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Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Salvation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christologies_(1st_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christologies_(1st_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early Christologies (1st century) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Christologies_(1st_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early Christologies (1st century) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Christologies_(1st_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_notions_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_notions_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early notions of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_notions_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Pre-existence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Kyrios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_"low_Christology"_and_"high_Christology"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_"low_Christology"_and_"high_Christology""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development of "low Christology" and "high Christology" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_"low_Christology"_and_"high_Christology"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 New Testament writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Paul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 The Gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd–8th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd–8th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Controversies and ecumenical councils (2nd–8th century) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd–8th_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies and ecumenical councils (2nd–8th century) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd–8th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Apostolic_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Apostolic_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Post-Apostolic controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Apostolic_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)_and_First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)_and_First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First Council of Nicaea (325) and First Council of Constantinople (381) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)_and_First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Ephesus_(431)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Ephesus_(431)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 First Council of Ephesus (431) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Ephesus_(431)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon_(451)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Chalcedon_(451)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Council of Chalcedon (451) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon_(451)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth–Seventh_Ecumenical_Council_(553,_681,_787)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth–Seventh_Ecumenical_Council_(553,_681,_787)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fifth–Seventh Ecumenical Council (553, 681, 787) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth–Seventh_Ecumenical_Council_(553,_681,_787)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th–11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th–11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 9th–11th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th–11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eastern Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_medieval_Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_medieval_Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Western medieval Christology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_medieval_Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern developments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern developments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_Protestant_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Protestant_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Liberal Protestant theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Protestant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Roman Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Topics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Topics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nativity_and_the_Holy_Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nativity_and_the_Holy_Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Nativity and the Holy Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nativity_and_the_Holy_Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crucifixion_and_resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crucifixion_and_resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Crucifixion and resurrection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crucifixion_and_resurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threefold_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threefold_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Threefold office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threefold_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Mariology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christology</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie" title="Christologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كرستولوجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرستولوجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristologiya" title="Xristologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="খ্রিস্টতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Христология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Христология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristologia" title="Cristologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie" title="Christologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Christologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoleg" title="Cristoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cristoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie" title="Christologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristolog%C3%ADa" title="Cristología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologio" title="Kristologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologia" title="Kristologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مسیح‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیح‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie" title="Christologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%A0" title="그리스도론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스도론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मसीहशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मसीहशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologija" title="Kristologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologio" title="Kristologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologia" title="Christologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Kristsfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristologia" title="Cristologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="כריסטולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქრისტოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristolojia" title="Kristolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kristolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologia" title="Christologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologija" title="Kristologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristolojia" title="Cristolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cristolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisztol%C3%B3gia" title="Krisztológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krisztológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Kristôlôjia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രിസ്തുവിജ്ഞാനീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തുവിജ്ഞാനീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كرستولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كرستولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie" title="Christologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E8%AB%96" title="キリスト論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologia" title="Kristologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kristologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystologia" title="Chrystologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrystologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristologia" title="Cristologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristologie" title="Cristologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cristologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristologia" title="Cristologia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cristologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Христология – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Христология" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Христология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologjia" title="Kristologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" title="Christology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christol%C3%B3gia" title="Christológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Christológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologija" title="Kristologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Христологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Христологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristologija" title="Hristologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hristologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologia" title="Kristologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristologi" title="Kristologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristolohiya" title="Kristolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிஸ்தியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்தியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="คริสตวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสตวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoloji" title="Kristoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Христологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Христологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristo%C5%82ozia" title="Cristołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristolohiya" title="Kristolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E8%AE%BA" title="基督论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theological study of Jesus Christ</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_R%C3%A9surrection_du_Christ_1560_V%C3%A9ron%C3%A8se.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_R%C3%A9surrection_du_Christ_1560_V%C3%A9ron%C3%A8se.jpg/220px-La_R%C3%A9surrection_du_Christ_1560_V%C3%A9ron%C3%A8se.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_R%C3%A9surrection_du_Christ_1560_V%C3%A9ron%C3%A8se.jpg/330px-La_R%C3%A9surrection_du_Christ_1560_V%C3%A9ron%C3%A8se.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesusicon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/110px-Jesusicon.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/165px-Jesusicon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/220px-Jesusicon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:gold;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (Messiah)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Active obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicatio_idiomatum" title="Communicatio idiomatum">Communicatio idiomatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ#Theological_significance" title="Session of Christ">Exaltation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-man_(Christianity)" title="God-man (Christianity)">God-man</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homoi%C5%8Dma" title="Homoiōma">Homoiōma</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Person_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Person of Christ">Person</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">Prosopon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ#Christology" title="Imitation of Christ">Imitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ#Christology" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis#Christology" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syncatabasis" title="Syncatabasis">Syncatabasis</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_Christ" title="Knowledge of Christ">Knowledge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">Perfection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom#In_Christology" title="Holy Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">Threefold office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Redeemer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:gold;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Doctrines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Christological doctrines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Chalcedonism" title="Neo-Chalcedonism">Neo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyoenergism" title="Dyoenergism">Dyoenergism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyothelitism" title="Dyothelitism">Dyothelitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acacians" title="Acacians">Homoiousianism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoian">Homoianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopaschism" title="Theopaschism">Theopaschism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>By denomination</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extra_calvinisticum" title="Extra calvinisticum">Extra calvinisticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Lutheran Christology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christology" title="Template:Christology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christology" title="Template talk:Christology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Christology<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> that concerns <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Different denominations have different opinions on questions such as whether Jesus was human, divine, or both, and as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> what his role would be in the freeing of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> from foreign rulers or in the prophesied <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> from what would otherwise be the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm199315-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014ch._6–9-6">[5]</a> The earliest Christian writings gave several titles to Jesus, such as <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a>, which were all derived from Hebrew scripture. These terms centered around two opposing themes, namely "Jesus as a <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">preexistent figure</a> who <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">becomes human</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">returns to God</a>", versus <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionism</a> – that Jesus was human who was "adopted" by God at his baptism, crucifixion, or resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a> While there was a consensus as of 2007 that the divinity of Christ was a later development,<a href="#cite_note-gerd-8">[6]</a> there are scholars now who argue that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> claimed to be God.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Most scholars now argue that a high Christology existed prior to Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brant_Pitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant Pitre">Brant Pitre</a>'s argument that Jesus claimed to be divine has been particularly well received, obtaining the endorsement of noted scholars <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale C. Allison Jr.</a>, Chris Tilling, Tucker Ferda, and Christine Jacobi. <a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> From the second to the fifth centuries, the relation of the human and divine nature of Christ was a major focus of debates in the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early church</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 issued a formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a> of the two natures of Christ, one human and one divine, "united with neither confusion nor division".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342-13">[11]</a> Most of the major branches of Western Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> subscribe to this formulation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990342-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-14">[12]</a> while many branches of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> reject it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutBoak_Slocum200581-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspínNickoloff2007217-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200021–22-17">[15]</a> subscribing to <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysitism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_approaches">Definition and approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and approaches">edit</a>]</div> Christology (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> Χριστός, Khristós and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-λογία">-λογία</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-logia">-logia</a>), literally 'the understanding of Christ',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014108-18">[16]</a> is the study of the nature (person) and work (role in salvation)<a href="#cite_note-work-22">[note 1]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm199315-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CathEncycl_Christology-23">[web 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definitions-25">[note 2]</a> It studies Jesus Christ's humanity and divinity, and the relation between these two aspects;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014ch._6–9-6">[5]</a> and the role he plays in <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontological</a> Christology" analyzes the nature or being<a href="#cite_note-thinkapologetics.christology-26">[web 5]</a> of Jesus Christ. "Functional Christology" analyzes the works of Jesus Christ, while "<a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">soteriological</a> Christology" analyzes the "<a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">salvific</a>" standpoints of Christology.