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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Early Christian centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Islamic rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Subsequent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syriac literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="الرها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%9D" title="ܐܘܪܗܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܗܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa" title="Edesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Едеса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едеса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa" title="Edesa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edesa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mesopot%C3%A0mia)" title="Edessa (Mesopotàmia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edessa (Mesopotàmia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Έδεσσα Μεσοποταμίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έδεσσα Μεσοποταμίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa" title="Edesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa_(Mesopotamia)" title="Edesa (Mesopotamia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edesa (Mesopotamia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ادسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89desse_(Osro%C3%A8ne)" title="Édesse (Osroène) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édesse (Osroène)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa" title="Edesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%8D%B0%EC%82%AC_(%EB%A9%94%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84)" title="에데사 (메소포타미아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에데사 (메소포타미아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Եդեսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եդեսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mezopotamija)" title="Edessa (Mezopotamija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edessa (Mezopotamija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edessa, Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mesopotamia)" title="Edessa (Mesopotamia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edessa (Mesopotamia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ედესა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედესა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="എദേസ്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എദേസ്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mesopotamia)" title="Edessa (Mesopotamia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edessa (Mesopotamia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mesopot%C3%A2mia)" title="Edessa (Mesopotâmia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edessa (Mesopotâmia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Эдесса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдесса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesa" title="Edesa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Едеса (Месопотамија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едеса (Месопотамија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa_(Mezopotamija)" title="Edessa (Mezopotamija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edessa (Mezopotamija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Едеса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едеса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edessa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edessa, Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%96%A9" title="埃德薩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃德薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1190403#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edessa&params=37_09_N_38_48_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°09′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.150°N 38.800°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.150; 38.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city – now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Mesopotamia. For the Greek city, see <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">Edessa, Greece</a>. For the bishopric, see <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Edessa">Bishopric of Edessa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Edessa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edessa (disambiguation)">Edessa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient history of Edessa. For its modern successor, see <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg/400px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg/600px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg/800px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and surrounding regions during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> period, with Edessa in the upper left quadrant</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Edessa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἔδεσσα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Édessa</i></span>) was an ancient city (<i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> or Şanlıurfa, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It was founded during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> by <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> general and self proclaimed king <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–281 BC</span>), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. He named it after an ancient <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">Macedonian capital</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔδεσσα</span></span> (<i>Édessa</i>) means "tower in the water". It later became capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a>, and continued as capital of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, it became a prominent center of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christian</a> learning and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Edessa">Catechetical School of Edessa</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, it was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a>. </p><p>The city was situated on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Daysan_River" title="Daysan River">Daysan River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σκίρτος</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Scirtus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kara Koyun</i>), a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a>, and was defended by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Castle" title="Şanlıurfa Castle">Şanlıurfa Castle</a>, the high central citadel. </p><p>Ancient Edessa is the predecessor of modern <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Şanlıurfa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku" dir="rtl">Riha</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرُّهَا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Ruhā</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Ուռհա</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Urha</i></span>), in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Modern names of the city are likely derived from <b>Urhay</b> or <b>Orhay</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܘܪܗܝ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy</i></span>), the site's <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> name before the re-foundation of the settlement by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>. After the defeat of the Seleucids in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid–Parthian Wars</a>, Edessa became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene, with a mixed Syriac and Hellenistic culture. The origin of the name of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> itself is probably related to Orhay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> began exercising political influence over the Kingdom of Osroene and its capital Edessa from 69 BC. It became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">Roman <i>colonia</i></a> in 212 or 213, though there continued to be local kings of Osroene until 243 or 248. In <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, Edessa was an important city on the Roman<a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">–</a>Persian frontier with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. It resisted the attack of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 240–270</span>) in his third invasion of Roman territory. The 260 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Battle of Edessa</a> saw Shapur defeat the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 253–260</span>) and capture him alive, an unprecedented disaster for the Roman state. The Late Antique <i><a href="/wiki/Laterculus_Veronensis" title="Laterculus Veronensis">Laterculus Veronensis</a></i> names Edessa as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a>. The Roman soldier and Latin historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> described the city's formidable fortifications and how in 359 it successfully resisted the attack of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was a centre of Greek and Syriac theological and philosophical thought, hosting the famed <a href="/wiki/School_of_Edessa" title="School of Edessa">School of Edessa</a>. Edessa remained in Roman hands until its capture by the Persians during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, an event recorded by the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> as occurring in 609. Roman control was restored by the 627 and 628 victories of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 610–641</span>) in the Byzantine–Sasanian War, but the city was lost by the Romans again in 638, to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>. It did not return to the Romans' control until the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> temporarily recovered the city in the mid-10th century after a number of failed attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> regained control in 1031, though it did not remain under their rule long and changed hands several times before the end of the century. The County of Edessa, one of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> set up after the success of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, was centred on the city, the crusaders having seized the city from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a>. The county survived until the 1144 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Siege of Edessa</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi" title="Imad al-Din Zengi">Imad al-Din Zengi</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a>, captured the city and, according to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew of Edessa</a>, killed many of the Edessenes. The Turkic <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a>'s lands were eventually absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1517 after the 1514 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Castle_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/220px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/330px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urfa_Castle_02.jpg/440px-Urfa_Castle_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>The heritage of Roman Edessa survives today in these columns at the site of Urfa Castle, dominating the skyline of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest name of the city was <i>Admaʾ</i> (red)(also written <i>Adme</i>, <i>Admi</i>, <i>Admum</i>; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אדמא</span>), recorded in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script#Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">Assyrian cuneiform</a> in the second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recorded in Syriac as ܐܕܡܐ <i>Adme.</i> </p><p>The ancient town was refounded as a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> military settlement by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 303</span> BC, and named <i>Edessa</i> after the <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Greece" title="Edessa, Greece">ancient capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, perhaps due to its abundant water, just like its Macedonian namesake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later renamed <i>Callirrhoe</i> or <i>Antiochia on the Callirhoe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Καλλιρρόης</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Antiochia ad Callirhoem</i>) in the 2nd century BC (found on Edessan coins struck by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, r. 175–164 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Antiochus IV's reign, the name of the city reverted to Edessa, in Greek,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also appears in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> as <i>Urha</i> or <i>Ourha</i> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ուռհա</span></span>), in Aramaic (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>) as <i>Urhay</i> or <i>Orhay</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܘܪܗܝ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">ʾŪrhāy / ʾŌrhāy</i></span>), in local Neo-Aramaic (<a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a>) as <i>Urhoy</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as <i>ar-Ruhā</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرُّهَا</span></span>), in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a> as <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku">Riha</i></span>, Latinized as <i>Rohais</i>, and finally adopted into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> as <i>Urfa</i> or <i>Şanlıurfa</i> ("Glorious Urfa"), its present name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This originally Aramaic and Syriac name for the city may have been derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> name <i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrow (word)">Khosrow</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was re-named <i>Justinopolis</i> during the Byzantine period in the early 6th century. According to some Jewish and Muslim traditions, it is the location of <a href="/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees" title="Ur of the Chaldees">Ur of the Chaldees</a>, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edessa was situated on a ridge in the middle of a ring of hills surrounded by a fertile plain, and was therefore considered to be favourably situated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ridge in turn was an extension of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Masius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Masius (page does not exist)">Mount Masius</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was located at a crossroads; the east–west highway from <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, and the north–south route from <a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a>) to the Euphrates via Carrhae (modern-day Harran) met at the ridge where Edessa was located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty" title="Abgarid dynasty">Abgarid dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene (Roman province)</a></div> <p>In the second half of the second century BC, as the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> disintegrated during wars with <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (145–129 BC), Edessa became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty" title="Abgarid dynasty">Abgarid dynasty</a>, who founded the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (also known as Edessa). This kingdom was established by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> from the northern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and lasted nearly four centuries (c. 132 BC to A.D. 214), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves "king" on their coinage. Edessa was at first more or less under the protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, then of <a