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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Too_Multi-Religious"_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Too_Multi-Religious"_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The "Too Multi-Religious" hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Too_Multi-Religious"_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Enforcement_Across_Borders"_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Enforcement_Across_Borders"_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The "Enforcement Across Borders" hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Enforcement_Across_Borders"_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Placate_Europe"_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Placate_Europe"_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The "Placate Europe" hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Placate_Europe"_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Ottoman_Scare"_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Ottoman_Scare"_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The "Ottoman Scare" hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Ottoman_Scare"_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_ideas_and_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_ideas_and_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Renaissance ideas and implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_ideas_and_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Keeping_the_Pope_in_Check"_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Keeping_the_Pope_in_Check"_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The "Keeping the Pope in Check" hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Keeping_the_Pope_in_Check"_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Other hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_of_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_of_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Activity of the Inquisition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activity_of_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activity of the Inquisition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activity_of_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Start of the Inquisition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 False conversions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Jewish_conversos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Jewish_conversos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Expulsion of Jews and Jewish conversos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Jewish_conversos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Moriscos_and_Morisco_conversos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Moriscos_and_Morisco_conversos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Expulsion of Moriscos and Morisco conversos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Moriscos_and_Morisco_conversos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_heretics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_heretics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Christian heretics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_heretics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Orthodox Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witchcraft_and_superstition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witchcraft_and_superstition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Witchcraft and superstition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witchcraft_and_superstition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blasphemy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blasphemy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Blasphemy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blasphemy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Sodomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Freemasonry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Family and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bigamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Bigamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unnatural_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unnatural_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Unnatural marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unnatural_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-religious_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-religious_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Non-religious crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-religious_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_the_tribunals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_the_tribunals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Composition of the tribunals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_the_tribunals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mode of operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mode_of_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mode of operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mode_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Accusation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Detention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Torture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sentencing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto_de_fé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_de_fé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Auto de fé </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_de_fé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_era_and_the_Inquisition's_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_era_and_the_Inquisition's_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Enlightenment era and the Inquisition's transformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_era_and_the_Inquisition's_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 End of the Inquisition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Outcomes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outcomes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confiscations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confiscations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Confiscations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confiscations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_tolls_and_sentenced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_tolls_and_sentenced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Death tolls and sentenced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_tolls_and_sentenced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics_for_the_period_1540–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_for_the_period_1540–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Statistics for the period 1540–1700 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_for_the_period_1540–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autos_da_fe_between_1701_and_1746" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autos_da_fe_between_1701_and_1746"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autos_da_fe_between_1701_and_1746-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Abuse of power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Long-term economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historiography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historiography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_to_early_20th_century_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_to_early_20th_century_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 19th to early 20th century scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_to_early_20th_century_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revision_after_1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revision_after_1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Revision after 1960 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revision_after_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre,_music,_television,_and_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre,_music,_television,_and_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Theatre, music, television, and video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre,_music,_television,_and_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 General and cited references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General and cited references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seminal_classical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminal_classical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Seminal classical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminal_classical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisionist_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisionist_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Revisionist books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisionist_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Old scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spanish Inquisition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_Inkwisisie" title="Spaanse Inkwisisie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaanse Inkwisisie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Inquisition" title="Spanische Inquisition – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spanische Inquisition" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="स्पेनी धर्माधिकरण – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्पेनी धर्माधिकरण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محاكم التفتيش الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاكم التفتيش الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Inquisición española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inquisición española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spaniya_inkvizisiya_m%C9%99hk%C9%99m%C9%99si" title="İspaniya inkvizisiya məhkəməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspaniya inkvizisiya məhkəməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-pan-g%C3%A2_%C4%AA%E2%81%BF-toan_s%C3%ADm-mn%CC%84g" title="Se-pan-gâ Īⁿ-toan sím-mn̄g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-pan-gâ Īⁿ-toan sím-mn̄g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Іспанская інквізіцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспанская інквізіцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гішпанская інквізыцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гішпанская інквізыцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испанска инквизиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испанска инквизиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkizision_spagnol" title="Inkizision spagnol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inkizision spagnol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisici%C3%B3_espanyola" title="Inquisició espanyola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inquisició espanyola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanske_inkvisition" title="Spanske inkvisition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spanske inkvisition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Inquisition" title="Spanische Inquisition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Inquisition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_inkvisitsioon" title="Hispaania inkvisitsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania inkvisitsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Inquisición española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inquisición española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiar_Inkisizioa" title="Espainiar Inkisizioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiar Inkisizioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تفتیش عقاید اسپانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفتیش عقاید اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition_espagnole" title="Inquisition espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inquisition espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanske_Ynkwisysje" title="Spaanske Ynkwisysje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spaanske Ynkwisysje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisici%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Inquisición española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inquisición española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A8%EC%8B%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%86%8C" title="스페인 이단심문소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 이단심문소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Spanish Inquisition" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իսպանական ինկվիզիցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանական ինկվիզիցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="स्पेनी धर्माधिकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेनी धर्माधिकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska_inkvizicija" title="Španjolska inkvizicija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolska inkvizicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkuisisi_Spanyol" title="Inkuisisi Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inkuisisi Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nski_ranns%C3%B3knarr%C3%A9tturinn" title="Spænski rannsóknarrétturinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spænski rannsóknarrétturinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisizione_spagnola" title="Inquisizione spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquisizione spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האינקוויזיציה הספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האינקוויזיציה הספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng%C3%AEz%C3%AEsyona_span%C3%AE" title="Engîzîsyona spanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Engîzîsyona spanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkisizion_Espanyola" title="Inkisizion Espanyola – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Inkisizion Espanyola" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81nijas_inkviz%C4%ABcija" title="Spānijas inkvizīcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spānijas inkvizīcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_inkviz%C3%ADci%C3%B3" title="Spanyol inkvizíció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol inkvizíció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шпанска инквизиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпанска инквизиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwi%C5%BCizzjoni_Spanjola" title="Inkwiżizzjoni Spanjola – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Inkwiżizzjoni Spanjola" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasitan_Sepanyol" title="Pasitan Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasitan Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anquesi%C3%A7on_spanhola" title="Anquesiçon spanhola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anquesiçon spanhola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_Inquisitie" title="Spaanse Inquisitie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse Inquisitie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF%E5%AF%A9%E5%95%8F" title="スペイン異端審問 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン異端審問" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spanske_inkvisisjonen" title="Den spanske inkvisisjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den spanske inkvisisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spanske_inkvisisjonen" title="Den spanske inkvisisjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den spanske inkvisisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panish_Ingkuizishan" title="Panish Ingkuizishan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Panish Ingkuizishan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwizycja_hiszpa%C5%84ska" title="Inkwizycja hiszpańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inkwizycja hiszpańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espanhola" title="Inquisição espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inquisição espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchizi%C8%9Bia_spaniol%C4%83" title="Inchiziția spaniolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inchiziția spaniolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испанская инквизиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанская инквизиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish Inquisition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_inkvizicija" title="Španska inkvizicija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španska inkvizicija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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In Latin, the inscription "Exurge Domine et judica causam tuam. Psalm 73." ("Arise, Lord, and judge your cause")</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a>, for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1478</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1834</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">Consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a>, who headed the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition, made up of six members. Under it were up to 21 tribunals in the empire.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Grand Inquisitor and Suprema designated by the crown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Inquisition" title="Peruvian Inquisition">Peruvian Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> Relations with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición) was established in 1478 by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>. It began toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and aimed to maintain <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> orthodoxy in their kingdoms and replace the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a>, which was under <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> control. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>, it became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. The "Spanish Inquisition" may be defined broadly as operating in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories, which included the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and all Spanish possessions in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. According to some modern estimates, around 150,000 people were prosecuted for various offences during the three-century duration of the Spanish Inquisition, of whom between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed, approximately 2.7 percent of all cases.<a href="#cite_note-Levack,_Brian_P._1995-1">[1]</a> The Inquisition, however, since the creation of the American courts, has never had jurisdiction over the indigenous. The King of Spain ordered "that the inquisitors should never proceed against the Indians, but against the old Christians and their descendants and other persons against whom in these kingdoms of Spain it is customary to proceed".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a> among those who converted from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Catholicism. The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified following <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502</a> ordering <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to convert to Catholicism or leave <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, or face death,<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">hundreds of thousands of forced conversions</a>, torture and executions, the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">moriscos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">mass expulsions of Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Muslims from Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prien2012-4">[4]</a> The Inquisition was abolished in 1834, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a>, after a period of declining influence in the preceding century. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_Inquisitions">Previous Inquisitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous Inquisitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/220px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/330px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg/440px-La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Virgen_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos" class="extiw" title="es:La Virgen de los Reyes Católicos">The Virgin of the Catholic Monarchs</a>, 1491–1493</figcaption></figure> The Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> legalized Christianity in 312. Having been severely persecuted under previous emperors, the new religion now felt capable of commencing its program of persecution. From the moment it was recognised and empowered, there were persecutions against the adherents of other cults — pagans, Jews, and heretics. Though only in the fourth century of its existence, Christianity had spread widely and was already beginning to experience a multiplicity of schisms within itself. Among the most significant of the heresies at this time were <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini19309-11-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> issued on 27 February 380 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> established <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> as the state church of the Roman Empire. It condemned other Christian creeds as heresies of "foolish madmen" and approved their punishment.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 438, under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a> (Theodosian Code), a compilation of laws of the Roman Empire, already provided for the confiscation of property and the death penalty for heretics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193013-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Spanish ascetic and theologian <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a> was excommunicated in 380 after being accused of magic and libertinage. In response to the instigation of two Christian bishops, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> condemned Priscillian and his companions to death, though prominent figures such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin of Tours">Saint Martin of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Saint Ambrose</a> challenged this verdict. Priscillian has been described as the first martyr killed by a Spanish Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century, there followed almost seven centuries in which persecutions for heresy became very rare. Some of the old heresies survived, but in a weakened state, and they tended not to operate openly. No new schisms appeared to emerge during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193017-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Inquisition">Episcopal Inquisition</a> was created through the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Ad_Abolendam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Abolendam">Ad Abolendam</a> ("To abolish")<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett201013-15">[15]</a> at the end of the 12th century by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Pope Lucius III</a>, with the support of emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a>, to combat the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigensian">Albigensian heresy</a> in southern France. Heretics were to be handed over to secular authorities for punishment, have their property seized, and face excommunication. Holders of public office, counts, barons, and rectors in cities and other places were required to take responsibility for punishing heretics handed over to them by the Church; any authority who failed in this duty was to be excommunicated, removed from office, and stripped of all legal rights. Commercial boycotts would be imposed on cities that supported heretics and declined to participate. It was the start of a centralization process in the fight against heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto200768-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeff196737-17">[17]</a> There were a large number of tribunals of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Papal Inquisition</a> in various European kingdoms during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>, a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition was established by the statute of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excommunicamus_et_anathematisamus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excommunicamus et anathematisamus (page does not exist)">Excommunicamus et anathematisamus</a> of Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeff196742-18">[18]</a> in 1231, during the era of the Albigensian heresy, as a condition for peace with Aragon. The Inquisition was ill-received by the Aragonese, which led to prohibitions against insults or attacks on it. Rome was particularly concerned that the Iberian Peninsula's large Muslim and Jewish population would have a 'heretical' influence on Catholic citizens. Rome pressed the kingdoms to accept the Papal Inquisition after Aragon. Navarra conceded in the 13th century and Portugal by the end of the 14th, though its 'Roman Inquisition' was famously inactive. Castile refused steadily, trusting in its prominent position in Europe and its military power to keep the Pope's interventionism in check. <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> were the only Western European kingdoms that withstood the establishment of the Inquisition in their realms by the end of the Middle Ages. England’s success was because of its distance and the voluntary compliance of its people, while Castile, which would later become part of Spain, resisted because of its people’s resistance and the power of the kingdom. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> Within the context of medieval Europe, there are several hypotheses of what prompted the creation of the tribunal after <a href="/wiki/La_Convivencia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Convivencia">centuries of tolerance</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Too_Multi-Religious"_hypothesis">The "Too Multi-Religious" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The "Too Multi-Religious" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> The Spanish Inquisition is interpretable as a response to the multi-religious nature of Spanish society following the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. The Reconquista did not result in the total expulsion of Muslims from Spain since they, along with Jews, were tolerated by the ruling Christian elite. Large cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, had significant Jewish populations centered on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Juderia</a>, but in the coming years, the Muslims became increasingly alienated and relegated from power centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> Cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Castro" title="Américo Castro">Américo Castro</a> has characterized post-reconquest medieval Spain as a society of relatively peaceful co-existence (convivencia) punctuated by occasional conflict among the ruling Catholics, Jews, and Muslims. As historian Henry Kamen notes, the "so-called convivencia was always a relationship between unequals."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Despite their legal inequality, there was a long tradition of Jewish service to the Crown of Aragon, and Jews occupied many important posts, both religious and political. Castile itself had an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>. Ferdinand's father, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a>, named the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Abiathar_Crescas" title="Abiathar Crescas">Abiathar Crescas</a> Court <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a> attitudes increased throughout Europe during the late 13th century and into the 14th century. England and France expelled their <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Jews from England">1290</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="French expulsion">1306</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198879-21">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, Spain's anti-Jewish sentiment steadily increased. This prejudice climaxed in the summer of 1391 when violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Spanish cities like <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198882-22">[22]</a> To linguistically distinguish them from non-converted or long-established Catholic families, new converts were called <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>, or New Catholics. According to Don <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a>, persecution against Jews began in earnest in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in 1391, on the 1st day of the lunar month <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a> (June).<a href="#cite_note-Crescas-23">[23]</a> From there, the violence spread to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, and by the 17th day of the same lunar month, it had reached <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> (called then by Jews after its Arabic name "Ṭulayṭulah") in the region of <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Castile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Then the violence spread to <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, and by the 1st day of the lunar month <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a>, it had also reached the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, where the slain was approximately two-hundred and fifty. Indeed, many Jews who resided in the neighboring provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lleida" title="Province of Lleida">Lleida</a> and Gironda and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> had also been affected,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> as were the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (Andalucía).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> While many died a martyr's death, others converted to save themselves. Encouraged by the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Ferrand_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Ferrand Martínez">Ferrand Martínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecija">Ecija</a>, the general unrest affected nearly all the Jews in Spain, during which an estimated 200,000 Jews changed their religion or else concealed their religion, becoming known in Hebrew as <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> meaning "those who are compelled [to hide their religion]." Only a handful of the more principal persons of the Jewish community, those who had found refuge among the viceroys in the outlying towns and districts, managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Crescas-23">[23]</a> Forced baptism was contrary to the law of the Catholic Church and, theoretically, anybody who had been forcibly baptized could legally return to Judaism. Legal definitions of the time theoretically acknowledged that a forced baptism was not a valid sacrament but confined this to cases where it was administered by physical force: a person who had consented to baptism under threat of death or serious injury was still regarded as a voluntary convert, and accordingly forbidden to revert to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After the public violence, many of the converts "felt it safer to remain in their new religion."