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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_parentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_parentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and parentage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_and_Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_and_Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Negotiations and Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_and_Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Austria_to_the_New_World_and_the_Scientific_Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Austria_to_the_New_World_and_the_Scientific_Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>From Austria to the New World and the Scientific Mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_Austria_to_the_New_World_and_the_Scientific_Mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From Austria to the New World and the Scientific Mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_Austria_to_the_New_World_and_the_Scientific_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_crossing_of_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_crossing_of_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The crossing of the Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_crossing_of_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_Scientific_Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Scientific_Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Austrian Scientific Mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Scientific_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regent_and_Empress_of_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regent_and_Empress_of_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regent and Empress of Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regent_and_Empress_of_Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regent and Empress of Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regent_and_Empress_of_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_of_the_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_of_the_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background of the Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_of_the_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_conspirator_of_São_Cristóvão" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_conspirator_of_São_Cristóvão"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The conspirator of São Cristóvão</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_conspirator_of_São_Cristóvão-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahia's_participation_in_the_independence_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahia's_participation_in_the_independence_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bahia's participation in the independence process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahia's_participation_in_the_independence_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline in health and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_in_health_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline in health and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_commotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_commotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Popular commotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_commotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cause of death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_preservation_of_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_preservation_of_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Death and preservation of memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_preservation_of_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Depictions in culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina" title="Maria Leopoldina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria Leopoldina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ماريا ليوبولدينا النمساوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريا ليوبولدينا النمساوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lleopoldina_d%27Austria" title="María Lleopoldina d'Austria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="María Lleopoldina d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ماریا لدوپولدینای آستوریاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماریا لدوپولدینای آستوریاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мария-Леополдина Австрийска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария-Леополдина Австрийска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_Aostria" title="Maria Leopoldine Aostria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maria Leopoldine Aostria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_d%27%C3%80ustria_(reina_de_Portugal)" title="Maria Leopoldina d'Àustria (reina de Portugal) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria Leopoldina d'Àustria (reina de Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Leopoldina_Habsbursko-Lotrinsk%C3%A1" title="Marie Leopoldina Habsbursko-Lotrinská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Leopoldina Habsbursko-Lotrinská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_af_%C3%98strig" title="Maria Leopoldina af Østrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maria Leopoldina af Østrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_von_%C3%96sterreich" title="Maria Leopoldine von Österreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria Leopoldine von Österreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1797-1826)" title="Μαρία Λεοπολδίνα της Αυστρίας (1797-1826) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Λεοπολδίνα της Αυστρίας (1797-1826)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Leopoldina_de_Austria" title="María Leopoldina de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María Leopoldina de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_de_A%C5%ADstrio" title="Maria Leopoldina de Aŭstrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria Leopoldina de Aŭstrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_Austriakoa" title="Maria Leopoldina Austriakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria Leopoldina Austriakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ماریا لئوپلدینه اتریشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماریا لئوپلدینه اتریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-L%C3%A9opoldine_d%27Autriche" title="Marie-Léopoldine d'Autriche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie-Léopoldine d'Autriche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Leopoldina_de_Austria" title="María Leopoldina de Austria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="María Leopoldina de Austria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4%EB%94%94%EB%84%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EC%99%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%9E%88_%EC%97%AC%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5" title="마리아 레오폴디네 폰 외스터라이히 여대공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리아 레오폴디네 폰 외스터라이히 여대공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_d%27Asburgo-Lorena" title="Maria Leopoldina d'Asburgo-Lorena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Leopoldina d'Asburgo-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מריה לאופולדינה מאוסטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריה לאופולדינה מאוסטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარია ლეოპოლდინა ავსტრიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარია ლეოპოლდინა ავსტრიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_Iosepha_Carolina_(archiducissa_Austriae)" title="Maria Leopoldina Iosepha Carolina (archiducissa Austriae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Leopoldina Iosepha Carolina (archiducissa Austriae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Lotaringiai_M%C3%A1ria_Leopoldina_brazil_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rn%C3%A9" title="Habsburg–Lotaringiai Mária Leopoldina brazil császárné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Habsburg–Lotaringiai Mária Leopoldina brazil császárné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മരിയ ലിയോപോൾഡിന ഓഫ് ഓസ്ട്രിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരിയ ലിയോപോൾഡിന ഓഫ് ഓസ്ട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldine_van_Oostenrijk" title="Leopoldine van Oostenrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leopoldine van Oostenrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="マリア・レオポルディナ・デ・アウストリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリア・レオポルディナ・デ・アウストリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_av_%C3%98sterrike" title="Maria Leopoldina av Østerrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria Leopoldina av Østerrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldyna_Habsburg" title="Maria Leopoldyna Habsburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Leopoldyna Habsburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_da_%C3%81ustria" title="Maria Leopoldina da Áustria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria Leopoldina da Áustria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_a_Austriei" title="Maria Leopoldina a Austriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria Leopoldina a Austriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Мария Леопольдина (императрица Бразилии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария Леопольдина (императрица Бразилии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Leopold%C3%ADna_Habsbursko-lotrinsk%C3%A1" title="Mária Leopoldína Habsbursko-lotrinská – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária Leopoldína Habsbursko-lotrinská" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ماریا لیۆپۆڵدینای نەمسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماریا لیۆپۆڵدینای نەمسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_(Brasilia)" title="Maria Leopoldina (Brasilia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria Leopoldina (Brasilia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_av_%C3%96sterrike" title="Maria Leopoldina av Österrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria Leopoldina av Österrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มารีอา เลโอพ็อลดีเนอแห่งออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารีอา เลโอพ็อลดีเนอแห่งออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Марія Леопольдіна Австрійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Леопольдіна Австрійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%81o" title="Maria Leopoldine của Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria Leopoldine của Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA%E5%A8%9C" title="奥地利的玛丽亚·莱奥波尔迪娜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥地利的玛丽亚·莱奥波尔迪娜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q84239#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Empress of Brazil (1822–1826) and Queen of Portugal (1826)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Holy Roman Empress, see <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldine of Austria">Maria Leopoldine of Austria</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg/220px-29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg/330px-29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg/440px-29-_Imperatriz_rainha_D._Leopoldina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kreutzinger" title="Joseph Kreutzinger">Joseph Kreutzinger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of Brazil">Empress consort of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1822 – <span class="nowrap">11 December 1826</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Portugal">Queen consort of Portugal</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1826 – <span class="nowrap">2 May 1826</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1797<br /><a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1826<span style="display:none">(1826-12-11)</span> (aged 29)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">Palace of São Cristóvão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>14 December 1826<br />Convent of Our Lady of Help, Rio de Janeiro</li> <li>9 November 1911<br />Convent of Saint Anthony, Rio de Janeiro</li> <li>12 October 1954<br /><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_IV_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal">Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1817)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II,_Queen_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria II, Queen of Portugal">Maria II, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janu%C3%A1ria,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca, Princess of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II,_Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil">Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">German: <i lang="de">Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria's signature"><img alt="Maria Leopoldina of Austria's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg/125px-Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg/188px-Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg/250px-Imperatriz_Leopoldina_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dona</a> <b>Maria Leopoldina of Austria</b> (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was the first <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of Brazil">Empress of Brazil</a> as the wife of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> from 12 October 1822 until her death. She was also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_royal_consorts" title="List of Portuguese royal consorts">Queen of Portugal</a> during her husband's brief reign as King Dom Pedro IV from 10 March to 2 May 1826. </p><p>She was born in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>, and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a>. Among her many siblings were Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. </p><p>The education Maria Leopoldina had received in childhood and adolescence was broad and eclectic, with a higher cultural level and more consistent political training. Such education of the little princes and princesses of the Habsburg family was based on the educational belief initiated by their grandfather <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>, who believed "that children should be inspired from an early age to have high qualities, such as humanity, compassion and the desire to make people happy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a deep Christian faith and a solid scientific and cultural background (which included international politics and notions of government) the Archduchess had been prepared from an early age to being a proper royal consort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017364–365_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017364–365-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017369–370_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017369–370-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, it has been proposed by some historians that she was one of the main articulators of the process of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> that took place in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her biographer, historian Paulo Rezzutti, maintains that it was largely thanks to her that Brazil became a nation. According to him, the wife of Dom Pedro "embraced Brazil as her country, Brazilians as her people and Independence as her cause". She was also adviser to Dom Pedro on important political decisions that reflected the future of the nation, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></i> and the subsequent opposition and disobedience to the Portuguese courts regarding the couple's return to Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206–207_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206–207-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, for governing the country on Dom Pedro's trips through the Brazilian provinces, she is considered the first woman to become head of state in an independent American country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modelli_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modelli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_parentage">Birth and parentage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and parentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg/250px-Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg/375px-Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg/500px-Josef_Kreutzinger_-_Kaiserliche_Familie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Austrian Imperial and Royal Family, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kreutzinger" title="Joseph Kreutzinger">Joseph Kreutzinger</a>, 1805. Maria Leopoldina is seated in the far right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Leopoldina was born on 22 January 1797 at the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a> Palace in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Saxe-Bragança_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxe-Bragança-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>. She was the sixth (but third surviving) child of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (who from 1804, became <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> with the title of Francis I, because <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> demanded that he renounce the title of Holy Roman Emperor when he was crowned <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a>) but the fifth (third surviving) child and fourth (second surviving) daughter born from his second marriage with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a>. Her paternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain" title="Maria Luisa of Spain">Maria Luisa of Bourbon, Infanta of Spain</a> and her maternal grandparents were King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily</a> (later King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) and Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>. Through both parents (who are double first-cousins), Maria Leopoldina was descended from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> (one of the oldest and most powerful dynasties in Europe, which reigned over <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> from 1282 to 1918, among other territories that reigned and was the oldest reigning house in Europe at the time of Maria Leopoldina's birth) and from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (a royal dynasty who at the time of her birth reigned over Spain, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>; the main branch of the family, who reigned in France since 1589, was dethroned after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1792 but <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">briefly restored</a> during 1814–1830). She was given the name <i>Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberacker198831_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberacker198831-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to her main biographer Carlos H. Oberacker Júnior in his work "A Imperatriz Leopoldina: Sua Vida e Sua Época", and confirmed by Bettina Kann in her work "Cartas de uma Imperatriz" and other authors. In one of the essays presented in his work, Oberacker Júnior showed an excerpt of the publication made by the Austrian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a></i> on 25 January 1797, who gave the news of the birth of the Archduchess three days before with her full name; he also mentioned that the name "Maria" wasn't present in the preserved baptismal record of the Archduchess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberacker1988301–302_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberacker1988301–302-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is in fact true. According to Oberacker Júnior, the Archduchess started using it already on his trip to Brazil, when dealing with some private businesses. In Brazil, she started to sign only Leopoldina, or using the first name Maria, as can be seen in her oath to the Constitution of Brazil in 1822. According to another theory presented by Oberacker Júnior, the Archduchess probably began to use the name "Maria" due to her great devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and to invoke her protection, and also because all her sisters-in-law used this name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017104_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina was born during a turbulent period in European history. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte became <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> of France, and later became Emperor. He then began a <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">series of conflicts</a> and established systems of alliances known as "Coalitions" over Europe that frequently redefined the continent's borders. Austria was an active participant in all of the Napoleonic Wars, against France, her historical enemy. Napoleon shook the old European royal institutions, and fierce battles began through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Her older sister, Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Maria Ludovika</a>, married Napoleon in 1810, seeking to strengthen the ties between France and Austria. This union was undoubtedly one of the most serious defeats of the House of Habsburg; their maternal grandmother, Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (who deeply hated everything about France after execution of her beloved sister Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> in 1793), grunted with her son-in-law's attitude: "It was precisely what I lacked, to now become the devil's grandmother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201746_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201746-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina in her youth, ca. 1810.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_von_Gu%C3%A9rard_-_Family_portrait_-_Tansey_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_von_Gu%C3%A9rard_-_Family_portrait_-_Tansey_Collection.jpg/220px-Bernhard_von_Gu%C3%A9rard_-_Family_portrait_-_Tansey_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Bernhard_von_Gu%C3%A9rard_-_Family_portrait_-_Tansey_Collection.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Empress Maria Ludovika</a> with three of her stepchildren: Ferdinand, Maria Leopoldina and Franz Karl, by Bernhard von Guérard, 1810.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 April 1807, the 10-year-old Archduchess lost her mother after she suffered complications due to childbirth. A year later (6 January 1808), her father remarried to the woman Maria Leopoldina would later describe as the most important person in her life, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este</a>. </p><p>First-cousin of her husband and granddaughter of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, the new Empress was well-educated and surpassed her predecessor in culture and intellectual brilliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201742_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201742-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muse and personal friend of the poet <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, she was responsible for the intellectual formation of her stepdaughter, developing in Maria Leopoldina a taste for literature, nature and music by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>. Because she had no children of her own, she willingly adopted those of her predecessor; Maria Leopoldina always considered her stepmother to be her mother and she grew up with Empress Maria Ludovika as her "spiritual mother".<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to her, the Archduchess had the chance of meeting Goethe in 1810 and 1812, when she went to <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> with her stepmother.<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina was raised according to the three <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> principles: discipline, piety and sense of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her childhood was marked by a strict education, diverse cultural stimulation and successive wars that threatened her father's domains. She and her siblings were raised in accordance with the educational principles laid down by their grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who preached equality between men, treating everyone with courtesy, the need to practise charity, and above all, the sacrifice of their own desires for the needs of the State. Among these principles was the habit of exercising their handwriting by writing the following text:<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Do not oppress the poor. Be charitable. Do not complain about what God has given you, but improve your habits. We must strive earnestly to be good".</p></blockquote> <p>The study program for Maria Leopoldina and her siblings included subjects such as reading, writing, dance, drawing, painting, piano, riding, hunting, history, geography and music;<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in an advanced module, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), literature, physics, singing and crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201792_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201792-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early age, Maria Leopoldina showed a greater inclination towards the disciplines of natural sciences, being mainly interested in botany and mineralogy.<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748,_49_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748,_49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archduchess also inherited the habit of collecting from her father: she began collections of coins, plants, flowers, minerals and shells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201749_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201749-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between October and December 1816, she was successful in quickly learning the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> language; by December, the Archduchess was already speaking fluently with Portuguese diplomats, and lived "surrounded by maps of Brazil and books containing the History of this Kingdom, or Memories related to it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201787,_93_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201787,_93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language learning was part of the family formation, and Leopoldina became a notorious <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a>, speaking 7 languages: her native German, as well as Portuguese, French, Italian, English, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </p><p>Leopoldina and her siblings were taken on frequent visits to museums, botanical gardens, factories and agricultural fields. And, not infrequently, they participated in dances, performed in plays and played instruments for an audience, with the intention of getting the children used to ceremonies and public exposure. The Habsburg Archudukes and Archduchesses were encouraged to attend the theatre in order to develop public speaking abilities, greater articulation and oratory skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201750_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201750-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations_and_Marriage">Negotiations and Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Negotiations and Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries, royal marriages in Europe served primarily as political alliances. Through marriage, the geopolitical cartography of the European continent was shaped by a complex web of shared interests and solidarity between royal houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201723_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201723-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage between Maria Leopoldina and Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro de Alcântara</a>, Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, was a strategic alliance between the monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. With this union, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> fulfilled the famous motto: <i>Bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria, nube</i> ("Let others wage war, thou, happy Austria, marry"). </p><p>On 24 September 1816, it was announced by Emperor Francis I that Dom Pedro de Alcântara, wished to take a Habsburg Archduchess as his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> suggested that it should be Maria Leopoldina to go get married, as it was "her turn" to become a wife.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Marialva" title="Marquis of Marialva">Marquis of Marialva</a> played an enormous role in the wedding negotiations, the same one who had negotiated, advised by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, the coming to Brazil of the <a href="/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_Art%C3%ADstica_Francesa" title="Missão Artística Francesa">French Artistic Mission</a>. King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a> did everything to include the <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza" title="Infanta Isabel Maria of Braganza">Infanta Dona Isabel Maria</a> (who would be regent of the Kingdom of Portugal from 1826 to 1828 and would die unmarried) in the negotiations. The Marquis of Marialva made a guarantee that the Portuguese royal family was determined to return to the continent as soon as Brazil demonstrated that it had surely "escaped the flames of the wars of independence that were advancing in the Spanish colonies", thus obtaining Austrian consent to marriage. Once this was secured, the contract was signed in Vienna on 29 November 1816. </p><p>Two ships were prepared, and in April 1817, scientists, painters, gardeners and a taxidermist, all with assistants, travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> ahead of Maria Leopoldina, who, in the meantime, studied the history and geography of her future home and learned <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. During these weeks, the Archduchess compiled and wrote a <a href="/wiki/Vade_mecum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vade mecum">vade mecum</a>, a unique document the like of which has never been produced by any other Habsburg princess.<sup id="cite_ref-tropics_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropics-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Passi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A coloured engraving representing <i>Austria</i> and <i>Augusta</i>, the two ships that took Maria Leopoldina to Brazil, departing from <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, by Giovanni Passi.</figcaption></figure> <p>The marriage <i>per procuram</i> (by proxy) between Maria Leopoldina and Dom Pedro took place on 13 May 1817 at the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Church,_Vienna" title="Augustinian Church, Vienna">Augustinian Church</a> in Vienna. The groom was represented by the bride's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The culmination of the wedding ceremonies was reached in Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Augarten" title="Augarten">Augarten</a> where, on 1 June, Marialva, who had had few opportunities to reveal his nation's splendor, wealth and hospitality, gave a sumptuous reception for which she had made preparations during all winter. Shortly before the wedding, two Austrian frigates, <i>Austria</i> and <i>Augusta</i>, left for <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, with furniture and decorations for the newly installed Austrian embassy there, the equipment for a scientific expedition to the interior of Brazil and numerous exhibitions of Austrian commercial products".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Through this marriage, King John VI saw the opportunity to counteract the excessive influence of England in its domains by forging new alliances with traditional dynasties. Austria, on the other hand, saw the new Portuguese-Brazilian Empire as an important transatlantic ally that fit perfectly with the reactionary, absolutist ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201767,_68_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201767,_68-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the marriage was a purely political act, not a sentimental one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Austria_to_the_New_World_and_the_Scientific_Mission">From Austria to the New World and the Scientific Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Austria to the New World and the Scientific Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_crossing_of_the_Atlantic">The crossing of the Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The crossing of the Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG/220px-An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG/330px-An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG/440px-An%C3%B4nimo_-_D._Leopoldina_na_Ilha_da_Madeira.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina in <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Leopoldina's trip to Brazil was difficult and time-consuming. The Archduchess left Vienna for <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on 2 June 1817, where she awaited further instructions from the Portuguese court, since monarchical authority remained tenuous in Brazil since the <a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambucan revolt</a>. </p><p>On 13 August 1817, Maria Leopoldina was finally allowed to embark on her journey from <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, Italy, on the Portuguese fleet composed of the ships <i>D. João VI</i> and <i>São Sebastião</i>. With her luggage and a large entourage, she faced 86 days of crossing the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>. Forty boxes the height of a man contained her trousseau, books, collections and gifts for the future family. She brought also an impressive household: court ladies, a chambermaid, a butler, six ladies-in-waiting, four pages, six Hungarian nobles, six Austrian guards, six chamberlains, a chief <a href="/wiki/Almoner" title="Almoner">Almoner</a>, a chaplain, a private secretary, a doctor, a performer, a mineralogist and her painting teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017139,_140,_141_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017139,_140,_141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archduchess definitively parted for Brazil two days later, on 15 August. The differences in habits and customs, already noticed in the period since she embarked, foreshadowed the difficulties that she would face in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. The first time she set foot on Portuguese territory, however, it was not on Brazilian land, but on <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira Island</a>, on 11 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopoldina12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopoldina12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leopoldina22_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopoldina22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017135,_142_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017135,_142-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debret-desembarque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Debret-desembarque.jpg/220px-Debret-desembarque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Debret-desembarque.jpg/330px-Debret-desembarque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Debret-desembarque.jpg/440px-Debret-desembarque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><i>Landing of Archduchess Maria Leopoldina in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on 5 November 1817</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Estudo_para_Desembarque_de_Dona_Leopoldina_no_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11169" data-file-height="6665" /></a><figcaption><i>Reception of Archduchess Maria Leopoldina by Dom Pedro, the royal family and court on 5 November 1817</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 November 1817, Maria Leopoldina arrived to Rio de Janeiro, where she finally met her husband and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the official marriage ceremony took place at the <a href="/wiki/Capela_Real_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Capela Real of Rio de Janeiro"><i>Capela Real</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro Cathedral</a> amidst celebrations all over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_(alegoria),_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg/220px-Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg/330px-Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg/440px-Casamento_de_Pedro_e_Leopoldina_%28alegoria%29%2C_da_cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Museu_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Allegory of the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro, Prince Royal</a> and Princess Maria Leopoldina, 1817.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon her arrival, the physical appearance of Maria Leopoldina surprised the Portuguese royal family, who were awaiting a beautiful Archduchess. Instead, she was overweight, though with a beautiful face. However, she was also extraordinarily cultured for her time, with a keen interest in botany. The arrival provided <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a> with an occasion for his first commission, where he had 12 days to decorate the city. He had a studio in the <a href="/wiki/Catumbi" title="Catumbi">Catumbi</a> neighborhood, where as a naturalist, he later made drawings of plants and flowers for Maria Leopoldina. He would say: "I was in charge of graciously executing some drawings for her that she dared to ask for", he said, "in the name of his sister, former Empress of the French ". In his atelier, Debret designed the great gala uniforms of the court, in green and gold, the decorations of the new state, and previously designed the crown created by Napoleon in 1806 for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Debret also designed the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a>, comparable to the Medal of the Legion of Honor, and years later he also designed the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a>, instituted in honor of Dom Pedro's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a>. </p><p>From a distance, the Portuguese Royal Prince initially appeared to his new wife as a perfect, well-educated gentleman, but the reality was very different. Dom Pedro was a year younger than Maria Leopoldina and rarely measured up to the descriptions she had been given by the matchmakers. His temperament was impulsive and choleric, and his education modest. Even spoken communication between the young married couple proved difficult, as Pedro spoke very little French and his Portuguese could only be described as vulgar.