href="/wiki/Tigranes" title="Tigranes">Tigranes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Edessa was <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mesopotamia" title="Armenian Mesopotamia">Armenian Mesopotamia</a>'s capital city, then from the time of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Following its capture and sack by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, the Romans even occupied Edessa from 116 to 118, although its sympathies towards the Parthians led to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> pillaging the city later in the 2nd century. </p><p>Christianity is attested in Edessa in the 2nd century; the gnostic <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> was a native of the city and a philosopher at its court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 212 to 214 the kingdom was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrinus_Edessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Macrinus_Edessa.jpg/220px-Macrinus_Edessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Macrinus_Edessa.jpg/330px-Macrinus_Edessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Macrinus_Edessa.jpg/440px-Macrinus_Edessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">tetradrachm</a> struck in Edessa by <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> 217-218 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae (now <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>) by one of his guards in 217. Edessa became one of the frontier cities of the province of Osroene and lay close to the border of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Battle of Edessa</a> took place between the Roman armies under the command of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and the Sasanian forces under emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> in 260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirety by the Persian forces, including Valerian himself, an event which had never previously happened. </p><p>The literary language of the tribes that had founded this kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of Hellenistic culture were soon overwhelmed in Edessa, which employed Syriac legends on coinage, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client king</a> <a href="/wiki/Abgar_IX" title="Abgar IX">Abgar IX</a> (179–214), and there is a corresponding lack of Greek public inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Edessa" title="Chronicle of Edessa">Chronicle of Edessa</a></i>, a Syriac chronicle written after 540, the cathedral church of Edessa was founded immediately after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> and the 313 <i><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Letter of Licinius</a></i>, which ended the general persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. The cathedral church was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a>. Around 23 different monasteries and churches are known to have existed in the city, with at least as many again just outside town; these attracted many pilgrims. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> even claimed in his <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Church History</i></a> that "the whole city" was "devoted to the name of Christ" in the early 4th century; in fact the city had at least some pagan inhabitants into the early 5th century, as well as Jewish ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius also claimed to quote the <i>Letter of Abgar to Jesus</i> and the <i>Letter of Jesus to Abgar</i> in the state archives of Edessa, foundational texts of the <a href="/wiki/Abgar_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Abgar Legend">Abgar Legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a>, a high-status Roman lady and author, visited Edessa in 384 on her way to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>; she saw a <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrium" title="Martyrium">martyrium</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> and the text of the <i>Letter of Jesus</i> inscribed on the city walls, said to protect the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She saw a longer version of the <i>Letters</i> than she was previously familiar with, and was assured that the holy words had repelled a Persian assault on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Chronicle of Edessa</i>, in 394 the relics of Saint Thomas were <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> into the great Church of St Thomas and in 442 they were encased in a silver casket. According to the late-6th-century Frankish hagiographer and bishop <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, the relics had themselves been brought from India, while in Edessa an annual fair (and alleviation of customs duties) was held at the church in July in the saint's honour (the feast of St Thomas was observed on 3 July) during which, Gregory alleged, water would appear in shallow wells and <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> disappeared. According to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_Stylite" title="Joshua the Stylite">Joshua the Stylite</a>, a shrine to some martyred saints was built outside the city walls in 346 or 347.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more elaborate version of the Abgar Legend is recorded in the early 5th-century Syriac <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></i>, purportedly based on the state archives of Edessa, and including both a pseudepigraphal letter from <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 14–37</span>) and the emperor's supposed reply.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text is the earliest to allege that a painting (or <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was enclosed with the reply to Abgar and that the city of Edessa was prophesied never to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this text, Edessenes were early adopters of Christianity; the inhabitants of the neighbouring city of Carrhae (<a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>), by contrast, were pagans. According to the <i>Chronicle of Edessa</i>, the early 5th-century theologian and bishop <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a> built a church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a> in a building that had been a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was a site of major unrest in 449 due to an attempt to depose its bishop, <a href="/wiki/Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Nisibis (<a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>) was ceded to the Sasanian Empire along with <a href="/wiki/Arzanene" title="Arzanene">Arzanene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabdicene" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a>, Rehimena and <a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a> in 363,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199879_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199879-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a> left his native town for Edessa, where he founded the celebrated <a href="/wiki/School_of_Edessa" title="School of Edessa">School of Edessa</a>. This school, largely attended by the Christian youth of Persia, and closely watched by <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a>, the friend of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, on account of its <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> tendencies, reached its highest development under bishop <a href="/wiki/Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas</a>, famous through the <a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three-Chapter Controversy</a>, was temporarily closed in 457, and finally in 489, by command of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> and Bishop Cyrus, when the teachers and students of the School of Edessa repaired to Nisibis and became chief writers of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a> prospered at Edessa after the Arab conquest. </p><p>Under the Sassanian emperor <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 488–531</span>), the Sasanids attacked Edessa. According to Joshua the Stylite the shrine outside the walls set up in the 340s was burnt by his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edessa was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 518–527</span>), and renamed Justinopolis after him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, in his <i>Persian Wars</i>, describes the inscription of the <i>Letter of Jesus</i>'s text on the city gates of Edessa, which he stated made the defences impregnable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)" title="Siege of Edessa (544)">Sasanian siege</a> occurred in 544. The city was taken in 609 by the Sasanian Empire, and retaken by <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, but lost to the Muslim army under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in 638. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Christian_centre">Early Christian centre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Christian centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg/170px-Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg/255px-Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/School_of_Edessa" title="School of Edessa">School of Edessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Mesopotamia_and_the_Parthian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity § Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire</a></div> <p>The precise date of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> into Edessa is not known. However, there is no doubt that even before AD 190 Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that shortly after the royal house joined the church.<sup id="cite_ref-vonHarnack_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonHarnack-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a legend first reported by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> in the fourth century, King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a> was converted by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus of Edessa">Thaddeus of Edessa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Addai</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-herbermann_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbermann-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy-two disciples</a>, sent to him by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">"Judas, who is also called Thomas"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, various sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> confirm that the Abgar who embraced the Christian faith was <a href="/wiki/Abgar_IX" title="Abgar IX">Abgar IX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cheetham_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheetham-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under him Christianity became the official religion of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addai was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Aggai_(bishop)" title="Aggai (bishop)">Aggai</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mari">Saint Mari</a>, who was ordained about 200 by <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion of Antioch</a>. Thence came to us in the second century the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></i>, or Syriac translation of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i>, which was compiled about 172 and in common use until <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a>, Bishop of Edessa (412–435), forbade its use. Among the illustrious disciples of the School of Edessa, <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> (154–222), a schoolfellow of Abgar IX, deserves special mention for his role in creating Christian religious poetry, and whose teaching was continued by his son Harmonius and his disciples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Christian council was held at Edessa as early as 197.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 201 the city was devastated by a great flood, and the Christian church was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 232 the relics of the apostle Thomas were brought from <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written. Under Roman domination many martyrs suffered at Edessa: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Sharbel" title="Acts of Sharbel">Sharbel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barsamya" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsamya">Barsamya</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>; Sts. Gûrja, Shâmôna, Habib, and others under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. In the meanwhile Christian priests from Edessa had evangelized Eastern Mesopotamia and Persia, and established the first Churches in the Sasanian Empire. Atillâtiâ, Bishop of Edessa, assisted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325). The <i>Peregrinatio Silviae</i> (or Etheriae)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives an account of the many sanctuaries at Edessa about 388. </p><p>As metropolis of Osroene, Edessa had eleven <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan see">suffragan sees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a> mentions thirty-five bishops of Edessa, but his list is incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> episcopate seems to have disappeared after the 11th century. Of its <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite</a> bishops, twenty-nine are mentioned by Le Quien (II, 1429 sqq.), many others in the <i>Revue de l'Orient chrétien</i> (VI, 195), some in <i>Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i> (1899), 261 sqq. Moreover, Nestorian bishops are said to have resided at Edessa as early as the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_rule">Islamic rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Armenian chronicler <a href="/wiki/Sebeos" title="Sebeos">Sebeos</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a> writing in the 660s, gives the earliest narrative accounts of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in any language today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sebeos writes of a Jewish delegation going to an Arab city (possibly <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) after the Byzantines conquered Edessa: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Twelve peoples [representing] all the tribes of the Jews assembled at the city of Edessa. When they saw that the Iranian troops had departed ... Thus Heraclius, emperor of the Byzantines, gave the order to besiege it. (625) ... So they departed, taking the road through the desert to <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Tachkastan</a> to the sons of Ishmael. [The Jews] called [the Arabs] to their aid and familiarized them with the relationship they had through the books of the [Old] Testament. Although [the Arabs] were convinced of their close relationship, they were unable to get a consensus from their multitude, for they were divided from each other by religion. In that period a certain one of them, a man of the sons of Ishmael named Mahmet, a merchant, became prominent. A sermon about the Way of Truth, supposedly at God's command, was revealed to them... he ordered them all to assemble together and to unite in faith... He said: "God promised that country to Abraham and to his son after him, for eternity. And what had been promised was fulfilled during that time when [God] loved Israel. Now, however, you are the sons of Abraham, and God shall fulfill the promise made to Abraham and his son on you. Only love the God of Abraham, and go and take the country which God gave to your father, Abraham. No one can successfully resist you in war, since God is with you.