<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a> Several approaches can be distinguished within Christology.<a href="#cite_note-28">[note 3]</a> The term Christology from above<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins200916-17-29">[20]</a> or high Christology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20044-30">[21]</a> refers to approaches that include aspects of divinity, such as Lord and Son of God, and the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existence of Christ</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> ('the Word'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins200916–17-31">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20044-30">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196833-32">[23]</a> as expressed in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">prologue to the Gospel of John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 4]</a> These approaches interpret the works of Christ in terms of his divinity. According to Pannenberg, Christology from above "was far more common in the ancient Church, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> and the second century Apologists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196833-32">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> The term Christology from below<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins200916-35">[25]</a> or low Christology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20044-30">[21]</a> refers to approaches that begin with the human aspects and the ministry of Jesus (including the miracles, parables, etc.) and move towards his divinity and the mystery of incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins200916–17-31">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20044-30">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person_of_Christ">Person of Christ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Person of Christ">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">Prosopon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg/220px-Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg/330px-Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg/440px-Christ_Pantocrator_niche_Holy_Trinity_Meteora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, Holy Trinity's monastery, <a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> A basic Christological teaching is that the person of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> is both human and divine. The human and divine natures of Jesus Christ apparently (<a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopic</a>) form a duality, as they coexist within one person (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostasis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Erickson-36">[26]</a> There are no direct discussions in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">dual nature</a> of the Person of Christ as both divine and human,<a href="#cite_note-Erickson-36">[26]</a> and since the early days of Christianity, theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures, at times resulting in ecumenical councils, and schisms.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson-36">[26]</a> Some historical christological doctrines gained broad support: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a> (Monophysite controversy, 3rd–8th centuries): After the union of the divine and the human in the historical incarnation, Jesus Christ had only a single nature. Monophysitism was condemned as heretical by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches): In the person of Jesus Christ, divine nature and human nature are united in a compound nature ('physis').</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a>): Christ maintained two natures, one divine and one human, after the Incarnation; articulated by the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian Definition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">Modalism</a>): God as one, in contrast to the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. Condemned as heretical in the <a href="/wiki/Patristic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic era">Patristic era</a> but followed today by certain groups of <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarians">Nontrinitarians</a>.</li></ul> Influential Christologies which were broadly condemned as heretical<a href="#cite_note-39">[note 5]</a> are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a> (3rd–4th centuries) claimed the human form of Jesus was mere semblance without any true reality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> (4th century) viewed the divine nature of Jesus, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>, as distinct and inferior to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, e.g., by having a beginning in time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> (5th century) considered the two natures (human and divine) of Jesus Christ almost entirely distinct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> (7th century), considered Christ to have only one will.</li></ul> Various church <a href="#Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd-8th_century)">councils</a>, mainly in the 4th and 5th centuries, resolved most of these controversies, making the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> orthodox in nearly all branches of Christianity. Among them, only the Dyophysite doctrine was recognized as true and not heretical, belonging to the Christian <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">deposit of faith</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Salvation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement in Christianity</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</a> is the method by which human beings can be reconciled to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> through <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s sacrificial suffering and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[29]</a> Atonement is the <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness#Christianity" title="Forgiveness">forgiving</a> or pardoning of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of sin">sin</a> in general and <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> in particular through the suffering, death and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CED-41">[web 6]</a> enabling the <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciliation</a> between God and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">his creation</a>. Due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Aulen">Gustaf Aulèn</a>'s (1879–1978) Christus Victor (1931), the various theories or paradigmata of atonement are often grouped as "classical paradigm", "objective paradigm", and the "subjective paradigm":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver20012-42">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200911–20-43">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aulen-44">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a> <ul><li>Classical paradigm:<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 6]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom theory of atonement</a>, which teaches that the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice#Christianity" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>, usually said to have been paid to <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> or to death itself, in some views paid to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, in satisfaction for the bondage and debt on the souls of humanity as a result of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">inherited sin</a>. Gustaf Aulén reinterpreted the ransom theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20158-47">[34]</a> calling it the <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> doctrine, arguing that Christ's death was not a payment to the Devil, but defeated the powers of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, which had held humankind in their dominion.;<a href="#cite_note-48">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151,_26-51">[37]</a> which says that Christ succeeded where <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">failed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a> ('divinization') is a "corollary" of the recapitulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh201531-52">[38]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Objective paradigm: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction theory of atonement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[note 8]</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> (1033/4–1109), which teaches that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> suffered <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitute</a> for human <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, satisfying God's just wrath against humankind's transgression due to Christ's infinite merit.<a href="#cite_note-54">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">Penal substitution</a>, also called "forensic theory" and "vicarious punishment", which was a development by the Reformers of Anselm's satisfaction theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor195671–72-55">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacker1973-56">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penal_substitution-57">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker.2006-59">[note 10]</a> Instead of considering sin as an affront to God's honour, it sees sin as the breaking of God's moral law. Penal substitution sees sinful man as being subject to God's wrath, with the essence of Jesus' saving work being his substitution in the sinner's place, bearing the curse in the place of man.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">Governmental theory of atonement</a>, "which views God as both the loving creator and moral Governor of the universe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200917-60">[43]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subjective paradigm: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence theory of atonement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[note 11]</a> developed, or most notably propagated, by <a href="/wiki/Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a> (1079–1142),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-62">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-63">[45]</a> who argued that "Jesus died as the demonstration of God's love", a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners, turning back to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-62">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-64">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_example_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral example theory">Moral example theory</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Socinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus Socinus">Faustus Socinus</a> (1539–1604) in his work De Jesu Christo servatore (1578), who rejected the idea of "vicarious satisfaction".<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 12]</a> According to Socinus, Jesus' death offers humanity a perfect example of self-sacrificial dedication to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-64">[46]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Other theories are the "embracement theory" and the "shared atonement" theory.<a href="#cite_note-66">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Christologies_(1st_century)">Early Christologies (1st century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Christologies (1st century)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (title)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Christianity" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Exaltation of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence of Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of Christ</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_notions_of_Christ">Early notions of Christ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early notions of Christ">edit</a>]</div> The earliest christological reflections were shaped by both the Jewish background of the earliest Christians, and by the Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean in which they operated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141-68">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[note 13]</a> The earliest Christian writings give several titles to Jesus, such as <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a>, which were all derived from Hebrew scripture.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20044-30">[21]</a> According to Matt Stefon and Hans J. Hillerbrand: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Until the middle of the 2nd century, such terms emphasized two themes: that of Jesus as a preexistent figure who becomes human and then returns to God and that of Jesus as a creature elected and "adopted" by God. The first theme makes use of concepts drawn from Classical antiquity, whereas the second relies on concepts characteristic of ancient Jewish thought. The second theme subsequently became the basis of "adoptionist Christology" (see <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionism</a>), which viewed Jesus' baptism as a crucial event in his adoption by God.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a></blockquote> Historically in the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_school" title="Alexandrian school">Alexandrian school</a> of thought (fashioned on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>), Jesus Christ is the eternal <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> who already possesses unity with the Father before the act of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waldrop-74">[54]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian school">Antiochian school</a> viewed Christ as a single, unified human person apart from his relationship to the divine.<a href="#cite_note-Waldrop-74">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[note 14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-existence">Pre-existence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-existence">edit</a>]</div> The notion of pre-existence is deeply rooted in Jewish thought, and can be found in apocalyptic thought and among the rabbis of Paul's time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515-77">[56]</a> but Paul was most influenced by Jewish-Hellenistic wisdom literature, where "'Wisdom' is extolled as something existing before the world and already working in creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515-77">[56]</a> According to Witherington, Paul "subscribed to the christological notion that Christ existed prior to taking on human flesh[,] founding the story of Christ [...] on the story of divine Wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington2009106-78">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[note 15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kyrios">Kyrios</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kyrios">edit</a>]</div> The title <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a> for Jesus is central to the development of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> Christology.<a href="#cite_note-MiniJohnson-80">[58]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> it translates the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, the holy Name of God. As such, it closely links Jesus with God – in the same way a verse such as <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 28:19, "The Name (singular) of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-81">[59]</a> Kyrios is also conjectured to be the Greek translation of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> Mari, which in everyday Aramaic usage was a very respectful form of polite address, which means more than just 'teacher' and was somewhat similar to '<a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>'. While the term Mari expressed the relationship between Jesus and his disciples during his life, the Greek Kyrios came to represent his lordship over the world.<a href="#cite_note-Cullmann2-82">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> placed Kyrios at the center of their understanding, and from that center attempted to understand the other issues related to the Christian mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-MiniJohnson-80">[58]</a> The question of the deity of Christ in the New Testament is inherently related to the Kyrios title of Jesus used in the early Christian writings and its implications for the absolute lordship of Jesus. In early Christian belief, the concept of Kyrios included the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existence of Christ</a>, for they believed if Christ is one with God, he must have been united with God from the very beginning.<a href="#cite_note-MiniJohnson-80">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cullmann-83">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_"low_Christology"_and_"high_Christology"">Development of "low Christology" and "high Christology"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development of "low Christology" and "high Christology"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of Jesus">Exaltation of Jesus</a></div> Two fundamentally different Christologies developed in the early Church, namely a "low" or <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionist</a> Christology, and a "high" or "incarnation" Christology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125-11">[9]</a> The chronology of the development of these early Christologies is a matter of debate within contemporary scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2017-84">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-85">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113-6-86">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2017-87">[web 7]</a> The "low Christology" or "adoptionist Christology" is the belief "that God exalted Jesus to be his Son by raising him from the dead",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014120,_122-88">[65]</a> thereby raising him to "divine status".