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id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="ماريا أماليا النمساوية (دوقة بارما) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريا أماليا النمساوية (دوقة بارما)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1746_%E2%80%93_1804)" title="Мария Амалия Австрийска (1746 – 1804) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Амалия Австрийска (1746 – 1804)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Amalija_Austrijska_(parmska_vojvotkinja)" title="Marija Amalija Austrijska (parmska vojvotkinja) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marija Amalija Austrijska (parmska vojvotkinja)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Am%C3%A0lia_d%27%C3%80ustria_(duquessa_de_Parma)" title="Maria Amàlia d'Àustria (duquessa de Parma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria Amàlia d'Àustria (duquessa de Parma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Am%C3%A1lie_Habsbursko-Lotrinsk%C3%A1" title="Marie Amálie Habsbursko-Lotrinská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Amálie Habsbursko-Lotrinská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_af_%C3%98strig_(1746-1804)" title="Maria Amalia af Østrig (1746-1804) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maria Amalia af Østrig (1746-1804)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_von_%C3%96sterreich_(1746%E2%80%931804)" title="Maria Amalia von Österreich (1746–1804) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria Amalia von Österreich (1746–1804)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αρχιδούκισσα Μαρία Αμαλία της Αυστρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχιδούκισσα Μαρία Αμαλία της Αυστρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Amelia_de_Austria_(1746-1804)" title="María Amelia de Austria (1746-1804) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María Amelia de Austria (1746-1804)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Autriche_(1746-1804)" title="Marie-Amélie d'Autriche (1746-1804) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie-Amélie d'Autriche (1746-1804)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%95%84%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%8F%B0_%EC%99%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%9E%88_(1746%EB%85%84)" title="마리아 아말리아 폰 외스터라이히 (1746년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리아 아말리아 폰 외스터라이히 (1746년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_(1746-1804)" title="Maria Amalia (1746-1804) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maria Amalia (1746-1804)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_d%27Asburgo-Lorena" title="Maria Amalia d'Asburgo-Lorena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Amalia d'Asburgo-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מריה אמליה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריה אמליה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარია ამალია ავსტრიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარია ამალია ავსტრიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Lotaringiai_M%C3%A1ria_Am%C3%A1lia_f%C5%91hercegn%C5%91" title="Habsburg–Lotaringiai Mária Amália főhercegnő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Habsburg–Lotaringiai Mária Amália főhercegnő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ارشيدوقه ماريا اماليا من النمسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارشيدوقه ماريا اماليا من النمسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_van_Oostenrijk_(1746-1804)" title="Maria Amalia van Oostenrijk (1746-1804) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria Amalia van Oostenrijk (1746-1804)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%BA%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4" title="マリア・アマーリア・ダズブルゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリア・アマーリア・ダズブルゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_Habsburg_(1746%E2%80%931804)" title="Maria Amalia Habsburg (1746–1804) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Amalia Habsburg (1746–1804)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Am%C3%A1lia_da_%C3%81ustria_(1746%E2%80%931804)" title="Maria Amália da Áustria (1746–1804) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria Amália da Áustria (1746–1804)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhiducesa_Maria_Amalia_a_Austriei" title="Arhiducesa Maria Amalia a Austriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhiducesa Maria Amalia a Austriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Мария Амалия Австрийская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария Амалия Австрийская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Am%C3%A1lia_Habsbursko-lotrinsk%C3%A1" title="Mária Amália Habsbursko-lotrinská – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária Amália Habsbursko-lotrinská" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Марија Амалија од Аустрије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марија Амалија од Аустрије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_(It%C3%A4valta)" title="Maria Amalia (Itävalta) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria Amalia (Itävalta)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_av_%C3%96sterrike_(1746%E2%80%931804)" title="Maria Amalia av Österrike (1746–1804) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria Amalia av Österrike (1746–1804)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1746%E2%80%931804)" title="Марія Амалія Австрійська (1746–1804) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Амалія Австрійська (1746–1804)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%81o" title="Maria Amalia của Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria Amalia của Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Maria Amalia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Amalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Maria Amalia, probably by <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Meytens" title="Martin van Meytens">Martin van Meytens</a>; 1760s</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parmese_consorts" title="List of Parmese consorts">Duchess consort of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1769 – 9 October 1802</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1746-02-26</span>)</span>26 February 1746<br /><a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1804<span style="display:none">(1804-06-18)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a>, Prague</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1769; died 1802)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Carolina_of_Parma" title="Princess Carolina of Parma">Carolina Maria, Princess Maximilian of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Louis I of Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Parma">Princess Maria Antonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carlotta_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Carlotta of Parma">Princess Maria Carlotta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Maria Amalia Giuseppa Giovanna Antonia</i><br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Marie Amélie Josèphe Jeanne Antoinette</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">De facto ruler of Parma from 1771 to 1796</div> <p><b>Maria Amalia</b> (Maria Amalia Josepha Johanna Antonia; 26 February 1746 – 18 June 1804) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parmese_consorts" title="List of Parmese consorts">duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla</a> by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma</a>. She was born an <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archduchess of Austria</a> as the daughter of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>. Upon her arrival in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a> in 1769 until the death of her husband in 1802, she was the <i>de facto</i> ruler of the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maria Amalia, known as Amélie,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born on 26 February 1746,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, as the eighth child of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. She grew up in and near Vienna, in the Hofburg during the winters, and <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laxenburg_castles" title="Laxenburg castles">Laxenburg castles</a> during the summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixteen children of Maria Theresa were raised in same-sex groups of two based on age, but as Maria Amalia was born between two boys, she grew up almost as an <a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">only child</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was raised to be the ideal <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a> and taught arts and how to be obedient, dutiful and representative.