</p></blockquote> <p>Muslim tradition tells of a similar account, known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_pledge_at_al-Aqabah" title="Second pledge at al-Aqabah">second pledge at al-Aqabah</a>. Sebeos' account suggests that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was actually leading a joint venture toward <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, instead of a Jewish-Arab alliance against the Meccan pagans toward the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> often tried to retake Edessa, especially under <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a>, who obtained from the inhabitants the "<a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>", an ancient portrait of Christ, and solemnly transferred it to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, August 16, 944. This was the final great achievement of Romanus's reign. This venerable and famous image, which was certainly at Edessa in 544, and of which there is an ancient copy in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, was looted and brought to the West by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in 1207 following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. The city was ruled shortly thereafter by <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/220px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/330px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/440px-The_seizure_of_Edessa_in_Syria_by_the_Byzantine_army_and_the_Arabic_counterattack_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>The seizure of Edessa in Syria by the Byzantine army and the Arabic counterattack (Maniakes) from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.jpg</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1031 Edessa was given up to the Byzantines under <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> by its Arab governor. It was retaken by the Arabs, and then successively held by the Romans, the Armenians, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a> (1087), an Armenian named <a href="/wiki/Thoros_of_Edessa" title="Thoros of Edessa">Thoros</a> who gained independence from the Turks (1094), and the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> (1098), who established there the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a> and kept the city until 1144, when it was again captured by <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi" title="Imad al-Din Zengi">Imad ad-Din Zengi</a>, and most of its inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">were allegedly slaughtered</a> together with the Latin archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Azhari201691_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Azhari201691-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events are known to us chiefly through the Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew</a>, who had been born at Edessa. In 1144 the city had an Armenian population of 47,000. In 1146, the city was briefly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">recaptured by the crusaders</a> and lost after a few days. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, "the whole Christian population was driven into exile [and t]he great city, which claimed to be the oldest Christian commonwealth in the world, was left empty and desolate, and has never recovered to this day."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultanate</a>'s leader <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> acquired the town from the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a> in 1182. During Ayyubid rule, Edessa had a population of approximately 24,000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rûm</a> took Edessa in June 1234, but sometime in late 1234 or 1235, the Ayyubid sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> re-acquired it. After Edessa had been recaptured, Al-Kamil ordered the destruction of its Citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> had made their presence known in Edessa in 1244. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> sent troops to Edessa in 1260 at which point the town voluntarily submitted to them. The populace of Edessa were thus saved from being massacred by the Mongols. Edessa was also held by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_history">Subsequent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsequent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a></div> <p>Edessa was subsequently controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, and from 1517 to 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faroqhi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faroqhi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Ottomans in 1518, the population of Edessa was estimated at a mere 5,500; likely due to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Ottoman–Persian Wars</a>. By 1566, though, the population had risen to an estimated 14,000 citizens. In 1890, the population of Edessa consisted of 55,000, of which the Muslim population made up 40,835.<sup id="cite_ref-Faroqhi_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faroqhi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syriac_literature">Syriac literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syriac literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac literature</a></div> <p>The oldest known dated Syriac manuscripts (AD 411 and 462), containing Greek <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic</a> texts, come from Edessa. </p><p>Following are some of the famous individuals connected with Edessa: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a>, an ardent Miaphysite who preserved the (Oriental) Orthodox church after the persecution subsequent to the Chalcedonian controversy <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa" title="Jacob of Edessa">Jacob</a>, Bishop of Edessa, a prolific writer (d. 708);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Edessa" title="Theophilus of Edessa">Theophilus</a>, an astronomer, who translated into Syriac verse <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Bar_Suda%C3%AFli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Bar Sudaïli (page does not exist)">Stephen Bar Sudaïli</a>, monk and pantheist, to whom was owing, in Palestine, the last crisis of <a href="/wiki/Origenism" title="Origenism">Origenism</a> in the 6th century</li> <li>The anonymous author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Edessenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicon Edessenum">Chronicon Edessenum</a></i> (<i>Chronicle of Edessa</i>), compiled in 540</li> <li>The anonymous writer of the story of "The Man of God", in the 5th century, which gave rise to the legend of St. Alexius, also known as <a href="/wiki/Alexius_of_Rome" title="Alexius of Rome">Alexius of Rome</a> (because exiled Eastern monks brought his cult and bones to Rome in the 10th century).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_bar_Shumna" title="Basil bar Shumna">Basil bar Shumna</a> (d. c. 1170) bishop who wrote a chronicle of the city's history (now lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_of_Edessa" title="Cyrus of Edessa">Cyrus of Edessa</a>, 6th century Syriac Christian writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_bar_Aphtonia" title="John bar Aphtonia">John bar Aphtonia</a>, a key figure in the transmission of Greek thought and literary culture into a Syriac milieu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus of Edessa">Thaddeus of Edessa</a>, Christian saint and one of the seventy disciples of Jesus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurelius_of_Voghenza" title="Maurelius of Voghenza">Maurelius of Voghenza</a>, Syrian priest</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Edessa" title="List of bishops of Edessa">List of bishops of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew of Edessa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-214_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018516–518_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018">Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018</a>, p. 516–518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018517_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018">Keser-Kayaalp & Drijvers 2018</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992212-214_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 212-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1997174–175_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1997">Lieu 1997</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayKuhrt2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012">Gray & Kuhrt 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett-Heath2018_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverett-Heath2018">Everett-Heath 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992211_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrak1992209–214_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrak1992">Harrak 1992</a>, p. 209–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2007115–127_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealey2007">Healey 2007</a>, p. 115–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauer1991" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Walter (1991) [1934]. "1. Edessa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm"><i>Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. U Penn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Edessa&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Heresy+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=U+Penn&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~humm%2FResources%2FBauer%2Fbauer01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesreumaux2018" class="citation cs2">Desreumaux, Alain J. (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-11">"Abgar legend"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Abgar+legend&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Desreumaux&rft.aufirst=Alain+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fafinski, Mateusz (2024-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915">"A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus"</a>. <i>Al-Masāq</i>: 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915">10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3110">0950-3110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=A+Restless+City%3A+Edessa+and+Urban+Actors+in+the+Syriac+Acts+of+the+Second+Council+of+Ephesus&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915&rft.issn=0950-3110&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199879-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199879_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Labourt, <i>Le christianisme dans l'empire perse</i>, Paris, 1904, 130–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius</a>, <i>Hist. Eccl.</i>, IV, viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonHarnack-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vonHarnack_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1905" class="citation book cs1">von Harnack, Adolph (1905). <i>The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i>. Williams & Norgate. p. 293. <q>there is no doubt that even before AD 190 Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that (shortly after 201 or even earlier?) the royal house joined the church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herbermann-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herbermann_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation book cs1">Herbermann, Charles George (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclo17herbgoog"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Encyclopedia Press. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=Charles+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicencyclo17herbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine, Book 1 Chapter 13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html}">http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html}</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheetham-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cheetham_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheetham1905" class="citation book cs1">Cheetham, Samuel (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorychristi00cheegoog"><i>A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan and Company">Macmillan and Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorychristi00cheegoog/page/n78">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Christian+Church+During+the+First+Six+Centuries&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Cheetham&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorychristi00cheegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Gutschmid1887" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Gutschmid, A. (July 1887). "Untersuchungen über die Geschichte des Königliches Osroëne" [Studies on the history of Royal Osroene]. <i>Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg</i> (in German). <b>35</b>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp%C3%A9riale+des+Sciences+de+Saint-P%C3%A9tersbourg&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Geschichte+des+K%C3%B6nigliches+Osro%C3%ABne&rft.volume=35&rft.date=1887-07&rft.aulast=von+Gutschmid&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahid1984" class="citation book cs1">Shahid, Irfan (1984). <i>Rome and the Arabs</i>. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 109–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Arabs&rft.pages=109-12&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Shahid&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockyer-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockyer_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1988" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Herbert (1988). <i>All the Apostles of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-28011-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-28011-7"><bdi>0-310-28011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Apostles+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-310-28011-7&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, <i>Historia ecclesiastica</i>, V, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicon Edessenum</i>, ad. an. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Gamurrini" title="Gian Francesco Gamurrini">Gian Francesco Gamurrini</a>, Rome, 1887, 62 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Échos d'Orient</i>, 1907, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oriens christianus</i> II, 953 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Azhari201691-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Azhari201691_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Azhari2016">El-Azhari 2016</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Runciman1951" class="citation cs2">Steven Runciman (1951), <i>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100%E2%80%931187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Steven+Runciman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShatzmiller1993" class="citation book cs1">Shatzmiller, Maya (1993-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&q=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid&pg=PA59"><i>Labour in the Medieval Islamic World</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09896-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993-12-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09896-1&rft.aulast=Shatzmiller&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzo0Skd1kcYC%26q%3DPopulation%2Bof%2BEgypt%2BAyyubid%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tA6-Hxtl_BkC&q=edessa+ayyubid&pg=PA227"><i>From Saladin to the Mongols: Women as Radicals and Conservators</i></a>. SUNY Press. 30 June 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0727-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-0727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+Women+as+Radicals+and+Conservators&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1977-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0727-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA6-Hxtl_BkC%26q%3Dedessa%2Bayyubid%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faroqhi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faroqhi_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faroqhi_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>al-Ruha</i>, Suraiya Faroqhi, <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Vol. VIII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs, G. Lecomte, (Brill, 1995), 591-593.