<a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-89">[web 8]</a> According to the "evolutionary model"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetland2001175-90">[66]</a> or evolutionary theories,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173-91">[67]</a> the Christological understanding of Jesus developed over time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995-92">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003-93">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-94">[70]</a> as witnessed in the Gospels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-85">[63]</a> with the earliest Christians believing that Jesus was a human who was exalted, or else adopted as God's Son,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173–4-95">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113-96">[72]</a> when he was resurrected.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-94">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[73]</a> Later beliefs shifted the exaltation to his baptism, birth, and subsequently to the idea of his pre-existence, as witnessed in the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-94">[70]</a> This "evolutionary model" was proposed by proponents of the Religionsgeschichtliche Schule, especially <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Wilhelm Bousset</a>'s influential Kyrios Christos (1913).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173–4-95">[71]</a> This evolutionary model was very influential, and the "low Christology" has long been regarded as the oldest Christology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird2017ix,_xi-98">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132-99">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-89">[web 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[note 16]</a> The other early Christology is "high Christology", which is "the view that Jesus was a pre-existent divine being who became a human, did the Father's will on earth, and then was taken back up into heaven whence he had originally come",<a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-89">[web 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014122-102">[76]</a> and from where he <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">appeared on earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christophany-103">[note 17]</a> According to Bousset, this "high Christology" developed at the time of Paul's writing, under the influence of Gentile Christians, who brought their pagan Hellenistic traditions to the early Christian communities, introducing divine honours to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20174-104">[77]</a> According to Casey and Dunn, this "high Christology" developed after the time of Paul, at the end of the first century CE when the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> was written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20174–5-105">[78]</a> Since the 1970s, these late datings for the development of a "high Christology" have been contested,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20175-106">[79]</a> and a majority of scholars argue that this "high Christology" existed already before the writings of Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[note 18]</a> According to the "New Religionsgeschichtliche Schule",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20175-106">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[web 10]</a> or the Early High Christology Club,<a href="#cite_note-Bouma.2014-113">[web 11]</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20175-106">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouma.2014-113">[web 11]</a> this "incarnation Christology" or "high Christology" did not evolve over a longer time, but was a "big bang" of ideas which were already present at the start of Christianity, and took further shape in the first few decades of the church, as witnessed in the writings of Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20175-106">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouma.2014-113">[web 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-89">[web 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loke2017-114">[note 19]</a> Some 'Early High Christology' proponents scholars argue that this "high Christology" may go back to Jesus himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20176-115">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2017-87">[web 7]</a> There is a controversy regarding whether Jesus himself claimed to be divine. In <a href="/wiki/Honest_to_God" title="Honest to God">Honest to God</a>, then-<a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Woolwich" title="Bishop of Woolwich">Bishop of Woolwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._T._Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. T. Robinson">John A. T. Robinson</a>, questioned the idea.<a href="#cite_note-116">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a>, writing in 1993, mentioned changes in New Testament studies, citing "broad agreement" that scholars do not today support the view that Jesus claimed to be God, quoting as examples <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/C._F._D._Moule" title="C. F. D. Moule">C. F. D. Moule</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> (1980), Brian Hebblethwaite (1985) and David Brown (1985).<a href="#cite_note-117">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, who argues that the followers of Jesus within a very short period developed an exceedingly high level of devotional reverence to Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-118">[87]</a> at the same time rejects the view that Jesus made a claim to messiahship or divinity to his disciples during his life as "naive and ahistorical".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Gerd_L%C3%BCdemann" title="Gerd Lüdemann">Gerd Lüdemann</a>, the broad consensus among modern New Testament scholars is that the proclamation of the divinity of Jesus was a development within the earliest Christian communities.<a href="#cite_note-gerd-8">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> points out that arguments over the claims of Jesus regarding divinity have been passed over by more recent scholarship, which sees a more complex understanding of the idea of God in first century Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Wright1999-119">[88]</a> However, Andrew Loke argues that if Jesus did not claim and show himself to be truly divine and rise from the dead, the earliest Christian leaders who were devout ancient monotheistic Jews would have regarded Jesus as merely a teacher or a prophet; they would not have come to the widespread agreement that he was truly divine, which they did.<a href="#cite_note-120">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brant_Pitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant Pitre">Brant Pitre</a> also argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> claimed to be divine and was the origin of high Christology. <a href="#cite_note-122">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_writings">New Testament writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Testament writings">edit</a>]</div> The study of the various Christologies of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> is based on early Christian documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paul">Paul</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_-_Raphael,_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/220px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/330px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/440px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> delivering the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1515</figcaption></figure> The oldest Christian sources are the writings of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014113-123">[92]</a> The central Christology of Paul conveys the notion of Christ's pre-existence<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515-77">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington2009106-78">[57]</a> and the identification of Christ as <a href="/wiki/Kyrios_(Biblical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrios (Biblical term)">Kyrios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19-124">[93]</a> Both notions already existed before him in the early Christian communities, and Paul deepened them and used them for preaching in the Hellenistic communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515-77">[56]</a> What exactly Paul believed about the nature of Jesus cannot be determined decisively. In <a href="/wiki/Philippians_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians 2">Philippians 2</a>, Paul states that Jesus was preexistent and came to Earth "by taking the form of a servant, being made in human likeness". This sounds like an <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> Christology. In Romans 1:4, however, Paul states that Jesus "was declared with power to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead", which sounds like an <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionistic</a> Christology, where Jesus was a human being who was "adopted" after his death. Different views would be debated for centuries by Christians and finally settled on the idea that he was both fully human and fully divine by the middle of the 5th century in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>. Paul's thoughts on Jesus' teachings, versus his nature and being, are more defined, in that Paul believed Jesus was sent as an <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</a> for the sins of everyone.<a href="#cite_note-125">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-127">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> use Kyrios to identify Jesus almost 230 times, and express the theme that the true mark of a Christian is the confession of Jesus as the true Lord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009142-128">[97]</a> Paul viewed the superiority of the Christian revelation over all other divine manifestations as a consequence of the fact that Christ is the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncycl_Christology-23">[web 4]</a> The Pauline epistles also advanced the "<a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">cosmic Christology</a>"<a href="#cite_note-130">[note 20]</a> later developed in the Gospel of John,<a href="#cite_note-131">[99]</a> elaborating the cosmic implications of Jesus' existence as the Son of God: "Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come."<a href="#cite_note-132">[100]</a> Paul writes that Christ came to draw all back to God: "Through him God was pleased to reconcile to himself all things, whether on earth or in heaven" (Colossians 1:20);<a href="#cite_note-133">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[102]</a> in the same epistle, he writes that "He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation" (Colossians 1:15).<a href="#cite_note-135">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19-124">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_page_282-129">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gospels">The Gospels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Gospels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Four_Evangelists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Four_Evangelists.jpg/220px-The_Four_Evangelists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Four_Evangelists.jpg/330px-The_Four_Evangelists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Four_Evangelists.jpg/440px-The_Four_Evangelists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Soutman" title="Pieter Soutman">Pieter Soutman</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a> date from after the writings of Paul. They provide episodes from the life of Jesus and some of his works, but the authors of the New Testament show little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life,<a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-136">[104]</a> and as in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#21:25" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 21:25</a>, the Gospels do not claim to be an exhaustive list of his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3-3">[2]</a> Christologies that can be gleaned from the three synoptic Gospels generally emphasize the humanity of Jesus, his sayings, his <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> provides a different perspective that focuses on his divinity.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncycl_Christology-23">[web 4]</a> The first 14 verses of the Gospel of John are devoted to the divinity of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>, usually translated as "Word", along with his pre-existence, and they emphasize the cosmic significance of Christ, e.g.: "All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made."<a href="#cite_note-137">[105]</a> In the context of these verses, the Word made flesh is identical with the Word who was in the beginning with God, being exegetically equated with Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncycl_Christology-23">[web 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_ecumenical_councils_(2nd–8th_century)">Controversies and ecumenical councils (2nd–8th century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversies and ecumenical councils (2nd–8th century)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Apostolic_controversies">Post-Apostolic controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-Apostolic controversies">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, from the second century onwards, a number of controversies developed about how the human and divine are related within the person of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999463-138">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch2003149-139">[107]</a> As of the second century, a number of different and opposing approaches developed among various groups. In contrast to prevailing <a href="/wiki/Monoprosopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoprosopic">monoprosopic</a> views on the Person of Christ, alternative <a href="/wiki/Dyoprosopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyoprosopic">dyoprosopic</a> notions were also promoted by some theologians, but such views were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> did not endorse divinity, <a href="/wiki/Ebionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebionism">Ebionism</a> argued Jesus was an ordinary mortal, while <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> held <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetic</a> views which argued Christ was a spiritual being who only appeared to have a physical body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1993-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2007282-38">[28]</a> The resulting tensions led to <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schisms</a> within the church in the second and third centuries, and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> were convened in the fourth and fifth centuries to deal with the issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although some of the debates may seem to various modern students to be over a theological iota, they took place in controversial political circumstances, reflecting the relations of temporal powers and divine authority, and certainly resulted in schisms, among others that separated the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> from the Church of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-140">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)_and_First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)">First Council of Nicaea (325) and First Council of Constantinople (381)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Council of Nicaea (325) and First Council of Constantinople (381)">edit</a>]</div> In 325, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> defined the persons of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a> and their relationship with one another, decisions which were ratified at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381. The language used was that the one God exists in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); in particular, it was affirmed that the Son was <a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a> (of the same being) as the Father. The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> declared the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-142">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[112]</a> After the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos and the second Person of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Trinity</a> were being used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-145">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Ephesus_(431)">First Council of Ephesus (431)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First Council of Ephesus (431)">edit</a>]</div> In 431, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> was initially called to address the views of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>, but the problems soon extended to Christology, and schisms followed. The 431 council was called because in defense of his loyal priest Anastasius, Nestorius had denied the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> title for <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a> and later contradicted <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a> during a sermon in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Celestine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine I">Celestine I</a> (who was already upset with Nestorius due to other matters) wrote about this to <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, who orchestrated the council. During the council, Nestorius defended his position by arguing there must be two persons of Christ, one human, the other divine, and Mary had given birth only to a human, hence could not be called the Theotokos, i.e. "the one who gives birth to God". The debate about the single or dual nature of Christ ensued in Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-146">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[117]</a> The First Council of Ephesus debated <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysitism</a> (two natures united as one after the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a>) versus <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">dyophysitism</a> (coexisting natures after the hypostatic union) versus <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a> (only one nature) versus <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> (two hypostases). From the Christological viewpoint, the council adopted Mia Physis ('but being made one', κατὰ φύσιν) – Council of Ephesus, Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius, i.e. 'one nature of the Word of God incarnate' (μία φύσις τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου σεσαρκωμένη, mía phýsis toû theoû lógou sesarkōménē). In 451, the Council of Chalcedon affirmed <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">dyophysitism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> rejected this and subsequent councils and continued to consider themselves as miaphysite according to the faith put forth at the Councils of <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-parry-151">[119]</a> The council also confirmed the Theotokos title and excommunicated Nestorius.