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, keeping with Portuguese tradition, the 18-year-old Dom Pedro not only had a string of amorous adventures behind him and was principally interested in horse racing and love affairs, but by the time of his marriage he was living as if in wedlock with French dancer Noemie Thierry, who was finally removed from the court by his father a month after Maria Leopoldina's arrival in Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The young married couple took up residence in six relatively small rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of São Cristóvão">Palace of São Cristóvão</a>. The inner courtyard and path to the stables were unpaved and the tropical rainfall quickly turned everything to mud. There were insects everywhere, including in their clothing, for the uniforms and court regalia made of velvet and plush rotted and turned mouldy in the heat and humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-prince_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prince_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince von Metternich">Prince von Metternich</a> would intercept a letter from the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ludwig_von_Eschwege" title="Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege">Baron von Eschwege</a> to his partner in Vienna in which he said: "Speaking of the Crown Prince, since he is not without natural intelligence, he is lacking in formal education. He was raised among horses, and the princess sooner or later you will realize that he is not able to coexist in harmony. Furthermore, the court of Rio is very boring and insignificant, compared to the courts of Europe". </p><p>In the wake of Maria Leopoldina's arrival, the first wave of immigrants arrived in Brazil; Swiss settlers who settled in the vicinity of the court, founding <a href="/wiki/Nova_Friburgo" title="Nova Friburgo">Nova Friburgo</a> and settling in the future <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, the later Imperial summer residence. From 1824, due to the Brazilian campaign in Europe organized by Major <a href="/wiki/Georg_Anton_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Georg Anton Schäffer">Georg Anton Schäffer</a>, the Germans arrived more numerous and settled again in Nova Friburgo and in the temperate regions of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, where the colony of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Leopoldo" title="São Leopoldo">São Leopoldo</a> was created in the new Royal Princess's honour. Some from <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, living until the 1880s in such complete isolation that they didn't even speak Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_Scientific_Mission">Austrian Scientific Mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austrian Scientific Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Austrian expedition to Brazil">Austrian expedition to Brazil</a></div> <p>Brazil had the privilege of being portrayed and studied by European artists and scientists of the first order long before other American countries. Still in the 17th century, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch occupation of northeastern Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen">Prince John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen</a> brought to Brazil a significant group of collaborators, among which we can mention <a href="/wiki/Willem_Piso" title="Willem Piso">Willem Piso</a>, a doctor who came to study tropical diseases; Frans Post, famous painter, then in his early twenties; Albert Eckhout, also a painter; cartographer Cornelius Golijath; the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Georg_Marggraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Marggraf">Georg Marggraf</a>, who, with Piso, would be the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae" title="Historia Naturalis Brasiliae">Historia Naturalis Brasiliae</a></i> (Amsterdam, 1648), the first scientific work on Brazilian nature. The Prince of Nassau-Siegen was also concerned with perpetuating the political events of his administration, entrusting <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Barlaeus" title="Caspar Barlaeus">Caspar Barlaeus</a> with a history of his government in Brazil. </p><p>Once the Dutch were expelled, the Portuguese became aware that the recovery of the territory was the result of a series of happy circumstances, which could no longer be repeated, in the event of a new invasion of the territory of Portuguese America. In view of this situation, Portugal has taken the policy of the State to prohibit the access of its overseas possessions to any and all foreigners, even prohibiting the publication of any news or reference to American lands. This State policy was effectively followed by several generations, from the middle of the 17th century until the arrival of the royal family to Brazil and the consequent opening of Brazil to the world, symbolized by the Decree of Opening Ports to Friendly Nations (<i>Decreto de Abertura dos Portos às Nações Amigas</i>), first act signed by Prince Regent John, during his stay in Salvador, in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2008107–108_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2008107–108-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening of the ports and the consequent revocation of the ban on the landing of foreigners in Brazilian lands, which coincided with a difficult time for European naturalists, as their transit through Europe was significantly hampered by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, coupled with the lack of knowledge about this immense portion of the globe's territory, aroused enormous scientific interest in Europe. Parallel to this world context, Maria Leopoldina, since her first youth (around 14 years old), started to show a special interest in the natural sciences, especially in geology and botany. This fact did not go unnoticed by her teachers and by her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria, who surprised the young Archduchess's interests (they thought it would be more natural for such inclinations to arise in one of her brothers), but did nothing to hinder the young Maria Leopoldina's studies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Leopoldina_-_Jean-Baptiste_Isabey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Maria_Leopoldina_-_Jean-Baptiste_Isabey.jpg/220px-Maria_Leopoldina_-_Jean-Baptiste_Isabey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Maria_Leopoldina_-_Jean-Baptiste_Isabey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey" title="Jean-Baptiste Isabey">Jean-Baptiste Isabey</a>, ca. 1817.</figcaption></figure> <p>Therefore, in 1817, when the forthcoming announcement of the wedding of Maria Leopoldina and Dom Pedro, immediately was organized, under the auspices of the Austrian court, (but also integrated by Bavarian scientists) what would become the main scientific expedition into the unknown (for science) Brazilian lands. </p><p>In 1815 King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a> was already planning a great scientific expedition through South America, but some setbacks occurred and the expedition was not carried out. So when in 1817 Maria Leopoldina embarked to Brazil for her wedding with Dom Pedro, the Bavarian sovereign took the opportunity and sent two of his subjects: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius" title="Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius">Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius</a>, doctor and botanist, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_von_Spix" title="Johann Baptist von Spix">Johann Baptist von Spix</a>, zoologist, with the retinue of the Archduchess. </p><p>In addition to these, <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Schreibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl von Schreibers">Karl von Schreibers</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Vienna" title="Natural History Museum, Vienna">Natural History Museum</a>, under orders from Chancellor Prince von Metternich, prepared a mission with notable scientists who would accompany the Archduchess's entourage. Among the scientists were: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Mikan" title="Johann Christian Mikan">Johann Christof Mikan</a>, a botanist and entomologist; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Emanuel_Pohl" title="Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl">Johann Emanuel Pohl</a>, physician, mineralogist and botanist; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Buchberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Buchberger (page does not exist)">Johann Buchberger</a>, flora painter; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Natterer" title="Johann Natterer">Johann Natterer</a>, zoologist; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ender" title="Thomas Ender">Thomas Ender</a>, painter; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Schott" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Schott">Heinrich Schott</a>, gardener; and the Italian naturalist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Raddi" title="Giuseppe Raddi">Giuseppe Raddi</a>, this group aimed to collect specimens and make illustrations of people and landscapes for a museum to be founded in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest interest was to trace the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> by researching plants, animals and Indians. All this fascination was due to the publication of the first volume of the book by the German geographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <i>Le voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804</i> ("The voyage to the equinoctial regions of the New Continent, made in 1799–1804") and <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a>. Humboldt influenced several artists, for example <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a>, and the striking feature of his research, as well as that of Humboldtian artists, was to represent everything he saw in an encyclopedic way, that is, explaining in detail everything they saw.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina's well-known interest in sciences was noted in 1818 when she influenced her father-in-law to create the Royal Museum (the now <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a few months after her arrival in Brazil, was also created the first Brazilian Natural History Museum, which promoted scientists to explore Brazil. In September 1824, the British well-travelled and published writer <a href="/wiki/Maria_Graham" title="Maria Graham">Maria Graham</a> arrived to Boa Vista and was given a friendly reception by Dom Pedro and Maria Leopoldina and granted full authority over the upbringing of their eldest daughter Maria da Glória, whose education at that time was widely neglected;<sup id="cite_ref-graham_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon Maria Leopoldina and her daughter's governess relationship quickly grew into an affectionate friendship,<sup id="cite_ref-graham_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moreover because both shared a common interest in the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although after only six weeks Maria Graham was dismissed from her post by Dom Pedro, to Maria Leopoldina's dismay,<sup id="cite_ref-graham_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both women's common interest allowed them to stay close to each other up until Maria Leopoldina's death: they wanted to get information that they were not privileged to because they were living in a male dominated world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regent_and_Empress_of_Brazil">Regent and Empress of Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regent and Empress of Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_of_the_Independence">Background of the Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Background of the Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg/220px-D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg/330px-D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg/440px-D._Leopoldina_-_ca._1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina wearing court dress and the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Imperial Order of the Cross</a>, c. 1820s</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1821 was decisive in Maria Leopoldina's life. Belonging to one of the most conservative and enduring families in Europe (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>) she came from a careful education based on the molds of the absolutist monarchies of the time. In June 1821, a frightened Maria Leopoldina wrote to her father "My husband, God help us, loves the new ideas", suspicious of the new constitutional and liberal political values;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2010118_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2010118-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017223_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017223-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she personally witnessed the events that took place in Europe years before, in which <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> systematically altered the political power of the continent, having a certain influence on his way of seeing these new political concepts. The conservative and traditional education of which the Archduchess had been disciplined also adds to this aspect. </p><p>Maria Leopoldina, previously lacking in affection and approval, quickly gives way to the adult woman who faces life without illusions. As the friction between Portugal and Brazil unfolded, she became increasingly involved in the turmoil of political events that preceded the Independence of Brazil. Her involvement with Brazilian politics would lead her to play a fundamental role in the later Independence, alongside <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a>. In this phase, she distances herself from the conservative (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a>) ideas of the Vienna court and adopts a more liberal (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a>) discourse in favor of the Brazilian cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2010134–135_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2010134–135-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017224–225_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017224–225-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a> that took place in Portugal in 1820, on 25 April 1821 the court was forced to return to Portugal. A squadron of eleven ships took King John VI, the court, the royal house and the royal treasury back to the continent, and only Dom Pedro remained in Brazil as regent of the country, with ample powers counterbalanced by a regency council. At first, the new Regent was incapable of dominating the chaos: the situation was dominated by the Portuguese troops, in anarchic conditions. The opposition between Portuguese and Brazilians became increasingly evident. It can be clearly seen in Maria Leopoldina's correspondence that she warmly espoused the cause of the Brazilian people and came to desire the country's Independence, which is why she is loved and venerated by the Brazilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_conspirator_of_São_Cristóvão"><span id="The_conspirator_of_S.C3.A3o_Crist.C3.B3v.C3.A3o"></span>The conspirator of São Cristóvão</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The conspirator of São Cristóvão"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Imperatriz_D._Leopoldina_por_Lu%C3%ADs_Schlappriz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Maria Leopoldina, by Luís Schlappriz (undated)</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Leopoldina grew up fearing popular revolutions due to the example of her great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of France">Queen of France</a>, guillotined during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fear of revolutions that would diminish the powers of the monarchs by popular revolt as happened in France in 1789 and recently in Portugal in 1820 was not seen in Brazil: "As soon as the autonomist movement and then the independence movement won Dom Pedro and Dona Leopoldina as protagonists, the Brazilians saw them as allies for the first time, and not as tyrants who should be defeated to give up power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017223–224_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017223–224-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prepared to maintain fidelity to the absolutist monarchy, Maria Leopoldina did not imagine that she would be Regent in the troubled moments that preceded the break with Portugal, nor that she would defend the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> even before Dom Pedro, in a clear attitude contrary to the education she received. The Austrian Archduchess was always on the side of the Brazilian cause and, in several letters written to her friends in Europe, began to distinguish between Portuguese and Brazilians, making it clear what she thought about Portuguese domination over the colony. With the return of the court to Portugal and the appointment of Dom Pedro as Prince Regent of Brazil (25 April 1821),<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Leopoldina conceived that staying in America was the solution for the defense of dynastic legitimacy against the liberal excesses that threatened the power of the Houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Bragança</a> in Brazil. Dom Pedro, by the other hand, without any political experience and overwhelmed by the current unstable situation, constantly asked his father to release him from the regency and allow him and his family to return to Portugal—in September 1821, six months after King John VI's departure, he wrote: "I beg Your Majesty most urgently to release me from this onerous task".<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina's determination to stay became even more staunch thanks to the support of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a>, and educated man from São Paulo; with his help, she decisively convinced her husband that maintaining the territorial integrity of Brazil was only possible if they both remained there.<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, on 9 January 1822 Dom Pedro solemnly declared: "Fico!" (<i>I am staying</i>). At the age of 24, Maria Leopoldina made a political decision that sentenced her to indefinite stay in America and would deprive her for the rest of her life from living near her father, siblings and other family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017193,_220_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017193,_220-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017370_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017370-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as her sister <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a> married <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> with the intention of bringing political relations between the Austrian and the French Empires closer through this wedding, for Maria Leopoldina a role was kept in history much more relevant than that of her sister. </p><p>Two days later, the decision of the Prince-Regent to remain in Brazil caused outraged among the <i>Cortes</i> (the elected parliamentary representatives of the Brazilian people, who wanted that the whole royal family leave the country, after which Brazil would have been divided up into separate regions<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): government offices and buildings were burned—a revolution broke out. Dom Pedro and Maria Leopoldina were at the theatre at that moment; while he rode out with his troops against the <i>Cortes</i>, Maria Leopoldina went onto the stage and announced: "Remain calm, my husband has everything under control!".