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, she was intelligent, but reserved and stubborn,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She showed an interest in hunting early on, and her father took her on his hunting trips from the age of six. She developed a life-long passion for this sport, as well as for nature and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121–122_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121–122-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like her siblings, she was regularly interviewed by their mother, with whom she had a contentious relationship. Of all her daughters, Maria Theresa seems to have had the worst relationship with Maria Amalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she debuted as an adult in the society life in Vienna, she was a success because of her beauty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of her paintings, <i>St. Therese and the child Jesus</i>, still exists today in a private collection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_Parma_Maria_Amalia_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Maria Amalia and her husband, Ferdinand I</figcaption></figure> <p>By early adulthood, Maria Amalia became a strong, independent young woman who cared little for her mother's personal and political plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1767, she fell in love with Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_August,_Duke_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken">Charles of Zweibrücken</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Palatine Zweibrücken</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a>, but Maria Theresa and his <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Prince Kaunitz</a> still considered him a bad match and refused his proposal. Maria Amalia protested, but was forced to accept her fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995123–124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995123–124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, there were already <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiations</a> with King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>, about Maria Amalia's marriage to the king's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma</a>. The empress hoped to strengthen her Italian influence by this union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995124_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995124-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was supported by Maria Amalia's eldest brother, the future <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whose first, beloved wife had been Ferdinand's sister, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Parma" title="Princess Isabella of Parma">Princess Isabella of Parma</a>. The marriage was part of a series of unions between daughters of Maria Theresa to members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand was five years younger than Maria Amalia, described as rude, obstinate, and debauched, but also bigoted in his Catholicism. His favourite pastimes were ringing <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> and roasting <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>. When Maria Amalia learned more about her groom, she was devastated. Maria Theresa promised her a splendid <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> from the Spanish court, but the bride remained opposed to the match.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding, planned for the end of 1768, had to be postponed several times as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> refused to issue the necessary <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">dispensation</a> because of his disputes with House of Bourbon. When he died in February 1769, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a> authorised the marriage immediately. The <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">proxy wedding</a> was celebrated in June 1769 in Vienna, and the groom was represented by Maria Amalia's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127–128_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127–128-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bride appeared tired and stressed during the celebrations, worrying Maria Theresa. Maria Amalia never forgave her mother for forcing her into this marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duchess_of_Parma">Duchess of Parma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duchess of Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_(1746-1804),_Duchess_of_Parma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg/235px-Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg/352px-Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg/469px-Arms_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_%281746-1804%29%2C_Duchess_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Maria Amalia of Austria as Duchess of Parma</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Amalia left Austria on 1 July 1769, accompanied by her brother, Joseph II, and married Ferdinand on 19 July, at the <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Colorno" title="Ducal Palace of Colorno">Ducal Palace of Colorno</a>. She was instructed by her mother to be submissive, obedient, adapt to local customs, and never interfere with politics. </p><p>The Duchy of Parma was ruled more or less as a French <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> by Minister <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_du_Tillot" title="Guillaume du Tillot">Guillaume du Tillot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Du Tillot kept Ferdinand out of politics, and was favored by his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of France. A letter of Louis XV to his grandson from May 1769 attests to this, counseling his grandson not to despise the minister who served his parents well, as there was no one to replace him. Maria Amalia's marriage had been arranged by Austria and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to end the pro-French policy in Parma and replace it with an Austrian and Spanish one. Upon her arrival, Maria Amalia was expected to submit to the wishes of du Tillot, who regarded her with suspicion, immediately causing conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg/250px-Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg/375px-Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_by_Roslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Maria Amalia as duchess of Parma on a <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roslin" title="Alexander Roslin">Alexander Roslin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1771, two years after her arrival in Parma, Maria Amalia secured the dismissal of du Tillot and replaced him with the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniard</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_del_Llano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose del Llano (page does not exist)">Jose del Llano</a>, was highly recommended by the paternal uncle of Ferdinand, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1772, Maria Amalia fired del Llano and replaced him with an Italian <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> and a cabinet of native Parmesans loyal to her rather than to a foreign ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way, she secured that Parma would not become a Spanish puppet state. Duke Ferdinand, happy to spend his life with religious observance and raising his children, left the affairs of state entirely to his wife. After the cabinet change, Maria Amalia was therefore the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler of Parma.