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Thus, after 1391, a new social group appeared and was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a> or New Christians. Many conversos, now freed from the anti-Semitic restrictions imposed on Jewish employment, attained important positions in fifteenth-century Spain, including positions in the government and the Church. Among many others, physicians <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Laguna" title="Andrés Laguna">Andrés Laguna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Francisco López de Villalobos">Francisco López de Villalobos</a> (Ferdinand's court physician), writers <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Encina" title="Juan del Encina">Juan del Encina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mena" title="Juan de Mena">Juan de Mena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Valera" title="Diego de Valera">Diego de Valera</a>, and Alonso de Palencia, and bankers <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Sant%C3%A1ngel" title="Luis de Santángel">Luis de Santángel</a> and Gabriel Sánchez (who financed the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>) were all conversos. Conversos—not without opposition—managed to attain high positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, at times becoming severe detractors of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some even received titles of nobility and, as a result, during the following century, some works attempted to demonstrate many nobles of Spain descended from Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Enforcement_Across_Borders"_hypothesis">The "Enforcement Across Borders" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The "Enforcement Across Borders" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg/220px-Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg/330px-Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg/440px-Bartolome_murillo-pedro_arbues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a>: Death of the Inquisitor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Arbu%C3%A9s" title="Pedro de Arbués">Pedro de Arbués</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> in 1664</figcaption></figure> According to this hypothesis, the Inquisition was created to standardize various laws and the numerous jurisdictions Spain was divided into. It would be an administrative program analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a> (the “Holy Brotherhood”, ancestor to the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a>, a law enforcement body answering to the crown that prosecuted thieves and criminals across counties in a way local county authorities could not), an institution that would guarantee uniform prosecution of crimes against royal laws across all local jurisdictions. The unusual authority wielded by the king over the nobility in the Kingdom of Castile contributed to the kingdom’s prosperity in Europe. This strong control kept the kingdom politically stable and prevented in-fighting that weakened other countries like England. Under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">Trastámara dynasty</a>, both kings of Castile and Aragon had lost power to the great nobles, who now formed dissenting and conspiratorial factions. Taxation and varying privileges differed from county to county, and powerful noble families constantly extorted the kings to attain further concessions, particularly in Aragon. The main goals of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs were to unite their two kingdoms and strengthen royal influence to guarantee stability. In pursuit of this, they sought to unify the laws of their realms further and reduce the power of the nobility in certain local areas. They attained this partially by raw military strength by creating a combined army between the two of them that could outmatch the military of most noble coalitions in the Peninsula. It was impossible to change the entire laws of both realms by force alone, and due to reasonable suspicion of one another, the monarchs kept their kingdoms separate during their lifetimes. The only way to unify both kingdoms and ensure that Isabella, Ferdinand, and their descendants maintained the power of both kingdoms without uniting them in life was to find or create an executive, legislative, and judicial arm directly under the Crown empowered to act in both kingdoms. This goal, the hypothesis goes, might have given birth to the Spanish Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The religious organization capable of overseeing this role was obvious. Catholicism was the only institution common to both kingdoms and the only one with enough popular support that the nobility could not easily attack it. Through the Spanish Inquisition, Isabella and Ferdinand created a personal police force and personal code of law that rested above the structure of their respective realms without altering or mixing them and could operate freely in both. As the Inquisition had the backing of both kingdoms, it would exist independent of both the nobility and local interests of either kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> According to this view, the prosecution of heretics would be secondary, or simply not considered different, from the prosecution of conspirators, traitors, or groups of any kind who planned to resist royal authority. Royal authority rested on the divine right and oaths of loyalty held before God, so the connection between religious deviation and political disloyalty would appear obvious. The disproportionately high representation of the nobility and high clergy among those investigated by the Inquisition supported this hypothesis, as well as the many administrative and civil crimes the Inquisition oversaw. The Inquisition prosecuted the counterfeiting of royal seals and currency, ensured the effective transmission of the orders of the kings, and verified the authenticity of official documents traveling through the kingdoms, especially from one kingdom to the other.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Placate_Europe"_hypothesis">The "Placate Europe" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The "Placate Europe" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> At a time in which most of Europe had already <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">expelled the Jews from the Christian kingdoms</a>, the "dirty blood" of Spaniards was met with open suspicion and contempt. As the world became smaller and foreign relations became more relevant to stay in power, this foreign image of "being the seed of Jews and Moors" may have become a problem. In addition, the coup that allowed Isabella to take the throne from <a href="/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna of Castile ("la Beltraneja")</a> and the Catholic Monarchs to marry had estranged Castile from Portugal, its historical ally, and created the need for new relationships. Similarly, Aragon's ambitions lay in control of the Mediterranean and the defense against France. As their <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">policy of royal marriages</a> proved, the Catholic Monarchs were deeply concerned about France's growing power and expected to create strong dynastic alliances across Europe. In this scenario, the Iberian reputation of being too tolerant was a problem. Despite the prestige earned through the reconquest (<a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>), the foreign image of Spaniards coexisted with an almost universal image of heretics and “bad Christians” due to the long coexistence between the three religions they had accepted in their lands. Anti-Jewish stereotypes created to justify or prompt the expulsion and expropriation of the European Jews applied to Spaniards in most European courts, and the idea of them being “greedy, gold-thirsty, cruel and violent” because of the “Jewish and Moorish blood” was prevalent in Europe prior to the discovery of America. Chronicles by foreign travelers circulated through Europe, describing the tolerant ambiance reigning in the court of Isabella and Ferdinand and how Moors and Jews were free to go about without risk of forced conversion. Past and common clashes between the Pope and the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula regarding the Inquisition in Castile’s case and regarding South Italy in Aragon’s case also reinforced their image of heretics in the international courts. These accusations and images could have had direct political and military consequences, especially considering that the union of two powerful kingdoms was a delicate moment that could prompt fear and violent reactions from neighbors, more so if combined with the expansion of the Ottoman Turks on the Mediterranean. The creation of the Inquisition and the expulsion of both Jews and Moriscos may have been part of a strategy to whitewash the image of Spain and ease international fears regarding Spain's allegiance. In this scenario, the creation of the Inquisition could have been part of the Catholic Monarchs' strategy to "turn" away from African allies and "towards" Europe, a tool to turn both actual Spain and the Spanish image more European and improve relations with the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Ottoman_Scare"_hypothesis">The "Ottoman Scare" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The "Ottoman Scare" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> The alleged discovery of Morisco plots to support a possible Ottoman invasion was a crucial factor in their decision to create the Inquisition. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was experiencing rapid growth, and the Aragonese Mediterranean Empire was crumbling under debt and war exhaustion. Ferdinand reasonably feared that he would not be capable of repelling an Ottoman attack on Spain’s shores, especially if the Ottomans had internal help. The regions with the highest concentration of Moriscos were those close to the common naval crossings between Spain and Africa. The weakness of the Aragonese Naval Empire combined with the resentment of the higher nobility against the monarchs, the dynastic <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession" title="War of the Castilian Succession">claims of Portugal on Castile</a>, and the two monarchs’ exterior politics that turned away from Morocco and other African nations in favor of Europe, created a fear of a second Muslim invasion, and in turn a second Muslim occupation, that was hardly unfounded. This fear may have been the base reason for the expulsion of those citizens who had either a religious reason to support the invasion of the Ottomans (Moriscos) or no particular religious reason to be against it (Jews). The Inquisition might have been part of the preparations to enforce these measures and ensure their effectiveness by rooting out false converts that would still pose a threat of foreign espionage.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In favor of this view, there is the military sense it makes, the many early attempts of peaceful conversion and persuasion that the Monarchs used at the beginning of their reign, and the sudden turn towards the creation of the Inquisition and the edicts of expulsion when those initial attempts failed. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Naples" title="History of Naples">conquest of Naples</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gran Capitan</a> is also proof of an interest in Mediterranean expansion and re-establishment of Spanish power in that sea that was bound to generate frictions with the Ottoman Empire and other African nations. Therefore, the Inquisition would have been created as a permanent body to prevent the existence of citizens with religious sympathies with African nations now that rivalry with them had been deemed unavoidable.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_ideas_and_implementation">Renaissance ideas and implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renaissance ideas and implementation">edit</a>]</div> The creation of the Spanish Inquisition was consistent with the most important political philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine School">Florentine School</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_Inquisition#Dubious" title="Talk:Spanish Inquisition">discuss</a>], with whom the kings were known to have contact (<a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, Segni, Pitti, Nardi, Varchi, etc.) Both Guicciardini and Machiavelli defended the importance of centralization and unification to create a strong state capable of repelling foreign invasions and also warned of the dangers of excessive social uniformity to the creativity and innovation of a nation. Machiavelli considered piety and morals desirable for the subjects but not so much for the ruler, who should use them as a way to unify its population. He also warned of the nefarious influence of a corrupt church in the creation of a selfish population and middle nobility, which had fragmented the peninsula and made it unable to resist either France or Aragon. German philosophers at the time were spreading the importance of a vassal sharing the religion of their lord. The Inquisition may have just been the result of putting these ideas into practice. The use of religion as a unifying factor across a land that was allowed to stay diverse and maintain different laws in other respects, and the creation of the Inquisition to enforce laws across it, maintain said religious unity, and control the local elites were consistent with most of those teachings. Alternatively, the enforcement of Catholicism across the realm might indeed be the result of simple religious devotion by the monarchs. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="#purely_religious_reasons">§ purely religious reasons</a>) The recent scholarship on the expulsion of the Jews leans towards the belief of religious motivations being at the bottom of it.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> However, considering the reports on Ferdinand’s political persona, that is unlikely the only reason. Machiavelli, among others, described Ferdinand as a man who didn’t know the meaning of piety, but who made political use of it and would have achieved little if he had known it. He was Machiavelli’s main inspiration while writing <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Keeping_the_Pope_in_Check"_hypothesis">The "Keeping the Pope in Check" hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "Keeping the Pope in Check" hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> The hierarchy of the Catholic Church had made many attempts during the Middle Ages to take over Christian Spain politically, such as claiming the Church's ownership over all land reconquered from non-Christians (a claim that was rejected by Castile but accepted by Aragon and Portugal). In the past, the papacy had tried and partially succeeded in forcing the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a> out of Iberia. Its intervention had been pivotal for <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Aragon's loss of Rosellon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade of Aragon">meddling regarding Aragon's control over South Italy</a> was even stronger historically. In their lifetime, the Catholic Monarchs had <a href="/wiki/Carrillo_de_Acu%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrillo de Acuña">problems with</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a>, a fervent proponent of absolute authority for the church over the kings. Carrillo actively opposed them both and often used Spain's "mixed blood" as an excuse to intervene. The papacy and the monarchs of Europe had been involved in a <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">rivalry for power throughout the high Middle Ages</a> that Rome already won in other powerful kingdoms, like <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Since the legitimacy granted by the church was necessary for both monarchs, especially Isabella, to stay in power, the creation of the Spanish Inquisition may have been a way to concede to the Pope's demands and criticism regarding Spain's mixed religious heritage, while simultaneously ensuring that the Pope could hardly force the second Inquisition of his own and create a tool to control the power of the Roman Church in Spain. The Spanish Inquisition was unique at the time because it was not led by the Pope. Once the bull of creation was granted, the head of the Inquisition was the Monarch of Spain. It was in charge of enforcing the laws of the king regarding religion and other private-life matters, not of following orders from Rome, from which it was independent. This independence allowed the Inquisition to investigate, prosecute, and convict clergy for both corruption and treason of conspiracy against the crown (on the Pope's behalf, presumably) without the Pope's intervention. The Inquisition was, despite its title of "Holy", not necessarily formed by the clergy, and secular lawyers were equally welcome to it. If it was an attempt at keeping Rome out of Spain, it was an extremely successful and refined one. It was a bureaucratic body that had the nominal authority of the church and permission to prosecute members of the church, which the kings could not do, while answering only to the Spanish Crown. This did not prevent the Pope from having some influence on the decisions of Spanish monarchs, but it did force the influence to be through the kings, making direct influence very difficult.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_hypotheses">Other hypotheses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other hypotheses">edit</a>]</div> Other hypotheses that circulate regarding the Spanish Inquisition's creation include: <ul><li>Economic reasons: As one penalty that the Inquisition could enforce on the convicts was the confiscation of their property, which became Crown property, it has been stated that the creation of the Inquisition was a way to finance the crown. There is no solid reason for this hypothesis to stand alone, nor for the Kings of Spain to need an institution to do this gradually instead of confiscating property through edicts, but it may be one reason the Inquisition stayed for so long. This hypothesis notes the tendency of the Inquisition to operate in large and wealthy cities and is favoured by those who consider that most of those prosecuted for practising Judaism and Islam in secret were innocent of it.<a href="#cite_note-Spain_1966-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bergenroth" title="Gustav Bergenroth">Gustav Bergenroth</a>, editor and translator of the Spanish state papers from 1485 to 1509, believed that revenue was the incentive for Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to invite the Inquisition into Spain.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Other authors point out that both monarchs were very aware of the economic consequences they would suffer from a decrease in population.</li></ul> <ul><li>Intolerance and racism: This argument is usually made regarding the expulsion of the Jews or the Moriscos,<a href="#cite_note-Spain_1966-42">[42]</a> and since the Inquisition was so closely interconnected with those actions, it can be expanded to it. It varies between those who deny that Spain was really that different from the rest of Europe regarding tolerance and openmindedness and those who argue that it used to be, but gradually the antisemitic and racist atmosphere of medieval Europe rubbed onto it. It explains the creation of the Inquisition as the result of the same forces as those that caused the creation of similar entities across Europe. This view may account for the similarities between the Spanish Inquisition and similar institutions but does not account for its many unique characteristics, including its time of appearance and its duration through time, so even if accepted it requires the addition of some of the other hypothesis to be complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li>Purely religious reasons: This view argues that the Catholic Monarchs had the Inquisition created to prosecute heretics and sodomites out of diligence of the laws of the Church, which clearly forbid both.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_of_the_Inquisition">Activity of the Inquisition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Activity of the Inquisition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_the_Inquisition">Start of the Inquisition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Start of the Inquisition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torquemada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Torquemada.jpg/220px-Torquemada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Torquemada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Torquemada is buried in the monastery of Saint Thomas at Ávila, and left his own epitaph: “Pestem Fugat Haereticam” i.e. “drove away the pestilence of heresy".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> Fray Alonso de Ojeda, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar from Seville, convinced <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella</a> of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> among <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian people">Andalusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> during her stay in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> between 1477 and 1478.<a href="#cite_note-a-47">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193089–90-48">[47]</a>A report, produced by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro González de Mendoza">Pedro González de Mendoza</a>, Archbishop of Seville, and by the Segovian Dominican <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a>—of converso family himself—corroborated this assertion. Spanish monarchs <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> requested a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> to establish an inquisition in Spain in 1478. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> granted the bull Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus, permitting the monarchs to select and appoint two or three priests over forty years of age to act as inquisitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198885-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva2001XXXV-50">[49]</a> In 1483, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a> established a state council to administer the inquisition with the Dominican Friar <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> acting as its president, even though Sixtus IV protested the activities of the inquisition in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and its treatment of the conversos. Torquemada eventually assumed the title of Inquisitor-General<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200140-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198889-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> pressured Pope Sixtus IV to agree to an Inquisition controlled by the monarchy by threatening to withdraw military support when the Turks were a threat to Rome.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The pope issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> to stop the Inquisition but was pressured into withdrawing it.<a href="#cite_note-Cited_in-53">[52]</a> On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Exinct_sincerae_devotions_affectus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Exinct sincerae devotions affectus">Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus</a> (Sincere Devotion Is Required), through which he gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors in their kingdoms. The first two inquisitors, Miguel de Morillo and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de San Martín">Juan de San Martín</a> were not named until two years later, on 27 September 1480, in <a href="/wiki/Medina_del_Campo" title="Medina del Campo">Medina del Campo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930107-108-54">[53]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto de fé</a> was held in Seville on 6 February 1481: six people were burned alive. From there, the Inquisition grew rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>. By 1492, tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina_del_Campo" title="Medina del Campo">Medina del Campo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>. Sixtus IV promulgated a new <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> (1482) categorically prohibiting the Inquisition's extension to <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a>, affirming that:<a href="#cite_note-Cited_in-53">[52]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... in Aragon, Valencia, Mallorca and Catalonia the Inquisition has for some time been moved not by zeal for the faith and the salvation of souls, but by lust for wealth, and that many true and faithful Christians, on the testimony of enemies, rivals, slaves and other lower and even less proper persons, have without any legitimate proof been thrust into secular prisons, tortured and condemned as relapsed heretics, deprived of their goods and property and handed over to the secular arm to be executed, to the peril of souls, setting a pernicious example, and causing disgust to many.<a href="#cite_note-Cited_in-53">[52]</a></blockquote> Outraged, Ferdinand feigned doubt about the bull's veracity, arguing that no sensible pope would have published such a document. He wrote the pope on May 13, 1482, saying: "Take care therefore not to let the matter go further, and to revoke any concessions and entrust us with the care of this question."<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[54]</a> According to the book A History of the Jewish People,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> In 1482 the pope was still trying to maintain control over the Inquisition and to gain acceptance for his own attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> which was generally more moderate than that of the Inquisition and the local rulers.</blockquote> In 1483, Jews were expelled from all of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. Though the pope wanted to crack down on abuses, Ferdinand pressured him to promulgate a new bull, threatening that he would otherwise separate the Inquisition from Church authority.<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Sixtus did so on 17 October 1483, naming <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> Inquisidor General of Aragón, Valencia, and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. Torquemada quickly established procedures for the Inquisition. In 1484, based on <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Nicholas Eymerich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a>, he created a twenty-eight-article inquisitor's code, Compilación de las instrucciones del oficio de la Santa Inquisición (i.e. Compilation of the instructions of the office of the Holy Inquisition), essentially unaltered for more than three centuries following Torquemada's death.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930142,_147-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135-60">[59]</a> A new court would be announced with a thirty-day grace period for self-confessions and denunciations, and the gathering of accusations by neighbors and acquaintances. Evidence that was used to identify a crypto-Jew included the absence of chimney smoke on Saturdays (a sign the family might secretly be honoring the Sabbath), the buying of many vegetables before Passover, or the purchase of meat from a converted butcher. The court could employ <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">physical torture to extract confessions</a>. Crypto-Jews were allowed to confess and do penance, although those who relapsed were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135–136-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In 1484, Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a> attempted to allow appeals to Rome against the Inquisition, which would weaken the function of the institution as protection against the pope, but Ferdinand in December 1484 and again in 1509 decreed death and confiscation for anyone making use of such procedures without royal permission.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> With this, the Inquisition became the only institution that held authority across all the realms of the Spanish monarchy and, in all of them, a useful mechanism at the service of the crown. The cities of Aragón continued resisting and even saw revolt, as in <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, from 1484 to 1485. The murder of Inquisidor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arbu%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Arbués">Pedro Arbués</a> (later made a saint) in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> on 15 September 1485 caused public opinion to turn against the conversos and in favour of the Inquisition. In Aragón, the Inquisitorial courts focused specifically on members of the powerful converso minority, ending their influence in the Aragonese administration. The Inquisition was extremely active between 1480 and 1530. Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period; some estimate about 2,000 executions, based on the documentation of the autos de fé, the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin. He [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] offers striking statistics: 91.6% of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530, and 99.3% of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_conversions">False conversions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: False conversions">edit</a>]</div> The Inquisition had jurisdiction only over Christians. It had no power to investigate, prosecute, or convict Jews, Muslims, or any open member of other religions. Anyone who was known to identify as either Jew or Muslim was outside of Inquisitorial jurisdiction and could be tried only by the King. All the Inquisition could do in some of those cases was to deport the individual according to the King's law, but usually, even that had to go through a civil tribunal. The Inquisition had the authority to try only those who self-identified as Christians (initially for taxation purposes, later to avoid deportation as well) while practicing another religion de facto. Even those were treated as Christians. If they confessed or identified not as judaizantes but as fully practicing Jews, they fell back into the previously explained category and could not be targeted, although they would have pleaded guilty to previously lying about being Christian.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though not subject to the Inquisition, Jews who refused to convert or leave Spain were called heretics and at risk of being burnt to death at a stake.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Jewish_conversos">Expulsion of Jews and Jewish conversos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Jews and Jewish conversos">edit</a>]</div> The Spanish Inquisition had been established in part to prevent conversos from engaging in Jewish practices, which, as Christians, they were supposed to have given up. This remedy for securing the orthodoxy of conversos was eventually deemed inadequate since the main justification the monarchy gave for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">formally expelling all Jews from Spain</a> was the "great harm suffered by Christians (i.e., conversos) from the contact, intercourse and communication which they have with the Jews, who always attempt in various ways to seduce faithful Christians from our Holy Catholic Faith" according to the 1492 edict.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a>, issued in January 1492, gave the choice between expulsion, conversion, or death.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> It was among the few expulsion orders that allowed conversion as an alternative and used as a proof of the religious, not racial, element of the measure. The enforcement of this decree was very unequal, with the focus mainly on coastal and southern regions—those at risk of Ottoman invasion—and more gradual and ineffective enforcement towards the interior.<a href="#cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012-66">[65]</a> Historic accounts of the number of Jews who left Spain were based on speculation, and some aspects were exaggerated by early accounts and historians: <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Juan de Mariana</a> speaks of 800,000 people, and <a href="/wiki/Don_Isaac_Abravanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Isaac Abravanel">Don Isaac Abravanel</a> of 300,000. While few reliable statistics exist for the expulsion, modern estimates based on tax returns and population estimates of communities are much lower, with Kamen stating that of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews and 200,000 conversos, about 40,000 emigrated.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal (where the entire community was forcibly converted in 1497) and to North Africa. The Jews of the kingdom of Aragon fled to other Christian areas, including Italy, rather than to Muslim lands, as often assumed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Although the vast majority of conversos simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture, a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret and gradually migrated throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the Alhambra Decree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgodsjuryinquisit0000murppage75_75]-69">[68]</a> The most intense period of persecution of conversos lasted until 1530. From 1531 to 1560, the percentage of conversos among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. There was a rebound of persecutions when a group of crypto-Jews was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Quintanar_de_la_Orden" title="Quintanar de la Orden">Quintanar de la Orden</a> in 1588, and there was a rise in denunciations of conversos in the last decade of the sixteenth century. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some conversos who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain, fleeing the persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>, founded in 1536. This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto-Jews, among them numerous important financiers. In 1691, during a number of <a href="/wiki/Autos-da-f%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Autos-da-fé">autos de fé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, 37 chuetas, or conversos of Majorca, were burned.