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href="#Modern_substitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern substitutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_substitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Puka_shell" title="Talk:Puka shell">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naturally occurring bead-like objects</div> <p><b>Puka shells</b> are naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">bead</a>-like shells found on the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> or other places. Each bead is the beach-worn apex of a <a href="/wiki/Conus" title="Conus">cone snail</a>. Such shells are often strung as necklaces, known as puka shell necklaces. <i>Puka</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> word for "hole" and refers to the naturally occurring hole in the middle of these rounded and worn shell fragments. </p><p>Numerous inexpensive imitations are now widely sold as puka shell necklaces. The majority of contemporary "puka shell necklaces" are not made from cone shells, but from other shells, or even from plastic. In addition, some strings of beads are currently sold that are made from cone shells, but the beads in these necklaces were not formed by natural processes. They were instead worked by hand from whole shells using pliers to break the shell down to the needed part, and then subjecting the rough results to <a href="/wiki/Tumble_finishing" title="Tumble finishing">tumble finishing</a>, in order to give each bead more or less smooth edges in imitation of the natural wear-and-tear a shell receives when tumbled in the surf over long periods of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original all-natural puka shells were very easily made into <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">anklets</a> because they were naturally pierced, which enabled them to be strung like <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>. Such jewellery were often gifted by <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Royal Family">Hawaii's royal families</a> to foreign dignitaries,<sup id="cite_ref-V_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was only during the tourism boom of the 1960s, after the islands' <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">admission into the US</a>, that it became massively popular as an attractive and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">lei</a> that could be made and sold on the beach. In the 1970s, this type of shell jewelry became highly sought after by celebrities like <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and prices skyrocketed. The craftsmanship also became more refined and the <i>lei pūpū puka</i>, puka shell leis were strung in graduated or matching styles, rather than the original random patterns. It was highly sought after <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_fashion" title="1990s in fashion">in the 1990s</a> starting from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">Californians</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Surf_culture" title="Surf culture">surf culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many "legends" about the puka shell were created during this time, and these stories also helped sales. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_puka_shell_formation">Natural puka shell formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Natural puka shell formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Textile_cone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/220px-Textile_cone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/330px-Textile_cone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/440px-Textile_cone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A live <a href="/wiki/Conus_textile" title="Conus textile">textile cone snail</a> from Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The terminal helix of the shell of a cone snail is cone-shaped, and closed at the apex. When the empty shell is rolled over a long time by the waves in the breaking surf and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> rubble, the terminal helix of the shell breaks off or is gradually ground off, leaving the solid top of the shell intact. </p><p>Given enough time, the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">spire</a> of the shell usually also wears down, and thus a natural hole is formed from one side to the other. This shell fragment can be viewed as a sort of a natural bead, and is known in Hawaii as a "puka". Real puka shells are not flat: one side of the bead is slightly convex; the other is concave. The concave side of the bead clearly shows the spiral form of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">spire</a> of the cone shell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_substitutes">Modern substitutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern substitutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturally-formed rounded cone shell fragments suitable to be used as beads are hard to find in large quantities, so true puka jewelry, formed entirely naturally, is now uncommon. Shell jewellery made from naturally occurring puka shells is also now more expensive because of the labor and time involved in locating and hand-picking these rather uncommon shell fragments from the beach drift. </p><p>In modern times, beads cut from other types of shell, or even beads of plastic, are used to make imitation puka jewellery. Cone snail shells are sometimes harvested so that they can be chipped and ground down to make more authentic-looking puka jewellery, which is however still not genuine by the standards of the originals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A very glossy <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> indicates that the shells in a necklace have been <a href="/wiki/Tumble_finishing" title="Tumble finishing">tumble polished</a>. If the edges of the shell beads are chipped, the shells were harvested and manually broken into shape. If the "puka" or central hole is perfectly circular and parallel-sided, then the hole was drilled by humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-V-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh2019" class="citation news cs1">McHugh, Molly (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/9/19/20868322/puka-shell-necklace-hawaii-noticed-vsco-girls-nostalgia">"Puka shell necklaces are back, thanks to VSCO girls and nostalgia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox.com">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Puka+shell+necklaces+are+back%2C+thanks+to+VSCO+girls+and+nostalgia&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fthe-goods%2F2019%2F9%2F19%2F20868322%2Fpuka-shell-necklace-hawaii-noticed-vsco-girls-nostalgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuka+shell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbert1986" class="citation book cs1">Elbert, Pukui (1986). <i>Hawaiian Dictionary</i>. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Elbert&rft.aufirst=Pukui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuka+shell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattes1974" class="citation book cs1">Mattes, Paul Joel (1974). Allan Seiden (ed.). <i>Puka shell Hawaii: The story of puka shell jewelry in the Hawaiian Islands</i>. Hawaiian Puka Shell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puka+shell+Hawaii%3A+The+story+of+puka+shell+jewelry+in+the+Hawaiian+Islands&rft.pub=Hawaiian+Puka+Shell&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mattes&rft.aufirst=Paul+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuka+shell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&oldid=1249659256">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puka_shell&oldid=1249659256</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewellery_components" title="Category:Jewellery components">Jewellery components</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Hawaii" title="Category:Symbols of Hawaii">Symbols of Hawaii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hawaii_culture" title="Category:Hawaii culture">Hawaii culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seashells_in_art" title="Category:Seashells in art">Seashells in art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion" title="Category:1960s fashion">1960s fashion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion" title="Category:1970s fashion">1970s fashion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion" title="Category:1990s fashion">1990s fashion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion" title="Category:2000s fashion">2000s fashion</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite" title="Category:All articles needing rewrite">All articles needing rewrite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2009" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2009">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 03:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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