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1773, her mother Empress Maria Theresa tasked Count Franz Xaver Wolfgang of <a href="/wiki/Orsini-Rosenberg" title="Orsini-Rosenberg">Orsini-Rosenberg</a> (1723–1796), her ambassador to Parma to act as Maria Amalia's adviser. Maria Amalia, however, told Rosenberg that she no longer wished to receive letters from Vienna or from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. After this, the diplomatic ties with Austria and Spain were cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ruler of Parma, Maria Amalia was referred to by the public as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Mata</i></span> or <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Signora</i></span>, 'The Lady'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She defended the independence of the Duchy of Parma, strengthened its sense of <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, supported art, culture, and literature, working efficiently with her ministerial cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand did not have political influence, and she openly changed and contradicted his orders and had him sign state documents for her, including her name in his orders as if they were co-rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg/250px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg/375px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg/500px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Maria Amalia as <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Angelo_dal_Verme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Angelo dal Verme (page does not exist)">Carlo Angelo dal Verme</a>'s portrait, currently displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_nazionale_di_Parma" title="Galleria nazionale di Parma">Galleria nazionale di Parma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, Maria Amalia caused a scandal with her personal lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She made no effort to conceal her displeasure with her husband or her new circumstances. She used the funds from her mother for her wardrobe, a grand court and parties; she replaced most of her <a href="/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a> with an entourage of handsome men from the royal guards, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dressed">cross-dressed</a> as male,<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spent her nights unaccompanied and incognito on the streets, gambled in the officers' club and, while Ferdinand took mistresses from the peasantry, she enjoyed affairs with members of his guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of this became a worry for her mother as she feared that she would stain the reputation of her sisters, especially that of the youngest, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia</a>, whom Maria Theresa wanted to marry to the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">dauphin of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Amalia never established a good relationship with her husband, but they were both described as loving parents. She was greatly disliked by the Parmesan nobility, who described her as a shameful <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and blamed her for living a life of imperial luxury in such a small state. In turn, she considered them mostly useless and not beneficial to the interests of Parma.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was, however, popular among the public for her generosity toward the poor; at her famous gala parties in Colorno, she had tables set up for both noble and poor guests who enjoyed the same meals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg/270px-Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg/405px-Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg/540px-Grandchildren_of_Maria_Theresia_of_Habsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Maria Amalia's children in 1779 on a painting by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a>, commissioned by Maria Theresa</figcaption></figure> <p>Maria Amalia would remain largely estranged from her mother, except for a brief reconciliation in 1773 when her first son was born, despite her mother's repeated efforts at reconciliation. The duchess resisted her mother's efforts to control her from afar. When her sister <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>, and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Casimir,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen">Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen</a>, visited her in Parma in 1776, after several years of not seeing each other, Prince Albert wrote in his journal the following about Maria Amalia: "The Infanta was so changed that I did not recognize her. No trace remained of that splendor, that beauty that was once admired in her; her beautiful waist had disappeared, and her dress and gait contributed even more to disfiguring her."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1863125–126_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1863125–126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Amalia was in touch with her youngers sisters Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>, Queen of Naples and Sicily, for most of their married lives. The three sisters exchanged letters, portraits and gifts; one of Marie Antoinette's last letters during her imprisonment was written to Maria Amalia. However, her conflicts with their mother put a strain on her relationship with her siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1778, her eldest son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Louis</a> injured himself when banging his head into a <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> table while playing with his sister. He recovered from a serious <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a>, but after this, he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">epileptic seizures</a> and was often confused.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crisis contributed to an improvement in the relationship between Maria Amalia and Ferdinand. During the 1780s, Ferdinand was also more interested in state affairs, and the welfare of Parma became another common interest which made their relationship more cordial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg/250px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg/375px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg/500px-Maria_Amalia_of_Habsburg_Lorraine3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Maria Amalia on a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Muzzi" title="Domenico Muzzi">Domenico Muzzi</a>, currently displayed at the Galleria nazionale di Parma</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1796, during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">French invasion of Italy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, the Duchy of Parma was invaded by French troops. Maria Amalia detested the French after the execution of her sister Marie Antoinette,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Ferdinand was ambivalent on account of being half French. Owing to ties with France's ally Spain, Napoleon offered to refrain from conquering the duchy if they agreed to let troops pass. After receiving no reply, he offered Ferdinand the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (which he did not control) in exchange for Parma. When he refused, Napoleon had French troops occupy Parma under General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cervoni" title="Jean-Baptiste Cervoni">Jean-Baptiste Cervoni</a> and forced Ferdinand to agree to the terms dictated by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Ferdinand and Maria Amalia were allowed to keep their titles, they were placed under French guard, and the duchy was ruled by French representatives and used for taxes to finance the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> in February 1801, the Duchy