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdai2005" class="citation journal cs1">Adai, Jacob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463233068-030">"Edessa and the Syriac Language"</a>. <i>The Harp</i>. <b>18</b>: 331–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463233068-030">10.31826/9781463233068-030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463233068" title="Special:BookSources/9781463233068"><bdi>9781463233068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp&rft.atitle=Edessa+and+the+Syriac+Language&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=331-336&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463233068-030&rft.isbn=9781463233068&rft.aulast=Adai&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463233068-030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2013" class="citation book cs1">Adler, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dVAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">"The Kingdom of Edessa and the Creation of a Christian Aristocracy"</a>. <i>Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire: The Poetics of Power in Late Antiquity</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 43–62, 277–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812208573" title="Special:BookSources/9780812208573"><bdi>9780812208573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Edessa+and+the+Creation+of+a+Christian+Aristocracy&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+the+Roman+Empire%3A+The+Poetics+of+Power+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=43-62%2C+277-282&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780812208573&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dVAAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1968" class="citation journal cs1">Barnard, Leslie W. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212024711/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/43c7/5cda3f49e262e5fa45f392dc4b4848fed3e8.pdf">"The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A. D."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 161–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007267X00438">10.1163/157007267X00438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161640016">161640016</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/43c7/5cda3f49e262e5fa45f392dc4b4848fed3e8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Emergence+of+the+Church+in+Edessa+during+the+First+Two+Centuries+A.+D.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-175&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007267X00438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161640016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F43c7%2F5cda3f49e262e5fa45f392dc4b4848fed3e8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walter Bauer 1971. <i>Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity</i>, 1934, (in English 1971): Chapter 1 "Edessa" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818212534/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm">On-line text</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBpVAAAAYAAJ">"The Theological Schools of Antioch, Edessa and Nisibis"</a>. <i>Christianity: A History in the Middle East</i>. Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches. pp. 143–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789953003436" title="Special:BookSources/9789953003436"><bdi>9789953003436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theological+Schools+of+Antioch%2C+Edessa+and+Nisibis&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+History+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=143-160&rft.pub=Middle+East+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789953003436&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBpVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fVsvzHi8iQC&pg=PA289">"Edessene Syriac Inscriptions in Late Antique Syria"</a>. <i>From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521875813" title="Special:BookSources/9780521875813"><bdi>9780521875813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessene+Syriac+Inscriptions+in+Late+Antique+Syria&rft.btitle=From+Hellenism+to+Islam%3A+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Change+in+the+Roman+Near+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=289-302&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521875813&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fVsvzHi8iQC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7R5mwEACAAJ">"Manuscripts Copied in Edessa"</a>. <i>Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 109–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447068857" title="Special:BookSources/9783447068857"><bdi>9783447068857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manuscripts+Copied+in+Edessa&rft.btitle=Orientalia+Christiana%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Hubert+Kaufhold+zum+70.+Geburtstag&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=109-128&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783447068857&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7R5mwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1998" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69YUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Cults and Beliefs at Edessa</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004060502" title="Special:BookSources/9004060502"><bdi>9004060502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+and+Beliefs+at+Edessa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9004060502&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69YUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Azhari2016" class="citation book cs1">El-Azhari, Taef (2016). <i>Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191866326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191866326"><bdi>978-0191866326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0191866326&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191866326.001.0001%2Facref-9780191866326-e-6587%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fafinski, Mateusz (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915">"A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus"</a>. <i>Al-Masaq</i>: 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915">10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Masaq&rft.atitle=A+Restless+City%3A+Edessa+and+Urban+Actors+in+the+Syriac+Acts+of+the+Second+Council+of+Ephesus&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2024.2331915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarina2018" class="citation book cs1">Farina, Margherita (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37792302">"La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d'Édesse"</a>. <i>Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue</i>. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 167–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+linguistique+syriaque+selon+Jacques+d%E2%80%99%C3%89desse&rft.btitle=Lesauteurs+syriaques+etleurlangue&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=167-187&rft.pub=Geuthner&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37792302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlEQAQAAIAAJ">"Ephraem, the Deacon of Edessa, and the Church of the Empire"</a>. <i>Diakonia: Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer</i>. Washington: CUA Press. pp. 25–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813205960" title="Special:BookSources/9780813205960"><bdi>9780813205960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephraem%2C+the+Deacon+of+Edessa%2C+and+the+Church+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=Diakonia%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Robert+T.+Meyer&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=25-52&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780813205960&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlEQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211205946/http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith">"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjcsss-2009-020104">10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166480216">166480216</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith">the original</a> on 2018-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol6/HV6N2Griffith.pdf">"The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian Thought in Edessa in the Fifth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 269–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-060111">10.31826/hug-2010-060111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688514">212688514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Doctrina+Addai+as+a+Paradigm+of+Christian+Thought+in+Edessa+in+the+Fifth+Century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-292&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-060111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol6%2FHV6N2Griffith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A. von Gutschmid, <i>Untersuchungen über die Geschichte des Königliches Osroëne</i>, in series <i>Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg</i>, series 7, vol. 35.1 (St. Petersburg, 1887)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayKuhrt2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gray, Eric William; <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2344?rskey=Mmdtwg&result=4">"Edessa"</a>. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Eric+William&rft.au=Kuhrt%2C+Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-2344%3Frskey%3DMmdtwg%26result%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrak1992" class="citation journal cs1">Harrak, Amir (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809084028/http://www.aramaic-dem.org/English/History/The%20Ancient%20Name%20Of%20Edessa%20Harrak.pdf">"The Ancient Name of Edessa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 209–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373553">10.1086/373553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162190342">162190342</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramaic-dem.org/English/History/The%20Ancient%20Name%20Of%20Edessa%20Harrak.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Name+of+Edessa&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-214&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162190342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harrak&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramaic-dem.org%2FEnglish%2FHistory%2FThe%2520Ancient%2520Name%2520Of%2520Edessa%2520Harrak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2007" class="citation journal cs1">Healey, John F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol10/HV10N2Healey.pdf">"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 115–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Edessan+Milieu+and+the+Birth+of+Syriac&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-127&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol10%2FHV10N2Healey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeser-KayaalpDrijvers2018" class="citation book cs1">Keser-Kayaalp, Elif; Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ">"Edessa"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 516–518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192562463" title="Special:BookSources/9780192562463"><bdi>9780192562463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=516-518&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780192562463&rft.aulast=Keser-Kayaalp&rft.aufirst=Elif&rft.au=Drijvers%2C+Hendrik+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1997" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/edessa">"Edessa"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 8. pp. 174–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=174-175&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fedessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIUfAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours</i></a>. New York: Delacorte Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780440017691" title="Special:BookSources/9780440017691"><bdi>9780440017691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Neighbours&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780440017691&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIUfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C"><i>The Roman Near East, 31 BC - AD 337</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674778863" title="Special:BookSources/9780674778863"><bdi>9780674778863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+BC+-+AD+337&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780674778863&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVz_Jvp4DGEC"><i>Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society and Culture in the Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807855201" title="Special:BookSources/9780807855201"><bdi>9780807855201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+the+Greek+World%2C+and+the+East%3A+Government%2C+Society+and+Culture+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780807855201&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVz_Jvp4DGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFLqCQAAQBAJ"><i>Rome, the Greek World, and the East: The Greek World, the Jews, and the East</i></a>. Vol. 3. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807876657" title="Special:BookSources/9780807876657"><bdi>9780807876657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+the+Greek+World%2C+and+the+East%3A+The+Greek+World%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+the+East&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780807876657&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFLqCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bowDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520253919" title="Special:BookSources/9780520253919"><bdi>9780520253919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Roman+Empire%3A+Power+and+Belief+under+Theodosius+II+%28408%E2%80%93450%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520253919&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bowDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508">"Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363-435)"</a>. <i>Semitica et Classica</i>. <b>4</b>: 99–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.102508">10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semitica+et+Classica&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Syriac+in+Edessa%3A+From+Ephrem+to+Rabbula+%28CE+363-435%29&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=99-114&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.102508&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.102508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053">"Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas"</a>. <i>Semitica et Classica</i>. <b>5</b>: 151–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.103053">10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semitica+et+Classica&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Syriac+in+Fifth-Century+Edessa%3A+The+Case+of+Bishop+Hibas&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=151-165&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.103053&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%2FJ.SEC.1.103053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinink1995" class="citation book cs1">Reinink, Gerrit J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_J7rbzsVeMC">"Edessa Grew Dim and Nisibis Shone Forth: The School of Nisibis at the Transition of the Sixth-Seventh Century"</a>. <i>Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-modern Europe and the Near East</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 77–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004101934" title="Special:BookSources/9004101934"><bdi>9004101934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edessa+Grew+Dim+and+Nisibis+Shone+Forth%3A+The+School+of+Nisibis+at+the+Transition+of+the+Sixth-Seventh+Century&rft.btitle=Centres+of+Learning%3A+Learning+and+Location+in+Pre-modern+Europe+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=77-89&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9004101934&rft.aulast=Reinink&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_J7rbzsVeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2001" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xayEAgAAQBAJ"><i>Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114-242 CE</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134660636" title="Special:BookSources/9781134660636"><bdi>9781134660636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Edessa%3A+Politics+and+Culture+on+the+Eastern+Fringes+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+114-242+CE&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781134660636&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxayEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judah_B._Segal" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah B. Segal">Segal, Judah B.