<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this announcement (who was greeted with jubilation) she placed herself firmly on the side of the Brazilian people.<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Maria Leopoldina's knew that her life was in danger; she hurriedly back to Boa Vista. Seven months pregnant at that moment, she took both her children, three-year-old Maria da Glória and eleven-month-old João Carlos, into a coach and fled with them to Santa Cruz, in a perilous twelve-hour journey.<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political situation soon calmed down and she was able to return with her children to Boa Vista. However, the young Prince João Carlos never recovered from the strain and died on 4 February 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-fico_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fico-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1821, a letter of Maria Leopoldina addressed to her secretary Schäffer makes it clear that she was, since that time, more decided by Brazil and by the Brazilians than Dom Pedro: it was necessary to stay in Brazil and go against the demands of the Portuguese court. Her <i>Dia do Fico</i> was earlier than that of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206,_207,_208_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206,_207,_208-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Manifesto to the Friendly Nations, signed by Dom Pedro on 6 August 1822, the despotism of the courts of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> was denounced in relation to Brazilian affairs and called upon the friendly nations of Brazil to deal directly with matters with <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and no longer with the Portuguese government, explaining its cause and events from the point of view of Brazilians. In the same document, however, it is possible to observe that, even on the eve of the Proclamation of Independence, the prince regent did not wish to dissolve the ties between Portugal and Brazil, but did not promise to defend the links between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017225_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017225-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would be an ineffective measure of neutrality, since a month later the country would become independent. As a woman was not well regarded in the political environment, Maria Leopoldina acted by means of "specific advice and influencing others to her husband, [so] she was achieving her conquests". Dom Pedro, at first, avoided contact with the Brazilian idea of freedom, trying to maintain neutrality, aiming to avoid the probable punishment of losing his inheritance to the Portuguese throne if he disobeyed the courts. Maria Leopoldina realized that Portugal, dominated by the courts, was already lost and that Brazil still lay like a blank canvas, which could become a future power, much more relevant than the old metropolis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court orders, if enforced, would eventually shatter Brazil into dozens of republics, as had happened with the Spanish colonies in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017207_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017207-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ezekiel Ramirez, the signs of a nascent Brazilian unit as an independent nation in the southern provinces were visible, but the north supported the Lisbon Cortes and called for regional independence. If the Prince Regent had left the country at that moment, Brazil would be lost to Portugal because the courts of Lisbon repeated the same error that led the Spanish courts to lose the colonies, seeking to establish direct contacts with each province in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Modelli_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modelli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina's attitude, defending Brazilian interests, is eloquently stamped in the letter he wrote to Dom Pedro, on the occasion of Brazil's independence: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"You need to come back as soon as possible. Be persuaded that it is not only love that makes me want your immediate presence more than ever, but the circumstances in which the beloved Brazil is. Only your presence, a lot of energy and rigor can save you from ruin".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Rio de Janeiro, thousands of signatures collected required the regents to remain in Brazil. "<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a>'s courageous attitude toward Portuguese arrogance greatly encouraged the aspirations for unity that existed in the southern provinces, especially in São Paulo. A highly educated men led this movement." After the <i>Dia do Fico</i> a new ministry was organized under the leadership of José Bonifácio, "a strictly monarchist", and the Prince-Regent soon won the trust of the people. On 15 February 1822 the Portuguese troops left Rio de Janeiro, and their departure represented the dissolution of the ties between Brazil and the metropolis. Dom Pedro was triumphantly received in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency">Regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg/250px-Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg/375px-Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg/500px-Maria_Leopoldina_regent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Sess%C3%A3o_do_Conselho_de_Estado" title="Sessão do Conselho de Estado">Sessão do Conselho de Estado</a></i></span>, depicting Maria Leopoldina acting as regent of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a> on behalf of her husband Prince Dom Pedro during a meeting with the Council of Ministers, 2 September 1822. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio">José Bonifácio</a> can be seen talking to the Princess Royal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_(by_Debret)_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg/250px-Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg/375px-Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg/500px-Coronation_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil_%28by_Debret%29_%E2%80%93_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5621" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina and her eldest child Maria da Glória, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Imperial">Princess Imperial</a> (later Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a>) are seen in the box (upper left) during the coronation ceremony of Pedro I in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Imperial Chapel</a>, 1 December 1822.</figcaption></figure> <p>When her husband traveled to São Paulo in August 1822 to pacify politics (which culminated in the proclamation of Brazil's Independence in September), Maria Leopoldina was appointed as his official representative, that is, as Regent in his absence.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her status was confirmed with a document of investiture dated 13 August 1822 in which Dom Pedro appointing her head of the Council of State and Acting Princess-Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, giving her complete authority to take any necessary political decisions during his absence.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great was her influence in the process of independence. The Brazilians were already aware that Portugal intended to call Dom Pedro back, relegating Brazil again to the status of a simple colony rather than a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">kingdom</a> united to that of Portugal. There were fears that a civil war would separate the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of São Paulo">Province of São Paulo</a> from the rest of Brazil. </p><p>The Princess-Regent received a new decree with demands from Lisbon arrived in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and, without time to wait for Dom Pedro's return, Maria Leopoldina, advised by José Bonifácio de Andrada, and using her attributes as interim head of government, met in the morning of 2 September 1822 with the Council of State and signed the Decree of Independence, declaring Brazil separate from Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Leopoldina send Dom Pedro a letter, along with another letter from José Bonifácio, as well as comments from Portugal criticizing the actions of her husband and King John VI. In her letter to her husband, the Princess-Regent suggests her husband to proclaim the Independence of Brazil, with the warning: "The fruit is ripe, pick it up, otherwise it will rot" (<i>O pomo está maduro, colha-o já, senão apodrece</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dom Pedro declared the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> upon receiving the letter of his wife on 7 September 1822 at São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Leopoldina had also sent papers received from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, and comments from <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Ribeiro_de_Andrada" title="Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada">Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada</a>, deputy to the courts, for which the Prince-Regent learned of criticism of him in the metropolis. The position of John VI and all his ministry, dominated by the courts, was difficult. </p><p>While awaiting the return of her husband, Maria Leopoldina, the interim ruler of an already independent country, idealized the flag of Brazil, in which she mixed the green of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> and the golden yellow of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors say that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>, the French artist who designed what he saw in Brazil in the 1820s, was the author of the national pavilion that replaced that of the old Portuguese court, symbol of the oppression of the old regime. Debret is the design of the beautiful imperial flag, in collaboration with José Bonifácio de Andrada, in which the green rectangle of the Braganza represented the forests and the yellow rhombus, color of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, represented the gold. After that, Maria Leopoldina committed herself deeply in the recognition of the autonomy of the new country by the European courts, writing letters to the father, the Emperor of Austria, and to her father-in-law, the King of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2010135_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2010135-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017243–244_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017243–244-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina became Brazil's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_consorts_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of royal consorts of Brazil">Empress consort</a>, being acclaimed as such on 1 December 1822, at the coronation ceremony and consecration of her husband as Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Brazil's status as at the time the only monarchy in South America, Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017357_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017357-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahia's_participation_in_the_independence_process"><span id="Bahia.27s_participation_in_the_independence_process"></span>Bahia's participation in the independence process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bahia's participation in the independence process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff/lossy-page1-180px-Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff/lossy-page1-270px-Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff/lossy-page1-360px-Juramento_da_Imperatriz_Leopoldina_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_02.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="5966" /></a><figcaption>Oath of the Empress Maria Leopoldina to the Constitution of Brazil, 1824</figcaption></figure> <p>First headquarters of the government, radiating center for metropolitan policies and strategic port, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> only lost its privileged situation in Brazil with the discovery of gold in the Hereditary Captaincy of Espírito Santo, and the region where the deposits were discovered by <i><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></i> was dismembered from the said captaincy and transformed in the province of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> (dismemberment that was repeated as new deposits were discovered, causing the Captaincy of Espírito Santo to narrow Minas Gerais, in an ill-fated containment barrier against gold smuggling) and the subsequent transfer of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, in 1776. <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> did not want to welcome the passing court, as it did in 1808, but permanently. In the process of separating from Portugal, Bahia hosted antagonistic currents: the pro-independence interior and the capital loyal to the court of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. After 7 September 1822, there was an armed struggle that gave victory to the imperial troops on 2 July 1823. </p><p>Bahian women actively participated in the patriotic battle. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Quit%C3%A9ria" title="Maria Quitéria">Maria Quitéria</a>, enlisted clandestinely as a loyal soldier to the Brazilian cause, was described by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Graham" title="Maria Graham">Maria Graham</a> and decorated by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> by Emperor Pedro I. The oral tradition of <a href="/wiki/Itaparica,_Bahia" title="Itaparica, Bahia">Itaparica</a> Island also records the role of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Felipa_de_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Felipa de Oliveira">Maria Felipa de Oliveira</a>, who would have led more than 40 black women and defending the Island. Already Sister <a href="/wiki/Joana_Ang%C3%A9lica" title="Joana Angélica">Joana Angélica</a>, Abbess of the <a href="/wiki/Church_and_Convent_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Conception_of_Lapa" title="Church and Convent of Our Lady of the Conception of Lapa">Convent of Lapa</a>, prevented with her own life the entry of Portuguese troops in the cloister. </p><p>Women's political awareness is also highlighted in the "<i>Carta das senhoras baianas à sua alteza real dona Leopoldina</i>", who congratulates the Princess-Regent for her part in the patriotic resolutions on behalf of her husband and the country. In the letter of 186 Bahian ladies, delivered by hand in August 1822, was express their gratitude for Maria Leopoldina's stay in Brazil. The Princess-Regent writes to her husband to express her views on the presence of women in politics, telling him that the attitude of those ladies "proves that women are more cheerful and are more adherent to the good cause".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017229–230_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017229–230-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017373_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017373-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite not returning to host the government, Bahia played an important role in the regional political balance in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Empire">Brazilian Empire</a>. In recognition of the support obtained in the Independence process, the Emperor and Empress visited Salvador between February and March 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017285_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017285-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_in_health_and_death">Decline in health and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decline in health and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_commotion">Popular commotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Popular commotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg/220px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg/330px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg/440px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Charles_Stuart_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Allegory of the recognition of the Empire of Brazil and its independence. The painting depicts British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_1st_Baron_Stuart_de_Rothesay" title="Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay">Sir Charles Stuart</a> presenting his <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letter of credence</a> to Emperor Pedro I as Empress Maria Leopoldina, Princess Maria da Glória, and other dignitaries look on. At right, a winged figure, representing <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, carving the "great event" on a stone tablet.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/220px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/330px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/440px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I and Maria Leopoldina visiting the <i>Casa Dos Expostos</i> (currently Romão Duarte orphanage) in Rio de Janeiro, by Armand Julien Pallière, 1826</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a> died on 10 March 1826; Dom Pedro in consequence inherited the Portuguese throne as King Pedro IV, while remaining Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Leopoldina thus became both Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal. However, aware that a reunion of Brazil and Portugal would be unacceptable to the people of both nations, less than two months later, on 2 May, Dom Pedro hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal in favor of their eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_da_Gl%C3%B3ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria da Glória">Maria da Glória</a>, who became Queen Dona Maria II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183526_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183526-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emperor's scandalous relationship with <a href="/wiki/Domitila_de_Castro,_Marchioness_of_Santos" title="Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos">Domitila de Castro Canto e Melo, Marchioness of Santos</a>, the public recognition of their illegitimate daughter, the appointment of the mistress as lady-in-waiting to the Empress, and the trip of the imperial couple together with the Marchioness of Santos to Bahia in the beginning of 1826 were events that left Maria Leopoldina totally humiliated, shaking her morally and psychologically. The daughter that the Emperor had with his mistress in May 1824 (only three months later, the Empress also gave birth) was officially legitimized by him, named <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Isabel Maria de Alcântara, Duchess of Goiás">Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira</a> and granted the title of Duchess of Goiás with the <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> and the right to use the honorific "Dona".