of Parma was <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> to a newly founded French puppet state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a>, which was granted to the son of Amalia, married to an <a href="/wiki/Infante_of_Spain" title="Infante of Spain">infanta of Spain</a>, daughter of Napoleon's ally. Both Ferdinand and Maria Amalia opposed the treaty, and an agreement was reached that the duchy would not be occupied until Ferdinand's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new French governor of Parma, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a>, placed them under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, and Maria Amalia reportedly feared for her husband's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 October 1802, Maria Amalia was appointed head of a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> council set up by the dying Ferdinand. Her official reign lasted only for a short time. On 22 October 1802, the French annexed the duchy and expelled her from Parma. Ferdinand was thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisoned</a>; there were rumors claiming that Maria Amalia poisoned him to win back her former power, but also that he had been poisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spies</a> of Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widowhood_and_death">Widowhood and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Widowhood and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maria Amalia participated in the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_procession" title="Funeral procession">funeral procession</a> of her husband alongside their daughters. She was given permission by her nephew, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, to live in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> with her two youngest daughters, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Parma">Maria Antonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carlotta_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Carlotta of Parma">Maria Carlotta</a> and a small retinue of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">servants</a>. In Prague Castle, she suffered from depression, never recovering from the execution of her sister Marie Antoinette who she mourned for the rest of her life, and her two oldest children, Carolina and Louis, died before her, which worsened her depressive state. She died there in 1804 from <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> after a series of colds, and her sisters Maria Elisabeth and Maria Carolina went to say goodbye to her, but couldn't come in time before her death. Her body was interred at the royal crypt of the <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a> in Prague (the last royal funeral there), and her heart was taken to Vienna and placed inside urn number thirty-three in her family's <a href="/wiki/Herzgruft" title="Herzgruft">Herzgruft</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzgruft</i></span>, 'Heart Crypt'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maria Amalia and her husband Ferdinand had nine children:<sup id="cite_ref-Carrai_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrai-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Children of Maria Amalia of Austria by Ferdinand of Parma </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Picture</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Carolina_of_Parma" title="Princess Carolina of Parma"><b>Carolina</b> Maria Teresa Giuseppa Giovanna</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caroline_of_Parma,_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg/90px-Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg/135px-Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg/180px-Caroline_of_Parma%2C_hereditary_princess_of_Saxony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3158" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Colorno" title="Ducal Palace of Colorno">Ducal Palace of Colorno</a>, 22 November 1770</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Castle" title="Dresden Castle">Dresden Castle</a>, 1 March 1804 </td> <td>She married in 1792 <a href="/wiki/Maximilian,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxony" title="Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony">Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony</a>, they had eight children.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrai_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrai-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Etruria" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, King of Etruria"><b>Ludovico</b> Filiberto Francesco</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg/90px-Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg/135px-Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg/180px-Ritratto_di_Ludovico_I_di_Etruria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ducal Palace of Colorno, 5 July 1773</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, 27 May 1803 </td> <td>Prince of Piacenza and the first King of Etruria. He married in <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Lucca" title="Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca">Princess Marie Louise of Spain</a>, they had two children.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Parma"><b>Maria Antonia</b> Giuseppa Walburga Anna Luisa Teresa Vicenza Margherita Caterina</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg/90px-Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg/135px-Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg/180px-Maria_Antonia_di_Borbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="423" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ducal Palace of Colorno, 28 November 1774</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agata_in_Trastevere" title="Sant'Agata in Trastevere">Convent of Sant'Agata in Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, 20 February 1841 </td> <td>She was engaged to a Prince of the House of Savoy but he died<sup id="cite_ref-Botti_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botti-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became an Ursuline nun in 1803 with the name of <i>Sister Luisa Maria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Botti_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botti-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carlotta_of_Parma" title="Princess Maria Carlotta of Parma"><b>Maria Carlotta</b> Ferdinanda Teresa Anna Giuseppa Giovanna Luisa Vincenza Rosalia</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlotta1777.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlotta1777.png/80px-Carlotta1777.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlotta1777.png/120px-Carlotta1777.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Carlotta1777.png/160px-Carlotta1777.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Giardino" title="Palazzo del Giardino">Palazzo del Giardino</a>, 1 September 1777</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santi_Domenico_e_Sisto" title="Santi Domenico e Sisto">Convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> 6 April 1813 </td> <td>She became a Dominican nun in 1797 with the name of <i>Sister Giacinta Domenica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Filippo Maria</b> Giuseppe Leopoldo Francesco </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese,_Piacenza" title="Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza">Ducal Palace of Piacenza</a>, 22 March 1783</td> <td>Ducal Palace of Colorno, 2 July 1786 </td> <td>Principe of Guastalla, died at the age of three years due to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maria <b>Antonietta Luisa</b> Teresa </td> <td> </td> <td>Ducal Palace of Colorno, 21 October 1784</td> <td>Ducal Palace of Colorno, 22 October 1785 </td> <td>Died at the age of one year due to <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrai_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrai-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Maria Luisa</b> Teresa Isabella Antonietta </td> <td> </td> <td>Ducal Palace of Piacenza, 17 April 1787</td> <td>Palazzo del Giardino, 22 November 1789 </td> <td>Died at the age of two due to <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Son </td> <td> </td> <td>21 May 1789</td> <td>21 May 1789 </td> <td>Stillborn.