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LziFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Edessa: The Blessed City</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198215455" title="Special:BookSources/9780198215455"><bdi>9780198215455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edessa%3A+The+Blessed+City&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780198215455&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Judah+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLziFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdessa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa, Mesopotamia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urfa.org/urfa/">Old and new Images from Edessa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.314.a.php">Richard Stillwell, ed. <i>Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>, 1976:</a> "Antioch by the Callirhoe, later Justinopolis (Edessa; Urfa) Turkey"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806003957/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/61andrew.html">Andre Palmer, in e-journal <i>Golden horn: Journal of Byzantium</i></a> An essay on Egeria's escorted visit (April 384), and the bishop's tall tales</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronicle_of_edessa.htm"><i>Chronicle of Edessa</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/mesopotamia/edessa/i.html">Ancient Coins of Edessa at wildwinds.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ea-eh/edessa/edessa.html">Livius.org: Edessa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924230845/http://www.livius.org/ea-eh/edessa/edessa.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="List of ancient settlements in Turkey">Ancient settlements in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassus" title="Abbassus">Abbassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrostola_(Phrygia)" title="Abrostola (Phrygia)">Abrostola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaion_Limen" title="Achaion Limen">Achaion Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmonia" title="Acmonia">Acmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrassus" title="Acrassus">Acrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adramyttium" title="Adramyttium">Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatheira" title="Agatheira">Agatheira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)" title="Aigai (Aeolis)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airai_(Ionia)" title="Airai (Ionia)">Airai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alia_(Phrygia)" title="Alia (Phrygia)">Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinda" title="Alinda">Alinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianoi" title="Allianoi">Allianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almura" title="Almura">Almura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnista" title="Amnista">Amnista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)" title="Amos (ancient city)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amynanda" title="Amynanda">Amynanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyzon_(city)" title="Amyzon (city)">Amyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaua" title="Anaua">Anaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anineta" title="Anineta">Anineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaea" title="Annaea">Annaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antandrus" title="Antandrus">Antandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Maeander" title="Antioch on the Maeander">Antioch on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)" title="Apamea (Phrygia)">Apamea in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)" title="Apollonia (Mysia)">Apollonia in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_Salbaces" title="Apollonia Salbaces">Apollonia Salbaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis_(Lydia)" title="Apollonis (Lydia)">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonos_Hieron" title="Apollonos Hieron">Apollonos Hieron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appia_(Phrygia)" title="Appia (Phrygia)">Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appolena" title="Appolena">Appolena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragokome" title="Aragokome">Aragokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araukome" title="Araukome">Araukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadiopolis_in_Asia" title="Arcadiopolis in Asia">Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arilla_(Lydia)" title="Arilla (Lydia)">Arilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_(Caria)" title="Aroma (Caria)">Aroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspaneus" title="Aspaneus">Aspaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragon_(Caria)" title="Astragon (Caria)">Astragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)" title="Astyra (Aeolis)">Astyra near Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(near_Pergamon)" title="Astyra (near Pergamon)">Astyra near Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyria" title="Astyria">Astyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus" title="Atarneus">Atarneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus_sub_Pitanem" title="Atarneus sub Pitanem">Atarneus sub Pitanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attea" title="Attea">Attea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attuda" title="Attuda">Attuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustopolis_in_Phrygia" title="Augustopolis in Phrygia">Augustopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Caria)" title="Aulae (Caria)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Neapolis" title="Aurelia Neapolis">Aurelia Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Lydia" title="Aureliopolis in Lydia">Aureliopolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurokra" title="Aurokra">Aurokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageis" title="Bageis">Bageis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa" title="Bargasa">Bargasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa_(northern_Caria)" title="Bargasa (northern Caria)">Bargasa in northern Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargylia" title="Bargylia">Bargylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beudos" title="Beudos">Beudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beycesultan" title="Beycesultan">Beycesultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgena" title="Birgena">Birgena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaundus" title="Blaundus">Blaundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonitai" title="Bonitai">Bonitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukolion" title="Boukolion">Boukolion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutheia" title="Boutheia">Boutheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briula" title="Briula">Briula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzus" title="Bruzus">Bruzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bybassus" title="Bybassus">Bybassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadi_(Phrygia)" title="Cadi (Phrygia)">Cadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callipolis_(Caria)" title="Callipolis (Caria)">Callipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloe" title="Caloe">Caloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canae" title="Canae">Canae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene_(Mysia)" title="Carene (Mysia)">Carene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carura" title="Carura">Carura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryanda" title="Caryanda">Caryanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabus" title="Castabus">Castabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casystes" title="Casystes">Casystes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedreae" title="Cedreae">Cedreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramus" title="Ceramus">Ceramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcetor" title="Chalcetor">Chalcetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choria" title="Choria">Choria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaoris" title="Chrysaoris">Chrysaoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytrium" title="Chytrium">Chytrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidramus" title="Cidramus">Cidramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindye" title="Cindye">Cindye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)" title="Cisthene (Mysia)">Cisthene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannuda" title="Clannuda">Clannuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)" title="Conium (Phrygia)">Conium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybeleia" title="Cybeleia">Cybeleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllandus" title="Cyllandus">Cyllandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daldis" title="Daldis">Daldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareioukome" title="Dareioukome">Dareioukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideiphyta" title="Dideiphyta">Dideiphyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)" title="Dioclea (Phrygia)">Dioclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiopolis" title="Dionysiopolis">Dionysiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)" title="Dios Hieron (Ionia)">Dios Hieron in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)" title="Dios Hieron (Lydia)">Dios Hieron in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioskome" title="Dioskome">Dioskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Docimium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroukome" title="Doroukome">Doroukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibeos" title="Eibeos">Eibeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiokome" title="Eiokome">Eiokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluza" title="Eluza">Eluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embatum" title="Embatum">Embatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoddi" title="Emoddi">Emoddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erines" title="Erines">Erines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)" title="Erythras (Ionia)">Erythras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsyena" title="Etsyena">Etsyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaza" title="Euaza">Euaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukarpia" title="Eukarpia">Eukarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhippe" title="Euhippe">Euhippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumeneia" title="Eumeneia">Eumeneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromus" title="Euromus">Euromus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenae" title="Euthenae">Euthenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrium" title="Gambrium">Gambrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerga" title="Gerga">Gerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergitha" title="Gergitha">Gergitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerriadai" title="Gerriadai">Gerriadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)" title="Glauke (Ionia)">Glauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisarna" title="Halisarna">Halisarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasa" title="Harpasa">Harpasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)" title="Helos (Ionia)">Helos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus" title="Heraclea at Latmus">Heraclea at Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea in Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)" title="Heraclea (Lydia)">Heraclea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace" title="Heraclea Salbace">Heraclea Salbace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocapelia" title="Hermocapelia">Hermocapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)" title="Hierapolis (Phrygian Pentapolis)">Hieropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homadena" title="Homadena">Homadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydai" title="Hydai">Hydai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydas" title="Hydas">Hydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydissus" title="Hydissus">Hydissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygassos" title="Hygassos">Hygassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyllarima" title="Hyllarima">Hyllarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokremnos" title="Hypokremnos">Hypokremnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaza" title="Iaza">Iaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyma" title="Idyma">Idyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniapolis" title="Ioniapolis">Ioniapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudda" title="Ioudda">Ioudda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsus" title="Ipsus">Ipsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isindus" title="Isindus">Isinda in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskome" title="Iskome">Iskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadyie" title="Kadyie">Kadyie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)" title="Kaira (Lydia)">Kaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabantia" title="Kalabantia">Kalabantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)" title="Kasara (Caria)">Kasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasossos" title="Kasossos">Kasossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaualena" title="Kaualena">Kaualena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakçı Tepe">Kaymakçı Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilaraza" title="Kilaraza">Kilaraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildara" title="Kildara">Kildara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleimaka" title="Kleimaka">Kleimaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleros_Politike" title="Kleros Politike">Kleros Politike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddinou_Petra" title="Koddinou Petra">Koddinou Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraia" title="Koraia">Koraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korakoe" title="Korakoe">Korakoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresa" title="Koresa">Koresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouara" title="Kouara">Kouara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)" title="Kyllene (Aeolis)">Kyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymnissa" title="Kymnissa">Kymnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kys_(Caria)" title="Kys (Caria)">Kys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalandos" title="Lalandos">Lalandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamyana" title="Lamyana">Lamyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankena" title="Lankena">Lankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)" title="Larisa (Caria)">Larisa in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)" title="Larisa (Ionia)">Larisa in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)" title="Larisa (Lydia)">Larisa in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis" title="Larissa Phrikonis">Larissa Phrikonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)" title="Larymna (Caria)">Larymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasnedda" title="Lasnedda">Lasnedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmus_(town)" title="Latmus (town)">Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimon" title="Leimon">Leimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)" title="Leucae (Ionia)">Leucae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucophrys" title="Leucophrys">Leucophrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limantepe" title="Limantepe">Limantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobolda" title="Lobolda">Lobolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loryma" title="Loryma">Loryma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)" title="Lunda (Asia Minor)">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydae" title="Lydae">Lydae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrna" title="Lyrna">Lyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)" title="Lysimachia (Mysia)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madnasa" title="Madnasa">Madnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeandropolis" title="Maeandropolis">Maeandropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiboza" title="Maiboza">Maiboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malene" title="Malene">Malene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)" title="Mastaura (Caria)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros" title="Meiros">Meiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros_Megale" title="Meiros Megale">Meiros Megale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampagos" title="Melampagos">Melampagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloukome" title="Meloukome">Meloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)" title="Metropolis (Anatolia)">Metropolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (southern Phrygia)">Metropolis in southern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobolla" title="Mobolla">Mobolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolda" title="Mokolda">Mokolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossyna" title="Mossyna">Mossyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motella" title="Motella">Motella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myloukome" title="Myloukome">Myloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)" title="Nais (Lydia)">Nais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasos" title="Nasos">Nasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochon" title="Naulochon">Naulochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)" title="Naulochus (Ionia)">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)" title="Naxia (Caria)">Naxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)" title="Neapolis (Caria)">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisyra" title="Nisyra">Nisyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeum (Caria)">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)" title="Odon (Lydia)">Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaeis" title="Olaeis">Olaeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olymos" title="Olymos">Olymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroanna" title="Oroanna">Oroanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)" title="Orthosia (Caria)">Orthoisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)" title="Ortygia (Ionia)">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrus" title="Otrus">Otrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaemyndus" title="Palaemyndus">Palaemyndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)" title="Palaeopolis (Lydia)">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasion" title="Panasion">Panasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)" title="Panormus (Caria)">Panormus near Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)" title="Panormus (Halicarnassus)">Panormus near Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsada" title="Parsada">Parsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)" title="Parthenium (Mysia)">Parthenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passala" title="Passala">Passala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passanda" title="Passanda">Passanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasa" title="Pedasa">Pedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltae" title="Peltae">Peltae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperene" title="Perperene">Perperene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)" title="Phoenix (Caria)">Phoenix in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Physcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyteia" title="Phyteia">Phyteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidasa" title="Pidasa">Pidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisilis" title="Pisilis">Pisilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisye" title="Pisye">Pisye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pladasa" title="Pladasa">Pladasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plarasa" title="Plarasa">Plarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)" title="Polichna (Ionia)">Polichna in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)" title="Polichne (Ionia)">Polichne in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pordoselene" title="Pordoselene">Pordoselene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymnessus" title="Prymnessus">Prymnessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)" title="Pteleum (Ionia)">Pteleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pydnae" title="Pydnae">Pydnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)" title="Pyrnus (Caria)">Pyrnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)" title="Pyrrha (Caria)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saouenda" title="Saouenda">Saouenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia" title="Satala in Lydia">Satala in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)" title="Sebaste (Phrygia)">Sebaste in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)" title="Sebastopolis (Caria)">Sebastopolis in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)" title="Setae (Lydia)">Setae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(Caria)" title="Side (Caria)">Side in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidussa" title="Sidussa">Sidussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyos" title="Sillyos">Sillyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)" title="Sion (Asia Minor)">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolopoeis" title="Skolopoeis">Skolopoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)" title="Soa (Phrygia)">Soa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)" title="Spore (Phrygia)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)" title="Stadia (Caria)">Stadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stectorium" title="Stectorium">Stectorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)" title="Stratonicea (Lydia)">Stratonicea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratonicea in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos" title="Strobilos">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangela" title="Syangela">Syangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbra" title="Symbra">Symbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaus">Synaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)" title="Syneta (Caria)">Syneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synnada" title="Synnada">Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabae" title="Tabae">Tabae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)" title="Tabala (Lydia)">Tabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tateikome" title="Tateikome">Tateikome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)" title="Taza (Lydia)">Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telandrus" title="Telandrus">Telandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenothyra" title="Temenothyra">Temenothyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempsis" title="Tempsis">Tempsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendeba" title="Tendeba">Tendeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthrania" title="Teuthrania">Teuthrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thasthara" title="Thasthara">Thasthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theangela" title="Theangela">Theangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia" title="Thebe Hypoplakia">Thebe Hypoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)" title="Thebes (Ionia)">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thera_(Caria)" title="Thera (Caria)">Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyaira" title="Thyaira">Thyaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymbrara" title="Thymbrara">Thymbrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssanus" title="Thyssanus">Thyssanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisna" title="Tisna">Tisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)" title="Tlos (Caria)">Tlos in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)" title="Tomara (Lydia)">Tomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Traianopolis (Phrygia)">Traianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezopolis" title="Trapezopolis">Trapezopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trarium" title="Trarium">Trarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troketta" title="Troketta">Troketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyanollos" title="Tyanollos">Tyanollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymnos" title="Tymnos">Tymnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(Caria)" title="Ula (Caria)">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)" title="Uranium (Caria)">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemmeana" title="Zemmeana">Zemmeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingotos_Kome" title="Zingotos Kome">Zingotos Kome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiginetes" title="Aiginetes">Aiginetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)" title="Ancon (Pontus)">Ancon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticinolis" title="Anticinolis">Anticinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)" title="Argyria (Pontus)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berissa" title="Berissa">Berissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)" title="Bonita (Paphlagonia)">Bonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)" title="Boon (Pontus)">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)" title="Cales (Bithynia)">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistratia" title="Callistratia">Callistratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carambis" title="Carambis">Carambis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)" title="Carissa (Galatia)">Carissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)" title="Cerasus (near Trapezus)">Cerasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadisia" title="Chadisia">Chadisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolis" title="Cinolis">Cinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizari" title="Cizari">Cizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia" title="Colonia in Armenia">Colonia in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colussa" title="Colussa">Colussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana in the Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralla" title="Coralla">Coralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordyle" title="Cordyle">Cordyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)" title="Cratia (Bithynia)">Cratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen">Cromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)" title="Cromna (Paphlagonia)">Cromna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyptasia" title="Cyptasia">Cyptasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)" title="Dia (Bithynia)">Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacopa" title="Diacopa">Diacopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)" title="Elaeus (Bithynia)">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeira" title="Endeira">Endeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythini" title="Erythini">Erythini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusene" title="Eusene">Eusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadilon" title="Gadilon">Gadilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garius" title="Garius">Garius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garzoubanthon" title="Garzoubanthon">Garzoubanthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziura" title="Gaziura">Gaziura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozalena" title="Gozalena">Gozalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia" title="Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia">Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)" title="Heracleium (Pontus)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)" title="Hermonassa (Pontus)">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieron_Oros" title="Hieron Oros">Hieron Oros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe" title="Hüseyindede Tepe">Hüseyindede Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssus" title="Hyssus">Hyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibora" title="Ibora">Ibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischopolis" title="Ischopolis">Ischopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karza" title="Karza">Karza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelesa" title="Kelesa">Kelesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimista" title="Kimista">Kimista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Laodicea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libiopolis" title="Libiopolis">Libiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillium" title="Lillium">Lillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)" title="Metroon (Bithynia)">Metroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokata" title="Mokata">Mokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)" title="Naustathmus (Pontus)">Naustathmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerik" title="Nerik">Nerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)" title="Nicopolis (Armenia)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)" title="Ophis (Pontus)">Ophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxinas" title="Oxinas">Oxinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)" title="Patara (Cappadocia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Pharnacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phazemon" title="Phazemon">Phazemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocaleia" title="Philocaleia">Philocaleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)" title="Pida (Pontus)">Pida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimolisa" title="Pimolisa">Pimolisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)" title="Potami (Paphlagonia)">Potami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)" title="Pteria (Paphlagonia)">Pteria in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salatiwara" title="Salatiwara">Salatiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaraca" title="Sandaraca">Sandaraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurania" title="Saurania">Saurania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulusaray" title="Sulusaray">Sebastopolis in Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)" title="Stephane (Paphlagonia)">Stephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syderos" title="Syderos">Syderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymena" title="Thymena">Thymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaeum" title="Timolaeum">Timolaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasia" title="Virasia">Virasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagorus" title="Zagorus">Zagorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)" title="Zephyrium (Paphlagonia)">Zephyrium in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziporea" title="Ziporea">Ziporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abouadeineita" title="Abouadeineita">Abouadeineita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" title="Alişar