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to her sister <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a>, the Empress says: "The seductive monster is the cause of all my misfortunes". Solitary, isolated, devoted only to giving birth to an heir to the throne (the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Dom Pedro II">Emperor Dom Pedro II</a> would be born in 1825),<sup id="cite_ref-mission_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Leopoldina became increasingly depressed. Since the beginning of November 1826, the Empress' health rapidly waned: cramps, vomiting, bleeding and delusions were frequent in her last weeks of her life, worsened by a new pregnancy. </p><p>Maria Leopoldina was loved by all the Brazilian people, and her popularity was even greater and more expressive than that of Dom Pedro. Rio de Janeiro began to monitor the severity of the Empress' disease. The ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, Theremim, related with respect the public demonstrations of love for the Empress to the court of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The consternation among the people was indescribable; never [...] has such an unanimous feeling been seen. The people were literally on their knees pleading with the Almighty for the preservation of the Empress, the churches were not empty and in the domestic chapels everyone was on their knees, the men formed processions, not of habitual ones that almost usually provoke laughter, but of true devotion. In a word, such unexpected affection, manifested without dissimulation, must have been a real satisfaction for the sick Empress".</p></blockquote> <p>On 7 December 1826, the <i>Diário Fluminense</i> reported that the people of Rio de Janeiro continued, in their anxiety, to seek at all times to know the "afflictive state" of the Empress:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"As for the bulletins, already personally addressing the Imperial Quinta, where large and small, nationals, and foreigners, rich and poor, are mixed, with tears in their eyes, a downcast face and a heart that is bitter and uneasy, they all make the same question – How is the Empress?".</p></blockquote> <p>On the afternoon of the previous day (6 December), as reported by the same newspaper (and later confirmed by Father Sampaio's sermon) several processions accompanying "the Sacred Images of the respective churches" were destined for the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Imperial Chapel</a>. According to Father Sampaio:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317–318_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317–318-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Was never observed on the entrance of São Cristóvão such amount of people; the carriages were run over; everyone ran in tears, however, that in the city center the prayer processions revolved, with their images, and with the accompaniment of the whole clergy, either regular or secular. The people cannot see without public signs of piety the image of Nossa Senhora da Glória, who never left her temple, and who, for the first time, under a lot of rain, went like visiting the Empress, who appeared every Saturday at the feet of its altars...There was, in a word, no brotherhood that did not take the saints of the greatest devotion to the Imperial Chapel".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cause_of_death">Cause of death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cause of death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are disagreements about the real cause of death of the first Empress of Brazil. For some authors, Maria Leopoldina would have died as a result of <a href="/wiki/Puerperal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal">puerperal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, while the Emperor was in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, where he had inspected the troops during the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The version that Maria Leopoldina died as a result of the attacks on her during a tantrum of her husband, is a widespread theory corroborated by historians such as Gabriac, Carl Seidler, John Armitage and Isabel Lustosa.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perception of real violence as the cause of death suffered a certain setback —even if a fatal assault did not necessarily reach the skeleton— with the recent exhumation of the Empress' remains where there was no bone fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would have happened on 20 November 1826, when Maria Leopoldina would take over the regency so that the Emperor could travel to the South to deal with the war against Uruguay. Wanting to prove that the rumors about his extramarital relations and the bad climate between the Imperial couple were lies, Dom Pedro I decided to hold a large farewell reception where he demanded that both the Empress and his mistress the Marchioness of Santos appear together with him before the ecclesiastical and diplomatic dignitaries for the protocolary <a href="/wiki/Hand-kissing" title="Hand-kissing">hand-kissing</a>. With the fulfillment of this demand, Maria Leopoldina would have officially recognized her husband's mistress, and for this she defied Dom Pedro I's orders and refused to appear at the reception. The Emperor, known to have a volatile genius, had a bitter argument with his wife,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even tried to drag her around the palace, attacking her with words and kicks. At the end, he attended the hand-kissing ceremony accompanied only by the Marchioness of Santos and departed to the war with no resolution to the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no other witness of the aggression other than the three, and that the suspicions about the aggressions suffered were raised by the ladies and doctors who supported Maria Leopoldina afterwards. The reality of the facts was perhaps different: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It was exaggerated, that Dom Pedro had kicked her, and this was the reason for her illness. The scene, witnessed by the Austrian agent [refers to the Austrian ambassador, Baron Philipp Leopold Wenzel von Mareschal], consisted of wild words. Maria Leopoldina lacked reasons for the disturbance of pregnancy, the failure of which she succumbed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197514_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197514-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Empress, who had been in severe depression for months and in the 12th week of pregnancy, had a profoundly damaged health. Reportedly, she send a last letter to her sister Marie Louise, dictated to the Marchioness of Aguiar, in which she mentions the terrible attack she had suffered at the hands of her husband in the presence of his mistress;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKann2006451_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKann2006451-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, recent studies show that this last letter from Maria Leopoldina can be a fraud. The original, in French, was never found in any file, in Brazil or abroad. The copy in the Historical Archives of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, is written in Portuguese, with a single sentence in French saying that the transcription was made according to an original issued on 12 December 1826. This copy, used by all scholars until then, only appeared in Rio de Janeiro on 5 August 1834 (almost eight years after the Empress's death) to be registered with the notary Joaquim José de Castro. They served as witnesses to certify the origin of the letter César Cadolino, J. M. Flach, J. Buvelot and Carlos Heindricks. Of these, evidently two, Cadolino and Flach, were greatly indebted to Maria Leopoldina and for them was nothing better than to have a "confession" made by the Empress herself.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Maria Leopoldina's agony, the most diverse rumors arose: that the Empress was a prisoner at the <a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Boa_Vista" title="Quinta da Boa Vista">Quinta da Boa Vista</a>, that she was being poisoned by her doctor at the behest of the Marchioness of Santos, among others. Domitila de Castro's popularity, which was no longer the best, worsened, with her house in São Cristóvão being stoned and her brother-in-law, a butler of the Empress, received two shots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017383_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017383-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2010141_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2010141-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marchioness' right to preside over medical appointments of the Empress, as her lady-in-waiting, was denied, and ministers and officials of the palace suggested that she should not continue to attend court. </p><p>The statement issued on 11 December to the Emperor about his wife's death reports seizures, high fever and delusions. Enjoying a great appreciation for the population, who admired her much more than her husband, her death was mourned by much of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This version of events was propagated to Europe, and Dom Pedro I's reputation was so tarnished that his second marriage became very difficult. It is said that the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Imperial Order of Dom Pedro I</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I of Austria</a>, would have received the condecoration as an apology from the Brazilian emperor, his son-in-law. </p><p>Luiz Roberto Fontes —coroner who accompanied the forensic analysis of the imperial family carried out between March and August 2012—, said that a serious illness caused the miscarriage and death of Maria Leopoldina, and not a fight between the Imperial couple at Quinta da Boa Vista, in Rio de Janeiro, as he mentioned to the public in a lecture at the MusIAL (Museu do Instituto Adolfo Lutz): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"What we are able to say today is what the Empress did not die of. If there was even a fight because of Dom Pedro I's betrayal, it has nothing to do with the death of Dona Leopoldina. She had a serious infection, but we still don't know what the disease is. We need more analysis to find the cause of death. The tomography showed no fracture in the femur or other bone, dismissing the legend of falling from a ladder or the accident (provoked by Dom Pedro). From the exams, we saw that the cause could be a serious infection that she had for three weeks".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first threat of miscarriage occurred on 19 November, when the Empress had a small bleed. With the worsening of the condition during the week, she also suffered from fever and severe diarrhea, which indicate a dangerous intestinal hemorrhage for a pregnant woman. </p><p>On 30 November, the delusions were added until medical records indicated the Empress miscarried a male fetus of about three-months-old of gestation on 2 December, days before her death. Even after losing the baby, Maria Leopoldina's health did not improve and started to have more and more delusions, fever and hemorrhages, "that is, she was in a clear septic picture, a picture of death", said the coroner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_preservation_of_memory">Death and preservation of memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death and preservation of memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/220px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/330px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/440px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Maria Leopoldina's funeral procession in Rio de Janeiro, 1826. Drawing made by Debret.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Leopoldina died at the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">São Cristóvão Palace</a> in the Quinta da Boa Vista, located in the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, in the northern part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on 11 December 1826, five weeks before her 30th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funeral ceremony was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_do_Monte_Alverne" title="Francisco do Monte Alverne">Francisco do Monte Alverne</a>, official preacher of the Empire of Brazil. </p><p>Her body, covered with the imperial mantle, was placed in three urns: the first made of Portuguese pine, the second made of lead (with its own Latin inscription, on which there was a skull with two crossed tibias, and on this, the imperial coat silver) and the third of cedar. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg/180px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg/270px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg/360px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Sarcophagus of Empress Maria Leopoldina in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>She was buried on 14 December 1826 in the church of the Ajuda Convent (currently the <a href="/wiki/Cinel%C3%A2ndia" title="Cinelândia">Cinelândia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the convent was demolished in 1911, her remains were transferred to the Santo Antônio Convent, also in Rio de Janeiro, where a mausoleum was built for her and some members of the imperial family. In 1954, her remains were definitively transferred to a green granite sarcophagus decorated with gold, in the Imperial Crypt and Chapel, under the <a href="/wiki/Ipiranga_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipiranga Monument">Ipiranga Monument</a>, in the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although she is portrayed as a melancholic woman and humiliated by the scandals and extramarital relations of Dom Pedro I (representing her as the fragile link in the love triangle), the most recent historiography has claimed to Maria Leopoldina a less passive image in national history. </p><p>Maria Leopoldina had great prominence in Brazilian politics, either when the Portuguese court returned to Portugal, or behind the scenes of the friction between Brazil and Portugal until the moment of Independence in 1822. While Dom Pedro I still maintained the possibility of maintaining the United Kingdom with Portugal, Maria Leopoldina had already found that the most prudent path was the total emancipation of the metropolis. Maria Leopoldina's intellectual and political education, combined with her strong sense of duty and sacrifice on behalf of the State, were fundamental to Brazil, especially after <a href="/wiki/King_John_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King John VI">King John VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">under Portuguese pressure</a>, was forced to return to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. In view of the fact that she was an <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess of Austria">Archduchess of Austria</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> and who had been educated under an aristocratic and absolutist regime, Maria Leopoldina did not hesitate to defend ideals and more representative forms of government for Brazil, influenced by liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>. </p><p>Brazilians had great respect and admiration for Maria Leopoldina from the first moments when she set foot in Brazil. Very popular (a view even stronger among the poorest and slaves), from the moment of her death she had started to be called the "Mother of Brazilians". Petitions were made for the Empress to receive the title of "Guardian Angel of this nascent Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017324_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017324-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period in which she was ill in her last days of life, processions were carried out on the streets of Rio de Janeiro; churches and chapels filled with people in deep sadness. The news of her death caused a stir throughout the city. The people took to the streets in tears, and there are reports of slaves who lamented with screams: "Our mother died. What will become of us? Who will take sides with blacks?".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomes2010141_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes2010141-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With her death, the popularity of Dom Pedro I, allied to the problems of the first reign, declined considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017327_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017327-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer and biographer of her life, Carlos H. Oberacker Júnior, says that "rarely has a foreigner been so dear and recognized by a people like her".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017360–361_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017360–361-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her life, Maria Leopoldina looked for ways to end slavery. In an attempt to change the type of labor in Brazil, the Empress encouraged European immigration to the country. Maria Leopoldina's arrival in Brazil fostered the beginning of <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">German immigration to the country</a>, first coming from the Swiss, settling in Rio de Janeiro and founding the city of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Friburgo" title="Nova Friburgo">Nova Friburgo</a>. Then, to populate southern Brazil, the Empress encouraged the Germans to come. The presence of Maria Leopoldina in South America attracted attention as a way to "propagandize" Brazil among the Germanic milieu. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG/180px-0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG/270px-0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG/360px-0000_Bust_Leopoldina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Maria Leopoldina at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Museum of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The importance and relevance of the Empress on Brazilian soil is also due to the fact of the scientific mission that accompanied her on a journey from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, composed of European painters, scientists and botanists. As Maria Leopoldina was interested in botany and geology, two German scientists came with her: botanist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius" title="Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius">Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius</a> and zoologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_von_Spix" title="Johann Baptist von Spix">Johann Baptist von Spix</a>, known names in the natural sciences of the 19th century, in addition to the traveling painter <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ender" title="Thomas Ender">Thomas Ender</a>. The research of this mission resulted in the works <i>Viagem pelo Brasil</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Brasiliensis" title="Flora Brasiliensis">Flora Brasiliensis</a></i>, a compendium of approximately 20,000 pages with classification and illustration of thousands of species of native plants. Together, the scientists traveled another 10,000 kilometers from Rio de Janeiro to the borders with <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. </p><p>Maria Leopoldina's stance in refusing to return to Portugal still divides opinions, because while for a group of writers that was a revolutionary attitude, for others the Archduchess was just a strategist. For Maria Celi Chaves Vasconcelos, a professor at <a href="/wiki/UERJ" class="mw-redirect" title="UERJ">UERJ</a> and a specialist in the education of noble women, there is not the slightest trace of rebellion in any writing by or about Maria Leopoldina: "Would it be revolutionary because it influenced Dom Pedro in the Proclamation of Independence? I don't think there is any revolutionary trait there; I think she was, perhaps, knowledgeable enough about political history to make the correct judgment about the moment lived and how much he was conducive to Independence", defends the researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-Modelli_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modelli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Regardless of the reasons that made Maria Leopoldina stay in Brazil, the Empress must be interpreted as a revolutionary woman because she was the first to make politics in the high sphere of Brazilian decisions", defends historian Paulo Rezzutti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_culture">Depictions in culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Depictions in culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Empress Maria Leopoldina has already been portrayed as a character in cinema and television, being played by Kate Hansen in the film <i>Independência ou Morte</i> (1972),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Maria Padilha in the <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <i>Marquesa de Santos</i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Érika Evantini in the miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/O_Quinto_dos_Infernos" title="O Quinto dos Infernos">O Quinto dos Infernos</a></i> (2002).