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daughter </td> <td> </td> <td>21 May 1789</td> <td>21 May 1789 </td> <td>Twin of the above, stillborn.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanga_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles V, Duke of Lorraine">Charles V, Duke of Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Leopold, Duke of Lorraine">Leopold, Duke of Lorraine</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland">Eleanor of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte,_Princess_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate">Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Eleonor_Magdalene_of_Neuburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg">Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rudolph,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Christine_Louise_of_Oettingen-Oettingen" title="Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen">Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the news of the execution of her sister, Maria Amalia fell unconscious;<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her daughter Carolina later wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"At the news of the death of her beloved sister, my very good aunt, my mother laughed at first, then began to cry, screamed that whoever killed her sister, a good and sensitive person, would have been burned alive. Then her face turned pale and her thin body fell to the ground. That was the only time I saw my mother lose control."</p></blockquote> <p>Maria Amalia never fully recovered from the death of her sister Marie Antoinette and afterwards was in mourning throughout her life. In her remaining years of life she showed signs of depression several times,<sup id="cite_ref-Vovk_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a trait whom she transmitted to some of her children. </p> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guido Carrai; "<i>Maria Amalia duchessa di Parma e Piacenza (1746-1804)</i>"; 2019; pag. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995122_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995120_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vovk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vovk_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVovk2010" class="citation book cs1">Vovk, Justin C. (2010). <i>In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-0081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4502-0081-3"><bdi>978-1-4502-0081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Destiny%27s+Hands%3A+Five+Tragic+Rulers%2C+Children+of+Maria+Theresa&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4502-0081-3&rft.aulast=Vovk&rft.aufirst=Justin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAretin1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr von (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124166385.html#ndbcontent"><i>Neue Deutsche Biographie</i></a> (in German). Vol. 16. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Historische+Kommission+bei+der+Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Aretin&rft.aufirst=Karl+Otmar+Freiherr+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd124166385.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121–122-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995121–122_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/artists/maria-amalia-archduchess/hl-theresia-von-jesus-von-avila-16uFHTFBIjGa7KrM7rBkoA2">"Hl. Theresia von Jesus (von Avila)"</a>. <i>Artnet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet.com&rft.atitle=Hl.+Theresia+von+Jesus+%28von+Avila%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2Fartists%2Fmaria-amalia-archduchess%2Fhl-theresia-von-jesus-von-avila-16uFHTFBIjGa7KrM7rBkoA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995123–124-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995123–124_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995124-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995124_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127–128-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissensteiner1995127–128_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissensteiner1995">Weissensteiner 1995</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimms2018" class="citation web cs1">Timms, Elizabeth Jane (27 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praguepost.com/culture/maria-amalia-of-austria-duchess-of-parma-in-prague">"Maria Amalia of Austria, Duchess of Parma in Prague"</a>. <i>Prague Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prague+Post&rft.atitle=Maria+Amalia+of+Austria%2C+Duchess+of+Parma+in+Prague&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft.aulast=Timms&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguepost.com%2Fculture%2Fmaria-amalia-of-austria-duchess-of-parma-in-prague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1863125–126-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1863125–126_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf1863">Wolf 1863</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrai-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrai_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrai_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrai_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrai2018" class="citation book cs1">Carrai, Guido (2018). <i>Maria Amalia, duchessa di Parma e Piacenza 1746-1804</i>. Eleutheria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-270-3974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-270-3974-6"><bdi>978-80-270-3974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+Amalia%2C+duchessa+di+Parma+e+Piacenza+1746-1804&rft.pub=Eleutheria&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-80-270-3974-6&rft.aulast=Carrai&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanga-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanga_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanga1932" class="citation book cs1">Stanga, Idelfonso (1932). <i>Maria Amalia di Borbone duchessa di Parma 1746-1804</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+Amalia+di+Borbone+duchessa+di+Parma+1746-1804&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Stanga&rft.aufirst=Idelfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botti-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botti_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botti_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotti" class="citation book cs1">Botti, Ferruccio. <i>La Principessa Maria Antonia di Borbone suora orsolina</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Principessa+Maria+Antonia+di+Borbone+suora+orsolina&rft.aulast=Botti&rft.aufirst=Ferruccio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiazzi1993" class="citation book cs1">Spiazzi, Raimondo (1993). <i>Cronache e fioretti del monastero di San Sisto all'Appia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronache+e+fioretti+del+monastero+di+San+Sisto+all%27Appia&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Spiazzi&rft.aufirst=Raimondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royaltyguide.nl/families/fam-B/bourbon/bbparma1.htm">"Parma"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royaltyguide.nl%2Ffamilies%2Ffam-B%2Fbourbon%2Fbbparma1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBI" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Mafrici (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/maria-amalia-d-asburgo-lorena-duchessa-di-parma-piacenza-e-guastalla_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"MARIA AMALIA d'Asburgo Lorena, duchessa di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 70: Marcora–Marsilio</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. pp. 221–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MARIA+AMALIA+d%E2%80%99Asburgo+Lorena%2C+duchessa+di+Parma%2C+Piacenza+e+Guastalla&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+70%3A+Marcora%E2%80%93Marsilio&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=221-223&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.au=M.