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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gunter rig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunter_rig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="এডমন্ড গুন্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডমন্ড গুন্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Едмънд Гънтър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едмънд Гънтър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಡ್ಮಂಡ್ ಗಂಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡ್ಮಂಡ್ ಗಂಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="エドマンド・ガンター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドマンド・ガンター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гантер, Эдмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гантер, Эдмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gunter" title="Edmund Gunter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edmund Gunter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer</div> <p> <b>Edmund Gunter</b> (1581 – 10 December 1626), was an English clergyman, mathematician, <a href="/wiki/Geometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometer">geometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Welsh descent. He is best remembered for his mathematical contributions, which include the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a>, the <a href="#Gunter's_quadrant">Gunter's quadrant</a>, and the <a href="#Gunter's_scale">Gunter's scale</a>. In 1620, he invented the first successful <a href="/wiki/Analogue_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue device">analogue device</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">mentored</a> in mathematics by Reverend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)" title="Henry Briggs (mathematician)">Henry Briggs</a> and eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Astronomy" title="Gresham Professor of Astronomy">Gresham Professor of Astronomy</a>, from 1619 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunter was born in Hertfordshire in 1581. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>, and in 1599 he matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>. He took orders, became a preacher in 1614, and in 1615 proceeded to the degree of bachelor in <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became rector of <a href="/wiki/St_George_the_Martyr_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="St George the Martyr Southwark">St. George's Church</a> in Southwark.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathematics, particularly the relationship between mathematics and the real world, was the one overriding interest throughout his life. In 1619, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Savile_(Bible_translator)" title="Henry Savile (Bible translator)">Sir Henry Savile</a> put up money to fund Oxford University's first two science faculties, the chairs of astronomy and geometry. Gunter applied to become professor of geometry but Savile was famous for distrusting clever people, and Gunter's behaviour annoyed him intensely. As was his habit, Gunter arrived with his <a href="/wiki/Sector_(instrument)" title="Sector (instrument)">sector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a>, and began demonstrating how they could be used to calculate the position of stars or the distance of churches, until Savile could stand it no longer. "Doe you call this reading of Geometric?" he burst out. "This is mere showing of tricks, man!" and, according to a contemporary account, "dismissed him with scorne."<sup id="cite_ref-who_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was shortly thereafter championed by the far wealthier <a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_1st_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater">Earl of Bridgewater</a>, who saw to it that on 6 March 1619 Gunter was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, London. This post he held till his death.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Gunter's name are associated several useful inventions, descriptions of which are given in his treatises on the sector, <a href="/wiki/Cross-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-staff">cross-staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backstaff#Cross_bow_quadrant" title="Backstaff">bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a> and other instruments. He contrived his sector about the year 1606, and wrote a description of it in Latin, but it was more than sixteen years afterwards before he allowed the book to appear in English. In 1620 he published his <i>Canon triangulorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1624 Gunter published a collection of his mathematical works. It was entitled <i>The description and use of sector, the cross-staffe, and other instruments for such as are studious of mathematical practise.</i> One of the most remarkable things about this book is that it was written, and published, in English not Latin. "I am at the last contented that it should come forth in English," he wrote resignedly, "Not that I think it worthy either of my labour or the publique view, but to satisfy their importunity who not understand the Latin yet were at the charge to buy the instrument."<sup id="cite_ref-who_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a manual not for cloistered university fellows but for sailors and surveyors in real world. </p><p>There is reason to believe that Gunter was the first to discover (in 1622 or 1625) that the magnetic needle does not retain the same <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">declination</a> in the same place at all times. By desire of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> he published in 1624 <i>The Description and Use of His Majesties Dials in Whitehall Garden</i>, the only one of his works which has not been reprinted. He coined the terms <a href="/wiki/Cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosine">cosine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotangent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotangent">cotangent</a>, and he suggested to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)" title="Henry Briggs (mathematician)">Henry Briggs</a>, his friend and colleague, the use of the arithmetical complement (see Briggs <i>Arithmetica Logarithmica</i>, cap. xv).