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Leopoldina's life was also the subject of the 1996 plot of the samba school <i><a href="/wiki/Imperatriz_Leopoldinense" title="Imperatriz Leopoldinense">Imperatriz Leopoldinense</a></i>, whose name already derives indirectly from her (because the school is based in the area of the Estrada de Ferro Leopoldina, named in honor of the Empress). On the occasion, the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> designer and professor <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Rosa Magalhães">Rosa Magalhães</a> received support from the Austrian government for the parade. </p><p>In 2007, the actress Ester Elias gave life to Maria Leopoldina in the musical <i>Império</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Falabella" title="Miguel Falabella">Miguel Falabella</a>, which tells part of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. </p><p>In 2017, actress <a href="/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Colin" title="Letícia Colin">Letícia Colin</a> played the Empress Maria Leopoldina in the telenovela <a href="/wiki/Novo_Mundo_(telenovela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novo Mundo (telenovela)">Novo Mundo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Maria Leopoldina and <i>Imperatriz Leopoldinense</i> were honored by the <i>Tom Maior</i> samba school, at the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> carnival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Empress Leopoldina of Brazil</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria,_Empress_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere over the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria%2C_Empress_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Her_Imperial_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Imperial Majesty">Her Imperial Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>: <ul><li>Dame Grand Mistress of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Isabel" title="Order of Saint Isabel">Order of Saint Isabel</a></li> <li>Dame Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa">Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>: <ul><li>Dame Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Order of Pedro I</a></li> <li>Dame Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Starry_Cross" title="Order of the Starry Cross">Order of the Starry Cross</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa" title="Order of Queen Maria Luisa">Order of Queen Maria Luisa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: Dame of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Elizabeth" title="Order of Saint Elizabeth">Order of Saint Elizabeth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/220px-Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/330px-Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/440px-Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Dona_Leopoldina_de_Habsburgo_e_Seus_Filhos%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="3737" /></a><figcaption><i>Empress Maria Leopoldina of Brazil with her children</i>, by Domenico Failutti, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>By June 1818 Maria Leopoldina became pregnant, and her first child, <a href="/wiki/Maria_da_Gl%C3%B3ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria da Glória">Maria da Glória</a>, was born after a difficult delivery on 4 April 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-family_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her next pregnancy ended in a miscarriage in November 1819, and on 26 April 1820 she suffered her second miscarriage;<sup id="cite_ref-Longo_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longo-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the child, a son, was named Miguel in honor of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">his paternal uncle</a> and died almost immediately. These failed pregnancies had a profound effect on Maria Leopoldina, who, conscious of her primary duty to produce an heir to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Bragança">House of Bragança</a>, became depressed and withdrew from society for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-Longo_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longo-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first living son, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a>, was born on 6 March 1821, to the joy of the court and the people, but died on 4 February 1822 aged 11 months.<sup id="cite_ref-family_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her next three pregnancies resulted in three daughters, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária</a> (born 11 March 1822), <a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Paula</a> (born 17 February 1823) and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca</a> (born 2 August 1824) until the birth of the long-hoped for son and heir, the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Dom Pedro II">Emperor Dom Pedro II</a>, on 2 December 1825. Her ninth and last pregnancy was fatal to her: she died from complications following a miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 20%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Portrait </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em;">Lifespan </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_II_1833.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing the head and shoulders of a young woman wearing a lacey blue dress with auburn hair pulled back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maria_II_1833.png/100px-Maria_II_1833.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maria_II_1833.png/150px-Maria_II_1833.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maria_II_1833.png/200px-Maria_II_1833.png 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span> </td> <td>4 April 1819 –<br />15 November 1853 </td> <td>Queen of Portugal from 1826 until 1853. Maria II's first husband, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Beauharnais,_2nd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>, died a few months after the marriage. Her second husband was Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became King Dom <a href="/wiki/Fernando_II_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando II of Portugal">Fernando II</a> after the birth of their first child. She had eleven children from this marriage. Maria II was heiress presumptive to her brother Pedro II as <a href="/wiki/Princess_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Imperial">Princess Imperial</a> until her exclusion from the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Miguel, Prince of Beira </th> <td> </td> <td>26 April 1820 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Beira" title="Prince of Beira">Prince of Beira</a> from birth to his death. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>6 March 1821 –<br />4 February 1822 </td> <td>Prince of Beira from birth to his death. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Princess Januária of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._859_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="2658" /></a></span> </td> <td>11 March 1822 –<br />13 March 1901 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Count_of_Aquila" title="Prince Louis, Count of Aquila">Prince Luigi, Count of Aquila</a>, son of Don <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis I of the Two Sicilies">Francesco I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">King of the Two Sicilies</a>. She had four children from this marriage. Officially recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a> of Portugal on 4 June 1822,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was later considered excluded from the Portuguese line of succession after Brazil became independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._838_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="2317" /></a></span> </td> <td>17 February 1823 –<br />16 January 1833 </td> <td>She died age 9, probably of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199942_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199942-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in Brazil after its independence, Paula was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Princess Francisca of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._835_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span> </td> <td>2 August 1824 –<br />27 March 1898 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Joinville" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince François, Prince of Joinville">Prince François, Prince of Joinville</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">King of the French</a>. She had three children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Francisca was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/100px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/150px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/200px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="756" /></a></span> </td> <td>2 December 1825 –<br />5 December 1891 </td> <td>Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until 1889. He was married to <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a>, daughter of Don Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. He had four children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Pedro II was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession and did not become King Dom Pedro V of Portugal upon his father's abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197581-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Maria Leopoldina of Austria</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 14)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 15)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 12)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa of Spain">Maria Louisa of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 13)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;"><span class="nowrap">1. <b>Maria Leopoldina of Austria</b></span></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogie9_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogie9-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 10)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogie9_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogie9-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 11)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 8)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (= 9)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017364–365-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017364–365_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017369–370-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017369–370_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.uol.com.br/hoje-na-historia/maria-leopoldina-assina-o-decreto-da-independencia-do-brasil">the original</a> on 16 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Maria+Leopoldina+assina+o+decreto+da+Independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.uol.com.br%2Fhoje-na-historia%2Fmaria-leopoldina-assina-o-decreto-da-independencia-do-brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonfiglio,_Monica" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buonfiglio, Monica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/esoterico/a-independencia-do-brasil-decretada-por-uma-mulher,b91863337df6d310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html">"A Independência do Brasil decretada por uma mulher"</a>. <i>terra.com.br</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terra.com.br&rft.atitle=A+Independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil+decretada+por+uma+mulher&rft.au=Buonfiglio%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terra.com.br%2Fvida-e-estilo%2Fhoroscopo%2Fesoterico%2Fa-independencia-do-brasil-decretada-por-uma-mulher%2Cb91863337df6d310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthaide,_Guilherme2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Athaide, Guilherme (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vix.com/pt/mundo/548311/como-leopoldina-influenciou-a-politica-do-brasil-e-se-tornou-uma-grande-imperatriz">"Como Leopoldina influenciou a política do Brasil e se tornou uma grande imperatriz?"</a>. <i>vix.com</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vix.com&rft.atitle=Como+Leopoldina+influenciou+a+pol%C3%ADtica+do+Brasil+e+se+tornou+uma+grande+imperatriz%3F&rft.date=2017-08&rft.au=Athaide%2C+Guilherme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vix.com%2Fpt%2Fmundo%2F548311%2Fcomo-leopoldina-influenciou-a-politica-do-brasil-e-se-tornou-uma-grande-imperatriz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206–207-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017206–207_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapioca_Neto,_Renato2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tapioca Neto, Renato (2 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rainhastragicas.com/2017/09/02/maria-leopoldina-da-austria-a-primeira-mulher-a-governar-o-brasil-independente/">"Maria Leopoldina da Áustria: a primeira mulher a governar o Brasil Independente"</a>. <i>rainhastragicas.com</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rainhastragicas.com&rft.atitle=Maria+Leopoldina+da+%C3%81ustria%3A+a+primeira+mulher+a+governar+o+Brasil+Independente&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft.au=Tapioca+Neto%2C+Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frainhastragicas.com%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fmaria-leopoldina-da-austria-a-primeira-mulher-a-governar-o-brasil-independente%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modelli-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modelli_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modelli_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modelli_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModelli,_Laís2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Modelli, Laís (10 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-42186974">"Quem foi a primeira mulher a governar o Brasil"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Quem+foi+a+primeira+mulher+a+governar+o+Brasil&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft.au=Modelli%2C+La%C3%ADs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fportuguese%2Fbrasil-42186974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/quem-foi-a-primeira-mulher-a-governar-o-brasil,d59c1e789dc4252e7a23368472452376qyp2oh87.html">"Quem foi a primeira mulher a governar o Brasil"</a>. <i>terra.com.br</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terra.com.br&rft.atitle=Quem+foi+a+primeira+mulher+a+governar+o+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terra.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fbrasil%2Fquem-foi-a-primeira-mulher-a-governar-o-brasil%2Cd59c1e789dc4252e7a23368472452376qyp2oh87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saxe-Bragança-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saxe-Bragança_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saxe-Bragança, Dom Carlos Tasso de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihp.org.br/?p=5413"><i>Imperatriz Dona Leopoldina – Sua presença nos jornais de Viena e sua renúncia à coroa imperial da Áustria</i></a> (in Portuguese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberacker198831-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberacker198831_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberacker1988">Oberacker 1988</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508043041/http://www.historiacolonial.arquivonacional.gov.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=732&sid=95&tpl=printerview">"Casamento de d. Pedro"</a>. <i>O Arquivo Nacional e a História Luso-Brasileira</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiacolonial.arquivonacional.gov.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=732&sid=95&tpl=printerview">the original</a> on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O+Arquivo+Nacional+e+a+Hist%C3%B3ria+Luso-Brasileira&rft.atitle=Casamento+de+d.+Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiacolonial.arquivonacional.gov.br%2Fcgi%2Fcgilua.exe%2Fsys%2Fstart.htm%3Finfoid%3D732%26sid%3D95%26tpl%3Dprinterview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castro, Manuel António de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/4218/1/"><i>D. Carolina Josefa Leopoldina, Princeza Real do Reino Unido, de Portugal, Brazil, e Algarves</i></a> (in Portuguese), 1819</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121322/http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/Leopoldi.html">"Carolina Josefa Leopoldina, imperatriz Leopoldina"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/Leopoldi.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carolina+Josefa+Leopoldina%2C+imperatriz+Leopoldina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ufcg.edu.br%2Fbiografias%2FLeopoldi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/maria-leopoldina.jhtm"><i>Primeira imperatriz do Brasil – Maria Leopoldina</i></a> (in Portuguese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberacker1988301–302-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberacker1988301–302_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberacker1988">Oberacker 1988</a>, pp. 301–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017104-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017104_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201746-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201746_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201742-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201742_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunday-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunday_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloß_Schönbrunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schloß Schönbrunn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/leopoldine-sundays-child">"Leopoldine: Sunday's child"</a>. <i>The World of the Habsburgs (Die Welt der Habsburger)</i>. habsburger.