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> During the eighteenth century, the number of conversos accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly. Manuel Santiago Vivar, tried in Córdoba in 1818, was the last person tried for being a crypto-Jew.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expulsion_of_Moriscos_and_Morisco_conversos">Expulsion of Moriscos and Morisco conversos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Moriscos and Morisco conversos">edit</a>]</div> The Inquisition searched for false or relapsed converts among the <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a>, who had converted from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Beginning with a decree on 14 February 1502, Muslims in Granada had to choose between conversion to Christianity or expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-Prien2012-4">[4]</a> In the Crown of Aragon, most Muslims faced this choice after the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Brotherhoods" title="Revolt of the Brotherhoods">Revolt of the Brotherhoods</a> (1519–1523). The enforcement of the expulsion of the Moriscos was implemented unevenly, especially in the lands of the interior and the north. In these regions, coexistence had lasted for over five centuries and Moriscos were protected by the population; in many cases, expulsion orders were partially or completely ignored.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)">War of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71), a general Muslim/Morisco uprising in Granada that expected to aid Ottoman disembarkation in the peninsula, ended in a forced dispersal of about half of the region's Moriscos throughout Castile and Andalusia as well as increased suspicions by Spanish authorities against this community. Many Moriscos were suspected of practising Islam in secret, and the jealousy with which they guarded the privacy of their domestic life prevented the verification of this suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Initially, they were not severely persecuted by the Inquisition, experiencing instead a policy of evangelization,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> a policy not followed by those conversos who were suspected of being crypto-Jews. There were various reasons for this. In the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon, a large number of the Moriscos were under the jurisdiction of the nobility, and persecution would have been viewed as a frontal assault on the economic interests of this powerful social class. Most importantly, the moriscos had integrated into Spanish society significantly better than the Jews, intermarrying with the population often, and were not seen as a foreign element, especially in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Still, fears ran high among the population that the Moriscos were traitorous, especially in Granada. <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirate">Barbary pirates</a> backed by Spain’s enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, regularly raided the coast, and the Moriscos were suspected of aiding them. In the second half of the century, late in the reign of Philip II, conditions worsened between <a href="/wiki/Old_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Christians">Old Christians</a> and Moriscos. The <a href="/wiki/Morisco_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco Revolt">Morisco Revolt</a> in Granada in 1568–1570 was harshly suppressed, and the Inquisition intensified its attention on the Moriscos. From 1570, Morisco cases became predominant in the tribunals of <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Valencia, and Granada; in the tribunal of Granada, between 1560 and 1571, 82% of those accused were Moriscos, who were a vast majority of the Kingdom's population.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Still, the Moriscos did not experience the same harshness as Judaizing conversos and Protestants, and the number of capital punishments was proportionally less.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 1609, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>, upon the advice of his financial adviser the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Lerma">Duke of Lerma</a> and Archbishop of Valencia <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ribera" title="Juan de Ribera">Juan de Ribera</a>, decreed the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a>. Hundreds of thousands of Moriscos were expelled. This was further fueled by the religious intolerance of Archbishop Ribera, who quoted the Old Testament texts ordering the enemies of God to be slain without mercy and setting forth the duties of kings to extirpate them.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The edict required: "The <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> to depart, under the pain of death and confiscation, without trial or sentence... to take with them no money, bullion, jewels or bills of exchange.... just what they could carry."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Although initial estimates of the number expelled, such as those of Henri Lapeyre, reach 300,000 Moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion in much of Spain has been increasingly challenged by modern historians such as Trevor J. Dadson.<a href="#cite_note-bibliotecaspublicas.es-80">[79]</a> Nevertheless, the eastern region of Valencia, where ethnic tensions were high, was particularly affected by the expulsion, suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory. Of those permanently expelled, the majority finally settled in the Maghreb or the Barbary coast.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return were gradually absorbed by the dominant culture.<a href="#cite_note-Susan_M_2008-82">[81]</a> The Inquisition pursued some trials against Moriscos who remained or returned after expulsion: at the height of the Inquisition, cases against Moriscos are estimated to have constituted less than 10 percent of those judged by the Inquisition. Upon the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> in 1621, the new king gave the order to desist from attempting to impose measures on the remaining Moriscos and returnees. In September 1628, the Council of the Supreme Inquisition ordered inquisitors in Seville not to prosecute expelled Moriscos "unless they cause significant commotion."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices occurred in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, the indigenous practice of Islam is considered to have been effectively extinguished in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_heretics">Christian heretics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christian heretics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anneken_Hendriks,_Dam,_Amsterdam,_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/220px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/330px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg/440px-Anneken_Hendriks%2C_Dam%2C_Amsterdam%2C_by_Jan_Luyken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>The burning of a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a>, Anneken Hendriks, who was charged with heresy in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (1571)</figcaption></figure> Despite popular myths about the Spanish Inquisition relating to Protestants, it dealt with very few cases involving actual Protestants, as there were so few in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Lutheran was a portmanteau accusation used by the Inquisition to act against all those who acted in a way that was offensive to the church. The first of the trials against those labeled by the Inquisition as "Lutheran" were those against the sect of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Alumbrados" title="Alumbrados">Alumbrados</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara (province)">Guadalajara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>. These trials were long and ended with prison sentences of differing lengths, though no person in the sect faced execution. The subject of the "Alumbrados" put the Inquisition on the trail of many intellectuals and clerics who, interested in <a href="/wiki/Erasmian" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmian">Erasmian</a> ideas, had strayed from orthodoxy. Both Charles I and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> were confessed admirers of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The first trials against <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> groups, as such, took place between 1558 and 1562, at the beginning of the reign of Philip II, against two communities of Protestants from the cities of Valladolid and Seville, numbering about 120.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The trials signaled a notable intensification of the Inquisition's activities. A number of <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">autos de fé</a> were held, some of them presided over by members of the royal family, and around 100 executions took place.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The autos de fé of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism, which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> After 1562, though the trials continued, the repression was much reduced. In the last decades of the 16th century, approximately 200 Spaniards were accused of being Protestant. <blockquote>Most of them were in no sense Protestants ... Irreligious sentiments, drunken mockery, anticlerical expressions, were all captiously classified by the inquisitors (or by those who denounced the cases) as "Lutheran." Disrespect to church images, and eating meat on forbidden days, were taken as signs of heresy...<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </blockquote> It is estimated that a dozen Protestant Spaniards were burned alive in the later part of the sixteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Protestantism was treated as a marker to identify agents of foreign powers and symptoms of political disloyalty as much as, if not more than, a cause of prosecution in itself.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_Christianity">Orthodox Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish Inquisition">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Even though the Inquisition may have had theoretical permission to investigate Orthodox schismatics, it rarely did. There was no major war between Spain and any Orthodox country, so there was no reason to do so. There was one casualty tortured by those "Jesuits" (though most likely <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>) who administered the Spanish Inquisition in North America, according to authorities within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>: St. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Aleut" title="Peter the Aleut">Peter the Aleut</a>. Even that single report has various numbers of inaccuracies that make it problematic, and has no confirmation in the Inquisitorial archives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witchcraft_and_superstition">Witchcraft and superstition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Witchcraft and superstition">edit</a>]</div> The category "superstitions" includes trials related to <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. The witch-hunt in Spain had much less intensity than in other European countries (particularly France, Scotland, and Germany). One remarkable case was <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Logroño witch trials">that of Logroño</a>, in which the witches of <a href="/wiki/Zugarramurdi" title="Zugarramurdi">Zugarramurdi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> were persecuted. During the <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto de fé</a> that took place in Logroño on 7 and 8 November 1610, six people were burned and another five burned in <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The role of the Inquisition in cases of witchcraft was much more restricted than is commonly believed. Well after the foundation of the Inquisition, jurisdiction over sorcery and witchcraft remained in secular hands.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In general, the Spanish Inquisition maintained a skeptical attitude towards cases of witchcraft, considering it as a mere superstition without any basis. <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Salazar_Frias" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Salazar Frias">Alonso de Salazar Frías</a>, who took the Edict of Faith to various parts of Navarre after the trials of Logroño, noted in his report to the Suprema that "there were neither witches nor bewitched in a village until they were talked and written about".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blasphemy">Blasphemy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Blasphemy">edit</a>]</div> Included under the rubric of heretical propositions were verbal offences, from outright <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> to questionable statements regarding religious beliefs, from issues of sexual morality to misbehaviour of the clergy. Many were brought to trial for affirming that simple fornication (sex between unmarried persons) was not a sin or for putting in doubt different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith, such as <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a> or the virginity of <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Also, members of the clergy themselves were occasionally accused of heretical propositions. These offences rarely led to severe penalties.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sodomy">Sodomy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sodomy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> granted the Inquisition jurisdiction over sodomy within Aragon in 1524 in response to a petition from the Saragossa tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The Inquisition in Castile declined to take the same jurisdiction, making sodomy the only major crime with such a significant regional discrepancy. Even within Aragon, the treatment of sodomy varied significantly by region because the pope's decree required that it be prosecuted according to each area's local law.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> For instance, contemporaries considered the tribunal of the city of Zaragoza unusually harsh.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The first person known to have been executed by the Inquisition for sodomy was a priest, Salvador Vidal, in 1541. Others convicted of sodomy received sentences including fines, burning in effigy, public whipping, and the galleys.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The first burning for sodomy took place in Valencia in 1572.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Kamen|1998|p=277-103">[102]</a> Sodomy was an expansive term; while a 1560 decision ruled that lesbian sex not involving a <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildo</a> could not be prosecuted as sodomy, bestiality routinely was, especially in Saragossa in the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Men might also be prosecuted based on accusations of engaging in heterosexual sodomy with their wives.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> For that time and place, the word "sodomy" covered several kinds of not procreative sexual acts denounced by the Church, like <a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">coitus interruptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal coitus</a> (whether heterosexual or homosexual), etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez200591-106">[105]</a> Those accused included 19% clergy, 6% nobles, 37% workers, 19% servants, and 18% soldiers and sailors.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Kamen|1998|p=277-103">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Nearly all of almost 500 cases of sodomy between persons concerned the relationship <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">between an older man and an adolescent</a>, often by coercion, with only a few cases where the couple were consenting <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> adults. About 100 of the total involved allegations of child abuse. Adolescents were typically punished more leniently than adults, but only when they were very young (approximately below the age of twelve) or when the case concerned rape did they have a chance to avoid punishment altogether.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Monter|1990|pp=276-299-107">[106]</a> Prosecutions for sodomy gradually declined, primarily due to decisions from the Suprema intended to reduce the publicity for sodomy cases. In 1579, public autos de fé ceased to include people convicted on sodomy charges unless they were sentenced to death; even the death sentences were excluded from public proclamation after 1610. In 1589, Aragon raised the minimum age for sodomy executions to 25, and by 1633, executions for sodomy had generally come to an end.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Monter|1990|pp=276-299-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Freemasonry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban of Freemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_eminenti_apostolatus" title="In eminenti apostolatus">In eminenti apostolatus</a></div> The Roman Catholic Church has regarded <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> as heretical since about 1738; the suspicion of Freemasonry was potentially a capital offence. Spanish Inquisition records reveal two prosecutions in Spain and only a few more throughout the Spanish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 1815, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_Mier_y_Campillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Javier de Mier y Campillo">Francisco Javier de Mier y Campillo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitor General">Inquisitor General</a> of the Spanish Inquisition and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Almer%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Almería">Bishop of Almería</a>, suppressed Freemasonry and denounced the lodges as "societies which lead to atheism, to sedition and to all errors and crimes."<a href="#cite_note-Denslow-109">[108]</a> He then instituted a purge during which <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> could be arrested on the charge of being "suspected of Freemasonry".<a href="#cite_note-Denslow-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> As one manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the Spanish Inquisition worked to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a> in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. Included in the Indices, at one point, were some of the great works of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a>, but most of the works were plays and religious in nature.<a href="#cite_note-BleibergIhrie1993-110">[109]</a> A number of religious writers who are today considered saints by the Catholic Church saw their works appear in the Indexes. At first, this might seem counter-intuitive or even nonsensical—how were these Spanish authors published in the first place if their texts were then prohibited by the Inquisition and placed in the Index? The answer lies in the process of publication and censorship in Early Modern Spain. Books in Early Modern Spain faced prepublication licensing and approval (which could include modification) by both secular and religious authorities. Once approved and published, the circulating text also faced the possibility of post-hoc censorship by being denounced by the Inquisition—sometimes decades later. Likewise, as Catholic theology evolved, once-prohibited texts might be removed from the Index. At first, inclusion in the Index meant total prohibition of a text. This proved not only impractical but also contrary to the goals of having a literate and well-educated clergy. In time, a compromise solution was adopted in which trusted Inquisition officials blotted out words, lines, or whole passages of otherwise acceptable texts, thus allowing these expurgated editions to circulate. Although, in theory, the Indexes imposed enormous restrictions on the diffusion of culture in Spain, some historians argue that such strict control was impossible in practice and that there was much more liberty in this respect than is often believed. Irving Leonard has conclusively demonstrated that, despite repeated royal prohibitions, romances of chivalry, such as <a href="/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadis de Gaula">Amadis of Gaul</a>, found their way to the New World with the blessing of the Inquisition. Moreover, with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century, increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted. Despite the repeated publication of the Indexes and a large bureaucracy of censors, the activities of the Inquisition did not impede the development of Spanish literature's "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Siglo de Oro</a>", although almost all of its major authors crossed paths with the Holy Office at one point or another. Among the Spanish authors included in the Index are <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Torres_Naharro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé Torres Naharro">Bartolomé Torres Naharro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Enzina" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan del Enzina">Juan del Enzina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Montemayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge de Montemayor">Jorge de Montemayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, as well as the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a> and the Cancionero General by Hernando del Castillo. <a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a>, which was not included in the Indexes of the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, was expurgated in 1632 and prohibited in its entirety in 1790. Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariosto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariosto">Ariosto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Naboth#cite_note-13" title="Valentin Naboth">Valentine Naibod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (known in Spain as Tomás Moro). One of the most outstanding and best-known cases in which the Inquisition directly confronted literary activity is that of <a href="/wiki/Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Luis de León">Fray Luis de León</a>, noted humanist and religious writer of converso origin, who was imprisoned for four years (from 1572 to 1576) for having translated the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> directly from Hebrew. One of the major effects of the Inquisition was to end free thought and scientific thought in Spain. As one contemporary Spaniard in exile put it: "Our country is a land of pride and envy ... <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarism</a>; down there one cannot produce any culture without being suspected of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, error and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Thus silence was imposed on the learned."<a href="#cite_note-Walkley2010-111">[110]</a> For the next few centuries, while the rest of Europe was slowly awakened by the influence of the Enlightenment, Spain stagnated.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> This conclusion is contested.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of books was very ineffective and prohibited books circulated in Spain without significant problems. The Spanish Inquisition never persecuted scientists, and relatively few scientific books were placed on the Index. On the other hand, Spain was a state with more political freedom than other absolute monarchies in the 16th to 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The apparent paradox is explained by both the <a href="/wiki/Hermeticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeticist">hermeticist</a> religious ideas of the Spanish church and monarchy and the budding seed of what would become <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutism</a> taking shape in Spain. The list of banned books was not, as interpreted sometimes, a list of evil books but a list of books that lay people were very likely to misinterpret. The presence of highly symbolical and high-quality literature on the list was so explained. These metaphorical or parable-sounding books were listed as not meant for free circulation, but there might be no objections to the book itself and the circulation among scholars was mostly free. Most of these books were carefully collected by the elite. The practical totality of the prohibited books can be found now, as then, in the library of the <a href="/wiki/Monasterio_del_Escorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasterio del Escorial">Monasterio del Escorial</a>, carefully collected by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>. The collection was "public" after Philip II's death and members of universities, intellectuals, courtesans, clergy, and certain branches of the nobility didn't have too many problems accessing them and commissioning authorised copies. The Inquisition has not been known to make any serious attempt to stop this for all the books, but there are some records of them "suggesting" the King of Spain to stop collecting grimoires or magic-related ones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_marriage">Family and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Family and marriage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bigamy">Bigamy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bigamy">edit</a>]</div> The Inquisition also pursued offences against morals and general social order, at times in open conflict with the jurisdictions of civil tribunals. In particular, there were trials for <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, a relatively frequent offence<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> in a society that only permitted divorce under the most extreme circumstances. In the case of men, the penalty was two hundred lashes and five to ten years of "service to the Crown". Said service could be whatever the court deemed most beneficial for the nation, but it usually was either five years as an oarsman in a royal <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> for those without any qualification<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> (possibly a death sentence)<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> or ten years working maintained but without salary in a public Hospital or charitable institution of the sort for those with some special skill, such as doctors, surgeons, or lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The penalty was five to seven years as an oarsman in the case of Portugal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unnatural_marriage">Unnatural marriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unnatural marriage">edit</a>]</div> Under the category of "unnatural marriage" fell any marriage or attempted marriage between two individuals who could not procreate. The Catholic Church, in general, and in a nation constantly at war like Spain,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> emphasised the reproductive goal of marriage. The Spanish Inquisition's policy in this regard was restrictive but applied in a very egalitarian way. It considered any non-reproductive marriage unnatural and any reproductive marriage natural, regardless of gender or sex involved. The two forms of obvious male sterility were either due to damage to the genitals through castration or accidental wounding at war (capón) or to some genetic condition that might keep the man from completing puberty (lampiño). Female sterility was also a reason to declare a marriage unnatural but was harder to prove. One case that dealt with marriage, sex, and gender was the trial of <a href="/wiki/Eleno_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Eleno de Céspedes">Eleno de Céspedes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-religious_crimes">Non-religious crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-religious crimes">edit</a>]</div> Despite popular belief, the role of the Inquisition as a mainly religious institution is contested. Its main function was that of private police for the Crown, with jurisdiction to enforce the law in those crimes that took place in the private sphere of life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The notion of religion and civil law being separate is a modern construction and made no sense in the 15th century, so there was no difference between breaking a law regarding religion and breaking a law regarding tax collection. The difference between them is a modern projection the institution itself did not have. As such, the Inquisition was the prosecutor (in some cases the only prosecutor) of any crimes that could be perpetrated without the public taking notice (mainly domestic crimes, crimes against the weakest members of society, administrative crimes and forgeries, organized crime, and crimes against the Crown).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Examples include crimes associated with sexual or family relations such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a> (the Inquisition was the first and only body who punished it across the nation), <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> (often overlapping with sodomy), <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a> and (as discussed) <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>. Non-religious crimes also included <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>), <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>, forgery or falsification of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit currency">currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Document_forgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Document forgery">documents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Signature_forgery" title="Signature forgery">signatures</a>, tax <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> (many religious crimes were considered subdivisions of this one), illegal weapons, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swindle" class="extiw" title="wikt:swindle">swindles</a>, disrespect to the Crown or its institutions (the Inquisition included, but also the church, the guard, and the kings themselves), <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> for a foreign power, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a> The non-religious crimes processed by the Inquisition accounted for a considerable percentage of its total investigations and are often hard to separate in the statistics, even when documentation is available. The line between religious and non-religious crimes did not exist in 15th-century Spain as a legal concept. Many of the crimes listed here and some of the religious crimes listed in previous sections were contemplated under the same article. For example, "sodomy" included paedophilia as a subtype. Often, part of the data given for prosecution of male homosexuality corresponds to convictions for paedophilia, not adult homosexuality. In other cases, religious and non-religious crimes were seen as distinct but equivalent. The treatment of public blasphemy and street swindlers was similar (since both involved "misleading the public in a harmful way"). Making counterfeit currency and heretic proselytism were also treated similarly; both of them were punished by death and subdivided in similar ways since both were "spreading falsifications". In general, heresy and falsifications of material documents were treated similarly by the Spanish Inquisition, indicating that they may have been thought of as equivalent actions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a> Trials were often further complicated by the attempts of witnesses or victims to add further charges, especially <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. Like with <a href="/wiki/Eleno_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Eleno de Céspedes">Eleno de Céspedes</a>, charges for witchcraft done in this way, or in general, were quickly dismissed but they often show in the statistics as investigations made.