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His practical inventions are briefly noted below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunter's_chain"><span id="Gunter.27s_chain"></span>Gunter's chain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gunter's chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunter's interest in geometry led him to develop a method of land surveying using triangulation. Linear measurements could be taken between topographical features such as corners of a field, and using triangulation the field or other area could be plotted on a plane, and its area calculated. A chain 66 feet (20 m) long, with intermediate measurements indicated, was chosen for the purpose, and is called <a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a>. </p><p>The length of the chain chosen, 66 feet (20 m), being called a <a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">chain</a> gives a unit easily converted to area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, a parcel of 10 square chains gives 1 acre. The area of any parcel measured in chains will thereby be easily calculated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_Trigonometry,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/220px-Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="675" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/330px-Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/440px-Table_of_Trigonometry%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>Table of Trigonometry, from the 1728 <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia</a></i>, Volume 2 featuring a Gunter's scale</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunter's_quadrant"><span id="Gunter.27s_quadrant"></span>Gunter's quadrant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gunter's quadrant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunter's quadrant is an instrument made of wood, brass or other substance, containing a kind of stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the equinoctial, the eye being supposed to be placed in one of the poles, so that the tropic, ecliptic, and horizon form the arcs of circles, but the hour circles are other curves, drawn by means of several altitudes of the sun for some particular latitude every year. This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun's <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a>, etc., and other common problems of the sphere or globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare Gunter quadrant, made by Henry Sutton and dated 1657, can be described as follows: It is a conveniently sized and high-performance instrument that has two pin-hole sights, and the plumb line is inserted at the vertex. The front side is designed as a Gunter quadrant and the rear side as a trigonometric quadrant. The side with the astrolabe has hour lines, a calendar, zodiacs, star positions, astrolabe projections, and a vertical dial. The side with the geometric quadrants features several trigonometric functions, rules, a shadow quadrant, and the chorden line.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunter's_scale"><span id="Gunter.27s_scale"></span>Gunter's scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gunter's scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunter's scale or Gunter's rule, generally called the "Gunter" by seamen, is a large plane scale, usually 2 feet (610 mm) long by about 1½ inches broad (40 mm), engraved with various scales, or lines. On one side are placed the natural lines (as the line of chords, the line of <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangent_(trigonometric_function)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent (trigonometric function)">tangents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_line" title="Rhumb line">rhumbs</a>, etc.), and on the other side the corresponding artificial or logarithmic ones. By means of this instrument questions in <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, etc., are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Slide_rule#History" title="Slide rule">slide rule</a>, a calculating aid used from the 17th century until the 1970s. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Gunter's_line"></span><i>Gunter's line</i>, or <i>line of numbers</i> refers to the logarithmically divided scale, like the most common scales used on slide rules for multiplication and division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunter_rig">Gunter rig</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gunter rig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sail rig which resembles a gaff rig, with the gaff nearly vertical, is called a <a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a>, or "<i>sliding gunter"</i> from its resemblance to a Gunter's rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Astronomy" title="Gresham Professor of Astronomy">Gresham Professor of Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geomagnetism" title="History of geomagnetism">History of geomagnetism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to 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Stenstrom (1967), "Surveying Ready Reference Manual", McGraw–Hill. p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Homer (2012). "The Book of Origins: The first of everything – from art to zoos". Hachette UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Maor (2013). "Trigonometric Delights", Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Burns (2001), <i>The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gunter,_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gunter, Edmund">Gunter, Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 729–730.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gunter%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=729-730&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Gunter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Baker (2002). "Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600–1720". Greenwood Publishing Group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=385">"Who invented the calculus? – and other 17th century topics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035913/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=385">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Professor Robin Wilson, lecture transcript, <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, 16 November 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linklater, Andro, <i>Measuring America</i>, Penguin Books, 2003, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gunter.html">"Gunter biography"</a>. <i>www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Gunter+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGunter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Gunter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Kern: <i>Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Band 2: Vom Compendium zum Einzelinstrument</i>. Cologne, 2010; p. 205.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gunter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gunter.html">"Edmund Gunter"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+Gunter&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGunter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Gunter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gunter.html">Galileo Project page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoastro.de/gunter/">Gunter's Quadrant applet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726699#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726699#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726699#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008151349X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71493834">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4kq3gBWB7DVcPk68cT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/100606709">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85112269">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12485426s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12485426s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gunter, Edmund <1581-1626>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV149226">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p143216058">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1057217">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0218331X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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