<a href="#cite_note-KBaker-152">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ephesus-153">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Chalcedon_(451)">Council of Chalcedon (451)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Council of Chalcedon (451)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christological_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Christological_spectrum.svg/220px-Christological_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Christological_spectrum.svg/330px-Christological_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Christological_spectrum.svg/440px-Christological_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Christological spectrum during the 5th–7th centuries showing the views of the Church of the East (light blue), the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches (light purple), and the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite Churches">Miaphysite Churches</a> (pink)</figcaption></figure> The 451 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> was highly influential, and marked a key turning point in the christological debates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriceGaddis20061–5-154">[122]</a> It is the last council which many <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> consider ecumenical.<a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutBoak_Slocum200581-15">[13]</a> The Council of Chalcedon fully promulgated the Western <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">dyophysite</a> understanding put forth by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> of Rome of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a>, the proposition that Christ has one human nature (<a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a>) and one divine nature (physis), each distinct and complete, and united with neither confusion nor division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999463-138">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch2003149-139">[107]</a> Most of the major branches of Western Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>), <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-155">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> subscribe to the Chalcedonian Christological formulation, while many branches of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syrian Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodoxy">Coptic Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolicism</a>) reject it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutBoak_Slocum200581-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspínNickoloff2007217-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200021–22-17">[15]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian Creed">Chalcedonian Creed</a> did not put an end to all christological debate, it did clarify the terms used and became a point of reference for many future Christologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutBoak_Slocum200581-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspínNickoloff2007217-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeversluis200021–22-17">[15]</a> But it also broke apart the church of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> in the fifth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriceGaddis20061–5-154">[122]</a> and unquestionably established the primacy of Rome in the East over those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon. This was reaffirmed in 519, when the Eastern Chalcedonians accepted the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Formula of Hormisdas</a>, anathematizing all of their own Eastern Chalcedonian hierarchy, who died out of communion with Rome from 482 to 519. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth–Seventh_Ecumenical_Council_(553,_681,_787)">Fifth–Seventh Ecumenical Council (553, 681, 787)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fifth–Seventh Ecumenical Council (553, 681, 787)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553 interpreted the decrees of Chalcedon, and further explained the relationship of the two natures of Jesus. It also condemned the alleged teachings of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> on the pre-existence of the soul, and other topics.<a href="#cite_note-156">[web 12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> in 681 declared that Christ has two wills of his two natures, human and divine, contrary to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Monothelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Monothelites">Monothelites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[web 13]</a> with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will.<a href="#cite_note-158">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> was called under the Empress Regent <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> in 787, known as the second of Nicaea. It supports the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> while forbidding their worship. It is often referred to as "The Triumph of Orthodoxy".<a href="#cite_note-159">[web 14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9th–11th_century">9th–11th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 9th–11th century">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_medieval_Christology">Western medieval Christology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Western medieval Christology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> piety of the 12th and 13th centuries led to "popular Christology". Systematic approaches by theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, are called "scholastic Christology".<a href="#cite_note-mini7-160">[125]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> provided the first systematic Christology that consistently resolved a number of the existing issues.<a href="#cite_note-GilsonC-161">[126]</a> In his Christology from above, Aquinas also championed the <a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">principle of perfection of Christ</a>'s human attributes.<a href="#cite_note-mini76-162">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009208–12-163">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geest-164">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> also witnessed the emergence of the "tender image of Jesus" as a friend and a living source of love and comfort, rather than just the Kyrios image.<a href="#cite_note-Astley-165">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformation">Reformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession#Article_10:_Of_the_Eternal_Deity_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Belgic Confession">Article 10 of the Belgic Confession</a>, a confessional standard of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed faith">Reformed faith</a>, subscribes to Nicene orthodoxy regarding the deity of Christ. The article places emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_generation_of_the_Son" title="Eternal generation of the Son">eternal generation of the Son</a> and the eternal divine nature of Christ as Creator.<blockquote>We believe that Jesus Christ, according to his divine nature, is the only begotten Son of God, begotten from eternity, not made nor created (for then He should be a creature), but co-essential and co-eternal with the Father, "the express image of His person, and the brightness of His glory" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 1:3</a>), equal unto him in all things. He is the Son of God, not only from the time that He assumed our nature, but from all eternity, as these testimonies, when compared together, teach us. Moses says that God created the world; and John saith that "all things were made by that Word" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 1:3</a>), which he calls God. And the apostle says that God made the worlds by His Son (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 1:2</a>); likewise, that "God created all things by Jesus Christ" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#3:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 3:9</a>). Therefore, it must needs follow, that he who is called God, the Word, the Son, and Jesus Christ did exist at that time, when all things were created by him. Therefore, the prophet Micah says, "His goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#5:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Micah">Micah 5:2</a>). And the apostle: "He has neither beginning of days, nor end of life" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#7:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 7:3</a>). He therefore is that true, eternal, and almighty God, whom we invoke, worship and serve.<a href="#cite_note-166">[131]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> maintained there was no human element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the Person of <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">the Word</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[132]</a> Calvin also emphasized the importance of the "Work of Christ" in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ and cautioned against ignoring the works of Jesus during his ministry.<a href="#cite_note-168">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_developments">Modern developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern developments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_Historical_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest for the Historical Jesus">Quest for the Historical Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Protestant_theology">Liberal Protestant theology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Liberal Protestant theology">edit</a>]</div> The 19th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Protestant">Liberal Protestant</a> theology, which questioned the dogmatic foundations of Christianity, and approached the Bible with critical-historical tools.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Christology.mCt-169">[web 15]</a> The divinity of Jesus became of less emphasis or importance, and was replaced with an focus on the ethical aspects of his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003ch._4-170">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[note 21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> sees the purpose of modern Christology as to formulate the Christian belief that "God became man and that God-made-man is the individual Jesus Christ" in a manner that this statement can be understood consistently, without the confusions of past debates and mythologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004755–767-173">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[note 22]</a> Rahner pointed out the coincidence between the Person of Christ and the Word of God, referring to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#8:38" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 8:38</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#9:26" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 9:26</a> which state whoever is ashamed of the words of Jesus is ashamed of the Lord himself.<a href="#cite_note-176">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans von Balthasar</a> argued the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the "absorption" of human attributes, but by their "assumption". Thus, in his view, the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine.<a href="#cite_note-177">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Topics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nativity_and_the_Holy_Name">Nativity and the Holy Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nativity and the Holy Name">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> impacted the Christological issues about his person from the earliest days of Christianity. Luke's Christology centers on the dialectics of the dual natures of the earthly and heavenly manifestations of existence of the Christ, while Matthew's Christology focuses on the mission of Jesus and his role as the savior.<a href="#cite_note-178">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">salvific</a> emphasis of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#1:21" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 1:21</a> later impacted the theological issues and the devotions to <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[144]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#1:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 1:23</a> provides a key to the "Emmanuel Christology" of Matthew. Beginning with 1:23, the Gospel of Matthew shows a clear interest in identifying Jesus as "God with us" and in later developing the Emmanuel characterization of Jesus at key points throughout the rest of the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-Kupp-183">[145]</a> The name 'Emmanuel' does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament, but Matthew builds on it in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#28:20" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 28:20</a> ("I am with you always, even unto the end of the world") to indicate Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age.<a href="#cite_note-Kupp-183">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury17-184">[146]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Ulrich Luz</a>, the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1:23 and 28:20, appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages.<a href="#cite_note-185">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crucifixion_and_resurrection">Crucifixion and resurrection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crucifixion and resurrection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></div> The accounts of the crucifixion and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> provides a rich background for christological analysis, from the canonical Gospels to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[148]</a> A central element in the christology presented in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> is the affirmation of the belief that the death of Jesus by crucifixion happened "with the foreknowledge of God, according to a definite plan".<a href="#cite_note-Matera67-187">[149]</a> In this view, as in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 2:23</a>, the cross is not viewed as a scandal, for the crucifixion of Jesus "at the hands of the lawless" is viewed as the fulfilment of the plan of God.<a href="#cite_note-Matera67-187">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[150]</a> Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-189">[151]</a> For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-189">[151]</a> In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8), died "at the right time" (Romans 5:6) based on the plan of God.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-189">[151]</a> For Paul, the "power of the cross" is not separable from the resurrection of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-189">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threefold_office">Threefold office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Threefold office">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">Threefold office</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">threefold office</a> (Latin munus triplex) of Jesus Christ is a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> doctrine based upon the teachings of the Old Testament. It was described by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and more fully developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>. It states that Jesus <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> performed three functions (or "offices") in his earthly ministry – those of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingly_office_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingly office of Christ">king</a>. In the Old Testament, the appointment of someone to any of these three positions could be indicated by anointing him or her by pouring oil over the head. Thus, the term messiah, meaning "anointed one", is associated with the concept of the threefold office. While the office of king is that most frequently associated with the Messiah, the role of Jesus as priest is also prominent in the New Testament, being most fully explained in chapters 7 to 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hebrews">Book of Hebrews</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariology">Mariology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mariology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Roman Catholic Mariology</a></div> Some Christians, notably <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, view Mariology as a key component of Christology.<a href="#cite_note-190">[web 16]</a> In this view, not only is Mariology a logical and necessary consequence of Christology, but without it, Christology is incomplete, since the figure of Mary contributes to a fuller understanding of who Christ is and what he did.<a href="#cite_note-191">[152]</a> Protestants have criticized Mariology because many of its assertions lack any Biblical foundation.<a href="#cite_note-192">[153]</a> Strong Protestant reaction against Roman Catholic Marian devotion and teaching has been a significant issue for <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-193">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger">Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) expressed this sentiment about Roman Catholic Mariology when in two separate occasions he stated, "The appearance of a truly Marian awareness serves as the touchstone indicating whether or not the christological substance is fully present"<a href="#cite_note-194">[155]</a> and "It is necessary to go back to Mary, if we want to return to the truth about Jesus Christ."