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> Beyond its role in religious affairs, the Inquisition was also an institution at the service of the monarchy. The Inquisitor General, in charge of the Holy Office, was designated by the crown. The Inquisitor General was the only public office whose authority stretched to all the kingdoms of Spain (including the American viceroyalties), except for a brief period (1507–1518) during which there were two Inquisitors General, one in the kingdom of Castile, and the other in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg/220px-Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg/330px-Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg/440px-Auto_de_fe_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Auto de fé, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Viceroyalty of Peru (17th century)</figcaption></figure> The Inquisitor General presided over the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition (commonly abbreviated as "Council of the Suprema"), created in 1483, which was made up of six members named directly by the crown (the number of members of the Suprema varied throughout the Inquisition's history, but it was never more than ten). Over time, the authority of the Suprema grew at the expense of the power of the Inquisitor General. The Suprema met every morning, except for holidays, and for two hours in the afternoon on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. The morning sessions were devoted to questions of faith, while the afternoons were reserved for "minor heresies"<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> cases of perceived unacceptable sexual behavior, <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Below the Suprema were the various tribunals of the Inquisition, initially itinerant, which installed themselves where they were necessary to combat heresy but later settled in fixed locations. During the first phase, numerous tribunals were established, but the period after 1495 saw a marked tendency towards centralization. In the kingdom of Castile, the following permanent tribunals of the Inquisition were established: <ul><li>1482 In <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a></li> <li>1485 In <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz" title="Llerena, Badajoz">Llerena</a></li> <li>1488 In <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></li> <li>1489 In <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a></li> <li>1505 In <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li>1512 In <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></li> <li>1526 In <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></li> <li>1574 In <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></li></ul> There were only four tribunals in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a> (1482), <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (1484), and <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> (1488).<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand the Catholic">Ferdinand the Catholic</a> also established the Spanish Inquisition in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (1513), housed in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In the Americas, tribunals were established in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (1569) and, in 1610, in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_the_tribunals">Composition of the tribunals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Composition of the tribunals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg/220px-Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg/330px-Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg/440px-Estructura_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the Spanish Inquisition</figcaption></figure> Initially, each of the tribunals included two inquisitors, calificadors (qualifiers), an alguacil (bailiff), and a fiscal (prosecutor); new positions were added as the institution matured. The inquisitors were preferably jurists more than theologians; in 1608, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> even stipulated that all inquisitors needed to have a background in law. The inquisitors rarely remained in the position for a long time: for the Court of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a>, for example, the average tenure in the position was about two years.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Most of the inquisitors belonged to the secular clergy (priests who were not members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a>) and had a university education. The fiscal was in charge of presenting the accusation, investigating the denunciations, and interrogating the witnesses by the use of physical and mental torture. The calificadores were generally theologians; it fell to them to determine whether the defendant's conduct added up to a crime against the faith. Consultants were expert jurists who advised the court on questions of procedure. The court had, in addition, three secretaries: the notario de secuestros (Notary of Property), who registered the goods of the accused at the moment of his detention; the notario del secreto (Notary of the Secret), who recorded the testimony of the defendant and the witnesses; and the Escribano General (General Notary), secretary of the court. The alguacil was the executive arm of the court, responsible for detaining, jailing, and physically torturing the defendant. Other civil employees were the nuncio, ordered to spread official notices of the court, and the alcaide, the jailer in charge of feeding the prisoners. In addition to the members of the court, two auxiliary figures existed that collaborated with the Holy Office: the familiares and the comissarios (commissioners). Familiares were lay collaborators of the Inquisition who had to be permanently at the service of the Holy Office. To become a familiar was considered an honor since it was a public recognition of <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a>—Old Christian status—and brought with it certain additional privileges. Although many nobles held the position, most of the familiares came from the ranks of commoners. The commissioners, on the other hand, were members of the religious orders who collaborated occasionally with the Holy Office. One of the most striking aspects of the organization of the Inquisition was its form of financing: devoid of its own budget, the Inquisition depended almost exclusively on the confiscation of the goods of the denounced.<a href="#cite_note-:4-126">[125]</a> It is not surprising, therefore, that many of those prosecuted were rich men. That the situation was open to abuse is evident, as stands out in the memorandum that a converso from <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> directed to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a>: <blockquote>Your Majesty must provide, before all else, that the expenses of the Holy Office do not come from the properties of the condemned, because if that is the case if they do not burn they do not eat.<a href="#cite_note-:4-126">[125]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mode_of_operation">Mode of operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mode of operation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusation">Accusation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Accusation">edit</a>]</div> When the Inquisition arrived in a city, the first step was the Edict of Grace. Following the Sunday Mass, the Inquisitor would proceed to read the edict, which described possible heresies and encouraged all the congregation to come to the tribunals of the Inquisition to "relieve their consciences". They were called Edicts of Grace because all the self-incriminated who presented themselves within a period of grace (usually ranging from thirty to forty days) were offered the possibility of reconciliation with the Church without severe punishment.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135,_136-128">[127]</a> The promise of benevolence was effective, and many voluntarily presented themselves to the Inquisition. These were encouraged to denounce others who had also committed offences, informants being the Inquisition's primary source of information. After about 1500, the Edicts of Grace were replaced by the Edicts of Faith, which left out the grace period and instead encouraged the denunciation of those deemed guilty.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The denunciations were anonymous, and the defendants had no way of knowing the identities of their accusers. This was one of the points most criticized by those who opposed the Inquisition. In practice, false denunciations were frequent. Denunciations were made for a variety of reasons apart from genuine concern. Some just went after non-conformists. Others wished to hurt a neighbor or get rid of an opponent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005139,_140-130">[129]</a> This method turned everyone into an agent of the Inquisition and made everyone aware that a simple word or deed could bring them before the tribunal. Denunciation was elevated to the rank of a superior religious duty, filled the nation with spies, and made each individual an object of suspicion to their neighbor, family, and any strangers they might meet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELea190691_Volume_2-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detention">Detention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Detention">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mateo_Zapata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mateo_Zapata.jpg/220px-Mateo_Zapata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mateo_Zapata.jpg/330px-Mateo_Zapata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mateo_Zapata.jpg/440px-Mateo_Zapata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="4716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Mateo_Zapata" title="Diego Mateo Zapata">Diego Mateo López Zapata</a> in his cell before his trial by the Inquisition Court of Cuenca (engraved by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>)</figcaption></figure> After a denunciation, the case was examined by the calificadores, who had to determine whether there was heresy involved. This was followed by the detention of the accused. In practice, many were detained in preventive custody, and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred, lasting up to two years before the calificadores examined the case.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Detention of the accused entailed the preventive sequestration of their property by the Inquisition. The property of the prisoner was used to pay for procedural expenses and the accused's maintenance and costs. Often, the relatives of the defendant found themselves in outright misery. This situation was remedied only by following instructions written in 1561.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> However, Llorente, despite having consulted numerous records of old Inquisition proceedings, did not find any record of such an agreement in favor of the children of condemned heretics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930173-134">[133]</a> Some authors, such as apologist <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Walsh" title="William Thomas Walsh">William Thomas Walsh</a>, stated that the entire process was undertaken with the utmost secrecy, as much for the public as for the accused, who were not informed about the accusations that were levied against them. Months or even years could pass without the accused being informed about why they were imprisoned. The prisoners remained isolated, and, during this time, they were not allowed to attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> nor receive the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>. The jails of the Inquisition were no worse than those of secular authorities, and there are even certain testimonies that occasionally they were much better.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> According to William Walsh, the miseries of the Jews "are not the result, fundamentally, of the hatred and misunderstanding of others, but the consequence of their own stubborn <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus#Rejection_as_the_Jewish_messiah" title="Rejection of Jesus">rejection</a> of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ".<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trial">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg/280px-An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg/420px-An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg/560px-An_interrogation_room_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition_with_two_pr_Wellcome_V0041642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="2291" /></a><figcaption>Two priests and a suspected heretic in a Spanish Inquisition interrogation chamber (<a href="/wiki/Bernard_Picart" title="Bernard Picart">Bernard Picart</a>'s engraving, 1722). In contrast to the Inquisitor's armchair, Eymeric's manual suggests that the accused be sat on a low bench.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200169–70-137">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> The inquisitorial process consisted of a series of hearings in which both the denouncers and the defendant gave separate testimony. A <a href="/wiki/Defense_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense counsel">defense counsel</a>, a so-called lawyer, a member of the tribunal itself, was assigned to the defendant; his role was simply to advise the accused and to encourage them to speak the truth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was obliged to renounce the defense at the moment when he realized his client's guilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930195-138">[137]</a> The prosecution was directed by the fiscal. Interrogation of the defendant was done in the presence of the notario del secreto, who meticulously wrote down the words of the accused. The archives of the Inquisition, in comparison to those of other judicial systems of the era, are striking in the completeness of their documentation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To defend themselves, the accused had two main choices: abonos (to find favourable and character witnesses) or tachas (to demonstrate that the witnesses of accusers — whose identity he did not know — were not trustworthy, and were his personal enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXIV-139">[138]</a> The structure of the trials was similar to modern trials and, according to apologists, advanced for the time with regard to fairness. The Inquisition, "professional and efficient", was dependent on the political power of the King. The lack of separation of powers allows for assuming questionable fairness in certain scenarios. The fairness of the Inquisitorial tribunals is alleged by apologists to be among the best in early modern Europe when it came to the trial of laymen.<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> There are also testimonies by former prisoners that, if believed, suggest that said fairness was less than ideal when national or political interests were involved.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ullmann" title="Walter Ullmann">Walter Ullmann</a> thinks very different: <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>There is hardly one item in the whole Inquisitorial procedure that could be squared with the demands of justice; on the contrary, every one of its items is the denial of justice or a hideous caricature of it [...] its principles are the very denial of the demands made by the most primitive concepts of natural justice [...] This kind of proceeding has no longer any semblance to a judicial trial but is rather its systematic and methodical perversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200161-62-143">[142]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition,_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg/220px-The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg/330px-The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg/440px-The_inside_of_a_jail_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition%2C_with_a_prie_Wellcome_V0041650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>A fictional scene of a jail of the Spanish Inquisition, with a priest supervising his scribe while men and women are suspended from pulleys, tortured on the rack or burnt with torches (Etching, date unknown)</figcaption></figure> To obtain a confession or information relevant to an investigation, the Inquisition used <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, as prescribed in the instrucciones. It is impossible to determine with any degree of accuracy the number of cases in which it was employed during the Inquisition's existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELea190632-33_Volume_III-144">[143]</a> Torture would be applied if the alleged heresy was "half proven" and could be repeated, according to Article XV of Torquemada's instructions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162-145">[144]</a> Henry Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610, the court of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> tortured approximately a third of those processed for Protestant heresy. Nearly all of the accused in several cases tried by the Lima tribunal between 1635 and 1639 appear to have been tortured; the Valladolid tribunal report for 1624 reveals that in eleven cases involving Jews and one involving a Protestant used torture; in 1655, all nine cases involving Jews employed torture.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The recently opened Vatican Archives suggest lower numbers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] "In truth," says Thomas Madden, "the Inquisition brought order, justice, and compassion to combat rampant secular and popular persecutions of heretics." And concludes: "The Spanish people loved their Inquisition. That is why it lasted for so long."<a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[139]</a> In other periods, the proportions of torture varied remarkably. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture">Torture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Torture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg/220px-Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg/330px-Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg/440px-Museo_de_la_Tortura_Toledo_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A rack on display at the Torture Museum in Toledo, Spain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Water_cure.jpg/220px-Water_cure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Water_cure.jpg/330px-Water_cure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Water_cure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>An engraved depiction of water torture (1556)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg/220px-Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg/330px-Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Theresiana-Hochziehen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>In the strappado torture, the victim's hands are tied behind their back and the body is suspended by the wrists, resulting in dislocated shoulders. Weights can be added to the feet (engraving, 1768)</figcaption></figure> Torture was employed in all civil and religious trials in Europe. The Spanish Inquisition allegedly used it more restrictively than was common at the time. Unlike both civil trials and other inquisitions, it had strict regulations in relation to when, what, whom, frequency, duration, and supervision.<a href="#cite_note-Bethencourt,_Francisco_1997-148">[147]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> According to some scholars, the Spanish Inquisition engaged in torture less often and with greater care than secular courts.<a href="#cite_note-Haliczer_79-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters,_Edward_pp._92-93-151">[150]</a> Kamen and other scholars cite the lack of evidence for the use of torture. Their conclusions are based on research uncovered in newly opened files of the Spanish Inquisition's archives. Stories of torture and other maltreatment of prisoners appear to have been based on Protestant propaganda as well as popular imagination and ignorance.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <ul><li>When: Torture was allowed when guilt was "half proven" or there existed a "presumption of guilt", as stated in Article XV of Torquemada's instruciones and in Eymerich's directions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162,_197,198-153">[152]</a> However, Eymerich admits that information obtained through torment was not always reliable, and should be used only when all other means of obtaining "the truth" had failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930198-154">[153]</a></li> <li>What: The Spanish Inquisition was not permitted to "maim, mutilate, draw blood or cause any sort of permanent damage" to the prisoner. Ecclesiastical tribunals were prohibited by church law from shedding blood. As a result of torture, many had broken limbs, or other definitive health problems, and some died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191-155">[154]</a></li> <li>Supervision: A Physician was usually available in case of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Kamen2-156">[155]</a> It was also required for a doctor to certify that the prisoner was healthy enough to go through the torment without suffering harm,<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> which of course happened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191-155">[154]</a></li></ul> Among the methods of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> allowed were garrucha, toca, and the potro (which were all used in other secular and ecclesiastical tribunals).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191-155">[154]</a> The application of the garrucha, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a>, consisted of suspending the victim from the ceiling by the wrists, which are tied behind the back. Sometimes weights were tied to the feet, with a series of lifts and violent drops, during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The use of the toca (cloth), also called interrogatorio mejorado del agua (enhanced <a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)" title="Water cure (torture)">water interrogation</a>), now known as <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>, is better documented. It consisted of forcing the victim to ingest water poured from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1959171-159">[158]</a> The potro, the <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">rack</a>, in which the limbs were slowly pulled apart, was thought to be the instrument of torture used most frequently.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The assertion that confessionem esse veram, non factam vi tormentorum (literally: '[a person's] confession is truth, not made by way of torture') sometimes follows a description of how, after torture had ended, the subject "freely" confessed to the offences.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In practice, those who recanted confessions made during torture knew that they could be tortured again. Under torture, or even harsh interrogation, comments Cullen Murphy, people will say anything.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXV-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201289-163">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_D%C3%A9licieux" title="Bernard Délicieux">Bernard Délicieux</a>, the Franciscan friar who was tortured by the Inquisition and ultimately died in prison as a result of the abuse, said the Inquisition's tactics would have proved <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a> to be heretics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott195932-164">[163]</a> Once the process concluded, the inquisitors met with a representative of the bishop and with the consultores (consultants), experts in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a> (but not necessarily clergy themselves), which was called the consulta de fe (faith consultation/religion check). The case was voted and sentence pronounced, which had to be unanimous. In case of discrepancies, the Suprema had to be informed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentencing">Sentencing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sentencing">edit</a>]</div> The results of the trial could be the following: <ol><li>Although quite rare in actual practice, the defendant could be acquitted, but an acquittal was interpreted as a dishonourable reflection on the inquisitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201958-165">[164]</a></li> <li>The trial could be suspended, in which case the defendant, although under suspicion, went free (with the threat that the process could be reopened at any time). In the unusual instance of a defendant being declared not guilty during the trial, the decision was made in private.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-166">[165]</a></li> <li>The defendant could be penanced. Since they were considered guilty, they had to publicly abjure their crimes (de levi if it was a misdemeanor, and de vehementi if the crime were serious), and accept a public punishment. Among these were <a href="/wiki/Sanbenito" title="Sanbenito">sanbenito</a>, forced church attendance, exile, scourging, fines or even sentencing to service as oarsmen in royal <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-46-167">[166]</a></li> <li>The defendant could be reconciled. In addition to the public ceremony in which the condemned was reconciled with the Catholic Church, more severe punishments were used, among them long sentences to jail or the galleys, plus the confiscation of all property. Physical punishments, such as whipping, were also used. The reconciled were prohibited from working as advocates, landlords, apothecaries, doctors, surgeons, and other professions. They were banned from carrying weapons, wearing jewelry or gold, and from riding horses. The restrictions also applied to the offspring of the convicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-46-167">[166]</a></li> <li>The most serious punishment was relaxation to the <a href="/wiki/Secular_arm" title="Secular arm">secular arm</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning at the stake</a>. This penalty was frequently applied to impenitent heretics and those who had relapsed. Execution was public. If the condemned repented, they were "shown mercy" by being <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garroted</a> before their corpse was burned; if not, they were burned alive. The victims were handed over to the secular authorities, who had no access to the process; they only administered the sentences and were obliged to do so on pain of heresy and excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELea1906183-185_Volume_III-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaliczer199083-85-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201946-170">[169]</a> </li></ol> Frequently, cases were judged in absentia. When the accused died before the trial finished, the condemned were burned in effigy. The death of an accused did not extinguish the inquisitorial actions, even up to forty years after the death. When it was considered proven that the deceased were heretics in their lifetime, their corpses were exhumed and burned, their property confiscated and the heirs disinherited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930169-172,_222,_277-279,_432-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XIV-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005136-173">[172]</a> The distribution of the punishments varied considerably over time. It is believed that sentences of death were enforced most frequently in the early stages of the Inquisition. According to García Cárcel, one of the most active courts—the court of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a>—employed the death penalty in 40% of cases before 1530, but later that percentage dropped to 3%.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> By the middle of the 16th century, inquisition courts viewed torture as unnecessary, and death sentences had become rare.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auto_de_fé">Auto de fé</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Auto de fé">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg/220px-Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg/330px-Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg/440px-Francisco_rizi-auto_de_fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Rizi's 1683 painting of the 1680 auto de fé, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Madrid" title="Plaza Mayor, Madrid">Plaza Mayor</a> in Madrid</figcaption></figure> If the sentence was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condemnatory" class="extiw" title="wikt:condemnatory">condemnatory</a>, this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fé (more commonly known in English as an auto-da-fé) that solemnized their return to the Church (in most cases), or punishment as an impenitent heretic. The autos de fé could be public (auto publico or auto general) or private (auto particular). Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators, with time they became expensive and solemn ceremonies, a display of the great power shared by the Church and the State, celebrated with large public crowds, amidst a festive atmosphere. The auto de fé eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> spectacle, with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators. The autos were conducted in a large public space (frequently in the largest plaza of the city), generally on holidays. The rituals related to the auto began the previous night (the "procession of the Green Cross") and sometimes lasted the whole day.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930270-280-177">[176]</a> The auto de fé frequently was taken to the canvas by painters: one of the better-known examples is the 1683 painting by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rizi" title="Francisco Rizi">Francisco Rizi</a>, held by the <a href="/wiki/Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado">Prado</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> that represents the auto celebrated in the Plaza Mayor of Madrid on 30 June 1680. The last public auto de fé took place in 1691.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Execution of <a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Mariana de Carabajal</a> (converted Jew), Mexico City, 1601</figcaption></figure> The auto de fé involved a Catholic Mass, prayer, a public procession of those found guilty, and a reading of their sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198893–94-178">[177]</a> They took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours; ecclesiastical and civil authorities attended. Artistic representations of the auto de fé usually depict torture and the burning at the stake. This type of activity never took place during an auto de fé, which was in essence a religious act. Torture was not administered after a trial concluded, and executions were always held after and separate from the auto de fé,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> though in the minds and experiences of observers and those undergoing the confession and execution, the separation of the two might be experienced as merely a technicality. The first recorded auto de fé was held in Paris in 1242, during the reign of Louis IX.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The first Spanish auto de fé did not take place until 1481 in Seville; six of the men and women subjected to this first religious ritual were later executed. The Inquisition had limited power in Portugal, having been established in 1536 and officially lasting until 1821, although its influence was much weakened with the government of the <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a> in the second half of the 18th century. The Marquis, himself a familiar, transformed it into a royal court, and the heretics continued to be persecuted, as so the "high spirits".<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Autos de fé also took place in Mexico, Brazil and Peru: contemporary historians of the Conquistadors such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo record them. They also took place in the Portuguese colony of Goa, India, following the establishment of Inquisition there in 1562–1563.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlightenment_era_and_the_Inquisition's_transformation">Enlightenment era and the Inquisition's transformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Enlightenment era and the Inquisition's transformation">edit</a>]</div> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in Spain slowed inquisitorial activity. In the first half of the 18th century, 111 were condemned to be burned in person, and 117 in effigy, most of them for <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">judaizing</a>. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, there were 125 autos de fé, while in the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> only 44.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-An_auto_da_fe_in_the_Town_of_San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Otzolotepec_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Auto-da-fé, Viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> During the 18th century, the Inquisition changed: Enlightenment ideas were the closest threat that had to be fought. The main figures of the Spanish Enlightenment were in favour of the abolition of the Inquisition, and many were processed by the Holy Office, among them <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Olavide" title="Pablo de Olavide">Olavide</a>, in 1776; <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Iriarte_y_Oropesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa">Iriarte</a>, in 1779; and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a>, in 1796; Jovellanos sent a report to Charles IV in which he indicated the inefficiency of the Inquisition's courts and the ignorance of those who operated them: "... friars who take [the position] only to obtain gossip and exemption from the choir; who are ignorant of foreign languages, who only know a little <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic theology">scholastic theology</a>."