+Mafrici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmaria-amalia-d-asburgo-lorena-duchessa-di-parma-piacenza-e-guastalla_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissensteiner1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weissensteiner, Frederich (1995). "Mária Amália. Mária Terézia Hamupipőkéje" [Maria Amalia. The Cinderella of Maria Theresa]. <i>Mária Terézia leányai</i> [<i>The Daughters of Maria Theresa</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. pp. 119–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-654-029-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-654-029-2"><bdi>963-654-029-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1ria+Am%C3%A1lia.+M%C3%A1ria+Ter%C3%A9zia+Hamupip%C5%91k%C3%A9je&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1ria+Ter%C3%A9zia+le%C3%A1nyai&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=119-144&rft.pub=Magyar+K%C3%B6nyvklub&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=963-654-029-2&rft.aulast=Weissensteiner&rft.aufirst=Frederich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolf, Adam (1863). <i>Marie Christine, Erzherzogin von Oesterreich</i> [<i>Marie Christine, Archduchess of Austria</i>] (in German). Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Christine%2C+Erzherzogin+von+Oesterreich&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Carl+Gerold%27s+Sohn&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaria+Amalia%2C+Duchess+of+Parma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Constantin von Wurzbach</a>: "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Amalia_(Herzogin_von_Parma)" class="extiw" title="de:s:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Amalia (Herzogin von Parma)">Habsburg, Maria Amalia (Herzogin von Parma)</a>." In: <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a> (Biographical Lexicon of the Empire of Austria).</i>  Part 7 Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1861, p. 23 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=11810&page=28&scale=3.33&viewmode=fullscreen">digitalised</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Archduchess_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Parma" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia of Austria</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 26 February 1746</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 18 June 1804</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise Élisabeth of France">Princess Louise Élisabeth of France</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchess_consort_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess consort of Parma">Duchess consort of Parma</a> </b><br />19 July 1769 – 9 October 1802 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archduchesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archduchesses_by_descent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archduchesses by descent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by male-line descent from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Austria" title="Kunigunde of Austria">Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret, Duchess of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine, Queen of Portugal</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1526%E2%80%931545)" title="Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)">Elisabeth, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Anna_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Anna of Austria">Anna, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Magdalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Magdalena of Austria">Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland">Catherine, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(nun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (nun)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Barbara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Barbara of Austria">Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria_(1543%E2%80%931574)" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria (1543–1574)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany" title="Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany">Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(1567%E2%80%931633)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)">Margaret (1567–1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_of_Austria_(1584%E2%80%931649)" title="Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)">Maria (1584–1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anna, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Princess_of_Transylvania" title="Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania">Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Catherine_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria">Catherine Renata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gregoria_Maximiliana_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria">Gregoria Maximiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria_(1582%E2%80%931620)" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)">Eleanor (1582–1620)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Maddalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria">Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anna, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_of_Spain_(1603)" title="Infanta Maria of Spain (1603)">María</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_of_Spain_(1610%E2%80%931617)" title="Infanta Margarita of Spain (1610–1617)">Margarita</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1610)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610)">Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Renata_of_Austria" title="Cecilia Renata of Austria">Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_Clara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria">Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldine of Austria">Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Margaret Theresa of Spain">Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland">Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria">Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria" title="Claudia Felicitas of Austria">Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_of_Austria" title="Maria Antonia of Austria">Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (governor)">Maria Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1684%E2%80%931696)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1684–1696)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria_(1687%E2%80%931703)" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1687–1703)">Maria Josepha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Magdalena_of_Austria_(1689%E2%80%931743)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1689–1743)">Maria Magdalena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)">Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1737)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(born_1740)" title="Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (born 1740)">Maria Carolina</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria">Johanna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia, Queen of France</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1762%E2%80%931770)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)">Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1770)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1770)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria">Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_(1780%E2%80%931798)" title="Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1780–1798)">Maria Amalia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este,_Queen_of_Sardinia" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este">Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise, Empress of the French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Clementina of Austria">Clementina, Princess of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Caroline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria">Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Anne_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Anne