<a href="#cite_note-195">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_messianic_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian messianic prophecies">Christian messianic prophecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of Jesus">Christian views of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">Five Holy Wounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingship and Kingdom of God">Kingship and Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Scholastic Lutheran Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> Χριστός, Khristós and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-λογία">-λογία</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-logia">-logia</a>), translated from Greek as 'the study of Christ' </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-work-22"><a href="#cite_ref-work_22-0">^</a> The work of Jesus Christ: <ul><li>Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen: "soteriology, the doctrine of salvation"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen2016-19">[17]</a></li> <li>biblicaltraining.org: "The Past Work of Christ, The Atoning Savior";<a href="#cite_note-20">[web 2]</a> "Present work of Christ: work as mediator and Lord";<a href="#cite_note-Work.present.future-21">[web 3]</a> "Future work of Christ: work as coming judge and reigning king"<a href="#cite_note-Work.present.future-21">[web 3]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definitions-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Definitions_25-0">^</a> Definitions: <ul><li>Bart Ehrman: "the understanding of Christ";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014108-18">[16]</a> "the nature of Christ – the question of Christology"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171-2">[1]</a></li> <li>Bird, Evans & Gathercole (2014): "New Testament scholars often speak about "Christology", which is the study of the career, person, nature, and identity of Jesus Christ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5-5">[4]</a></li> <li>Raymond Brown (1994): "[C]hristology discusses any evaluation of Jesus in respect to who he was and the role he played in the divine plan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20043-24">[18]</a></li> <li>Bernard L. Ramm (1993): "Christology is the reflective and systematic study of the person and work of Jesus Christ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm199315-4">[3]</a></li> <li>Matt Stefon, Hans J. Hillerbrand (Encyclopedia Britannica): "Christology, Christian reflection, teaching, and doctrine concerning Jesus of Nazareth. Christology is the part of theology that is concerned with the nature and work of Jesus, including such matters as the Incarnation, the Resurrection, and his human and divine natures and their relationship."<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-7">[web 1]</a></li> <li>Catholic Encyclopedia: "Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent it comprises the doctrines concerning both the person of Christ and His works."<a href="#cite_note-CathEncycl_Christology-23">[web 4]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Bird, Evans & Gathercole (2014): "There are, of course, many different ways of doing Christology. Some scholars study Christology by focusing on the major titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament, such as "Son of Man", "Son of God", "Messiah", "Lord", "Prince", "Word", and the like. Others take a more functional approach and look at how Jesus acts or is said to act in the New Testament as the basis for configuring beliefs about him. It is possible to explore Jesus as a historical figure (i.e., Christology from below), or to examine theological claims made about Jesus (i.e., Christology from above). Many scholars prefer a socio-religious method by comparing beliefs about Jesus with beliefs in other religions to identify shared sources and similar ideas. Theologians often take a more philosophical approach and look at Jesus' "ontology" or "being" and debate how best to describe his divine and human natures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+1:1">John 1:1–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Heretical Christologies: <ul><li>Docetism is the doctrine that the phenomenon of Jesus, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality. Broadly it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion. Docetic teachings were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> and were eventually abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1993-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2007282-38">[28]</a></li> <li>Arianism, which viewed Jesus as primarily an ordinary mortal, was condemned as <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> in 325, exonerated in 335, and eventually re-condemned as heretical at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1993-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2007282-38">[28]</a></li> <li>Nestorianism opposed the concept of hypostatic union, and emphasized a radical distinction between the two natures (human and divine) of Jesus Christ. It was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431).</li> <li>Monothelitism held that although Christ has two natures (Dyophysitism), his will is united. The doctrine was promoted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> and Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I</a> as a compromise position between Chalcedonianism and various minority christologies. It was condemned as heretical by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> (681).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The "ransom theory" and the "Christ Victor" theory are different, but are generally considered together as Patristic or "classical" theories, to use <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">Gustaf Aulén</a>'s nomenclature. These were the traditional understandings of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> According to Pugh, "Ever since [Aulén's] time, we call these patristic ideas the Christus Victor way of seeing the cross."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151-49">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Called by Aulén the "scholastic" view </li> <li id="cite_note-Penal_substitution-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Penal_substitution_57-0">^</a> Penal substitution: <ul><li>Vincent Taylor (1956): "the four main types, which have persisted throughout the centuries. The oldest theory is the Ransom Theory [...] It held sway for a thousand years [...] The Forensic Theory is that of the Reformers and their successors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor195671–72-55">[40]</a></li> <li>Packer (1973): "Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Melanchthon and their reforming contemporaries were the pioneers in stating it [i.e. the penal substitutionary theory] [...] What the Reformers did was to redefine satisfactio (satisfaction), the main mediaeval category for thought about the cross. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo?, which largely determined the mediaeval development, saw Christ's satisfactio for our sins as the offering of compensation or damages for dishonour done, but the Reformers saw it as the undergoing of vicarious punishment (poena) to meet the claims on us of God's holy law and wrath (i.e. his punitive justice)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacker1973-56">[41]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker.2006-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker.2006_59-0">^</a> Mark D. Baker, objecting against the pebal substitution theory, states that "substitution is a broad term that one can use with reference to a variety of metaphors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200625-58">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Which Aulén called the "subjective" or "humanistic" view. Propagated, as a critique of the satisfaction view, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Christ suffering for, or punished for, the sinners. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> found themselves confronted with a set of new concepts and ideas relating to the life, death, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, as well the notions of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redemption</a>, and had to use a new set of terms, images, and ideas in order to deal with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141-68">[49]</a> The existing terms and structures which were available to them were often insufficient to express these religious concepts, and taken together, these new forms of discourse led to the beginnings of Christology as an attempt to understand, explain, and discuss their understanding of the nature of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141-68">[49]</a> Early Jewish Christians had to explain their concepts to a Hellenistic audience which had been influenced by Greek philosophy, presenting arguments that at times resonated with, and at times confronted, the beliefs of that audience. This is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a> that appears in Acts 17:16–34,<a href="#cite_note-69">[50]</a> where Paul is portrayed as attempting to convey the underlying concepts about Christ to a Greek audience. The sermon illustrates some key elements of future christological discourses that were first brought forward by Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–41-70">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watson-72">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> The views of these schools can be summarized as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Bromo50-75">[55]</a> <ul><li>Alexandria: Logos assumes a general human nature;</li> <li>Antioch: Logos assumes a specific human being.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Witherington: "[Christ's Divinity] We have already seen that Paul, in appropriating the language of the christological hymns, subscribed to the christological notion that Christ existed prior to taking on human flesh. Paul spoke of Jesus both as the wisdom of God, his agent in creation (1 Cor 1:24, 30; 8:6; Col 1:15–17; see Bruce, 195), and as the one who accompanied Israel as the 'rock' in the wilderness (1 Cor 10:4). In view of the role Christ plays in 1 Corinthians 10:4, Paul is not founding the story of Christ on the archetypal story of Israel, but rather on the story of divine Wisdom, which helped Israel in the wilderness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington2009106-78">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Ehrman: <ul><li>"The earliest Christians held exaltation Christologies in which the human being Jesus was made the Son of God – for example, at his resurrection or at his baptism – as we examined in the previous chapter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132-99">[75]</a></li> <li>"Here I'll say something about the oldest Christology, as I understand it. This was what I earlier called a 'low' Christology. I may end up in the book describing it as a 'Christology from below' or possibly an 'exaltation' Christology. Or maybe I'll call it all three things [...] Along with lots of other scholars, I think this was indeed the earliest Christology."<a href="#cite_note-100">[web 9]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christophany-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Christophany_103-0">^</a> Proponents of Christ's deity argue the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> has many cases of <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">Christophany</a>: "The pre-existence of Christ is further substantiated by the many recorded Christophanies in the Bible."<a href="#cite_note-196">[157]</a> "Christophany" is often[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] considered a more accurate term than the term "<a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>" due to the belief that all the visible manifestations of God are in fact the preincarnate Christ. Many argue that the appearances of "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">the Angel of the Lord</a>" in the Old Testament were the preincarnate Christ. "Many understand the angel of the Lord as a true theophany. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a> on, the figure has been regarded as the preincarnate <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>."<a href="#cite_note-197">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Richard Bauckham argues that Paul was not so influential that he could have invented the central doctrine of Christianity. Before his active missionary work, there were already groups of Christians across the region. For example, a large group already existed in Rome even before Paul visited the place. The earliest centre of Christianity was the twelve apostles in Jerusalem. Paul himself consulted and sought guidance from the Christian leaders in Jerusalem (Galatians 2:1–2;<a href="#cite_note-107">[80]</a> Acts 9:26–28,<a href="#cite_note-108">[81]</a> 15:2).<a href="#cite_note-109">[82]</a> "What was common to the whole Christian movement derived from Jerusalem, not from Paul, and Paul himself derived the central message he preached from the Jerusalem apostles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2011110–111-110">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loke2017-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Loke2017_114-0">^</a> Loke (2017): "The last group of theories can be called 'Explosion Theories' (one might also call this 'the Big-Bang theory of Christology'!). This proposes that highest Christology was the view of the primitive Palestinian Christian community. The recognition of Jesus as truly divine was not a significant development from the views of the primitive Palestine community; rather, it 'exploded' right at the beginning of Christianity. The proponents of the Explosion view would say that the highest Christology of the later New Testament writings (e.g. Gospel of John) and the creedal formulations of the early church fathers, with their explicit affirmations of the pre-existence and ontological divinity of Christ, are not so much a development in essence but a development in understanding and explication of what was already there at the beginning of the Christian movement. As Bauckham (2008a, x) memorably puts it, 'The earliest Christology was already the highest Christology.' Many proponents of this group of theories have been labelled together as 'the New Religionsgeschichtliche Schule' (Hurtado 2003, 11), and they include such eminent scholars as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> and the late <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20175-106">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The concept of "cosmic Christology", first elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>, focuses on how the arrival of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> forever changed the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19-124">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_page_282-129">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Gerald O'Collins and Daniel Kendall have called this Liberal Protestant theology "neo-<a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsKendall199630–31-171">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Grillmeier: "The most urgent task of a contemporary Christology is to formulate the Church's dogma – 'God became man and that God-made-man is the individual Jesus Christ' – in such a way that the true meaning of these statements can be understood, and all trace of a mythology impossible to accept nowadays is excluded."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeier1975755-174">[137]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014171_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins20091–3_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Collins2009">O'Collins 2009</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm199315-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm199315_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm199315_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm199315_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamm1993">Ramm 1993</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdEvansGathercole2014134,_n._5_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirdEvansGathercole2014">Bird, Evans & Gathercole 2014</a>, p. 134, n. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014ch._6–9-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014ch._6–9_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014ch._6–9_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. ch. 6–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-gerd-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerd_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerd_8-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_L%C3%BCdemann" title="Gerd Lüdemann">Gerd Lüdemann</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~gluedem/download/pope_review.pdf">"An Embarrassing Misrepresentation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324064642/http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~gluedem/download/pope_review.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Inquiry" title="Free Inquiry">Free Inquiry</a>, October / November 2007: "the broad consensus of modern New Testament scholars that the proclamation of Jesus's exalted nature was in large measure the creation of the earliest Christian communities." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Andrew Ter Ern Loke, The Origin of Divine Christology (Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 100–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoke2019" class="citation web cs1">Loke, Andrew (18 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethosinstitute.sg/is-jesus-god/">"Is Jesus God? A Historical Evaluation Concerning the Deity of Christ"</a>. Ethos Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110417/https://ethosinstitute.sg/is-jesus-god/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2022. 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London: SPCK; New York: Macmillan, 1931 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Taylor_(theologian)" title="Vincent Taylor (theologian)">Vincent Taylor</a>, The Cross of Christ (London: Macmillan & Co, 1956), pp. 71–77 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20158-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20158_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Leon Morris, 'Theories of the Atonement' in Elwell Evangelical Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20151_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151,_26-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20151,_26_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, pp. 1, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh201531-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh201531_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuomala1993" class="citation cs2">Tuomala, Jeffrey (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lusol_fac_pubs/19">"Christ's Atonement as the Model for Civil Justice"</a>, American Journal of Jurisprudence, 38: 221–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajj%2F38.1.221">10.1093/ajj/38.1.221</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617080410/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lusol_fac_pubs/19/">archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020, retrieved 11 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Jurisprudence&rft.atitle=Christ%27s+Atonement+as+the+Model+for+Civil+Justice&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=221-255&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajj%2F38.1.221&rft.aulast=Tuomala&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Flusol_fac_pubs%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor195671–72-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor195671–72_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor195671–72_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1956">Taylor 1956</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacker1973-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacker1973_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacker1973_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPacker1973">Packer 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200625-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200625_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2006">Baker 2006</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200917-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200917_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2001">Weaver 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Jeremiah, David. 