<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In its new role, the Inquisition tried to accentuate its function of censoring publications but found that Charles III had secularized <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> procedures, and, on many occasions, the authorization of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a> hit the more intransigent position of the Inquisition. Since the Inquisition itself was an arm of the state, being within the Council of Castile, civil rather than ecclesiastical censorship usually prevailed. This loss of influence can also be explained because the foreign Enlightenment texts entered the peninsula through prominent members of the nobility or government,<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> influential people with whom it was very difficult to interfere. Thus, for example, <a href="/wiki/Diderot%27s_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot's Encyclopedia">Diderot's Encyclopedia</a> entered Spain thanks to special licenses granted by the king. After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> the Council of Castile, fearing that revolutionary ideas would penetrate Spain's borders, decided to reactivate the Holy Office that was directly charged with the persecution of French works. An Inquisition edict of December 1789, that received the full approval of Charles IV and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo,_conde_de_Floridablanca" class="mw-redirect" title="José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca">Floridablanca</a>, stated that: <blockquote>having news that several books have been scattered and promoted in these kingdoms... that, without being contented with the simple narration events of a seditious nature... seem to form a theoretical and practical code of independence from the legitimate powers.... destroying in this way the political and social order... the reading of thirty and nine French works is prohibited, under fine...<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></blockquote> The fight from within against the Inquisition was almost always clandestine. The first texts that questioned the Inquisition and praised the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> appeared in 1759. After the suspension of pre-publication censorship on the part of the Council of Castile in 1785, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/El_Censor" class="mw-redirect" title="El Censor">El Censor</a> began the publication of protests against the activities of the Holy Office by means of a rationalist critique. <a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Foronda" title="Valentin de Foronda">Valentin de Foronda</a> published Espíritu de los Mejores Diarios, a plea in favour of freedom of expression that was avidly read in the salons. Also, in the same vein, Manuel de Aguirre wrote On Toleration in El Censor, El Correo de los Ciegos and El Diario de Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Inquisition">End of the Inquisition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: End of the Inquisition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Penitenciado_por_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Inquisition" title="Peruvian Inquisition">Peruvian Inquisition</a>, based in Lima, ended in 1820</figcaption></figure> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a> (1788–1808), in spite of the fears that the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> provoked, several events accelerated the decline of the Inquisition. The state stopped being a mere social organizer and began to worry about the well-being of the public. As a result, the land-holding power of the Church was reconsidered, in the señoríos and more generally in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The power of the throne increased, under which <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers found better protection for their ideas. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godoy" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Antonio Alcalá Galiano">Antonio Alcalá Galiano</a> were openly hostile to an institution whose only role had been reduced to <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and was the very embodiment of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Black Legend</a>, internationally, and was not suitable to the political interests of the moment: <blockquote>The Inquisition? Its old power no longer exists: the horrible authority that this bloodthirsty court had exerted in other times was reduced... the Holy Office had come to be a species of commission for book censorship, nothing more...<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></blockquote> The Inquisition was first abolished during the domination of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1808–1812). In 1813, the liberal deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> also obtained its abolition,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> largely as a result of the Holy Office's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion. But the Inquisition was reconstituted when <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> recovered the throne on 1 July 1814. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Llorente" title="Juan Antonio Llorente">Juan Antonio Llorente</a>, who had been the Inquisition's general secretary in 1789, became a <a href="/wiki/Afrancesado" title="Afrancesado">Bonapartist</a> and published a critical history in 1817 from his French exile, based on his privileged access to its archives.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Possibly as a result of Llorente's criticisms, the Inquisition was once again temporarily abolished during the three-year Liberal interlude known as the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trienio liberal">Trienio liberal</a>, but still the old system had not yet had its last gasp. Later, during the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a>, the Inquisition was not formally re-established,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> although, de facto, it returned under the so-called Congregation of the Meetings of Faith (Juntas da Fé) , created in the dioceses by King Ferdinand VII. On 26 July 1826, the "Meetings of Faith" Congregation condemned and executed the school teacher <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll" title="Cayetano Ripoll">Cayetano Ripoll</a>, who thus became the last person known to be executed by the Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005100-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2014372–373-193">[192]</a> On that day, Ripoll was hanged in <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a>, for having taught <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> principles. This execution occurred against the backdrop of a European-wide scandal concerning the despotic attitudes still prevailing in Spain. Finally, on 15 July 1834, the Spanish Inquisition was definitively abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a>, Ferdinand VII's liberal widow, during the <a href="/wiki/Minority_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority of Isabella II of Spain">minority</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Rosa" title="Francisco Martínez de la Rosa">Francisco Martínez de la Rosa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> that had expelled the Jews was formally rescinded on 16 December 1968 by the Spanish dictator, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> rejected the idea that Jews are <a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">deicides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The prohibitions, <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> and eventual Jewish mass emigration from Spain and Portugal probably had adverse effects on the development of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spanish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portuguese economy</a>. Jews and Non-Catholic Christians reportedly had substantially better numerical skills than the Catholic majority, which might be due to the Jewish religious <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, which focused strongly on education. Even when Jews were forced to quit their highly skilled urban occupations, their <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> advantage persisted. However, during the inquisition, spillover-effects of these skills were rare because of forced separation and Jewish emigration, which was detrimental for <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Outcomes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confiscations">Confiscations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Confiscations">edit</a>]</div> It is unknown exactly how much wealth was confiscated from converted Jews and others tried by the Inquisition. Wealth confiscated in one year of persecution in the small town of Guadaloupe paid the costs of building a royal residence.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> There are numerous records of the opinion of ordinary Spaniards of the time that "the Inquisition was devised simply to rob people". "They were burnt only for the money they had", a resident of Cuenca averred. "They burn only the well-off", said another. In 1504 an accused stated, "only the rich were burnt". In 1484 Catalina de Zamora was accused of asserting that "this Inquisition that the fathers are carrying out is as much for taking property from the conversos as for defending the faith. It is the goods that are the heretics." This saying passed into common usage in Spain. In 1524 a treasurer informed Charles V that his predecessor had received ten million ducats from the conversos, but the figure is unverified. In 1592 an inquisitor admitted that most of the fifty women he arrested were rich. In 1676, the Suprema claimed it had confiscated over 700,000 ducats for the royal treasury (which was paid money only after the Inquisition's own budget, amounting in one known case to only 5%). The property on Mallorca alone in 1678 was worth "well over 2,500,000 ducats".<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_tolls_and_sentenced">Death tolls and sentenced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Death tolls and sentenced">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg/220px-Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg/330px-Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg/440px-Contemporary_illustration_of_the_Auto-da-fe_held_at_Validolid_Spain_21-05-1559..jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary illustration of the auto de fé of <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on 21 May 1559</figcaption></figure> García Cárcel estimates that the total number prosecuted by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000; applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of 1560–1700—about 2%—the approximate total would be about 3,000 put to death. Nevertheless, some authors consider that the toll may have been higher, keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and García Cárcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia, respectively, and estimate between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Levack,_Brian_P._1995-1">[1]</a> Other authors disagree and estimate a max death toll between 1% and 5%, (depending on the time span used) combining all the processes the inquisition carried, both religious and non-religious ones.<a href="#cite_note-Bethencourt,_Francisco_1997-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> In either case, this is significantly lower than the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe#Numbers_of_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">number</a> of people executed exclusively <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">for witchcraft in other parts of Europe</a> during about the same time span as the Spanish Inquisition (estimated at c. 40,000–60,000).<a href="#cite_note-Levack,_Brian_P._1995-1">[1]</a> Modern historians have begun to study the documentary records of the Inquisition. The archives of the Suprema, today held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Archive_(Spain)" title="National Historical Archive (Spain)">National Historical Archive of Spain</a> (Archivo Histórico Nacional), conserves the annual relations of all processes between 1540 and 1700. This material provides information for approximately 44,674 judgments. These 44,674 cases include 826 executions in persona and 778 in effigie (i.e. an effigy was burned). This material is far from being complete—for example, the tribunal of Cuenca is entirely omitted, because no relaciones de causas from this tribunal have been found, and significant gaps concern some other tribunals (e.g., Valladolid). Many more cases not reported to the Suprema are known from the other sources (i.e., no relaciones de causas from Cuenca have been found, but its original records have been preserved), but were not included in Contreras-Henningsen's statistics for the methodological reasons.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> William Monter estimates 1000 executions between 1530 and 1630 and 250 between 1630 and 1730.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The archives of the Suprema only provide information about processes prior to 1560. To study the processes themselves, it is necessary to examine the archives of the local tribunals, the majority of which have been lost to the devastation of war, the ravages of time or other events. Some archives have survived including those of Toledo, where 12,000 were judged for offences related to heresy, mainly minor "blasphemy", and those of Valencia.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> These indicate that the Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530 and that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more significant than in the years that followed. Modern estimates show approximately 2,000 executions in persona in the whole of Spain up to 1530.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics_for_the_period_1540–1700">Statistics for the period 1540–1700</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Statistics for the period 1540–1700">edit</a>]</div> The statistics of Henningsen and Contreras are based entirely on relaciones de causas. The number of years for which cases are documented varies for different tribunals. Data for the Aragonese Secretariat are probably complete, some small lacunae may concern only Valencia and possibly Sardinia and Cartagena, but the numbers for Castilian Secretariat—except Canaries and Galicia—should be considered as minimal due to gaps in the documentation. In some cases it is remarked that the number does not concern the whole period 1540–1700. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Tribunal </th> <th colspan="4">Documented by Henningsen and Contreras </th> <th colspan="2">Estimated totals </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Years documented<a href="#cite_note-Henningsen84-204">[203]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Number of cases<a href="#cite_note-Henningsen-205">[204]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Executions<a href="#cite_note-Henningsen-205">[204]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Trials<a href="#cite_note-Henningsen84-204">[203]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Executions in persona </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number">in persona </th> <th data-sort-type="number">in effigie </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td>94 </td> <td>3047 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>~5000 </td> <td>53<a href="#cite_note-Arag-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> </td> <td>130 </td> <td>4296 </td> <td>85 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>~5200 </td> <td>90<a href="#cite_note-Arag-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> </td> <td>96 </td> <td>1260 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>~2100 </td> <td>38<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>49 </td> <td>767 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>~2700 </td> <td>At least 8 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> </td> <td>126 </td> <td>5967 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>~7600 </td> <td>250<a href="#cite_note-Arag-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </td> <td>101 </td> <td>3188 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>~6400 </td> <td>52<a href="#cite_note-Arag-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> </td> <td>128 </td> <td>4540 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>~5700 </td> <td>At least 93<a href="#cite_note-Arag-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena (Colombia)">Cartagena</a> (established 1610) </td> <td>62 </td> <td>699 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>~1100 </td> <td>At least 3 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> (established 1570) </td> <td>92 </td> <td>1176 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>~2200 </td> <td>31<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (established 1570) </td> <td>52 </td> <td>950 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>~2400 </td> <td>47<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>Aragonese Secretariat (total) </th> <th> </th> <th>25890 </th> <th>520 </th> <th>291 </th> <th>~40000 </th> <th>At least 665 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a> </td> <td>66 </td> <td>695 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>~1500 </td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>883 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>~5000 </td> <td>At least 27<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5202<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> </td> <td>At least 34<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> (established 1560) </td> <td>83 </td> <td>2203 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>~2700 </td> <td>17<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>4157 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>~8100 </td> <td>At least 72<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz" title="Llerena, Badajoz">Llerena</a> </td> <td>84 </td> <td>2851 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>~5200 </td> <td>At least 47 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> </td> <td>66 </td> <td>1735 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>~4300 </td> <td>At least 190<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> </td> <td>58 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>67 </td> <td>~6700 </td> <td>At least 128<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>) </td> <td>108 </td> <td>3740 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>~5500 </td> <td>At least 66<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>558 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>~3000 </td> <td>At least 54<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>Castilian Secretariat (total) </th> <th> </th> <th>18784 </th> <th>306 </th> <th>487 </th> <th>~47000 </th> <th>At least 638 </th></tr> <tr valign="top" class="sortbottom"> <th>Total </th> <th> </th> <th>44674 </th> <th>826 </th> <th>778 </th> <th>~87000 </th> <th>At least 1303 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autos_da_fe_between_1701_and_1746">Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746">edit</a>]</div> Table of sentences pronounced in the public autos de fé in Spain (excluding tribunals in Sicily, Sardinia and Latin America) between 1701 and 1746:<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tribunal </th> <th>Number of autos de fé </th> <th>Executions in persona </th> <th>Executions in effigie </th> <th>Penanced </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0? </td> <td>1? </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>125 </td> <td>161 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>369 </td> <td>452 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz" title="Llerena, Badajoz">Llerena</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>106 </td> <td>111 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>246 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>128 </td> <td>148 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Total </td> <td>125 </td> <td>111 </td> <td>117 </td> <td>1235 </td> <td>1463 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_power">Abuse of power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Abuse of power">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Toby_Green" title="Toby Green">Toby Green</a>, the great unchecked power given to inquisitors meant that they were "widely seen as above the law",<a href="#cite_note-Green-2007-4-221">[220]</a> and they sometimes had motives for imprisoning or executing alleged offenders that had nothing to do with punishing religious nonconformity.<a href="#cite_note-Green-2007-4-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Green quotes a complaint by historian Manuel Barrios<a href="#cite_note-Green-2007-65-224">[223]</a> about one Inquisitor, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rodriguez_Lucero" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Rodriguez Lucero">Diego Rodriguez Lucero</a>, who in Cordoba in 1506 burned to death the husbands of two women; he then kept the women as mistresses. According to Barrios <blockquote>the daughter of Diego Celemin was exceptionally beautiful, her parents and her husband did not want to give her to [Lucero], and so Lucero had the three of them burnt and now has a child by her, and he has kept for a long time in the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">alcazar</a> as a mistress.<a href="#cite_note-Barrios-1991-58-225">[224]</a></blockquote> Some writers disagree with Green.<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> These authors do not necessarily deny the abuses of power, but classify them as politically instigated and comparable to those of any other law enforcement body of the period. Criticisms, usually indirect, have gone from the suspiciously sexual overtones or similarities of these accounts with unrelated older antisemitic accounts of kidnap and torture,<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] to the clear proofs of control that the king had over the institution, to the sources used by Green,<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> or just by reaching completely different conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_economic_effects">Long-term economic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Long-term economic effects">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2021 study, "municipalities of Spain with a history of a stronger inquisitorial presence show lower economic performance, educational attainment, and trust today."<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> How historians and commentators have viewed the Spanish Inquisition has changed over time and continues to be a source of controversy. Before and during the 19th century, historical interest focused on who was being persecuted. In the early and mid-20th century, historians examined the specifics of what happened and how it influenced Spanish history. In the later 20th and 21st centuries, some historians have re-examined how severe the Inquisition truly was, calling into question some of the assumptions made in earlier periods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_to_early_20th_century_scholarship">19th to early 20th century scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 19th to early 20th century scholarship">edit</a>]</div> Before the rise of professional historians in the 19th century, the Spanish Inquisition had been portrayed primarily by Protestant scholars who saw it as the archetypal symbol of Catholic intolerance and ecclesiastical power.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> The Spanish Inquisition for them was largely associated with the persecution of Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a> described the Inquisition as an "eye that never slumbered". Despite the existence of extensive documentation regarding the trials and procedures, and to the Inquisition's deep bureaucratization, none of these sources was studied outside of Spain, and Spanish scholars arguing against the predominant view were automatically dismissed. The 19th-century professional historians, including the Spanish scholar <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amador_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="José Amador de los Ríos">Amador de los Ríos</a>, were the first to successfully challenge this perception in the international sphere and get foreign scholars to take note of their discoveries. Said scholars would obtain international recognition and start a period of revision on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> At the start of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Lea" title="Henry Charles Lea">Henry Charles Lea</a> published the groundbreaking History of the Inquisition in Spain. This influential work describes the Spanish Inquisition as "an engine of immense power, constantly applied for the furtherance of obscurantism, the repression of thought, the exclusion of foreign ideas and the obstruction of progress."<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> Lea documented the Inquisition's methods and modes of operation in no uncertain terms, calling it "theocratic absolutism" at its worst.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> In the context of the polarization between Protestants and Catholics during the second half of the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-leabio-232">[231]</a> some of Lea's contemporaries, as well as most modern scholars thought Lea's work had an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> bias.<a href="#cite_note-leabio-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Starting in the 1920s, Jewish scholars picked up where Lea's work left off.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> They published <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a>'s History of the Jews in Christian Spain, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>'s History of the Marranos and, after World War II, the work of <a href="/wiki/Haim_Beinart" title="Haim Beinart">Haim Beinart</a>, who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos. Contemporary historians who subscribe to the idea that the image of the Inquisition in historiography has been systematically deformed by the Black Legend include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Peters_(scholar)" title="Edward Peters (scholar)">Edward Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wayne_Powell" title="Philip Wayne Powell">Philip Wayne Powell</a>, William S. Maltby, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kagan" title="Richard Kagan">Richard Kagan</a>, Margaret R. Greer, Helen Rawlings, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Hsia" title="Ronnie Hsia">Ronnie Hsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Ann_Homza" title="Lu Ann Homza">Lu Ann Homza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, Andrea Donofrio, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Silverblatt" title="Irene Silverblatt">Irene Silverblatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Schmidt-Nowara" title="Christopher Schmidt-Nowara">Christopher Schmidt-Nowara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Joseph Pérez</a>. Contemporary historians who partially accept an impact of the Black Legend but deny other aspects of the hypothesis include <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Henry Kamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">David Nirenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Toby_Green" title="Toby Green">Toby Green</a>, while accepting that there was a certain demonization of the Spanish Inquisition in comparison with other contemporary persecutions, argues that the habitual use of torture should not be denied, and that correcting the "black legend" should not mean replacing it with a "white legend."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen20079-10-234">[233]</a> Richard L. Kagan says that Henry Kamen failed to "enter the belly of the beast and assess what it really meant to the people who lived with it." Kamen does not, according to Kagan, "lead the reader through an actual trial. Had he done so, a reader might conclude that the institution he portrays as relatively benign in hindsight was also capable of inspiring fear and desperate attempts to escape, and thus more deserving of its earlier reputation." For Kagan, in order to reconstruct the world of those who were trapped in the Inquisition's net, studies that thoroughly examine the meticulous archives of the Inquisition are necessary.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revision_after_1960">Revision after 1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Revision after 1960">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_revision_of_the_Inquisition" title="Historical revision of the Inquisition">Historical revision of the Inquisition</a></div> The works of <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Juder%C3%ADas" title="Julián Juderías">Juderias</a> in (1913) and other Spanish scholars prior to him were mostly ignored by international scholarship until 1960. One of the first books to build on them and internationally challenge the classical view was The Spanish Inquisition (1965) by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Henry Kamen</a>. Kamen argued that the Inquisition was not nearly as cruel or as powerful as commonly believed. The book was very influential and largely responsible for subsequent studies in the 1970s to try to quantify (from archival records) the Inquisition's activities from 1480 to 1834.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Those studies showed there was an initial burst of activity against conversos suspected of relapsing into Judaism, and a mid-16th century pursuit of Protestants, but, according to these studies, the Inquisition served principally as a forum Spaniards occasionally used to humiliate and punish people they did not like: blasphemers, bigamists, foreigners and, in Aragon, homosexuals, and horse smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-kagan-231">[230]</a> Kamen went on to publish two more books in 1985 and 2006 that incorporated new findings, further supporting the view that the Inquisition was not as bad as once described by Lea and others. Along similar lines is <a href="/wiki/Edward_Peters_(scholar)" title="Edward Peters (scholar)">Edward Peters</a>'s Inquisition (1988). One of the most important works about the inquisition's relation to the Jewish conversos or New Christians is The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (1995/2002) by <a href="/wiki/Benzion_Netanyahu" title="Benzion Netanyahu">Benzion Netanyahu</a>. It challenges the view that most conversos were actually practicing Judaism in secret and were persecuted for their crypto-Judaism. Rather, according to Netanyahu, the persecution was fundamentally racial, and was a matter of envy of their success in Spanish society.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> This view has been challenged multiple times, and with some reasonable divergences the majority of historians either align with religious causes or with merely cultural ones, with no significant racial element.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (July 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg/220px-%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg/330px-%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/%D0%A4.%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F._%D0%98%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_Los_Caprichos_1797-98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>There was no remedy, from <a href="/wiki/Caprichos" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprichos">Los Caprichos</a>, 1797–98, by Francisco de Goya.