aspx?Ac=4&SC=2&IdPlay=28#213776">"Love's Labour's Lost"</a>. <i>Shakespeare's Words</i>. Penguin Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeareswords.com/Plays.aspx?Ac=4&SC=2&IdPlay=28#213776">the original</a> on 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare%27s+Words&rft.atitle=Love%27s+Labour%27s+Lost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakespeareswords.com%2FPlays.aspx%3FAc%3D4%26SC%3D2%26IdPlay%3D28%23213776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"cookie". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <q>In Scotland the usual name for a baker's plain bun; in U.S. usually a small flat sweet cake (a biscuit in U.K.), but locally a name for small cakes of various form with or without sweetening. Also S. Afr. and Canad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cookie&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allrecipes.com/article/scone-vs-biscuit/">"What's the Difference Between Scones and Biscuits?"</a>. <i>Allrecipes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allrecipes&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Scones+and+Biscuits%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allrecipes.com%2Farticle%2Fscone-vs-biscuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/recipies/breads_and_sweet_doughs/baking_powder_biscuits.html">"Baking Powder Biscuits Source: U.S. Department of Defense"</a>. <i>Theodora's Recipes[sic]</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theodora%27s+Recipes%5Bsic%5D&rft.atitle=Baking+Powder+Biscuits+Source%3A+U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Frecipies%2Fbreads_and_sweet_doughs%2Fbaking_powder_biscuits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTL_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTL_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTL_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTL_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlver2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Olver" title="Lynne Olver">Olver, Lynne</a> (24 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804134845/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html">"history notes—cookies, crackers & biscuits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Food_Timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="The Food Timeline">The Food Timeline</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Food+Timeline&rft.atitle=history+notes%E2%80%94cookies%2C+crackers+%26+biscuits&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft.aulast=Olver&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodtimeline.org%2Ffoodcookies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jet McCullough (2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensu.ca/strathy/great-canadian-baking-show-and-biscuitcookie-question#:~:text=We%20have%20a%20clear%20picture,to%20the%20North%20American%20biscuit.">"The Great Canadian Baking Show and the 'Biscuit/Cookie' Question"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Canadian+Baking+Show+and+the+%27Biscuit%2FCookie%27+Question&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fstrathy%2Fgreat-canadian-baking-show-and-biscuitcookie-question%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWe%2520have%2520a%2520clear%2520picture%2Cto%2520the%2520North%2520American%2520biscuit.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 2022-04-29. <i>Queen's University</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth David (1977) <i>English Bread and Yeast Cookery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> Ltd., London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1026-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-1026-7">0-7139-1026-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Biscuit". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Oxford University Press. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biscuit&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041229112333/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/biscuit?view=uk">"Biscuit"</a>. Oxford Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/biscuit?view=uk">the original</a> on 29 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biscuit&rft.pub=Oxford+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fbiscuit%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWBiscuit-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWBiscuit_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biscuit">"Biscuit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biscuit&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbiscuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWCookie-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWCookie_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWCookie_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cookie">"Cookie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cookie&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcookie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyNavyMus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyNavyMus_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031064002/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheet_ship_biscuit.htm">"Ship's Biscuits – Royal Navy hardtack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="National Museum of the Royal Navy">National Museum of the Royal Navy</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheet_ship_biscuit.htm">the original</a> on 31 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ship%27s+Biscuits+%E2%80%93+Royal+Navy+hardtack&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavalmuseum.org%2Finfo_sheet_ship_biscuit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0255&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01">"Bisquet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i>. Vol. I. Ephraim Chambers. 1728. p. 105<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bisquet&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Ephraim+Chambers&rft.date=1728&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0255%26id%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 23, paragraph 20: "At one time Abba Agathon had two disciples each leading the anchoretic life according to his own measure. One day he asked the first, 'How do you live in the cell?' He replied, 'I fast until the evening, then I eat two hard biscuits.' He said to him, 'Your way of life is good, not overburdened with too much asceticism.' Then he asked the other one, 'And you, how do you live?' He replied, 'I fast for two days, then I eat two hard biscuits.' The old man said, 'You work very hard by enduring two conflicts; it is a labour for someone to eat every day without greed; there are others who, wishing to fast for two days, are greedy afterwards; but you, after fasting for two days, are not greedy.'" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.g4er.tk/books/sayings-of-the-desert-fathers.pdf">http://www.g4er.tk/books/sayings-of-the-desert-fathers.