2009. Living With Confidence in a Chaotic World, pp. 96 & 124. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Massengale, Jamey. 2013.Renegade Gospel, The Jesus Manifold </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–141_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 137–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2017:16–34&version=nrsv">Acts 17:16–34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–41-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006137–41_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 137–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Creation and redemption: a study in Pauline theology by John G. Gibbs 1971 Brill Publishers pp. 151–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_72-0">^</a> Mercer Commentary on the New Testament by Watson E. Mills 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-864-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-864-1">0-86554-864-1</a> pp. 1109–1110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldrop-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldrop_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldrop_74-1">b</a> Charles T. Waldrop (1985). Karl Barth's christology <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-3109-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-3109-7">90-279-3109-7</a> pp. 19–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromo50-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Bromo50_75-0">^</a> Historical Theology: An Introduction by Geoffrey W. 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Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+Biblical+And+Historical&rft.pages=229-235&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-007-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mini+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa3yRbs0tisC%26dq%3DKyrios%2Bchristology%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2028:19">Matthew 28:19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullmann2-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullmann2_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79Zovlpi8uQC&dq=mari+aramaic+jesus&pg=PA202">The Christology of the New Testament</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1959. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7"><bdi>978-0-664-24351-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408105043/https://books.google.com/books?id=79Zovlpi8uQC&dq=mari+aramaic+jesus&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1959-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24351-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79Zovlpi8uQC%26dq%3Dmari%2Baramaic%2Bjesus%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullmann-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullmann_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79Zovlpi8uQC&dq=Kyrios&pg=PA234">The Christology of the New Testament</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1959. pp. 234–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7"><bdi>978-0-664-24351-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=79Zovlpi8uQC&dq=Kyrios&pg=PA234">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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T. (1963), Honest to God, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Hick, John, The Metaphor of God Incarnate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-QMmFx8hwcC&pg=PA27">page 27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214055528/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-QMmFx8hwcC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 14 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "A further point of broad agreement among New Testament scholars [...] is that the historical Jesus did not make the claim to deity that later Christian thought was to make for him: he did not understand himself to be God, or God the Son, incarnate. [...] such evidence as there is has led the historians of the period to conclude, with an impressive degree of unanimity, that Jesus did not claim to be God incarnate." </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA4">How on earth did Jesus become a god?: historical questions about earliest devotion to Jesus</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2861-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2861-2"><bdi>0-8028-2861-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214055528/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+on+earth+did+Jesus+become+a+god%3F%3A+historical+questions+about+earliest+devotion+to+Jesus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8028-2861-2&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi5xIxgnNgcC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright1999-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright1999_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1999" class="citation book cs1">Wright, N. T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hice2guxStoC&pg=PA98">The challenge of Jesus : rediscovering who Jesus was and is</a>. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2200-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2200-3"><bdi>0-8308-2200-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214055528/https://books.google.com/books?id=hice2guxStoC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+challenge+of+Jesus+%3A+rediscovering+who+Jesus+was+and+is&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8308-2200-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhice2guxStoC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Andrew Ter Ern Loke, The Origin of Divine Christology (Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 100–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoke2019" class="citation web cs1">Loke, Andrew (18 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethosinstitute.sg/is-jesus-god/">"Is Jesus God? A Historical Evaluation Concerning the Deity of Christ"</a>. Ethos Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110417/https://ethosinstitute.sg/is-jesus-god/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethos+Institute&rft.atitle=Is+Jesus+God%3F+A+Historical+Evaluation+Concerning+the+Deity+of+Christ&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft.aulast=Loke&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethosinstitute.sg%2Fis-jesus-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitre2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brant_Pitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant Pitre">Pitre, Brant</a> (2024). Jesus and Divine Christology. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802875129" title="Special:BookSources/9780802875129"><bdi>9780802875129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Divine+Christology&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780802875129&rft.aulast=Pitre&rft.aufirst=Brant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014113-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014113_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrillmeierBowden197515–19_124-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrillmeierBowden1975">Grillmeier & Bowden 1975</a>, pp. 15–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1977" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1977). Paul and Palestinian Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1899-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-1899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+Palestinian+Judaism&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1899-5&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d76vmNlbuBwC&pg=PA1">Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5"><bdi>0-664-25095-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214055552/https://books.google.com/books?id=d76vmNlbuBwC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Paul%2C+and+the+Law%3A+Studies+in+Mark+and+Galatians&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-664-25095-5&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd76vmNlbuBwC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, E. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle/Theological-views">"St. Paul the Apostle – Theological views"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026040558/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle/Theological-views">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=St.+Paul+the+Apostle+%E2%80%93+Theological+views&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Paul-the-Apostle%2FTheological-views&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009142-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009142_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Collins2009">O'Collins 2009</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_page_282-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_page_282_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_page_282_129-1">b</a> Larry R. Helyer (2008). The Witness of Jesus, Paul and John: An Exploration in Biblical Theology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2888-5">0-8308-2888-5</a> p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnslin1975" class="citation journal cs1">Enslin, Morton S. (1975). "John and Jesus". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_Neutestamentliche_Wissenschaft" title="Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft">ZNW</a>. 66 (1–2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzntw.1975.66.1-2.1">10.1515/zntw.1975.66.1-2.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-009X">1613-009X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162364599">162364599</a>. <q>[Per the Gospel of John] No longer is John [the Baptizer] an independent preacher. He is but a voice, or, to change the figure, a finger pointing to Jesus. The baptism story is not told, although it is referred to (John 1:32f). But the baptism of Jesus is deprived of any significance for Jesus – not surprising since the latter has just been introduced as the preexistent Christ, who had been the effective agent responsible for the world's creation. (Enslin, p. 4)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZNW&rft.atitle=John+and+Jesus&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162364599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-009X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzntw.1975.66.1-2.1&rft.aulast=Enslin&rft.aufirst=Morton+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#5:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 5:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:20&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zupez, John (2014). "Celebrating God's Plan of Creation/Salvation". Emmanuel. 120: 356–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emmanuel&rft.atitle=Celebrating+God%27s+Plan+of+Creation%2FSalvation&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=356-359&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Zupez&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Colossians#1:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Colossians">Colossians 1:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner731-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_136-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> (2004). Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> p. 731 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999463-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999463_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999463_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFahlbusch1999">Fahlbusch 1999</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch2003149-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch2003149_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch2003149_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRausch2003">Rausch 2003</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/ephesus.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook"</a>. sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Vol. XIV, p. 207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510235650/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/ephesus.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks%3A+Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.pages=Vol.+XIV%2C+p.+207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fbasis%2Fephesus.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, trans H. R. Percival, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, (repr. Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1955), XIV, pp. 192–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Jonathan Kirsch, God Against the Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788), p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> A concise dictionary of theology by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">Gerald O'Collins</a> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08354-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08354-3">0-567-08354-3</a> pp. 144–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarthaler1993" class="citation book cs1">Marthaler, Berard L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC&dq=council+ephesus+nestorius+theotokos&pg=PA114">The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology</a>. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-537-4"><bdi>978-0-89622-537-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214055528/https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC&dq=council+ephesus+nestorius+theotokos&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q=council%20ephesus%20nestorius%20theotokos&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creed%3A+The+Apostolic+Faith+in+Contemporary+Theology&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-89622-537-4&rft.aulast=Marthaler&rft.aufirst=Berard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTY3-aZIo9HEC%26dq%3Dcouncil%2Bephesus%2Bnestorius%2Btheotokos%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James P. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDZaZJkkWgQC&dq=council+ephesus+nestorius+theotokos&pg=PA18">Mary and the Saints by James P. Campbell, 2005, pp. 17–20</a>. Loyola Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0829430301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0829430301"><bdi>978-0829430301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+and+the+Saints+by+James+P.+Campbell%2C+2005%2C+pp.+17%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=Loyola+Press&rft.date=2010-06&rft.isbn=978-0829430301&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDZaZJkkWgQC%26dq%3Dcouncil%2Bephesus%2Bnestorius%2Btheotokos%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2005" class="citation book cs1">González, Justo L. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DU6RNDrfd-0C&dq=council+ephesus+nestorius+theotokos&pg=PA120">Essential Theological Terms</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22810-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22810-1"><bdi>978-0-664-22810-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Theological+Terms&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22810-1&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDU6RNDrfd-0C%26dq%3Dcouncil%2Bephesus%2Bnestorius%2Btheotokos%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Stuart George (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLyjrU3LPlUC&dq=council+ephesus+nestorius+theotokos&pg=PP7">Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 211–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0629-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-0629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Practice+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=211-218&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0629-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLyjrU3LPlUC%26dq%3Dcouncil%2Bephesus%2Bnestorius%2Btheotokos%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChafer1993" class="citation book cs1">Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFCoSSKTffcC&dq=Hypostatic+union&pg=PA382">Systematic Theology</a>. Kregel Academic. pp. 382–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2340-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-2340-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060056/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFCoSSKTffcC&dq=Hypostatic+union&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=382-384&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2340-6&rft.aulast=Chafer&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Sperry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFCoSSKTffcC%26dq%3DHypostatic%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parry-151"><a href="#cite_ref-parry_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2010" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&dq=Miaphysitism&pg=PA88">The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164816/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&dq=Miaphysitism&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26dq%3DMiaphysitism%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBaker-152"><a href="#cite_ref-KBaker_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1982" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Kenneth (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBW8l1opH-oC&dq=Hypostatic+union&pg=PA228">Fundamentals of Catholicism: God, Trinity, Creation, Christ, Mary</a>. Ignatius Press. pp. 228–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-019-0"><bdi>978-0-89870-019-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060149/https://books.google.com/books?id=yBW8l1opH-oC&dq=Hypostatic+union&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q=Hypostatic%20union&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Catholicism%3A+God%2C+Trinity%2C+Creation%2C+Christ%2C+Mary&rft.pages=228-231&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-019-0&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBW8l1opH-oC%26dq%3DHypostatic%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ephesus-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ephesus_153-0">^</a> Mary, Mother of God by Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802822665" title="Special:BookSources/0802822665">0802822665</a> p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriceGaddis20061–5-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriceGaddis20061–5_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriceGaddis20061–5_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriceGaddis2006">Price & Gaddis 2006</a>, pp. 1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>, pp. 287–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology by Alan Richardson and John Bowden (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664227481" title="Special:BookSources/0664227481">0664227481</a> p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-mini7-160"><a href="#cite_ref-mini7_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mini S. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa3yRbs0tisC&dq=christology+franciscan&pg=PA74">Christology: Biblical And Historical</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-007-9"><bdi>978-81-8324-007-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa3yRbs0tisC&dq=christology+franciscan&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=christology%20franciscan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+Biblical+And+Historical&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-007-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mini+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa3yRbs0tisC%26dq%3Dchristology%2Bfranciscan%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GilsonC-161"><a href="#cite_ref-GilsonC_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilson1994" class="citation cs2">Gilson, Etienne (1994), The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, p. 502, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00801-7"><bdi>978-0-268-00801-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Philosophy+of+Saint+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-268-00801-7&rft.aulast=Gilson&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mini76-162"><a href="#cite_ref-mini76_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Mini S. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa3yRbs0tisC&dq=Christology+aquinas&pg=PA75">Christology: Biblical And Historical</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 76–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-007-9"><bdi>978-81-8324-007-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa3yRbs0tisC&dq=Christology+aquinas&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=Christology%20aquinas&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+Biblical+And+Historical&rft.pages=76-79&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-007-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Mini+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa3yRbs0tisC%26dq%3DChristology%2Baquinas%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009208–12-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins2009208–12_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Collins2009">O'Collins 2009</a>, p. 208–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Geest-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Geest_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoris2002" class="citation book cs1">Goris, Harm J. M. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Svfrp2LSlkEC&dq=Christology+aquinas&pg=PA27">Aquinas as Authority: A Collection of Studies Presented at the Second Conference of the Thomas Insituut Te Utrecht, December 14-16, 2000</a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 25–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1074-4"><bdi>978-90-429-1074-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Svfrp2LSlkEC&dq=Christology+aquinas&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=Christology%20aquinas&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquinas+as+Authority%3A+A+Collection+of+Studies+Presented+at+the+Second+Conference+of+the+Thomas+Insituut+Te+Utrecht%2C+December+14-16%2C+2000&rft.pages=25-35&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1074-4&rft.aulast=Goris&rft.aufirst=Harm+J.+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSvfrp2LSlkEC%26dq%3DChristology%2Baquinas%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astley-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Astley_165-0">^</a> Christology: Key Readings in Christian Thought by Jeff Astley, David Brown, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Loades" title="Ann Loades">Ann Loades</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-23269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-23269-8">0-664-23269-8</a> p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2021" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Nick, ed. (2021). The Three Forms of Unity. Moscow, Idaho: Canon Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781954887176" title="Special:BookSources/9781954887176"><bdi>9781954887176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Forms+of+Unity&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Idaho&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Canon+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781954887176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9">0-521-54154-9</a> p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Calvin's First Catechism by I. John Hesselink 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22725-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22725-2">0-664-22725-2</a> p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003ch._4-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003ch._4_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. ch. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsKendall199630–31-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CollinsKendall199630–31_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'CollinsKendall1996">O'Collins & Kendall 1996</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004755–767-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004755–767_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahner2004">Rahner 2004</a>, pp. 755–767. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrillmeier1975755-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrillmeier1975755_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrillmeier1975">Grillmeier 1975</a>, p. 755. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> p. 1822 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> The eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar by Nicholas J. Healy 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927836-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927836-9">0-19-927836-9</a> pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Theology of the New Testament by Georg Strecker 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22336-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22336-2">0-664-22336-2</a> pp. 401–403 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Matthew by <a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a> 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-32370-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-32370-3">0-310-32370-3</a> p. lxxix </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Matthew 1–13 by Manlio Simonetti 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1486-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1486-8">0-8308-1486-8</a> p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Matthew 1-2/ Luke 1–2 by Louise Perrotta 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-1541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-1541-6">0-8294-1541-6</a> p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-28051-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-28051-6">0-310-28051-6</a> p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupp-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kupp_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kupp_183-1">b</a> Matthew's Emmanuel by David D. Kupp 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57007-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57007-7">0-521-57007-7</a> pp. 220–224 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsbury17-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury17_184-0">^</a> Who do you say that I am?: essays on Christology by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6">0-664-25752-6</a> p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> The theology of the Gospel of Matthew by Ulrich Luz 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5">0-521-43576-5</a> p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6">0-664-25752-6</a> p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Matera67-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matera67_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matera67_187-1">b</a> New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25694-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25694-5">0-664-25694-5</a> p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns by Marion L. Soards 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25221-4">0-664-25221-4</a> p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz132-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_189-3">d</a> Christology by Hans Schwarz 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4">0-8028-4463-4</a> pp 132–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Paul Haffner, 2004 The mystery of Mary Gracewing Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0">0-85244-650-0</a> p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Second Edition (Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker Academic, 2001), p. 736. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Erwin Fahlbusch et al., "Mariology", The Encyclopedia of Christianity (Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States; Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003), p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Communio" title="Communio">Communio</a>, 1996, Volume 23, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Raymond Burke, 2008 Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57918-355-7">1-57918-355-7</a> p. xxi </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Theology for Today by <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer Towns">Elmer L. Towns</a> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-516138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-516138-5">0-15-516138-5</a> p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>" by T. E. McComiskey in The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2075-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2075-1">0-8010-2075-1</a> p. 62 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentroutBoak_Slocum2005" class="citation cs2">Armentrout, Donald S.; Boak Slocum, Robert (2005), An Episcopal dictionary of the church, Church Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-211-2"><bdi>978-0-89869-211-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+dictionary+of+the+church&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-211-2&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft.au=Boak+Slocum%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2006" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Mark D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXont-aAtfoC&pg=PA25">Proclaiming the Scandal of the Cross: Contemporary Images of the Atonement</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0627-5"><bdi>978-1-4412-0627-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164814/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXont-aAtfoC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclaiming+the+Scandal+of+the+Cross%3A+Contemporary+Images+of+the+Atonement&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0627-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXont-aAtfoC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2011" class="citation cs2">Bauckham, R. (2011), Jesus: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009" class="citation cs2">Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (2009), The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views, InterVarsity Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Atonement%3A+Four+Views&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beilby&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermejo-Rubio2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando (2017). Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). "The Process of Jesus' Deification and Cognitive Dissonance Theory". <a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a>. 64 (2–3). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 119–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341457">10.1163/15685276-12341457</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5276">1568-5276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505332">44505332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148616605">148616605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Jesus%27+Deification+and+Cognitive+Dissonance+Theory&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=119-152&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148616605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1568-5276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341457&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44505332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bermejo-Rubio&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeversluis2000" class="citation cs2">Beversluis, Joel Diederik (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve">Sourcebook of the world's religions</a>, New World Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-121-8"><bdi>978-1-57731-121-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+the+world%27s+religions&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57731-121-8&rft.aulast=Beversluis&rft.aufirst=Joel+Diederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookofworl00beve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdEvansGathercole2014" class="citation cs2">Bird, Michael F.; Evans, Craig A.; Gathercole, Simon (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134">"Endnotes – Chapter 1"</a>, How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature – A Response to Bart Ehrman, Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4"><bdi>978-0-310-51961-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endnotes+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1&rft.btitle=How+God+Became+Jesus%3A+The+Real+Origins+of+Belief+in+Jesus%27+Divine+Nature+%E2%80%93+A+Response+to+Bart+Ehrman&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51961-4&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Gathercole%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGy2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2017" class="citation cs2">Bird, Michael F. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuseternalsona0000bird">Jesus the Eternal Son: Answering Adoptionist Christology</a>, Wim. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Eternal+Son%3A+Answering+Adoptionist+Christology&rft.pub=Wim.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesuseternalsona0000bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation cs2">Brown, Raymond Edward (2004), An Introduction to New Testament Christology, Paulist Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+New+Testament+Christology&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chilton, Bruce. "The Son of Man: Who Was He?" Bible Review. August 1996, 35+.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Cullmann, Oscar</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christologyofnew0000unse_t0v7">The Christology of the New Testament</a>. trans. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-24351-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-24351-7">0-664-24351-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990" class="citation cs2">Davis, Leo Donald (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418">The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)</a>, Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5616-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29%3A+Their+History+and+Theology+%28Theology+and+Life+Series+21%29&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier%2FLiturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (2003), Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered%3A+Christianity+in+the+Making&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1993" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHIBM3p83UcC&pg=PA181">The Orthodox corruption of scripture: the effect of early Christological controversies on the text of the New Testament</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510279-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060059/https://books.google.com/books?id=NHIBM3p83UcC&pg=PA181#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023, retrieved 16 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+corruption+of+scripture%3A+the+effect+of+early+Christological+controversies+on+the+text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510279-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHIBM3p83UcC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. 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(1994). Winds of the Spirit: A Constructive Christian Theology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKärkkäinen2016" class="citation cs2">Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (2016), Christology: A Global Introduction, Baker Academic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+A+Global+Introduction&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Veli-Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kingsbury, Jack Dean (1989). The Christology of Mark's Gospel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</li> <li>Letham, Robert. The Work of Christ. Contours of Christian Theology. Downer Grove: IVP, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1532-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1532-5">0-8308-1532-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoke2017" class="citation cs2">Loke, Andrew Ter Ern (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Et0qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">The Origin of Divine Christology</a>, vol. 169, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-19142-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-19142-5"><bdi>978-1-108-19142-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Divine+Christology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-19142-5&rft.aulast=Loke&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Ter+Ern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEt0qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. 