</figcaption></figure> The literature of the 18th century approaches the theme of the Inquisition from a critical point of view. In <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, the Inquisition appears as the epitome of intolerance and arbitrary justice in Europe. During the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>, which was primarily a genre developed in Protestant countries, frequently associated Catholicism with terror and repression. This vision of the Spanish Inquisition appears in, among other works, <a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a> (1796) by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis" title="Matthew Gregory Lewis">Matthew Gregory Lewis</a> (set in Madrid during the Inquisition, but can be seen as commenting on the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">the Terror</a>); <a href="/wiki/Melmoth_the_Wanderer" title="Melmoth the Wanderer">Melmoth the Wanderer</a> (1820) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Maturin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert Maturin">Charles Robert Maturin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Manuscript_Found_in_Saragossa" title="The Manuscript Found in Saragossa">The Manuscript Found in Saragossa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Jan Potocki</a>. The literature of the 19th century tends to focus on the element of torture employed by the Inquisition. In France, in the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a> Cornelia Bororquia, or the Victim of the Inquisition, which has been attributed to Spaniard Luiz Gutiérrez, and is based on the case of <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Boh%C3%B3rquez" title="María de Bohórquez">María de Bohórquez</a>, ferociously criticizes the Inquisition and its representatives. The Inquisition also appears in <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a> (1880) in the chapter "<a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor" title="The Grand Inquisitor">The Grand Inquisitor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">story within a story</a>, (several times published as a separate book) "The Grand Inquisitor" is a legend, composed and narrated by the character of Ivan Karamazov, that imagines an encounter between <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and the Inquisitor General. Jesus unexpectedly appears in Seville at the height of the Inquisition and is arrested by the Grand Inquisitor, an old Cardinal, who condemns him to die at the stake "like the worst of heretics". In the course of a long <a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">diatribe</a> the Inquisitor tells Jesus "You have no right to add anything to what was said by You in former times. Why have You come to get in our way? For You have come to get in our way, and You yourself know it." Jesus remains silent throughout the speech, but when the Inquisitor finally concludes with the words "Tomorrow I shall burn thee", Jesus approaches him and, without a word, kisses him on the mouth. The Inquisitor releases him with the words: "“Go and do not come back... do not come back at all... ever... ever!” <a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> One of the best-known stories of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a>", explores the use of torture by the Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The Inquisition also appears in 20th-century literature. La Gesta del Marrano, by the Argentine author <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a>, portrays the length of the Inquisition's arm to reach people in Argentina during the 16th and 17th centuries. The first book in <a href="/wiki/Les_Daniels" title="Les Daniels">Les Daniels</a>' "Don Sebastian Vampire Chronicles", The Black Castle (1978), is set in 15th-century Spain and includes both descriptions of Inquisitorial questioning and an <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto de fé</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a>, who is featured in one chapter. The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> series <a href="/wiki/Marvel_1602" title="Marvel 1602">Marvel 1602</a> shows the Inquisition targeting <a href="/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Mutant (Marvel Comics)">Mutants</a> for "blasphemy". The character <a href="/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Magneto (Marvel Comics)">Magneto</a> also appears as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Captain_Alatriste" title="Captain Alatriste">Captain Alatriste</a> novels by the Spanish writer <a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a> are set in the early 17th century. The second novel, Purity of Blood, has the narrator being tortured by the Inquisition and describes an <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto de fé</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carme_Riera" title="Carme Riera">Carme Riera</a>'s novella, published in 1994, Dins el Darrer Blau (In the Last Blue) is set during the repression of the chuetas (conversos from <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>) at the end of the 17th century. In 1998, the Spanish writer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> published the historical novel <a href="/wiki/The_Heretic:_A_Novel_of_the_Inquisition" title="The Heretic: A Novel of the Inquisition">The Heretic</a>, about the Protestants of <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> and their repression by the Inquisition. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shellabarger" title="Samuel Shellabarger">Samuel Shellabarger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Captain_from_Castile" title="Captain from Castile">Captain from Castile</a> deals directly with the Spanish Inquisition during the first part of the novel. In the novel <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Sea" title="Cathedral of the Sea">La Catedral del Mar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Falcones" title="Ildefonso Falcones">Ildefonso Falcones</a>, published in 2006 and set in the 14th century, there are scenes of inquisition investigations in small towns and a great scene in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 1947 epic <a href="/wiki/Captain_from_Castile" title="Captain from Castile">Captain from Castile</a> by <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a>, uses the Inquisition as the major plot point of the film. It tells how powerful families used their evils to ruin their rivals. The first part of the film shows this and the reach of the Inquisition reoccurs throughout this movie following Pedro De Vargas (played by Power) even to the 'New World'.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_Part_1#The_Spanish_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the World Part 1">Spanish Inquisition segment</a> of the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> movie <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Part_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the World Part I">History of the World Part I</a> is a comedic musical performance based on the activities of the first <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitor General">Inquisitor General</a> of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a>.</li> <li>The film <a href="/wiki/The_Fountain" title="The Fountain">The Fountain</a> (2006), by <a href="/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky">Darren Aronofsky</a>, features the Spanish Inquisition as part of a plot in 1500 when the Grand Inquisitor threatens Queen Isabella's life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goya%27s_Ghosts" title="Goya's Ghosts">Goya's Ghosts</a> (2006) by <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> is set in Spain between 1792 and 1809 and focuses realistically on the role of the Inquisition and its end under Napoleon's rule.</li> <li>The film <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(film)" title="Assassin's Creed (film)">Assassin's Creed</a> (2016) by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Kurzel" title="Justin Kurzel">Justin Kurzel</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a>, is set in both modern times and Spain during the Inquisition. The film follows Callum Lynch (played by Fassbender) as he is forced to relive the memories of his ancestor, Aguilar de Nerha (also played by Fassbender), an Assassin during the Spanish Inquisition.</li> <li>The many film adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a>", including the <a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1961_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1961 film)">1961 film</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1991_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1991 film)">1991 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a> (Pedro Olea, 1984), a film, about the <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a> trial of the Zugarramurdi witches.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> is portrayed in <a href="/wiki/1492:_The_Conquest_of_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="1492: The Conquest of Paradise">1492: The Conquest of Paradise</a> (1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_music,_television,_and_video_games">Theatre, music, television, and video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Theatre, music, television, and video games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Grand Inquisitor of Spain plays a part in <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Carlos</a> (1867), a play by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> (which was the basis for the opera <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a> in five acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, in which the Inquisitor is also featured, and the third act is dedicated to an auto de fé).</li> <li>The 1965 musical <a href="/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha" title="Man of La Mancha">Man of La Mancha</a> depicts a fictionalized account of the author <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>' run-in with Spanish authorities. The character of Cervantes produces a play-within-a-play of his unfinished manuscript, <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, while he awaits sentencing by the Inquisition.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_(14415411808).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg/220px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg/330px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg/440px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_12_46_43_%2814415411808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> members Terry Gilliam, Michael Palin and Terry Jones performing "<a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">The Spanish Inquisition</a>" sketch during the 2014 Python reunion.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> comedy team's <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">Spanish Inquisition sketches</a>, an inept group of Inquisitors repeatedly burst into scenes, after someone utters the words "I didn't expect a kind of Spanish Inquisition", screaming "Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!" The Inquisition then uses ineffectual forms of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, including a dish-drying <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">rack</a>, soft cushions and a comfy chair.</li> <li>The Spanish Inquisition features as a main plotline element of the 2009 video game <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II:_Discovery" title="Assassin's Creed II: Discovery">Assassin's Creed II: Discovery</a>.</li> <li>The Universe of <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a> borrows several elements and concepts of the Catholic church Imaginarium, including the notion of the Black Legend's ideal of a fanatic Inquisitors, for some of its troops in <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000:_Inquisitor_%E2%80%93_Martyr" title="Warhammer 40,000: Inquisitor – Martyr">Warhammer 40,000: Inquisitor – Martyr</a>.</li> <li>The video game <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous_(video_game)" title="Blasphemous (video game)">Blasphemous</a> portrays a nightmarish version of the Spanish Inquisition, where the protagonist, named 'The Penitent one' wears a <a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">capirote</a> (cone-shaped hat). The Penitent one battles twisted religious iconography and meets many characters attempting to atone for their sins along the way.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black Legend (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" title="Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros">Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleno_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Eleno de Céspedes">Eleno de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">History of the Jews in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Child_of_La_Guardia" title="Holy Child of La Guardia">Holy Child of La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition_in_the_Netherlands" title="Inquisition in the Netherlands">Inquisition in the Netherlands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Inquisition" title="Peruvian Inquisition">Peruvian Inquisition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-47"><a href="#cite_ref-a_47-0">^</a> The terms converso and crypto-Jew are somewhat vexed, and occasionally historians are not clear on how, precisely, they are intended to be understood. For the purpose of clarity, in this article converso will be taken to mean one who has sincerely renounced Judaism or Islam and embraced Catholicism. Crypto-Jew will be taken to mean one who accepts Christian baptism, yet continues to practice Judaism. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Levack,_Brian_P._1995-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levack,_Brian_P._1995_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levack,_Brian_P._1995_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levack,_Brian_P._1995_1-2">c</a> Data for executions for witchcraft: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevack199" class="citation book cs1">Levack, Brian P. (199). The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (2nd ed.). London and New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582080690" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582080690"><bdi>978-0582080690</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30154582">30154582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witch-Hunt+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=199&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30154582&rft.isbn=978-0582080690&rft.aulast=Levack&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> And see <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">Witch trials in Early Modern Europe</a> for more detail. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSplendiani1997" class="citation book cs1">Splendiani, Ana María (1997). Cincuenta años de la inquisición en el Tribunal de Cartagena de Indias. p. 86. <q>the American Inquisition was never involved in the conversion and evangelisation of the Indians, as they were outside its jurisdiction from the very promulgation of the edicts founding the American courts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cincuenta+a%C3%B1os+de+la+inquisici%C3%B3n+en+el+Tribunal+de+Cartagena+de+Indias&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Splendiani&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fau.edu/artsandletters/pjhr/chhre/pdf/hh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf">"The Alhambra Decree-- Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews of Spain"</a> (PDF). Florida Atlantic University. 1492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Atlantic+University&rft.atitle=The+Alhambra+Decree--+Edict+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+Jews+of+Spain&rft.date=1492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fau.edu%2Fartsandletters%2Fpjhr%2Fchhre%2Fpdf%2Fhh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prien2012-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prien2012_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prien2012_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Jürgen_Prien2012" class="citation book cs1">Hans-Jürgen Prien (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSAbYoBGmxQC">Christianity in Latin America: Revised and Expanded Edition</a>. Brill. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22262-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22262-5"><bdi>978-90-04-22262-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Latin+America%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22262-5&rft.au=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen+Prien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSAbYoBGmxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini19309-11-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini19309-11_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 9-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlerMorrall1967" class="citation book cs1">Ehler, Sidney Zdeneck; Morrall, John B (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WuMyEzani8C&pg=PA6">Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries</a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 6-7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0189-6"><bdi>978-0-8196-0189-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515193906/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WuMyEzani8C&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016. <q>This Edict is the first which definitely introduces Catholic orthodoxy as the established religion of the Roman world. [...] Acknowledgment of the true doctrine of the Trinity is made the test of State recognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+Through+the+Centuries%3A+A+Collection+of+Historic+Documents+with+Commentaries&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0189-6&rft.aulast=Ehler&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Zdeneck&rft.au=Morrall%2C+John+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WuMyEzani8C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/edict-thessalonica">"The Edict of Thessalonica"</a>. History Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Edict+of+Thessalonica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fmonths-past%2Fedict-thessalonica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193013-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini193013_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPharr1952" class="citation book cs1">Pharr, Clyde (1952). The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 440–476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theodosian+Code+and+Novels+and+the+Sirmondian+Constitutions&rft.pages=440-476&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pharr&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193014-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini193014_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1977" class="citation book cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1977). Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography. Wesleyan University Press. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Historiography&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedin1993" class="citation book cs1">Jedin, Hubert & Dolan, John (1993). "41: The Priscillianist Movement". The Early church: an abridgment of History of the church (Volumes 1 to 3). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 226–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=41%3A+The+Priscillianist+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Early+church%3A+an+abridgment+of+History+of+the+church+%28Volumes+1+to+3%29&rft.pages=226-228&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Jedin&rft.aufirst=Hubert+%26+Dolan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193017-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini193017_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://professor-moriarty.com/info/files/resources/verona1184.txt">"Text of ad abolendam issued by Pope Lucius III, Synod of Verona 4th November 1184"</a>. Professor Moriarty. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Professor+Moriarty&rft.atitle=Text+of+ad+abolendam+issued+by+Pope+Lucius+III%2C+Synod+of+Verona+4th+November+1184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofessor-moriarty.com%2Finfo%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fverona1184.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett201013-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsett201013_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomsett2010">Thomsett (2010)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto200768-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto200768_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2007">Frassetto (2007)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeff196737-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeff196737_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeff1967">Leff (1967)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeff196742-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeff196742_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeff1967">Leff (1967)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a> Brian Catlos "Secundum suam zunam": Muslims in the Laws of the Aragonese "Reconquista", Mediterranean Studies Vol. 7 (1998), pp. 13–26 Published by: Penn State University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198879-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters198879_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1988">Peters (1988)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198882-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters198882_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1988">Peters (1988)</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crescas-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crescas_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crescas_23-1">b</a> Letter of Hasdai Crescas, Shevaṭ Yehudah by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Verga" title="Solomon ibn Verga">Solomon ibn Verga</a> (ed. Dr. M. Wiener), Hannover 1855, pp. 128–130 (pp. 138–140 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/37804">PDF</a>); Fritz Kobler, Letters of the Jews through the Ages, London 1952, pp. 272–275; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitre_Fernández1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitre Fernández, Emilio (1994). Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial (ed.). Los judíos de Castilla en tiempo de Enrique III : el pogrom de 1391 [The Castilian Jews at the time of Henry III: the 1391 pogrom] (in Spanish). Valladolid University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7762-449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7762-449-3"><bdi>978-84-7762-449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+jud%C3%ADos+de+Castilla+en+tiempo+de+Enrique+III+%3A+el+pogrom+de+1391&rft.pub=Valladolid+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-84-7762-449-3&rft.aulast=Mitre+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988">; <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Verga" title="Solomon ibn Verga">Solomon ibn Verga</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/39487">Shevaṭ Yehudah (The Sceptre of Judah)</a>, Lvov 1846, p. 76 in PDF. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/37804">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: שבט יהודה -- וירגא, שלמה בן יהודה, 1460-1554"</a>. www.hebrewbooks.org. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%98+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+--+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%2C+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+1460-1554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F37804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/39487">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: שבט יהודה -- וירגא, שלמה בן יהודה, 1460-1554"</a>. www.hebrewbooks.org. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%98+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+--+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%2C+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+1460-1554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F39487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/6618">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: שלשלת הקבלה -- יחיא, גדליה בן יוסף אבן, 1515-1587"</a>. www.hebrewbooks.org. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94+--+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%90%2C+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F%2C+1515-1587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F6618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>, Sefer Yuchasin, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> 1580 (q.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/11550">Sefer Yuchasin</a>, p. 266 in PDF) (Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Pe%C3%B1afort" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond of Peñafort">Raymond of Peñafort</a>, Summa, lib. 1 p. 33, citing D.45 c.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Notably Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Santa_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pablo de Santa Maria">Pablo de Santa Maria</a>, author of Scrutinium Scripturarum, <a href="/wiki/Jeronimo_de_Santa_Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeronimo de Santa Fe">Jeronimo de Santa Fe</a> (Hebraomastix) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_la_Caballeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de la Caballeria (page does not exist)">Pedro de la Caballeria</a> (Zelus Christi contra Judaeos). All three were conversos. (<a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 39). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Notably the Libro verde de Aragon and Tizón de la nobleza de España (cited in <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 38). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Pérez, Joseph (2012) [2009]. Breve Historia de la Inquisición en España. Barcelona: Crítica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-08-00695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-08-00695-4">978-84-08-00695-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Canessa De Sanguinetti, Marta. El Bien Nacer: Limpieza De Oficios Y Limpieza De Sangre : Raíces Ibéricas De Un Mal Latinoamericano. Taurus, Ediciones Santillana, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarea2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Barea, María Elvira Roca</a> (2016). Imperiofobia Y Leyenda Negra: Roma, Rusia, Estados Unidos Y El Imperio Español (in Spanish). Siruela.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperiofobia+Y+Leyenda+Negra%3A+Roma%2C+Rusia%2C+Estados+Unidos+Y+El+Imperio+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Siruela&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Barea&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Elvira+Roca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Abou Al Fadl, K. (1994). Islamic law and Muslim minorities: the juristic discourse on Muslim minorities from the second/eight to the eleventh/seventeenth centuries. Islamic Law and Society, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Goosenes, A. (1997). Les inquisitions modernes dans les Pays-Bas meridionaux. 1520–1633. 2 vols. Bruselas </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Boronat, P. (1901). Los moriscos españoles y su expulsión. 2 vols. Valencia. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Stuart, Nancy Rubin. Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen. New York: ASJA Press, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Black, Robert. Machiavelli. Abigdon, Oxon: Routledge, Tylor, 2013. pp. 83–120 (the quote is paraphrased) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2009" class="citation book cs1">González, Óscar (2009). El Rey Y El Papa: Política Y Diplomacia En Los Albores Del Renacimiento (Castilla En El Siglo XV). Sílex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Rey+Y+El+Papa%3A+Pol%C3%ADtica+Y+Diplomacia+En+Los+Albores+Del+Renacimiento+%28Castilla+En+El+Siglo+XV%29&rft.pub=S%C3%ADlex&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain_1966-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_1966_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_1966_42-1">b</a> The Marranos of Spain. From the late XIVth to the early XVIth Century, 1966. Ithaca, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol1/i-lxxiii">"Introduction, Part 1 – British History Online"</a>. www.british-history.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+Part+1+%E2%80%93+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fspain%2Fvol1%2Fi-lxxiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> (cf. CJC can. 1634 §1, ST IIa IIæ Q11 A3; CCC pp. 2357-8, Persona Humana 1975, ST IIa IIæ Q154 AA11, 12) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Gorsky, Jeffrey (2015). Exiles in Sepharad : The Jewish Millennium in Spain. University of Nebraska Press. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles+in+Sepharad+%3A+The+Jewish+Millennium+in+Spain&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gorsky&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Inquisition-Timeline">"Spanish Inquisition Timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Spanish+Inquisition+Timeline&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FSpanish-Inquisition-Timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini193089–90-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini193089–90_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198885-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters198885_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1988">Peters (1988)</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva2001XXXV-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraiva2001XXXV_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaraiva2001">Saraiva (2001)</a>, p. XXXV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200140-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraiva200140_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaraiva2001">Saraiva (2001)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198889-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters198889_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1988">Peters (1988)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cited_in-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cited_in_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cited_in_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cited_in_53-2">c</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930107-108-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930107-108_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 107-108. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ben-Sasson, H.H., editor. 1976. p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mathew" title="Arnold Mathew">Archbishop Arnold H. Mathew</a>, The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia, pp. 52–53. Quote: "Isabella's Confessor, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Torquemada</a>, had imbued her with the idea that the suppression of all heresy within her realms was a sacred duty. She had, therefore, in November 1478, obtained a bull from the Pope, Sixtus IV., for the establishment of the Inquisition in Castile. Many modern writers have sought to reduce her share in the introduction of this terrible institution, but it must be remembered that Isabella herself probably considered it a meritorious action to punish with inhuman barbarity those whom she looked upon as the enemies of the Almighty. In 1480, two Dominicans were appointed by her, as Inquisitors, to set up their tribunal at Seville. Before the end of the year 1481, 2,000 victims were burned alive in Andalusia alone. The Pope himself became alarmed and threatened to withdraw the bull, but Ferdinand intimated that he would make the Inquisition altogether an independent tribunal. This it became later for all practical purposes, and its iniquitous proceedings continued unchecked." </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorquemada1667" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torquemada, Tomás de (1667). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia903004.us.archive.org/22/items/BRes14068130Despacho/BRes14068130Despacho.pdf">Compilacion de las Instrucciones del Oficio de la Santa Inquisicion</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Diego Diaz de la Carrera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilacion+de+las+Instrucciones+del+Oficio+de+la+Santa+Inquisicion&rft.pub=Diego+Diaz+de+la+Carrera&rft.date=1667&rft.aulast=Torquemada&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia903004.us.archive.org%2F22%2Fitems%2FBRes14068130Despacho%2FBRes14068130Despacho.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930142,_147-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930142,_147_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, pp. 142, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135–136-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135–136_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Ben-Sasson, H.H., editor. A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press, 1976, pp. 588–590. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Suárez_Fernández_2012-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_Fernández_2012_66-0">^</a> Suárez Fernández, Luis (2012). La expulsión de los judíos. Un problema europeo. Barcelona: Ariel. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 29–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgodsjuryinquisit0000murppage75_75]-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgodsjuryinquisit0000murppage75_75]_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2012">Murphy (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsjuryinquisit0000murp/page/75">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> S.P. Scott: History, Vol II, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Absent records, the Inquisition decreed that all Moors were to be regarded as baptized, and thus were Moriscos, subject to the Inquisition. Secular authorities then decreed (in 1526) that 40 years of religious instruction would precede any prosecution. Fifty Moriscos were burnt at the stake before the Crown clarified its position. Neither the Church nor the Moriscos utilized the years well. The Moriscos can be stereotyped as poor, rural, uneducated agricultural workers who spoke Arabic. The Church had limited willingness or ability to educate this now-hostile group.<a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, pp. 124–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Trevor J. Dadson, The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality? Journal of Levantine Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, Winter 2011, pp. 11–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLea1901">Lea (1901)</a>, p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLea1901">Lea (1901)</a>, p. 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-bibliotecaspublicas.es-80"><a href="#cite_ref-bibliotecaspublicas.es_80-0">^</a> Trevor J. Dadson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecaspublicas.es/villarrubiadelosojos/imagenes/Dadson_Assimilation_Reality_or_Fiction.pdf">The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612121737/http://www.bibliotecaspublicas.es/villarrubiadelosojos/imagenes/Dadson_Assimilation_Reality_or_Fiction.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Levantine Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, Winter 2011, pp. 11–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoase2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boase, Roger (4 April 2002). "The Muslim Expulsion from Spain". <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 52 (4). <q>The majority of those permanently expelled settling in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>, especially in Oran, Tunis, Tlemcen, Tetuán, Rabat and Salé. Many travelled overland to France, but after the assassination of Henry of Navarre by Ravaillac in May 1610, they were forced to emigrate to Italy, Sicily or Constantinople.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Expulsion+from+Spain&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002-04-04&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan_M_2008-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Susan_M_2008_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBoschBalaresqueBallereau2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668061">"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"</a>. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.11.007">10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668061">2668061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19061982">19061982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Legacy+of+Religious+Diversity+and+Intolerance%3A+Paternal+Lineages+of+Christians%2C+Jews%2C+and+Muslims+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=725-736&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668061%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19061982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.11.007&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Elena&rft.au=Balaresque%2C+Patricia+L.&rft.au=Ballereau%2C+St%C3%A9phane+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Parra%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Aler%2C+Mercedes&rft.au=Grifo%2C+Marina+S.+Gisbert&rft.au=Brion%2C+Maria&rft.au=Carracedo%2C+Angel&rft.au=Lavinha%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Jarreta%2C+Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+Lluis&rft.au=Picornell%2C+Ant%C3%B2nia&rft.au=Ramon%2C+Misericordia&rft.au=Skorecki%2C+Karl&rft.au=Behar%2C+Doron+M.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Jobling%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/view/37358/36158">Michel Boeglin: La expulsión de los moriscos de Andalucía y sus límites. El caso de Sevilla (1610–1613)</a> (In Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4040221">Vínculos Historia: The Moriscos who remained. The permanence of Islamic origin population in Early Modern Spain: Kingdom of Granada, XVII–XVIII centuries</a> (In Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> These trials, specifically those of Valladolid, form the basis of the plot of <a href="/wiki/The_Heretic:_A_Novel_of_the_Inquisition" title="The Heretic: A Novel of the Inquisition">The Heretic: A Novel of the Inquisition</a> by Miguel Delibes (Overlook: 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 99 gives the figure of about 100 executions for heresy of any kind between 1559 and 1566. He compares these figures with those condemned to death in other European countries during the same period, concluding that in similar periods England, under <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary Tudor</a>, executed about twice as many for heresy: in France, three times the number, and ten times as many in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, pp. 102–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez-Sala" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodriguez-Sala, Maria Luisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/6/2905/6.pdf">"Los Protestantes y la Inquisión"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). UNAM. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Protestantes+y+la+Inquisi%C3%B3n&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.aulast=Rodriguez-Sala&rft.aufirst=Maria+Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivos.juridicas.unam.mx%2Fwww%2Fbjv%2Flibros%2F6%2F2905%2F6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> These trials are the theme of the film Akelarre, by the Spanish director Pedro Olea. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Henry Kamen. The Spanish Inquisition A Historical Revision. 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Cited in Henningsen, Gustav, ed. "The Salazar Documents: Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar Frías and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution." Cultures, Beliefs, and Traditions: Medieval and Early Modern Peoples, Vol 21. Boston: Koninklijke Brill, 2004. "Second Report of Salazar to the Inquisitor General (Logroño, 24 March 1612): An account of the whole visitation and publication of the Edict with special reference to the witches' sect". p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, pp. 7, 223–224 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1981" class="citation web cs1">Kamen, Henry (2 February 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/500-years-spanish-inquisition">"500 Years of the Spanish Inquisition"</a>. History Today Volume 31 Issue 2. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today+Volume+31+Issue+2&rft.atitle=500+Years+of+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.date=1981-02-02&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2F500-years-spanish-inquisition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, p. 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Kamen, Henry (2011). La Inquisición Española. Una revisión histórica. pp. 192, 259 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, pp. 280–282 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Kamen|1998|p=277-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Kamen|1998|p=277_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Kamen|1998|p=277_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, pp. 281–283 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, pp. 284–285 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez200591-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez200591_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Monter|1990|pp=276-299-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Monter|1990|pp=276-299_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Monter|1990|pp=276-299_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter1990">Monter (1990)</a>, pp. 276–299 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-Denslow-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denslow_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denslow_109-1">b</a> William R. Denslow, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>: 10,000 Famous Freemasons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-7579-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-7579-2">1-4179-7579-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BleibergIhrie1993-110"><a href="#cite_ref-BleibergIhrie1993_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleibergIhriePérez1993" class="citation book cs1">Bleiberg, Germán; Ihrie, Maureen; Pérez, Janet (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsvkun_p3SgC&pg=PA374">Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 374–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28731-2"><bdi>978-0-313-28731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Literature+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.pages=374-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28731-2&rft.aulast=Bleiberg&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A1n&rft.au=Ihrie%2C+Maureen&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbsvkun_p3SgC%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walkley2010-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Walkley2010_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkley2010" class="citation book cs1">Walkley, Clive (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzDMukD8yYAC&pg=PA7">Juan Esquivel: A Master of Sacred Music During the Spanish Golden Age</a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-587-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-587-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Esquivel%3A+A+Master+of+Sacred+Music+During+the+Spanish+Golden+Age&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-587-5&rft.aulast=Walkley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzDMukD8yYAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Johnson, Paul, A History of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>, 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2005">Kamen (2005)</a>, pp. 126–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Statistics are not available for Spanish oarsmen, but the general state of Mediterranean oared galleys circa 1570 was grim; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2009" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2009). Empires of the sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto, and the contest for the center of the world. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-77646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-77646"><bdi>978-0-8129-77646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+sea%3A+The+siege+of+Malta%2C+the+battle+of+Lepanto%2C+and+the+contest+for+the+center+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-77646&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988">: "... galley slaves led lives bitter and short. ... One way or another the oared galley consumed men like fuel. Each dying wretch dumped overboard had to be replaced—and there were never enough." </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Lorenzo Arrazola, Enciclopedia Espanola De Derecho Y Administracion: Ciu-Col (Enciclopedia of Spanish Penal and Administrative Law). Madrid: Saraswati Press, 2012, pp. 572 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCc̀eres2007" class="citation book cs1">Cc̀eres, Fernando (2007). Estudios Sobre Cultura, Guerra Y Polt̕ica En La Corona De Castilla [Studies Over War Culture and Politics in the Kingdom of Castile]. Editorial Csic Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientf̕icas. siglos xiv–xvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudios+Sobre+Cultura%2C+Guerra+Y+Polt%CC%95ica+En+La+Corona+De+Castilla&rft.pages=siglos+xiv-xvii&rft.pub=Editorial+Csic+Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cientf%CC%95icas&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cc%CC%80eres&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaler1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaler, Amy (1998). Fertility, Gender and War: The culture of contraception. University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fertility%2C+Gender+and+War%3A+The+culture+of+contraception&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kaler&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/3241610">"INQUISICIÓN,L.960 - Libro de ejemplares del Tribunal de Valencia"</a>. PARES. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PARES&rft.atitle=INQUISICI%C3%93N%2CL.960+-+Libro+de+ejemplares+del+Tribunal+de+Valencia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpares.mcu.es%2FParesBusquedas20%2Fcatalogo%2Fdescription%2F3241610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Henningsen, Gustav: The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the Inquisition functioned until 30 March 1782, when it was abolished by King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand IV of Naples">Ferdinand IV of Naples</a>. It is estimated that 200 people were executed during this period. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_126-1">b</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135,_136-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005135,_136_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, pp. 135, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005139,_140-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005139,_140_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, pp. 139, 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELea190691_Volume_2-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELea190691_Volume_2_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLea1906">Lea (1906)</a>, p. 91 Volume 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> "In the tribunal of <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, in 1699, various suspects (including a girl of 9 and a boy of 14) were jailed for up to two years with having had the least evaluation of the accusations presented against them" (<a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 183). </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930173-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930173_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Walsh, Thomas William, Characters of the Inquisition, P.J. Kennedy & Sons, 1940, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrbooksonline.com/HTML-docs/Walsh_letter_to_Roth.htm">"Walsh_letter_to_Roth.htm"</a>. www.jrbooksonline.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jrbooksonline.com&rft.atitle=Walsh_letter_to_Roth.htm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrbooksonline.com%2FHTML-docs%2FWalsh_letter_to_Roth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200169–70-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraiva200169–70_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaraiva2001">Saraiva (2001)</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930195-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930195_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXIV-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXIV_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomza2006">Homza (2006)</a>, pp. XXIV. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2003" class="citation web cs1">Madden, Thomas (1 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicity.com/commentary/madden/03481.html">"The Truth about the Spanish Inquisition"</a>. Mary Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827232257/https://www.catholicity.com/commentary/madden/03481.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mary+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Truth+about+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicity.com%2Fcommentary%2Fmadden%2F03481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Millán2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Millán, José (2007). La Inquisición Española (in Spanish). Alianza Editorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Inquisici%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=Alianza+Editorial&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Mill%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Kamen, Henry (2011). La Inquisición Española. Una revisión histórica. pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraiva200161-62-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraiva200161-62_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaraiva2001">Saraiva (2001)</a>, p. 61-62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELea190632-33_Volume_III-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELea190632-33_Volume_III_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLea1906">Lea (1906)</a>, pp. 32-33 Volume III. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> H. C. Lea, III, p. 33, Cited in <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 185. <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a>, p. 43 finds the same statistics. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Messori, Vittorio (2000). Leyendas Negras de la Iglesia. Editorial Planeta (this source is a Catholic apologist) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethencourt,_Francisco_1997-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bethencourt,_Francisco_1997_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bethencourt,_Francisco_1997_148-1">b</a> Bethencourt, Francisco. La Inquisición En La Época Moderna: España, Portugal E Italia, Siglos xv–xix. Madrid: Akal, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hassner, Ron E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2020.1761441">"The Cost of Torture: Evidence from the Spanish Inquisition"</a>. Security Studies. 29 (3): 457–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2020.1761441">10.1080/09636412.2020.1761441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6412">0963-6412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219405563">219405563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Cost+of+Torture%3A+Evidence+from+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-492&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219405563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-6412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09636412.2020.1761441&rft.aulast=Hassner&rft.aufirst=Ron+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09636412.2020.1761441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haliczer_79-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Haliczer_79_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaliczerHaliczer1990" class="citation book cs1">Haliczer, Stephen; Haliczer (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crCQmS_85EEC">Inquisition and Society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478-1834</a>. University of California Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06729-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Society+in+the+Kingdom+of+Valencia%2C+1478-1834&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06729-5&rft.aulast=Haliczer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Haliczer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrCQmS_85EEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters,_Edward_pp._92-93-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Peters,_Edward_pp._92-93_151-0">^</a> Peters, Edward, Inquisition, Dissent, Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office, pp. 92–93, University of California Press (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06630-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06630-8">0-520-06630-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomers2019" class="citation web cs1">Somers, Michelle (14 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=nEKPunno5K0">"Editor"</a>. Myth of the Spanish Inquisition. BBC Documentary. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Myth+of+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.atitle=Editor&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft.aulast=Somers&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fapp%3Ddesktop%26v%3DnEKPunno5K0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162,_197,198-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930162,_197,198_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 162, 197,198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930198-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930198_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen1998190–191_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamen2_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Crespo Vargas, Pablo L. La Inquisición Española Y Las Supersticiones En El Caribe Hispano. Madrid: Palibrio, 2011. pp. 120–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Sabatini, Rafael, Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition: A History, p. 190, Kessinger Publishing (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3161-0">0-7661-3161-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1959171-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1959171_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1959">Scott (1959)</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Carrol. James, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History, p. 356, Houghton Mifflin Books (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0">0-618-21908-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Peters, Edward, Inquisition, Dissent, Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office, p. 65, University of California Press (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06630-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06630-8">0-520-06630-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXV-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XXV_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomza2006">Homza (2006)</a>, p. XXV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201289-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201289_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2012">Murphy (2012)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott195932-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott195932_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1959">Scott (1959)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201958-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergemann201958_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergemann2019">Bergemann (2019)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergemann2019">Bergemann (2019)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-46-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-46_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergemann201945-46_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergemann2019">Bergemann (2019)</a>, p. 45-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELea1906183-185_Volume_III-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELea1906183-185_Volume_III_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLea1906">Lea (1906)</a>, p. 183-185 Volume III. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaliczer199083-85-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaliczer199083-85_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaliczer1990">Haliczer (1990)</a>, p. 83-85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergemann201946-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergemann201946_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergemann2019">Bergemann (2019)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930169-172,_222,_277-279,_432-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930169-172,_222,_277-279,_432_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 169-172, 222, 277-279, 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XIV-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomza2006XIV_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomza2006">Homza (2006)</a>, p. XIV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005136-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005136_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-conquest-of-Granada">"Spain – The conquest of Granada"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Spain+%E2%80%93+The+conquest+of+Granada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSpain%2FThe-conquest-of-Granada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez1997" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez, Doris Moreno (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342894899">"Cirios, trompetas y altares. El auto de fe como fiesta"</a>. Espacio. Tiempo y Forma, Serie IV História Moderna: 143–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio.+Tiempo+y+Forma%2C+Serie+IV+Hist%C3%B3ria+Moderna&rft.atitle=Cirios%2C+trompetas+y+altares.+El+auto+de+fe+como+fiesta&rft.pages=143-171&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Doris+Moreno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342894899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatini1930270-280-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatini1930270-280_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabatini1930">Sabatini (1930)</a>, p. 270-280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters198893–94-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters198893–94_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1988">Peters (1988)</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, pp. 192–213 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Stavans 2005: xxxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azevedo, João Lúcio de (1922). O Marquês de Pombal e a sua época (in Portuguese). Annuario do Brasil. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Marqu%C3%AAs+de+Pombal+e+a+sua+%C3%A9poca&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Annuario+do+Brasil&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+L%C3%BAcio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitas1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freitas, Jordão de (1916). O Marquez de Pombal e o Santo Oficio da Inquisição (Memoria enriquecida com documentos inéditos e facsimiles de assignaturas do benemerito reedificador da cidade de Lisboa) (in Portuguese). Soc. Editora José Bastos. pp. 10, 106, 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Marquez+de+Pombal+e+o+Santo+Oficio+da+Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%28Memoria+enriquecida+com+documentos+in%C3%A9ditos+e+facsimiles+de+assignaturas+do+benemerito+reedificador+da+cidade+de+Lisboa%29&rft.pages=10%2C+106%2C+122&rft.pub=Soc.+Editora+Jos%C3%A9+Bastos&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Freitas&rft.aufirst=Jord%C3%A3o+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Cited in Elorza, La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado. Historia 16. Especial 10º Aniversario La Inquisición; p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Members of the government and the Council of Castile, as well as other members close to the court, obtained special authorization for books purchased in France, the Low Countries or Germany to cross the border without inspection by members of the Holy Office. This practice grew beginning with the reign of Charles III. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Elorza, La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado. p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> The argument presented in the periodicals and other works circulating in Spain were virtually exact copies of the reflections of Montesquieu or Rousseau, translated into Spanish. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Church properties, in general, and those of the Holy Office in particular, occupied large tracts of today's <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a>. The properties were given under feudal terms to farmers or to localities who used them as community property with many restrictions, owing a part of the rent, generally in cash, to the church. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Elorza, La Inquisición y el Pensamiento Ilustrado. Historia 16. Especial 10º Aniversario La Inquisición; p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puigblanch" title="Antonio Puigblanch">Antonio Puigblanch</a>, La Inquisición sin máscara, Cádiz, 1811–1813. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Historians have different interpretations. One argument is that during the Ominous Decade, the Inquisition was re-established- because of a statement made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Alphonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Alphonso (page does not exist)">King Alphonso</a> upon a visit to the Vatican that he would reintroduce it if the occasion arose, but the Royal Decree that would have abolished the order of the Trienio Liberal was never approved, or at least, never published. The formal abolition under the regency of Maria Cristina was thus nothing more than a ratification of the abolition of 1820.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez2005100-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez2005100_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez2005">Pérez (2005)</a>, pp. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2014372–373-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2014372–373_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2014">Kamen (2014)</a>, pp. 372–373. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1968" class="citation news cs1">Times, Richard Ederspecial To the New York (17 December 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/17/archives/1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html">"1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain; 1492 BAN ON JEWS IS VOIDED IN SPAIN"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=1492+Ban+on+Jews+Is+Voided+by+Spain%3B+1492+BAN+ON+JEWS+IS+VOIDED+IN+SPAIN&rft.date=1968-12-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Richard+Ederspecial+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F12%2F17%2Farchives%2F1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuifBatenPérez-Artés2020" class="citation journal cs1">Juif, Dácil; Baten, Joerg; Pérez-Artés, Mari Carmen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/revista-de-historia-economica-journal-of-iberian-and-latin-american-economic-history/article/numeracy-of-religious-minorities-in-spain-and-portugal-during-the-inquisition-era/F0B49AE7BA5AFA17406F3A6C734EA949">"Numeracy of Religious Minorities in Spain and Portugal During the Inquisition Era"</a>. The Revista de Historia Económica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 38: 147–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS021261091900034X">10.1017/S021261091900034X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F36127">10016/36127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214199340">214199340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Revista+de+Historia+Econ%C3%B3mica+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Iberian+and+Latin+American+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Numeracy+of+Religious+Minorities+in+Spain+and+Portugal+During+the+Inquisition+Era&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=147-184&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F36127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214199340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS021261091900034X&rft.aulast=Juif&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1cil&rft.au=Baten%2C+Joerg&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Art%C3%A9s%2C+Mari+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Frevista-de-historia-economica-journal-of-iberian-and-latin-american-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fnumeracy-of-religious-minorities-in-spain-and-portugal-during-the-inquisition-era%2FF0B49AE7BA5AFA17406F3A6C734EA949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Anderson, James Maxwell. Daily Life during the Spanish Inquisition. Greenwood Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31667-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31667-8">0-313-31667-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen1998">Kamen (1998)</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Eire, Carlos M. N. Reformations: The Early Modern World 1450–1650. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016 pp 640 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohnhauptSimon1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohnhaupt, Heinz; Simon, Dieter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_Sdchs7yAkC">Vorträge zur Justizforschung: Geschichte und Theorie</a> (in German). V. Klostermann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-02627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-465-02627-3"><bdi>978-3-465-02627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vortr%C3%A4ge+zur+Justizforschung%3A+Geschichte+und+Theorie&rft.pub=V.