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge</i>, Vol III, (1847), London, Charles Knight, p.354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322220814/http://www.logis-de-france-loiret.com/gastronomie_dans_loiret/confrerie_pain_epices.htm">"La Confrérie du Pain d'Epices"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logis-de-france-loiret.com/gastronomie_dans_loiret/confrerie_pain_epices.htm">the original</a> on 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Confr%C3%A9rie+du+Pain+d%27Epices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logis-de-france-loiret.com%2Fgastronomie_dans_loiret%2Fconfrerie_pain_epices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-pithiviers.fr/specialite/specialite.php">Le Pithiviers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230220854/http://www.ville-pithiviers.fr/specialite/specialite.php">Archived</a> 30 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110224346/http://www.monastere-saintgregoire.net/fr/histoire/presentation-du-monastere.htm">"Monastère orthodoxe des Saints Grégoire Armeanul et Martin le Seul"</a>. Monastere-saintgregoire.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monastere-saintgregoire.net/fr/histoire/presentation-du-monastere.htm">the original</a> on 10 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monast%C3%A8re+orthodoxe+des+Saints+Gr%C3%A9goire+Armeanul+et+Martin+le+Seul&rft.pub=Monastere-saintgregoire.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monastere-saintgregoire.net%2Ffr%2Fhistoire%2Fpresentation-du-monastere.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/homesandproperty/buying-mortgages/new-homes-reading-crossrail-river-kennet-a140456.html">"A new neighbourhood in Reading: former biscuit factory to become 765-home district alongside the River Kennet"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=A+new+neighbourhood+in+Reading%3A+former+biscuit+factory+to+become+765-home+district+alongside+the+River+Kennet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fhomesandproperty%2Fbuying-mortgages%2Fnew-homes-reading-crossrail-river-kennet-a140456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103140/http://www.greenchronicle.com/regional_recipes/biscuits.htm">"Biscuits"</a>. greenchronicle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenchronicle.com/regional_recipes/biscuits.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biscuits&rft.pub=greenchronicle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenchronicle.com%2Fregional_recipes%2Fbiscuits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Online-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Online_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/mcvities-chocolate-digestives-voted-most-17995653">"McVitie's chocolate digestives voted the most popular snack for people working from home"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=McVitie%27s+chocolate+digestives+voted+the+most+popular+snack+for+people+working+from+home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fmcvities-chocolate-digestives-voted-most-17995653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-top-20-favourite-types-18883376">"Britain's top 20 favourite types of biscuit ranked"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>the Chocolate Digestive is the best biscuit in the whole of the United Kingdom with more than two thirds of Brits picking</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+top+20+favourite+types+of+biscuit+ranked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fbritains-top-20-favourite-types-18883376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouGov-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YouGov_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/articles-reports/2018/12/17/britains-top-five-biscuits-revealed">"Britain's top five biscuits revealed"</a>. YouGov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>YouGov Ratings data shows McVities, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Walkers_Shortbread" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkers Shortbread">Walkers</a> products dominate the list of Britain's favourite biscuits</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+top+five+biscuits+revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Ffood%2Farticles-reports%2F2018%2F12%2F17%2Fbritains-top-five-biscuits-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=34&strukturId=55">Pepparkakans historia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310035724/http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=34&strukturId=55">Archived</a> 10 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Annas Pepparkakor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=82&strukturId=34">The history of gingerbread</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812061254/http://www.annas.se/artikel.asp?artikelId=82&strukturId=34">Archived</a> 12 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Annas Pepparkakor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Davidson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Alan Davidson</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Food"><i>Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Alan+Davidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FT_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f">"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=History+Cook%3A+the+rise+of+the+chocolate+biscuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O561034/huntley-palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith/huntley--palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith/">"Huntley & Palmers Biscuits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huntley+%26+Palmers+Biscuits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO561034%2Fhuntley-palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith%2Fhuntley--palmers-biscuits-poster-wh-smith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-das-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-das_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2015" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Utsa (5 January 2015). <i>Culinary Culture in Colonial India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Culture+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Utsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jun/06/crunch-time-britain-loves-biscuits">"Crunch time: why Britain loves a good biscuit"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 30 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunk-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunk_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunk_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/4927255/Chocolate-digestive-is-nations-favourite-dunking-biscuit.html">"Chocolate digestive is nation's favourite dunking biscuit"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernpack.co.uk/packaging-blog/nations-favourite-biscuit/">"What is the nation's favourite biscuit?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217155053/http://kernpack.co.uk/packaging-blog/nations-favourite-biscuit/">Archived</a> 17 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kernpack. 10 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/576482/Digestive-biscuit-Blue-Cross-top-ten-HobNob">Favourite biscuits</a>. <i>The Express</i>. Retrieved 13 March 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/recipies/breads_and_sweet_doughs/cheese_biscuits.html">"Cheese Biscuits Source: U.S. Department of Defense"</a>. <i>Theodora's Recipies[sic]</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theodora%27s+Recipies%5Bsic%5D&rft.atitle=Cheese+Biscuits+Source%3A+U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Frecipies%2Fbreads_and_sweet_doughs%2Fcheese_biscuits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiscuit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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