of Austria">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)">Maria Luisa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1816%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)">Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Karoline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria">Maria Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hermine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hermine of Austria">Hermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Elisabeth Franziska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)">Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrix_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este">Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1835)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1835)">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria">Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria">Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1845%E2%80%931917)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1845–1917)">Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mathilda_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mathilda of Austria">Mathilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria">Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarethe_Klementine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria">Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Sophie of Austria">Sophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gisela of Austria">Princess Gisela of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Marie Valerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarete_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria">Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Annunciata_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria">Maria Annunciata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)">Maria Antonietta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Maria Theresa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Christina_of_Austria_(1879%E2%80%931962)" title="Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1962)">Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1882)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1882)">Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Henrietta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria">Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella of Austria">Princess Isabella of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleonora_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleonora of Austria">Eleonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Renata of Austria">Renata, Princess Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mechthildis_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mechthildis of Austria">Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria">Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria">Helena, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Rosa of Austria">Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Dolores of Austria">Dolores</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Immaculata of Austria">Maria Inmaculata</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margaretha of Austria">Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1899–1977)">Princess Maria Antonia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Assunta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Assunta of Austria">Assunta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria_(1892%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1892–1930)">Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hedwig_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hedwig of Austria">Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(born_1925)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (born 1925)">Margaret, Princess of Monteleone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Ilona_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Ilona of Austria">Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Adelheid_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Adelheid of Austria">Adelheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Charlotte_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Charlotte of Austria">Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1922%E2%80%931993)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_von_Habsburg" title="Gabriela von Habsburg">Gabriela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walburga_Habsburg_Douglas" title="Walburga Habsburg Douglas">Walburga, Countess Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria-Anna_Galitzine" title="Maria-Anna Galitzine">Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Habsburg" title="Sophie Habsburg">Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_von_Habsburg" title="Eleonore von Habsburg">Eleonore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* <i>also an infanta of Spain</i></li> <li>** <i>also an infanta of Spain and Portugal</i></li> <li>^ <i>also a princess of Tuscany</i></li> <li># <i>also a princess of Modena</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tuscan_princesses_by_birth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tuscan_princesses" title="Template:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tuscan_princesses" title="Template talk:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuscan_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuscan_princesses_by_birth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tuscan princesses by birth</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de%27_Medici_(1540%E2%80%931557)" title="Maria de' Medici (1540–1557)">Princess Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_de%27_Medici" title="Isabella de' Medici">Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_de%27_Medici,_Duchess_of_Ferrara" title="Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara">Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_de%27_Medici" title="Virginia de' Medici">Virginia, Duchess of Modena</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de%27_Medici" title="Eleanor de' Medici">Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1569%E2%80%931584)" title="Anna de' Medici (1569–1584)">Princess Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Maddalena_de%27_Medici" title="Maria Maddalena de' Medici">Princess Maria Maddalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici" title="Claudia de' Medici">Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cristina_de%27_Medici" title="Maria Cristina de' Medici">Princess Maria Cristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici" title="Margherita de' Medici">Margherita, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria" title="Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria">Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici,_Governor_of_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena">Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici" title="Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici">Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Princess Maria Anna</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)">Princess Maria Elisabeth</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria">Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Princess Maria Josepha</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia, Queen of France</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)">Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria">Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)">Princess Maria Luisa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria">Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria">Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1845%E2%80%931917)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1845–1917)">Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)">Princess Maria Antonietta</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria">Helena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Rosa of Austria">Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Dolores