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=Leopoldine%3A+Sunday%27s+child&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fleopoldine-sundays-child&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201792-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201792_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748,_49-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201748,_49_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 48, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201749-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201749_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201787,_93-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201787,_93_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 87, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201750-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201750_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201723-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201723_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloß_Schönbrunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schloß Schönbrunn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/1816-fateful-year-leopoldine">"1816 – A fateful year for Leopoldine"</a>. <i>The World of the Habsburgs (Die Welt der Habsburger)</i>. habsburger.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=1816+%E2%80%93+A+fateful+year+for+Leopoldine&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2F1816-fateful-year-leopoldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloß_Schönbrunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schloß Schönbrunn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/enquiry-rio-de-janeiro">"An enquiry from Rio de Janeiro"</a>. <i>World of the Habsburgs (Die Welt der Habsburger)</i>. habsburger.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=An+enquiry+from+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fenquiry-rio-de-janeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tropics-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tropics_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloß_Schönbrunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schloß Schönbrunn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/expedition-tropics">"An expedition to the tropics"</a>. <i>World of the Habsburgs (Die Welt der Habsburger)</i>. habsburger.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=An+expedition+to+the+tropics&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fexpedition-tropics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017156–157_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramirez, Ezekiel Stanley. <i>As relações entre a Áustria e o Brasil – 1815–1889</i> (in Portuguese), Coleção, Brasiliana, Volume 337, Companhia Editora Nacional, São Paulo, 1968, p. 8. Translation and notes by Américo Jacobina Lacombe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti201767,_68-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti201767,_68_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 67, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017139,_140,_141-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017139,_140,_141_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 139, 140, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopoldina12-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leopoldina12_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407055447/http://catcrd.bn.br/scripts/odwp032k.dll?t=bs&pr=manuscritos_pr&db=manuscritos&use=pn&disp=list&sort=off&ss=NEW&arg=leopoldina">"Catálogo de Manuscritos — Autores — Leopoldina"</a> (in Portuguese). Fundação Biblioteca Nacional. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catcrd.bn.br/scripts/odwp032k.dll?t=bs&pr=manuscritos_pr&db=manuscritos&use=pn&disp=list&sort=off&ss=NEW&arg=leopoldina">the original</a> on 7 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cat%C3%A1logo+de+Manuscritos+%E2%80%94+Autores+%E2%80%94+Leopoldina&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Biblioteca+Nacional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatcrd.bn.br%2Fscripts%2Fodwp032k.dll%3Ft%3Dbs%26pr%3Dmanuscritos_pr%26db%3Dmanuscritos%26use%3Dpn%26disp%3Dlist%26sort%3Doff%26ss%3DNEW%26arg%3Dleopoldina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopoldina22-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leopoldina22_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarita,_Rui" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carita, Rui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aprenderamadeira.net/article/austria-maria-leopoldina-de">"Áustria, Maria Leopoldina de"</a>. <i>aprenderamadeira.net</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=A+masterpiece+of+diplomacy&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fmasterpiece-diplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017357-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017357_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017229–230-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017229–230_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017373-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017373_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017285-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017285_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1998" class="citation book cs1">Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). <i><span></span></i>As barbas do imperador : D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=Mission+accomplished...&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Fmission-accomplished&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317–318-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2017317–318_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2017">Rezzutti 2017</a>, pp. 317–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rangel, Alberto (1969). <i>Dom Pedro e a Marquesa de Santos</i> (in Portuguese). 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decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0224916/"><i>Marquesa de Santos</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128601044#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0287265/"><i>O Quinto dos Infernos</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3283343#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gshow.globo.com/tv/noticia/2017/02/novo-mundo-nova-novela-das-6-leticia-colin-sera-leopoldina.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Novo Mundo', nova novela das 6: Letícia Colin será Leopoldina"</a>. <i>Gshow</i> (in Portuguese). 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gshow&rft.atitle=%27Novo+Mundo%27%2C+nova+novela+das+6%3A+Let%C3%ADcia+Colin+ser%C3%A1+Leopoldina&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgshow.globo.com%2Ftv%2Fnoticia%2F2017%2F02%2Fnovo-mundo-nova-novela-das-6-leticia-colin-sera-leopoldina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-family-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-family_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloß_Schönbrunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schloß Schönbrunn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/family-life-rio-de-janeiro">"Family life in Rio de Janeiro"</a>. <i>The World of the Habsburgs (Die Welt der Habsburger)</i>. habsburger.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Habsburgs+%28Die+Welt+der+Habsburger%29&rft.atitle=Family+life+in+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapter%2Ffamily-life-rio-de-janeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longo-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longo_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longo_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongo,_James2007" class="citation book cs1">Longo, James (2007). <i>Isabel Orleans-Braganca: The Brazilian Princess Who Freed the Slaves</i>. McFarland & Company; 1st edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786432011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786432011"><bdi>978-0786432011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabel+Orleans-Braganca%3A+The+Brazilian+Princess+Who+Freed+the+Slaves&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%3B+1st+edition&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0786432011&rft.au=Longo%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199942-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199942_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 18–19, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197581-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Franz_I-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Franz_I_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1860" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1860). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Franz I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Franz_I.">"Habsburg, Franz I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 208 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Franz+I.&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=208&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Theresia_von_Neapel">"Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 81 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Maria+Theresia+von+Neapel&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Theresia-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Theresia_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia (deutsche Kaiserin)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Theresia_(deutsche_Kaiserin)">"Habsburg, Maria Theresia (deutsche Kaiserin)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 60 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Maria+Theresia+%28deutsche+Kaiserin%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_Ludovica_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Ludovica (deutsche Kaiserin)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Ludovica_(deutsche_Kaiserin)">"Habsburg, Maria Ludovica (deutsche Kaiserin)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 53 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Maria+Ludovica+%28deutsche+Kaiserin%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogie9-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogie9_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogie9_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberacker1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oberacker, Carlos H. (1988). <i>Leopoldine: Habsburgs Kaiserin von Brasilien</i> (in German). Vienna/Munich: Amalthea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85002-265-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-85002-265-X"><bdi>3-85002-265-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leopoldine%3A+Habsburgs+Kaiserin+von+Brasilien&rft.place=Vienna%2FMunich&rft.pub=Amalthea&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-85002-265-X&rft.aulast=Oberacker&rft.aufirst=Carlos+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman1988" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Roderick J. (1988). <i>Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-1437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+The+Forging+of+a+Nation%2C+1798%E2%80%931852&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1437-2&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman1999" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Roderick J. (1999). <i>Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Pedro+II+and+the+Making+of+Brazil%2C+1825%E2%80%931891&rft.pub=Stanford%2C+California%3A+Stanford+University+Press.&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranco1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Branco, João Carlos Feo Cardoso de Castello (1838). <i>Resenha das familias titulares do reino de Portugal: Acompanhada das notícias biográphicas de alguns indivíduos da mesmas famílias</i> (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resenha+das+familias+titulares+do+reino+de+Portugal%3A+Acompanhada+das+not%C3%ADcias+biogr%C3%A1phicas+de+alguns+indiv%C3%ADduos+da+mesmas+fam%C3%ADlias&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Branco&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Carlos+Feo+Cardoso+de+Castello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calmon, Pedro (1975). <i>História de D. Pedro II</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gomes, Laurentino (2008). <i>1808 – Como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil</i> (in Portuguese). Globo Livros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1808+%E2%80%93+Como+uma+rainha+louca%2C+um+pr%C3%ADncipe+medroso+e+uma+corte+corrupta+enganaram+Napole%C3%A3o+e+mudaram+a+Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal+e+do+Brasil&rft.pub=Globo+Livros&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Laurentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gomes, Laurentino (2010). <i>1822 – Como um homem sábio, uma princesa triste e um escocês louco por dinheiro ajudaram dom Pedro a criar o Brasil - um país que tinha tudo para dar errado</i> (in Portuguese). Globo Livros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1822+%E2%80%93+Como+um+homem+s%C3%A1bio%2C+uma+princesa+triste+e+um+escoc%C3%AAs+louco+por+dinheiro+ajudaram+dom+Pedro+a+criar+o+Brasil+-+um+pa%C3%ADs+que+tinha+tudo+para+dar+errado&rft.pub=Globo+Livros&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Laurentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kann, Bettina (2006). <i>Cartas de uma imperatriz</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Estação Liberdade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8574481081" title="Special:BookSources/978-8574481081"><bdi>978-8574481081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartas+de+uma+imperatriz&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Liberdade&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8574481081&rft.aulast=Kann&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorato1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_Trigoso" title="Francisco Manuel Trigoso">Morato, Francisco de Aragão</a> (1835). <i>Memória sobre a soccessão da coroa de Portugal, no caso de não haver descendentes de Sua Magestade Fidelíssima a rainha D. Maria II</i> (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typographia de Firmin Didot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mem%C3%B3ria+sobre+a+soccess%C3%A3o+da+coroa+de+Portugal%2C+no+caso+de+n%C3%A3o+haver+descendentes+de+Sua+Magestade+Fidel%C3%ADssima+a+rainha+D.+Maria+II&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Typographia+de+Firmin+Didot&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Morato&rft.aufirst=Francisco+de+Arag%C3%A3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezzutti2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezzutti, Paulo (2017). <i>D. Leopoldina: a história não contada: A mulher que arquitetou a independência do Brasil</i> (in Portuguese). Leya; 1ª edição. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8544105108" title="Special:BookSources/978-8544105108"><bdi>978-8544105108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Leopoldina%3A+a+hist%C3%B3ria+n%C3%A3o+contada%3A+A+mulher+que+arquitetou+a+independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil&rft.pub=Leya%3B+1%C2%AA+edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8544105108&rft.aulast=Rezzutti&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Tarqu%C3%ADnio_de_Sousa" title="Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa">Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de</a> (1972). <i>A vida de D. Pedro I</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+vida+de+D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Oct%C3%A1vio+Tarqu%C3%ADnio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). <i>As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7164-837-9" title="Special:BookSources/85-7164-837-9"><bdi>85-7164-837-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+barbas+do+imperador%3A+D.+Pedro+II%2C+um+monarca+nos+tr%C3%B3picos&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=85-7164-837-9&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=Lilia+Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Leopoldina+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_von_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="commons:Maria Leopoldine von Österreich"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070928135748/http://www.princessmichael.com/articles/18_3.html">Article by Princess Michael of Kent about Leopoldine</a> Retrieved 26 January 2006</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Maria Leopoldina of Austria </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 22 January 1797</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 11 December 1826</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of Brazil">Empress consort of Brazil</a> </b><br />12 October 1822 – 11 December 1826 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Carlota Joaquina of Spain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Portugal">Queen consort of Portugal</a> </b><br />10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste de Beauharnais">Auguste de Beauharnais</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as prince consort </b></i></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_archduchesses" title="Template:Austrian archduchesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archduchesses" title="Template talk:Austrian archduchesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archduchesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archduchesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archduchesses_by_descent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archduchesses by descent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by male-line descent from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Austria" title="Kunigunde of Austria">Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret, Duchess of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine, Queen of Portugal</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1526%E2%80%931545)" title="Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)">Elisabeth, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Anna_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Anna of Austria">Anna, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Magdalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Magdalena of Austria">Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland">Catherine, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(nun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (nun)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Barbara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Barbara of Austria">Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria_(1543%E2%80%931574)" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria (1543–1574)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany" title="Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany">Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(1567%E2%80%931633)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)">Margaret (1567–1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_of_Austria_(1584%E2%80%931649)" title="Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)">Maria (1584–1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anna, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Princess_of_Transylvania" title="Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania">Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Catherine_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria">Catherine Renata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gregoria_Maximiliana_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria">Gregoria Maximiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria_(1582%E2%80%931620)" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)">Eleanor (1582–1620)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Maddalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria">Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anna, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_of_Spain_(1603)" title="Infanta Maria of Spain (1603)">María</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_of_Spain_(1610%E2%80%931617)" title="Infanta Margarita of Spain (1610–1617)">Margarita</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1610)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610)">Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Renata_of_Austria" title="Cecilia Renata of Austria">Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_Clara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria">Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldine of Austria">Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Margaret Theresa of Spain">Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland">Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria">Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria" title="Claudia Felicitas of Austria">Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_of_Austria" title="Maria Antonia of Austria">Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (governor)">Maria Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1684%E2%80%931696)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1684–1696)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria_(1687%E2%80%931703)" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1687–1703)">Maria Josepha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Magdalena_of_Austria_(1689%E2%80%931743)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1689–1743)">Maria Magdalena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)">Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1737)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(born_1740)" title="Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (born 1740)">Maria Carolina</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria">Johanna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia, Queen of France</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1762%E2%80%931770)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)">Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1770)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1770)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria">Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_(1780%E2%80%931798)" title="Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1780–1798)">Maria Amalia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este,_Queen_of_Sardinia" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este">Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise, Empress of the French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Clementina of Austria">Clementina, Princess of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Caroline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria">Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Anne_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Anne of Austria">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)">Maria Luisa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1816%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)">Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Karoline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria">Maria Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hermine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hermine of Austria">Hermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Elisabeth Franziska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)">Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrix_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este">Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1835)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1835)">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria">Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria">Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1845%E2%80%931917)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1845–1917)">Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mathilda_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mathilda of Austria">Mathilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria">Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarethe_Klementine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria">Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Sophie of Austria">Sophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gisela of Austria">Princess Gisela of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Marie Valerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarete_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria">Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Annunciata_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria">Maria Annunciata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)">Maria Antonietta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Maria Theresa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Christina_of_Austria_(1879%E2%80%931962)" title="Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1962)">Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1882)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1882)">Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Henrietta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria">Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella of Austria">Princess Isabella of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleonora_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleonora of Austria">Eleonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Renata of Austria">Renata, Princess Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mechthildis_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mechthildis of Austria">Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria">Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria">Helena, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Rosa of Austria">Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Dolores of Austria">Dolores</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Immaculata of Austria">Maria Inmaculata</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margaretha of Austria">Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1899–1977)">Princess Maria Antonia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Assunta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Assunta of Austria">Assunta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria_(1892%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1892–1930)">Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hedwig_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hedwig of Austria">Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(born_1925)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (born 1925)">Margaret, Princess of Monteleone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Ilona_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Ilona of Austria">Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Adelheid_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Adelheid of Austria">Adelheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Charlotte_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Charlotte of Austria">Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1922%E2%80%931993)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_von_Habsburg" title="Gabriela von Habsburg">Gabriela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walburga_Habsburg_Douglas" title="Walburga Habsburg Douglas">Walburga, Countess Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria-Anna_Galitzine" title="Maria-Anna Galitzine">Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Habsburg" title="Sophie Habsburg">Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_von_Habsburg" title="Eleonore von Habsburg">Eleonore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* <i>also an infanta of Spain</i></li> <li>** <i>also an infanta of Spain and Portugal</i></li> <li>^ <i>also a princess of Tuscany</i></li> <li># <i>also a princess of Modena</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazilian_royal_and_imperial_consorts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazilian_consorts" title="Template:Brazilian consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazilian_consorts" title="Template talk:Brazilian consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazilian_royal_and_imperial_consorts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian consorts">Brazilian royal and imperial consorts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain</a> <i>(1816–1822)</i><b>*</b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a> <i>(1822–1826)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Princess Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a> <i>(1829–1831)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Princess Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a> <i>(1843–1889)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>*</b>Queen consort of Brazil (later titular Empress consort of Brazil).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_consorts" title="Template:Portuguese consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_consorts" title="Template talk:Portuguese consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese consorts">Royal consorts of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Savoy,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Matilda of Savoy, Queen of Portugal">Matilda of Savoy</a> <i>(1146–1157)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Aragon" title="Dulce of Aragon">Dulce of Aragon</a> <i>(1185–1198)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal">Urraca of Castile</a> <i>(1211–1220)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9cia_Lopes_de_Haro" title="Mécia Lopes de Haro">Mécia Lopes de Haro</a> <i>(1246–1248)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_II,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne">Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne</a> <i>(1248–1253)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1242%E2%80%931303)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303)">Beatrice of Castile</a> <i>(1253–1279)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Aragon">Elizabeth of Aragon</a> <i>(1282–1325)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile_(1293%E2%80%931359)" title="Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359)">Beatrice of Castile</a> <i>(1325–1357)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%AAs_de_Castro" title="Inês de Castro">Inês de Castro</a> (posthumous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor_Teles" title="Leonor Teles">Leonor Teles</a> <i>(1372–1383)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa of Lancaster</a> <i>(1387–1415)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Eleanor of Aragon</a> <i>(1433–1438)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Coimbra" title="Isabel of Coimbra">Isabel of Coimbra</a> <i>(1447–1455)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna "la Beltraneja"</a> <i>(1475–1479)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Viseu" title="Eleanor of Viseu">Eleanor of Viseu</a> <i>(1481–1495)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella of Aragon</a> <i>(1497–1498)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a> <i>(1500–1517)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a> <i>(1518–1521)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a> <i>(1525–1557)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a> <i>(1580)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria</a> <i>(1598–1611)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Élisabeth of France</a> <i>(1621–1640)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Luisa de Guzmán">Luisa de Guzmán</a> <i>(1640–1656)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Francisca_of_Savoy" title="Maria Francisca of Savoy">Marie Françoise Isabelle of Savoy</a> <i>(1666–1668)</i>; <i>(1683)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sophia_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Sophia of Neuburg">Maria Sophia of Neuburg</a> <i>(1687–1699)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna of Austria</a> <i>(1708–1750)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria of Spain</a> <i>(1750–1777)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Carlota Joaquina of Spain</a> <i>(1816–1826)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a> <i>(1826)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste,_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste de Beauharnais</a> <i>(1835)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> <i>(1836–1837)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_of_Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> <i>(1858–1859)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy" title="Maria Pia of Savoy">Maria Pia of Savoy</a> <i>(1862–1889)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Amélie of Orléans">Amélie of Orléans</a> <i>(1889–1908)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regents_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Template:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regents_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_regents" title="List of Brazilian regents">Regents of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom</a><br />(1815–1821)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John of Branganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro of Braganza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro I</a><br />(1822–1831)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency period</a><br />(1831–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Provisional Triumviral Regency (1831)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lima_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Lima e Silva">Francisco de Lima e Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Pereira_de_Campos_Vergueiro" title="Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro">Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Carneiro_de_Campos,_Marquis_of_Caravelas" title="José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas">José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Permanent Triumviral Regency (1831–1835)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lima_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Lima e Silva">Francisco de Lima e Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_da_Costa_Carvalho,_Marquis_of_Monte_Alegre" title="José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre">José da Costa Carvalho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Br%C3%A1ulio_Muniz" title="João Bráulio Muniz">João Bráulio Muniz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sole regencies (1835–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ant%C3%B4nio_Feij%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Antônio Feijó">Diogo Antônio Feijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Pedro de Araújo Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro II</a><br />(1841–1889)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazilian_imperial_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Template:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Template talk:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazilian_imperial_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forefathers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King-Emperor John VI</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Queen-Empress Carlota</a></i>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilian Imperial coat of arms"><img alt="Imperial coat of arms of Brazil, used between 1870 and 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/110px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/165px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/220px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian Imperial coat of arms</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Emperor Pedro I</a>*</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empress Leopoldina</a></i>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Empress Amélie</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Emperor Pedro II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Empress Teresa Cristina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária, Princess Imperial and Countess of Aquila</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca, Princess of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Afonso, Prince Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Count_of_Eu" title="Gaston, Count of Eu">Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil" title="Princess Leopoldina of Brazil">Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Pedro, Prince Imperial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará">Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lu%C3%ADs_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza_(1878%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza (1878–1920)">Prince Luís</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_di_Grazia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria di Grazia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ant%C3%B4nio_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza">Prince Antônio Gastão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Pedro Augusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Augusto Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince José Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Luís Gastão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Consorts are in <i>italics</i> - * member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Portuguese royal family</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84239#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055333882">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59879094">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/111758/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWxgBjgMBHTKbXdgCG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118727672">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83055410">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169601273">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16297347c">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169601273">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16297347c">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2008455815&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p303065435">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007422925705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118727672.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118727672">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074166611">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6060m8x">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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