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The Logic of Penal Substitution, Tyndale Biblical Theology Lecture</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+did+the+Cross+Achieve%3F+The+Logic+of+Penal+Substitution&rft.pub=Tyndale+Biblical+Theology+Lecture&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannenberg1968" class="citation cs2">Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1968), Jesus God and Man, Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24468-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24468-2"><bdi>978-0-664-24468-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+God+and+Man&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24468-2&rft.aulast=Pannenberg&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a>, Systematic Theology, T & T Clark, 1994 Vol.2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2006" class="citation cs2">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2006), The acts of the Council of Chalcedon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7"><bdi>978-0-85323-039-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-039-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gaddis%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2015" class="citation cs2">Pugh, Ben (2015), Atonement Theories: A Way through the Maze, James Clarke & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atonement+Theories%3A+A+Way+through+the+Maze&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahner2004" class="citation cs2">Rahner, Karl (2004), Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3"><bdi>978-0-86012-006-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+theology%3A+a+concise+Sacramentum+mundi&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-006-3&rft.aulast=Rahner&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamm1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ramm" title="Bernard Ramm">Ramm, Bernard L.</a> (1993), "Christology at the Center", An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic, Regent College Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573830089" title="Special:BookSources/9781573830089"><bdi>9781573830089</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christology+at+the+Center&rft.btitle=An+Evangelical+Christology%3A+Ecumenic+and+Historic&rft.pub=Regent+College+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781573830089&rft.aulast=Ramm&rft.aufirst=Bernard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRausch2003" class="citation cs2">Rausch, Thomas P. (2003), Who is Jesus? : an introduction to Christology, Liturgical Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3"><bdi>978-0-8146-5078-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+Jesus%3F+%3A+an+introduction+to+Christology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5078-3&rft.aulast=Rausch&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schwarz, Hans (1998). Christology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4">0-8028-4463-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2011" class="citation cs2">Talbert, Charles H. (2011), The Development of Christology during the First Hundred Years: and Other Essays on Early Christian Christology. 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Denny (2001), The Nonviolent Atonement, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonviolent+Atonement&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=J.+Denny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherington2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Witherington, Ben</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfLIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">"Christology – Paul's christology"</a>, in Hawthorne, Gerald F.; Martin, Ralph P.; Reid, Daniel G. (eds.), Dictionary of Paul and His Letters: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7491-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-7491-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christology+%E2%80%93+Paul%E2%80%99s+christology&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Paul+and+His+Letters%3A+A+Compendium+of+Contemporary+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-7491-0&rft.aulast=Witherington&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfLIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web-sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB_Christology-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Christology_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christology">"Christology | Definition, History, Doctrine, Summary, Importance, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301011303/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christology">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. 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Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Christology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14597a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinkapologetics.christology-26"><a href="#cite_ref-thinkapologetics.christology_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabot2009" class="citation web cs1">Chabot, Eric (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkapologetics.blogspot.com/2009/05/jesus-functional-or-ontological.html">"THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM: Jesus- A Functional or Ontological Christology?"</a>. THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000728/http://thinkapologetics.blogspot.com/2009/05/jesus-functional-or-ontological.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM&rft.atitle=THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM%3A+Jesus-+A+Functional+or+Ontological+Christology%3F&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.aulast=Chabot&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkapologetics.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fjesus-functional-or-ontological.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CED-41"><a href="#cite_ref-CED_41-0">^</a> Collins English Dictionary, Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/atonement">atonement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326021550/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/atonement">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 3 October 2012: "2. (often capital) Christian theol a. the reconciliation of man with God through the life, sufferings, and sacrificial death of Christ b. the sufferings and death of Christ" </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado.2017-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado.2017_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado.2017_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/10/09/the-origin-of-divine-christology/">"The Origin of "Divine Christology"?"</a>. Larry Hurtado's Blog. 9 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182301/https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/10/09/the-origin-of-divine-christology/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larry+Hurtado%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+%22Divine+Christology%22%3F&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarryhurtado.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F10%2F09%2Fthe-origin-of-divine-christology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BE_2013.02.14_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE_2013.02.14_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE_2013.02.14_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE_2013.02.14_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (14 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/incarnation-christology-angels-and-paul-for-members/">"Incarnation Christology, Angels, and Paul"</a>. The Bart Ehrman Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062124/https://ehrmanblog.org/incarnation-christology-angels-and-paul-for-members/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Incarnation+Christology%2C+Angels%2C+and+Paul&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fincarnation-christology-angels-and-paul-for-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> [Bart Ehrman (6 February 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/the-earliest-christology-for-members/">"The Earliest Christology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191856/https://ehrmanblog.org/the-earliest-christology-for-members/">Archived</a> 28 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2015/07/10/early-high-christology-a-paradigm-shift-new-perspective/">""Early High Christology": A "Paradigm Shift"? "New Perspective"?"</a>. Larry Hurtado's Blog. 10 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140350/https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2015/07/10/early-high-christology-a-paradigm-shift-new-perspective/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larry+Hurtado%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=%22Early+High+Christology%22%3A+A+%22Paradigm+Shift%22%3F+%22New+Perspective%22%3F&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarryhurtado.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F07%2F10%2Fearly-high-christology-a-paradigm-shift-new-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouma.2014-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bouma.2014_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouma.2014_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouma.2014_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouma2014" class="citation web cs1">Bouma, Jeremy (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/how-god-became-jesus-bart-ehrman-high-christology-excerpt/">"The Early High Christology Club and Bart Ehrman – An Excerpt from 'How God Became Jesus'"</a>. Zondervan Academic Blog. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> Christian Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232807/https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/how-god-became-jesus-bart-ehrman-high-christology-excerpt/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zondervan+Academic+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Early+High+Christology+Club+and+Bart+Ehrman+%E2%80%93+An+Excerpt+from+%27How+God+Became+Jesus%27&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Bouma&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzondervanacademic.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-god-became-jesus-bart-ehrman-high-christology-excerpt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8068">"The Fifth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326234328/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8068">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8069">"The Sixth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326234332/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8069">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8071">"The Seventh Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324035845/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8071">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB.Christology.mCt-169"><a href="#cite_ref-EB.Christology.mCt_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus/The-debate-over-Christology-in-modern-Christian-thought">"Jesus - The debate over Christology in modern Christian thought | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406093555/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus/The-debate-over-Christology-in-modern-Christian-thought">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jesus+-+The+debate+over+Christology+in+modern+Christian+thought+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJesus%2FThe-debate-over-Christology-in-modern-Christian-thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> "Mariology Is Christology", in <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Messori" title="Vittorio Messori">Vittorio Messori</a>, The Mary Hypothesis, Rome: 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-14658?l=english">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805194304/http://www.zenit.org/article-14658?l=english">Archived</a> 5 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Overview</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen" title="Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen">Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti</a> (2016), Christology: A Global Introduction, Baker Academic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+A+Global+Introduction&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Veli-Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2015" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Michael (2015). Rejoicing in Christ. IVP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830840229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830840229"><bdi>978-0830840229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rejoicing+in+Christ&rft.pub=IVP&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0830840229&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Early high Christology</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Henry_Moehlman" title="Conrad Henry Moehlman">Moehlman, Conrad Henry</a> (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howjesusbecamego0000moeh">How Jesus Became God: An Historical Study of the Life of Jesus to the Age of Constantine</a>, Philosophical Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+God%3A+An+Historical+Study+of+the+Life+of+Jesus+to+the+Age+of+Constantine&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Moehlman&rft.aufirst=Conrad+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowjesusbecamego0000moeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bird_(theologian)" title="Michael Bird (theologian)">Bird, Michael F.</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uixbDwAAQBAJ">Jesus the Eternal Son: Answering Adoptionist Christology</a>, Wim. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7506-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-7506-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Eternal+Son%3A+Answering+Adoptionist+Christology&rft.pub=Wim.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7506-8&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuixbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2003), Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802860705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802860705"><bdi>978-0802860705</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51623141">51623141</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51623141&rft.isbn=978-0802860705&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hurtado, Larry W. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howonearthdidjes0000hurt">How on Earth did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus</a>, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802828613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802828613"><bdi>978-0802828613</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61461917">61461917</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+on+Earth+did+Jesus+Become+a+God%3F+Historical+Questions+about+Earliest+Devotion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61461917&rft.isbn=978-0802828613&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowonearthdidjes0000hurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (2008), Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity, Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4559-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4559-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-4559-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+God+of+Israel%3A+God+Crucified+and+Other+Studies+on+the+New+Testament%27s+Christology+of+Divine+Identity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4559-7&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howjesusbecamego0000ehrm">How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee</a>, Harper Collins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+became+God%3A+The+Exaltation+of+a+Jewish+Preacher+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowjesusbecamego0000ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bird, Michael F.; Evans, Craig A.; Gathercole, Simon; Hill, Charles E.; Tilling, Chris (2014), How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature – A Response to Bart Ehrman, Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4"><bdi>978-0-310-51961-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+God+Became+Jesus%3A+The+Real+Origins+of+Belief+in+Jesus%27+Divine+Nature+%E2%80%93+A+Response+to+Bart+Ehrman&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51961-4&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Gathercole%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hill%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Tilling%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Loke, Andrew Ter Ern (2017), The Origin of Divine Christology, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107199262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107199262"><bdi>978-1107199262</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Divine+Christology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1107199262&rft.aulast=Loke&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Ter+Ern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher-Louis2015" class="citation cs2">Fletcher-Louis, Crispin (2015), Jesus Monotheism: Volume 1: Christological Origins: The Emerging Consensus and Beyond, Wipf and Stock Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5622-4"><bdi>978-1-7252-5622-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Monotheism%3A+Volume+1%3A+Christological+Origins%3A+The+Emerging+Consensus+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-5622-4&rft.aulast=Fletcher-Louis&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atonement</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Pugh, Ben (2015), Atonement Theories: A Way through the Maze, James Clarke & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atonement+Theories%3A+A+Way+through+the+Maze&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristology" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9399699/Christology">Encyclopædia Britannica, Christology – full access article</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and 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title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed (Calvinist)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Person_of_Christ">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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