of Austria">Princess Dolores</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Immaculata of Austria">Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margaretha of Austria">Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1899–1977)">Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i>* also an archduchess of Austria</i><br />^<i>did not have a royal or noble birth</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Template:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Template talk:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infantas_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantas of Spain">Infantas of Spain</a> by marriage</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations start with the daughters-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain">Elisabeth of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Infanta Barbara of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Princess Louise Élisabeth of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Princess Maria Luisa of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Vit%C3%B3ria_of_Braganza" title="Infanta Mariana Vitória of Braganza">Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_of_Spain_(1779%E2%80%931798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798)">Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal">Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Teresa_of_Braganza" title="Infanta Maria Teresa of Braganza">Infanta Maria Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Luisa_Carlotta_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies">Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carolina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies_(1820%E2%80%931861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1820–1861)">Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_of_Spain_(1833%E2%80%931902)" title="Infanta María Cristina of Spain (1833–1902)">Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Amalia_of_the_Two_Sicilies_(1818%E2%80%931857)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (1818–1857)">Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy_(1803%E2%80%931879)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Eulalia_of_Spain" title="Infanta Eulalia of Spain">Infanta Eulalia of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margherita_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma">Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Berthe_de_Rohan" title="Princess Berthe de Rohan">Princess Berthe de Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal">Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Louise of Orléans">Princess Louise of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_of_Spain" title="Infanta María Teresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Talavera" title="Infanta Maria Luisa, Duchess of Talavera">Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal">Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Alicia,_Duchess_of_Calabria" title="Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria">Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Since 1987, the spouses of infantes are no longer infantas. <ul><li><i>*also an Infanta in her own right</i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchesses_of_Parma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ducal_consorts_of_Parma" title="Template:Ducal consorts of Parma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ducal_consorts_of_Parma" title="Template talk:Ducal consorts of Parma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ducal_consorts_of_Parma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ducal consorts of Parma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchesses_of_Parma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parmese_consorts" title="List of Parmese consorts">Duchesses of Parma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerolama_Orsini" title="Gerolama Orsini">Gerolama Orsini</a> <i>(1545–1547)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Austria</a> <i>(1547–1586)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Aldobrandini" title="Margherita Aldobrandini">Margherita Aldobrandini</a> <i>(1600–1620)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici" title="Margherita de' Medici">Margherita de' Medici</a> <i>(1628–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Yolande_of_Savoy" title="Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy">Princess Margherita Violante of Savoy</a> <i>(1660–1663)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma">Isabella d'Este</a> <i>(1664–1666)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_d%27Este" title="Maria d'Este">Maria d'Este</a> <i>(1668–1686)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Dorothea_Sophie_of_Neuburg" title="Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg">Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg</a> <i>(1695–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrichetta_d%27Este" title="Enrichetta d'Este">Enrichetta d'Este</a> <i>(1727–1731)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> <i>(1735–1740)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a> <i>(1748–1759)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria</a> <i>(1769–1802)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy_(1803%E2%80%931879)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a> <i>(1847–1849)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Princess Louise of Artois</a> <i>(1849–1854)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies</a>* <i>(1869–1882)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal">Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal</a>* <i>(1884–1907)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_Bourbon-Busset" title="Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset">Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset</a>* <i>(1974–1977)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Irene of the Netherlands">Princess Irene of the Netherlands</a>* <i>(1977–1981)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Annemarie, Duchess of Parma">Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel</a>* <i>(2010–)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>denotes titular Duchess</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236907#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054886645">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8313679">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1799002/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmwYp6k88KwT38YXWJjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124166385">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96042928">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14955840z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14955840z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maria Amalia <duchessa di Parma>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV042030">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk20181000967&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdf87j1730bpw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603674505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14572252">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MARIA AMALIA d’Asburgo Lorena, duchessa di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/maria-amalia-d-asburgo-lorena-duchessa-di-parma-piacenza-e-guastalla_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124166385.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124166385">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/192323008">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30038734">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&oldid=1252485692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma&oldid=1252485692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1746_births" title="Category:1746 births">1746 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1804_deaths" title="Category:1804 deaths">1804 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Austrian_people" title="Category:18th-century Austrian people">18th-century Austrian people</a></li><li><a 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