+Klostermann&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-465-02627-3&rft.aulast=Mohnhaupt&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Simon%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_Sdchs7yAkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> W. Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily, Cambridge 2003, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Los Cuatro Tiempos, in Bartolomé Benassar, Inquisición Española: poder político y control social, pp. 15–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamen2005">Kamen (2005)</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Henningsen84-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henningsen84_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henningsen84_204-1">b</a> Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Henningsen-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henningsen_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henningsen_205-1">b</a> Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arag-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arag_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arag_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arag_206-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arag_206-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arag_206-4">e</a> W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> W. Monter, pp. 309, 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo.htm">Museo de la Inquisición y del Congreso</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> See H. Ch. Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, London 1922, pp. 204 ff. and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10250b.htm">The Catholic Encyclopedia: Mexico</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Francisco Fajardo Spínola, La actividad procesal del Santo Oficio. Algunas consideraciones sobre su estudio, Manuscrits 17, 1999, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> One burned in 1567 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 2, Gütersloh 1902, pp. 41–42), 13 in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 48), 5 burned in 1627, another 5 burned in 1655 (<a href="#CITEREFKamen2005">Kamen (2005)</a>, p. 266) and 3 burned alive in 1665 (Miriam Bodian, Dying in the law of Moses: crypto-Jewish martyrdom in the Iberian world, Indiana University Press 2007, p. 219). </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> cf. Henningsen, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Four burned between 1553 and 1558 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, pp. 37–38 n. 22), one in 1561 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 233), 19 others in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 48) and 10 burned in 1654 (Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. V, 2009, p. 91). </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Two persons condemned to death in 1678 were burned in the auto de fe celebrated in Madrid in 1680 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 300). Therefore, they are included in the number of executions for Toledo/Madrid. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> This number includes 7 persons burned ca. 1545 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 189), 9 persons burned in 1550–52 (Flora García Ivars, La represión en el tribunal inquisitorial de Granada, 1550–1819, ed. Akal, 1991, p. 194), 14 persons burned in the 1560s. (W. Monter, p. 44, 233), 24 burned between 1570 and 1625 (W. Monter, p. 48), 12 burned in 1654 (Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. V, 2009, p. 92) and 6 burned in 1672 (A. J. Saraiva, H. P. Salomon, I. S. D. Sassoon: The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765. Leiden, Boston, and Cologne: Brill, 2001, p. 217 n. 62). </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> 154 burned between 1557 and 1568 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regmurcia.com/docs/murgetana/N046/N046_004.pdf">J. L. Morales y Marin: El Alcazar de la Inquisicion en Murcia</a>, s. 40), 11 executed in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter, p. 48) and 25 between 1686 and 1699 (Consuelo Maqueda Abreu, El auto de fe, Madryt 1992, p. 97). </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> This number includes 2 executions in the auto-da-fé in 1545 (W.Monter, Frontiers of heresy, p. 38), 114 executions in the autos da fe between 1559 and 1660 (Victoria González de Caldas, Judíos o cristianos?, Universidad de Sevilla, 2000, p. 528) and 12 executions in the autos da fe between 1666 and 1695 (Consuelo Maqueda Abreu, El auto de fe, Madrid 1992, pp. 99–100). </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> 13 burned in the autos da fe between 1555 and 1569 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 2, Gütersloh 1902, p. 79–91.), 25 burned between 1570 and 1625 (W. Monter, p. 48), 2 burned between 1648 and 1699 (H. Ch. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, vol. IV, New York 1907, p. 524; cf. Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet (ed.), Historia de la Inquisición en España y América, vol. 1, Madrid 1984, p. 1395), and 26 burned in two autos da fe in Madrid w 1632 and 1680 (H. Ch. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, vol. III, New York 1907, p. 228). </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> This number includes 6 executions given by Henningsen and Contreras for the period 1620–1670 (Henningsen, The Database of the Spanish Inquisition, pp. 58 and 65), 26 burned in two famous autos-da-fé in 1559 (W.Monter, Frontiers of heresy, pp. 41, 44),2 burned in 1561 (W. Monter, pp. 41, 44, 233),15 burned between 1562 and 1567 (E. Schäffer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus, Bd. 3, Gütersloh 1902, p. 131) and 5 burned in 1691 (H. Ch. Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain, New York 1907, vol. III, p. 197). </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Source: Teofanes Egido, Las modificaciones de la tipologia: nueva estructura delictiva, in: Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet, Historia de la Inquisición en España y América, vol. 1, Madrid 1984, p. 1395. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-2007-4-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2007-4_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2007-4_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquisitionreign00gree/page/4">4–5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 81A, n. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-2007-65-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Green-2007-65_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquisitionreign00gree/page/65">65</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrios-1991-58-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrios-1991-58_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrios1991" class="citation book cs1">Barrios, Manuel (1991). 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Retrieved 18 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Libraries+-+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Henry+Charles+Lea+Papers+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Sketch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.upenn.edu%2Fcollections%2Frbm%2Fmss%2Flea%2Fleabio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hove1996" class="citation web cs1">Van Hove, Brian (12 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405150258/http://www.catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/article3.html">"A New Industry: The Inquisition"</a>. Catholic.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/article3.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Industry%3A+The+Inquisition&rft.pub=Catholic.net&rft.date=1996-11-12&rft.aulast=Van+Hove&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.net%2FRCC%2FPeriodicals%2FDossier%2F1112-96%2Farticle3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen20079-10-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen20079-10_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green (2007)</a>, p. 9-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> See for example Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Los Cuatro Tiempos, in Bartolomé Benassar, Inquisición Española: poder político y control social, pp. 15–39 and <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976">García Cárcel (1976)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/38335/personal-history">"Benzion Netanyahu's History"</a>. Tablet Magazine. 30 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Benzion+Netanyahu%27s+History&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F38335%2Fpersonal-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Vicente Ángel Álvarez Palenzuela. Judíos y conversos en la España medieval. Estado de la cuestión (Jews and converts in medieval Spain. Estate of the matter). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) eHumanista/Converso 4 (2015):156–191 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.span.d7_eh/files/sitefiles/conversos/volume3/11%20ehumcon4.palenzuela.pdf">It can be checked for free here.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorsen2024" class="citation web cs1">Morsen, Gary Saul (16 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-Dostoyevsky/The-Brothers-Karamazov">"The Brothers Karamazov"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Brothers+Karamazov&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft.aulast=Morsen&rft.aufirst=Gary+Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFyodor-Dostoyevsky%2FThe-Brothers-Karamazov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDostoyevsky2009" class="citation book cs1">Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (2009). The Grand Inquisitor. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Inquisitor&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dostoyevsky&rft.aufirst=Fyodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Alterton, Margaret. "An Additional Source for Poe's 'The Pit and the Pendulum'" from Modern Language Notes, Vol. 48, No. 6 (Jun., 1933), p. 349 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/206172.The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum">"The Pit and the Pendulum"</a>. Goodreads. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=The+Pit+and+the+Pendulum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F206172.The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehistorylady.wordpress.com/2012/06/30/magnificent-epic-cathedral-of-the-sea-by-ildefonso-falcones/">"Magnificent Epic: Cathedral of the Sea by Ildefonso Falcones"</a>. The History Lad. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Lad&rft.atitle=Magnificent+Epic%3A+Cathedral+of+the+Sea+by+Ildefonso+Falcones&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehistorylady.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F06%2F30%2Fmagnificent-epic-cathedral-of-the-sea-by-ildefonso-falcones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seminal_classical_works">Seminal classical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Seminal classical works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEymerich1821" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Eymerich, Nicholas</a> (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLE2VMvh6xgC/mode/2up?q=manual+de+inquisidores">Manual de Inquisidores para uso de las inquisiciones de España y Portugal, ó Compendio de la Obra titulada Directorio de Inquisidores, de Nicolao Eymerico, Inquisidor general de Aragón (translated from French to Spanish by J. Marchena)</a>. Imprenta de Feliz Aviñon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+Inquisidores+para+uso+de+las+inquisiciones+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Portugal%2C+%C3%B3+Compendio+de+la+Obra+titulada+Directorio+de+Inquisidores%2C+de+Nicolao+Eymerico%2C+Inquisidor+general+de+Arag%C3%B3n+%28translated+from+French+to+Spanish+by+J.+Marchena%29&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Feliz+Avi%C3%B1on&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Eymerich&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DLE2VMvh6xgC%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dmanual%2Bde%2Binquisidores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gui, Bernard , Manuel de l'Inquisiteur, (1927)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea1906" class="citation book cs1">Lea, Henry Charles (1906). A History of the Inquisition of Spain (4 volumes). The MacMillan Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Inquisition+of+Spain+%284+volumes%29&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Henry+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Lea" title="Henry Charles Lea">Lea, Henry Charles</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moriscosspainth00unkngoog">The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion</a>. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moriscos+of+Spain%3A+Their+Conversion+and+Expulsion&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lea+Brothers+and+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Henry+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoriscosspainth00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlorente1817" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Llorente" title="Juan Antonio Llorente">Llorente, Juan Antonio</a> (1817). Histoire critique de l'Inquisition d'Espagne (4 volumes) (in French). Imprimerie de Plassan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+de+l%27Inquisition+d%27Espagne+%284+volumes%29&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+Plassan&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Llorente&rft.aufirst=Juan+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pastor, Ludwig von, History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Secret Archives of the Vatican</a> and other original sources, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder 1898</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2005). The Spanish Inquisition: A History. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez, Joseph (2009). Breve Historia de la Inquisición en España (in Spanish). Crítica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Historia+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorquemada1667" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torquemada, Tomás de (1667). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia903004.us.archive.org/22/items/BRes14068130Despacho/BRes14068130Despacho.pdf">Compilacion de las Instrucciones del Oficio de la Santa Inquisicion</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Diego Diaz de la Carrera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilacion+de+las+Instrucciones+del+Oficio+de+la+Santa+Inquisicion&rft.pub=Diego+Diaz+de+la+Carrera&rft.date=1667&rft.aulast=Torquemada&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia903004.us.archive.org%2F22%2Fitems%2FBRes14068130Despacho%2FBRes14068130Despacho.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisionist_books">Revisionist books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Revisionist books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarea2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Barea, María Elvira Roca</a> (2016). Imperiofobia Y Leyenda Negra: Roma, Rusia, Estados Unidos Y El Imperio Español. Siruela.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperiofobia+Y+Leyenda+Negra%3A+Roma%2C+Rusia%2C+Estados+Unidos+Y+El+Imperio+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Siruela&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Barea&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Elvira+Roca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Carroll, Warren H.</a>, Isabel: the Catholic Queen, Christendom Press (1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Cárcel1976" class="citation book cs1">García Cárcel, Ricardo (1976). Orígenes de la Inquisición Española. El Tribunal de Valencia, 1478–1530. Barcelona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Or%C3%ADgenes+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1ola.+El+Tribunal+de+Valencia%2C+1478%E2%80%931530&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+C%C3%A1rcel&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li>Graizbord, David L. Souls in Dispute: Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora, 1580–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomza2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ann_Homza" title="Lu Ann Homza">Homza, Lu Ann</a> (2006). The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614, An Anthology of Sources. Hackett Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%2C+1478%E2%80%931614%2C+An+Anthology+of+Sources&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Homza&rft.aufirst=Lu+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisiti00henr">The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9"><bdi>978-0-300-07522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+a+Historical+Revision&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07522-9&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishinquisiti00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (2005). Inkwizycja Hiszpańska [The Spanish Inquisition] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-06-02963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-06-02963-5"><bdi>978-83-06-02963-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inkwizycja+Hiszpa%C5%84ska&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-83-06-02963-5&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisiti0000kame">The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18051-0"><bdi>978-0-300-18051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+A+Historical+Revision&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18051-0&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishinquisiti0000kame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> Kamen has published 4 editions under 3 titles: "First edition published 1965 ... as The Spanish Inquisition. Second edition published 1985 ... as Inquisition and Society in Spain. Third edition published 1998 ... as The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Fourth edition 2014."</li> <li>Kritzler, Edward, Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean. Anchor Books 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4">978-0-7679-1952-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonter1990" class="citation book cs1">Monter, E. William (1990). Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52259-5"><bdi>978-0-521-52259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Heresy%3A+The+Spanish+Inquisition+from+the+Basque+Lands+to+Sicily&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52259-5&rft.aulast=Monter&rft.aufirst=E.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Nirenberg, David. (2013). Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34791-3"><bdi>978-0-393-34791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Judaism%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-34791-3&rft.aulast=Nirenberg&rft.aufirst=David.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"> ch. 5 "Revenge of the Savior: Jews and Power in Medieval Europe", ch. 6 "The Extinction of Spain's Jews and the Birth of Its Inquisition"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a> (1982). "Some recent work on the Inquisition in Spain and Italy". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a>. 54 (3): 519–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244181">10.1086/244181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906231">1906231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143860010">143860010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Some+recent+work+on+the+Inquisition+in+Spain+and+Italy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-532&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143860010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1906231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244181&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1988" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (1988). Inquisition. New York & London: Free Press Collier Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029249802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029249802"><bdi>978-0029249802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Free+Press+Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0029249802&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rawlings, Helen, The Spanish Inquisition, Blackwell Publishing (2006)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_scholarship">Old scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Old scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li>Adler, Elkan Nathan – Autos de fe and the Jew (1908)</li> <li>Baião, António – A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil (1921)</li> <li>Baker, J. – History of the Inquisition (1736)</li> <li>Ballester, Vicente Vignau – Catálogo de las causas contra la fe seguidas ante el tribunal de Santo oficio de la inquisición de Toledo (,,,) (1903)</li> <li>Bell, Aubrey F.G. – Luis de Leon: A Study of the Spanish Renaissance (1925)</li> <li>Cappa, Ricardo – La Inquisicion Espanola (1888)</li> <li>Cardew, Alexander – A Short History of the Inquisition (1933)</li> <li>Castellano y de la Pena, Gaspar Un Complot Terrorista en el Siglo XV; los Comienzos de la Inquisicion Aragonesa, (1927)</li> <li>Coulton, George Gordon – The Inquisition (1929)</li> <li>Garau, Francisco – La Fee Triunfante en quatro autos celebrados en Mallorca por el Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en que han salido ochenta y ocho reos (...) – (1691– reprinted 1931)</li> <li>García, Genaro, La Inquisición de México (1906).</li> <li>García, Genaro, Autos de fe de la Inquisición de Mexico (1910)</li> <li>Herculano, Alexandre , Historia da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisiçao em Portugal (English translation, 1926)</li> <li>Jouve, Marguerite – Torquemada (1935)</li> <li>Maistre, Joseph de – Letters on the Spanish Inquisition (1838)</li> <li>Maycock, Alan Lawson – The Inquisition (1926)</li> <li>Marchant, John – A Review of the Bloody Tribunal; or the horrid cruelties of the Inquisition (...) 1770)</li> <li>Marín, Julio Melgares – Procedimientos de la Inquisición (2 volumes), (1886)</li> <li>Medina, José Toribio – "Historia del Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la inquisición de Lima (1569–1820)" (1887)</li> <li>Meliá, Antonio Paz y – Catálogo Abreviado de Papeles de Inquisición (1914)</li> <li>Merveilleux, Charles Frédéric de – Memoires Instructifs pour un Voyageur dans les Divers États de l'Europe (1738)</li> <li>Montes, Raimundo González de – Discovery and Playne Declaration of Sundry Subtile Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne (1568)</li> <li>Nickerson, Hoffman – The Inquisition (1923)</li> <li>Páramo, Luis de – De origine et progressu Officii Sanctae Inquisitionis, eiusque, dignitate & utilitate 1598</li> <li>Perlas, Ramon de Vilana , La verdadera práctica apostólica de el S. Tribunal de la Inquisición (1735)</li> <li>Puigblanch, Antonio – La Inquisición sin máscara ó Disertacion En Que Se Prueban Hasta La Evidencia Los Vicios De Este Tribunal Y La Necesidad De Que Se Suprima... (1816)]</li> <li>Roth, Cecil – The Spanish Inquisition (1937)</li> <li>Roth, Cecil – History of the Marranos (1932)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatini1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Sabatini, Rafael</a> (1930). Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (rev. ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torquemada+and+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Sabatini&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sime, William – History of the Inquisition from its origin under Pope Innocent III till the present time. (1834)</li> <li>Teixeira, António José – Antonio Homem e a Inquisicão (1895)</li> <li>Turberville, Arthur Stanley – Medieval History and the Inquisition (1920)</li> <li>Turberville, Arthur Stanley – The Spanish Inquisition (1932).</li> <li>Walsh, William Thomas, Isabella of Spain (1930) and Characters of the Inquisition (1940). Both reprinted by TAN Books (1987).</li> <li>Wilkens, Cornelius August : Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century (1897), 218p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishprotesta00wilkgoog">read online at archive.org</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/title.htm">"Title Catalog"</a>. The Library of Iberian Resources. Retrieved 17 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+Catalog&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Ftitle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergemann2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bergemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Bergemann (page does not exist)">Bergemann, Patrick</a> (2019). Judge thy neighbor: denunciations in the Spanish Inquisition, Romanov Russia, and Nazi Germany. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judge+thy+neighbor%3A+denunciations+in+the+Spanish+Inquisition%2C+Romanov+Russia%2C+and+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bergemann&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Frassetto" title="Michael Frassetto">Frassetto, Michael</a> (2007). Heretic lives : Medieval Heresy from Bogomil and the Cathars to Wyclif and Hus. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-744-1"><bdi>978-1-86197-744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretic+lives+%3A+Medieval+Heresy+from+Bogomil+and+the+Cathars+to+Wyclif+and+Hus&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-744-1&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Green" title="Toby Green">Green, Toby</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquisitionreign00gree">Inquisition : the reign of fear</a>. New York: Thomas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53724-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53724-1"><bdi>978-0-312-53724-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+%3A+the+reign+of+fear&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-53724-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finquisitionreign00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaliczer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Haliczer" title="Stephen Haliczer">Haliczer, Stephen</a> (1990). Inquisition and Society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478–1834. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Society+in+the+Kingdom+of+Valencia%2C+1478%E2%80%931834&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Haliczer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeff1967" class="citation book cs1">Leff, Gordon (1967). Heresy in the Late Middle Ages: The relation of Heterodoxy to dissent c. 1250 – c. 1450. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%3A+The+relation+of+Heterodoxy+to+dissent+c.+1250+%E2%80%93+c.+1450&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Leff&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Cullen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsjuryinquisit0000murp">God's jury: the Inquisition and the making of the modern world</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09156-0"><bdi>978-0-618-09156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+jury%3A+the+Inquisition+and+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-09156-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsjuryinquisit0000murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1980" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (1980). Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in translation. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+and+Authority+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+Documents+in+translation&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaidy1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Alice_Burford" title="Eleanor Alice Burford">Plaidy, Jean</a> (1994). The Spanish Inquisition:its Rise, growth, and end (Three volumes in one). New York: Barnes & Noble.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3Aits+Rise%2C+growth%2C+and+end+%28Three+volumes+in+one%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Plaidy&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraiva2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António José Saraiva (page does not exist)">Saraiva, António José</a> (2001). The Marrano factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536%E2%80%931765&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ryley_Scott" title="George Ryley Scott">Scott, George Ryley</a> (1959). The history of torture throughout the ages (7th ed.). Luxor Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+torture+throughout+the+ages&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Luxor+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=George+Ryley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsett2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Thomsett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Thomsett (page does not exist)">Thomsett, Michael</a> (2010). The Inquisition: A History. McFarland & Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inquisition%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Thomsett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Twiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miranda Twiss (page does not exist)">Twiss, Miranda</a> (2002). The Most Evil Men And Women In History. Michael O'Mara Books Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Evil+Men+And+Women+In+History&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillacañas2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Villaca%C3%B1as" title="José Luis Villacañas">Villacañas, José Luis</a> (2019). Imperiofilia y el populismo nacional-católico: Otra historia del imperio español. Editorial Lengua de Trapo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperiofilia+y+el+populismo+nacional-cat%C3%B3lico%3A+Otra+historia+del+imperio+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Editorial+Lengua+de+Trapo&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Villaca%C3%B1as&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitechapel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Whitechapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Whitechapel (page does not exist)">Whitechapel, Simon</a> (2003). Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition. Creation Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+Inferno%3A+Atrocities+of+Torquemada+and+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.pub=Creation+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Whitechapel&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassner2022" class="citation book cs1">Hassner, Ron E. (2022). Anatomy of Torture. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6205-5"><bdi>978-1-5017-6205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Torture&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6205-5&rft.aulast=Hassner&rft.aufirst=Ron+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Inquisition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1bw">"The Spanish Inquisition"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> discussion with John Edwards, Alexander Murray & Michael Alpert (<a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, 22 June 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinktorah.org/the-spanish-inquistion/">Audio Lecture on the History of the Spanish Inquisition and 1492 Expulsion of Spanish Jewry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/archivo-digital/copilacion-de-las-instructiones-del-officio-de-la-sancta-inquisicion">Copilacion de las Instructiones del Officio de la sancta Inquisicion hechas por el muy Reuerendo señor fray Thomas de Torquemada ... e por los otros Reuerendissimos señores Inquisidores generales, etc.</a> (The first instructions of Torquemada for the guidance of the inquisitors)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121552056">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128138451">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83046831">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066550">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&oldid=1258617941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&oldid=1258617941</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Inquisition" title="Category:Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1478_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1478 establishments in Europe">1478 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_establishments_in_Aragon" title="Category:15th-century establishments in Aragon">15th-century establishments in Aragon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_establishments_in_Castile" title="Category:15th-century establishments in Castile">15th-century establishments in Castile</a></li><li><a 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[\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Page numbers needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious persecution\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 58,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.6"],["recursiveClone 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