Hüyük">Alişar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblada" title="Amblada">Amblada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadynata" title="Anadynata">Anadynata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Anastasiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andabalis" title="Andabalis">Andabalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisa" title="Anisa">Anisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniaca" title="Anniaca">Anniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)" title="Antoniopolis (Paphlagonia)">Antoniopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzoulada" title="Anzoulada">Anzoulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae" title="Aquae Saravenae">Aquae Saravenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralla" title="Aralla">Aralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasaxa" title="Arasaxa">Arasaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archalla" title="Archalla">Archalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardistama" title="Ardistama">Ardistama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathia" title="Ariarathia">Ariarathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaxa" title="Armaxa">Armaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiknos" title="Artiknos">Artiknos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenzinsos" title="Aspenzinsos">Aspenzinsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)" title="Astra (Isauria)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)" title="Atenia (Pisidia)">Atenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbissa" title="Balbissa">Balbissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgatia" title="Balgatia">Balgatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barate" title="Barate">Barate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax" title="Bathys Rhyax">Bathys Rhyax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binbirkilise" title="Binbirkilise">Binbirkilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blucium" title="Blucium">Blucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borissos" title="Borissos">Borissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campae" title="Campae">Campae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuliana" title="Camuliana">Camuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)" title="Candara (Paphlagonia)">Candara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus_Vicus" title="Carus Vicus">Carus Vicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimiata" title="Cimiata">Cimiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciscissus" title="Ciscissus">Ciscissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)" title="Cinna (Galatia)">Cinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claneus" title="Claneus">Claneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitanassus" title="Comitanassus">Comitanassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congustus" title="Congustus">Congustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)" title="Corna (Lycaonia)">Corna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniaspa" title="Corniaspa">Corniaspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coropassus" title="Coropassus">Coropassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotenna" title="Cotenna">Cotenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybistra" title="Cybistra">Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzistra" title="Cyzistra">Cyzistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadastana" title="Dadastana">Dadastana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmenda" title="Dasmenda">Dasmenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)" title="Diocaesarea (Cappadocia)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doara" title="Doara">Doara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometiopolis" title="Dometiopolis">Dometiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdaumava" title="Ecdaumava">Ecdaumava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobriga" title="Ecobriga">Ecobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergobrotis" title="Ergobrotis">Ergobrotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaissa" title="Euaissa">Euaissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)" title="Eudocia (Cappadocia)">Eudocia (Cappadocia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)" title="Eudocia (Phrygia)">Eudocia (Phrygia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulepa" title="Eulepa">Eulepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinopolis" title="Faustinopolis">Faustinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)" title="Germa (Galatia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbeus" title="Gorbeus">Gorbeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Phrygia)">Hadrianopolis in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpha" title="Herpha">Herpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieropotamon" title="Hieropotamon">Hieropotamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homana" title="Homana">Homana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)" title="Hyde (Cappadocia)">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilistra" title="Ilistra">Ilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Irenopolis (Isauria)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauropolis" title="Isauropolis">Isauropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliopolis" title="Juliopolis">Juliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotala" title="Kanotala">Kanotala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)" title="Karbala (Cappadocia)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keissia" title="Keissia">Keissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkenes" title="Kerkenes">Kerkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilistra" title="Kilistra">Kilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindyria" title="Kindyria">Kindyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobara" title="Kobara">Kobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodylessos" title="Kodylessos">Kodylessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korama" title="Korama">Korama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)" title="Koron (Cappadocia)">Koron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> (Kanesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lageina" title="Lageina">Lageina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatorma" title="Lamatorma">Lamatorma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta" title="Laodicea Combusta">Laodicea Combusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laroumada" title="Laroumada">Laroumada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauzadus" title="Lauzadus">Lauzadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)" title="Limnae (Cappadocia)">Limnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandasa" title="Malandasa">Malandasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)" title="Malus (Galatia)">Malus in Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)" title="Malus (Phrygia)">Malus in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)" title="Meloë (Isauria)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (northern Phrygia)">Metropolis in northern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaeium" title="Midaeium">Midaeium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistea" title="Mistea">Mistea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnizus" title="Mnizus">Mnizus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokissos" title="Mokissos">Mokissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourisa" title="Mourisa">Mourisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moutalaske" title="Moutalaske">Moutalaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbanda" title="Musbanda">Musbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrika" title="Myrika">Myrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzus" title="Nazianzus">Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitazi" title="Nitazi">Nitazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)" title="Nora (Cappadocia)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochras" title="Ochras">Ochras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olosada" title="Olosada">Olosada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirion" title="Papirion">Papirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)" title="Parnassus (Cappadocia)">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB" title="Pedachtoë">Pedachtoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaia" title="Pedaia">Pedaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peium" title="Peium">Peium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)" title="Perta (Lycaonia)">Perta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharax" title="Pharax">Pharax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlara" title="Phlara">Phlara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillitokome" title="Pillitokome">Pillitokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissia" title="Pissia">Pissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pithoi (Lycaonia)">Pithoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontanena" title="Pontanena">Pontanena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posala" title="Posala">Posala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pyrgoi (Lycaonia)">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadagolthina" title="Sadagolthina">Sadagolthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamboreia" title="Salamboreia">Salamboreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salarama" title="Salarama">Salarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasima" title="Sasima">Sasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatra" title="Savatra">Savatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbida" title="Sbida">Sbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedasa" title="Sedasa">Sedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senzousa" title="Senzousa">Senzousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereana" title="Sereana">Sereana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibora" title="Sibora">Sibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamaria" title="Sidamaria">Sidamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandos" title="Skandos">Skandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanda" title="Soanda">Soanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soandos" title="Soandos">Soandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)" title="Sora (Anatolia)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takourtha" title="Takourtha">Takourtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thouththourbia" title="Thouththourbia">Thouththourbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberiopolis" title="Tiberiopolis">Tiberiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmades" title="Trocmades">Trocmades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynna" title="Tynna">Tynna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyriaeum" title="Tyriaeum">Tyriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasada" title="Vasada">Vasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinopolis" title="Verinopolis">Verinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)" title="Zeita (Anatolia)">Zeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizima" title="Zizima">Zizima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camachus" title="Camachus">Camachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citharizum" title="Citharizum">Citharizum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadima" title="Dadima">Dadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia" title="Justinianopolis in Armenia">Justinianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarnis" title="Abarnis">Abarnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaiion" title="Achaiion">Achaiion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)" title="Ad Statuas (Thrace)">Ad Statuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)" title="Adrasteia (Mysia)">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegospotami" title="Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)" title="Aianteion (Thrace)">Aianteion in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)" title="Aianteion (Troad)">Aianteion in the Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoi" title="Ammoi">Ammoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)" title="Amycus (Bithynia)">Amycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplous" title="Anaplous">Anaplous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)" title="Aphrodisias (Thrace)">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia on the Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)" title="Aprus (Thrace)">Aprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsoda" title="Apsoda">Apsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeila" title="Arbeila">Arbeila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiza" title="Argiza">Argiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)" title="Argyria (Troad)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyronion" title="Argyronion">Argyronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)" title="Argyropolis (Thrace)">Argyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaiouteichos" title="Artaiouteichos">Artaiouteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)" title="Artanes (Bithynia)">Artanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)" title="Astacus (Bithynia)">Astacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)" title="Astyra (Troad)">Astyra in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyras" title="Athyras">Athyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliane" title="Aureliane">Aureliane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia" title="Aureliopolis in Asia">Aureliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradendromia" title="Baradendromia">Baradendromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto" title="Baris in Hellesponto">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)" title="Basilica Therma (Bithynia)">Basilica Therma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinopolis" title="Basilinopolis">Basilinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathonea" title="Bathonea">Bathonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Limen" title="Bathys Limen">Bathys Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beodizo" title="Beodizo">Beodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergule" title="Bergule">Bergule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birytis" title="Birytis">Birytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitenas" title="Bitenas">Bitenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynium" title="Bithynium">Bithynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)" title="Bolos (Thrace)">Bolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boradion" title="Boradion">Boradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)" title="Brunca (Bithynia)">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtudizon" title="Burtudizon">Burtudizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bythias">Bythias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzapena" title="Byzapena">Byzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caenophrurium" title="Caenophrurium">Caenophrurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)" title="Callum (Thrace)">Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)" title="Calpe (Bithynia)">Calpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)" title="Canopus (Thrace)">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrene" title="Cebrene">Cebrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)" title="Cenchreae (Troad)">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon" title="Cenon Gallicanon">Cenon Gallicanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcaea" title="Chalcaea">Chalcaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)" title="Charax (Bithynia)">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmidea" title="Charmidea">Charmidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)" title="Chelae (Bithynia)">Chelae on the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)" title="Chelae (Bosphorus)">Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)" title="Chelae (Thrace)">Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiragria" title="Choiragria">Choiragria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)" title="Chryse (Troad)">Chryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)" title="Clitae (Bithynia)">Clitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocylium" title="Cocylium">Cocylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)" title="Colla (Thrace)">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)" title="Colonae (Hellespont)">Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaste" title="Cremaste">Cremaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)" title="Cressa (Thrace)">Cressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)" title="Cypsela (Thrace)">Cypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadokome" title="Dadokome">Dadokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacibyza" title="Dacibyza">Dacibyza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damalis" title="Damalis">Damalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene" title="Daphne Mainomene">Daphne Mainomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)" title="Daphnus (Bithynia)">Daphnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)" title="Dascylium (Bithynia)">Dascylium in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)" title="Dekaton (Bithynia)">Dekaton in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)" title="Dekaton (Thrace)">Dekaton in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delkos" title="Delkos">Delkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)" title="Delphin (Thrace)">Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)" title="Deris (Thrace)">Deris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)" title="Desa (Bithynia)">Desa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymateiche" title="Didymateiche">Didymateiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diolkides" title="Diolkides">Diolkides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabus" title="Drabus">Drabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizipara" title="Drizipara">Drizipara/Drusipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirakla" title="Eirakla">Eirakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)" title="Elaea (Bithynia)">Elaea in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elekosmioi" title="Elekosmioi">Elekosmioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolos" title="Embolos">Embolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergasteria" title="Ergasteria">Ergasteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribolum" title="Eribolum">Eribolum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentinos" title="Gentinos">Gentinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)" title="Gergis (Troad)">Gergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)" title="Germa (Mysia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Germanicopolis (Bithynia)">Germanicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum" title="Hadriani ad Olympum">Hadriani ad Olympum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)" title="Hadriania (Mysia)">Hadriania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianotherae" title="Hadrianotherae">Hadrianotherae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1" title="Paşalimanı">Halone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagion" title="Harpagion">Harpagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis/Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)" title="Heracleium (Bithynia)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaion" title="Hermaion">Hermaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierion" title="Hierion">Hierion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Iasonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Ide (Thracian Chersonese)">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilieon_Kome" title="Ilieon Kome">Ilieon Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabia" title="Kabia">Kabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)" title="Kalamos (Thrace)">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasyrta" title="Kalasyrta">Kalasyrta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_Peuke" title="Kale Peuke">Kale Peuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Agros" title="Kalos Agros">Kalos Agros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)" title="Kampos (Thrace)">Kampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)" title="Kassa (Bithynia)">Kassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapaspanas" title="Katapaspanas">Katapaspanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepos" title="Kepos">Kepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizoura" title="Kizoura">Kizoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)" title="Koila (Thrace)">Koila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosilaos" title="Kosilaos">Kosilaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koubaita" title="Koubaita">Koubaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyparodes" title="Kyparodes">Kyparodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypra" title="Kypra">Kypra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)" title="Larisa (Troad)">Larisa in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)" title="Lasthenes (Thrace)">Lasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoia" title="Leptoia">Leptoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liada" title="Liada">Liada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libum" title="Libum">Libum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyssa" title="Libyssa">Libyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)" title="Limnae (Thrace)">Limnae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)" title="Linus (Mysia)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupadium" title="Lupadium">Lupadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Lygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantineion" title="Mantineion">Mantineion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpessos" title="Marpessos">Marpessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletopolis" title="Miletopolis">Miletopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocasura" title="Mocasura">Mocasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochadion" title="Mochadion">Mochadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)" title="Modra (Bithynia)">Modra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morzapena" title="Morzapena">Morzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynea" title="Mossynea">Mossynea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukaporis" title="Moukaporis">Moukaporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrileion" title="Myrileion">Myrileion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)" title="Narco (Thrace)">Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassete" title="Nassete">Nassete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausikleia" title="Nausikleia">Nausikleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausimachion" title="Nausimachion">Nausimachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neandreia" title="Neandreia">Neandreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)" title="Neapolis (Bosphorus)">Neapolis on the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)">Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)" title="Neonteichos (Thrace)">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)" title="Nerola (Bithynia)">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)" title="Oka (Bithynia)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontoraita" title="Ontoraita">Ontoraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophryneion" title="Ophryneion">Ophryneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Orestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orni" title="Orni">Orni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostreodes" title="Ostreodes">Ostreodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)" title="Paeon (Thrace)">Paeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palodes" title="Palodes">Palodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panion" title="Panion">Panion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantichium" title="Pantichium">Pantichium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolos" title="Parabolos">Parabolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)" title="Paulines (Thrace)">Paulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Pegae in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)" title="Pegae (Thrace)">Pegae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pege" title="Pege">Pege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentephyle" title="Pentephyle">Pentephyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percote" title="Percote">Percote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericharaxis" title="Pericharaxis">Pericharaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozetoi" title="Petrozetoi">Petrozetoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakia" title="Pharmakia">Pharmakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidalia_Petra" title="Phidalia Petra">Phidalia Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiela" title="Phiela">Phiela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)" title="Philia (Thrace)">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)" title="Phosphorus (Thrace)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)" title="Pionia (Mysia)">Pionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitheci_Portus" title="Pitheci Portus">Pitheci Portus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploketta" title="Ploketta">Ploketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemanenum" title="Poemanenum">Poemanenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleatikon" title="Poleatikon">Poleatikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymedium" title="Polymedium">Polymedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)" title="Potamoi (Bithynia)">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamonion" title="Potamonion">Potamonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenetus" title="Praenetus">Praenetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratomysia" title="Pratomysia">Pratomysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepa" title="Prepa">Prepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prindea" title="Prindea">Prindea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proochthoi" title="Proochthoi">Proochthoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)" title="Prusa (Bithynia)">Prusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psarela" title="Psarela">Psarela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)" title="Psyllium (Bithynia)">Psyllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon" title="Pyrrhias Cyon">Pyrrhias Cyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheion" title="Pytheion">Pytheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhebas" title="Rhebas">Rhebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)" title="Rhegion (Thrace)">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesion" title="Rhesion">Rhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouphinianai" title="Rouphinianai">Rouphinianai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmydessus" title="Salmydessus">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarus" title="Sangarus">Sangarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandria" title="Scamandria">Scamandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrus" title="Scamandrus">Scamandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)" title="Scylla (Thrace)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrion_Teichos" title="Serrion Teichos">Serrion Teichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkanos" title="Sirkanos">Sirkanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smintheion" title="Smintheion">Smintheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)" title="Soka (Bithynia)">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)" title="Strobilos (Bithynia)">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllanta" title="Syllanta">Syllanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpodizo" title="Tarpodizo">Tarpodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaios" title="Tattaios">Tattaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenba" title="Tenba">Tenba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbos" title="Terbos">Terbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesderamoska" title="Tesderamoska">Tesderamoska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakomia" title="Tetrakomia">Tetrakomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaso" title="Tipaso">Tipaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragasai" title="Tragasai">Tragasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traron" title="Traron">Traron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)" title="Tricomia (Bithynia)">Tricomia in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrodiza" title="Tyrodiza">Tyrodiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Tzurulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urisio" title="Urisio">Urisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsurgae" title="Utsurgae">Utsurgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeleia" title="Zeleia">Zeleia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalissus" title="Acalissus">Acalissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarassus" title="Acarassus">Acarassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)" title="Adada (Pisidia)">Adada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabolu" title="Balabolu">Adrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Cilicia)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)" title="Agrae (Pisidia)">Agrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)" title="Anabura (Pisidia)">Anabura in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchiale" title="Anchiale">Anchiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andeda" title="Andeda">Andeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriaca">Andriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemurium" title="Anemurium">Anemurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_Kotradis" title="Ano Kotradis">Ano Kotradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)" title="Antigonia (Syria)">Antigonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch on the Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis" title="Antiochia Lamotis">Antiochia Lamotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum" title="Antiochia ad Cragum">Antioch on the Cragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum" title="Antiochia ad Pyramum">Antioch on the Pyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)" title="Aphrodisias (Cilicia)">Aphrodisias of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araxa" title="Araxa">Araxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariassus" title="Ariassus">Ariassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)" title="Arima (Cilicia)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnabanda" title="Arnabanda">Arnabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneae" title="Arneae">Arneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsada" title="Arsada">Arsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)" title="Arsinoe (Cilicia)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanada" title="Artanada">Artanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augai" title="Augai">Augai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)" title="Augusta (Cilicia)">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)" title="Aulae (Cilicia)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunesis" title="Aunesis">Aunesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)" title="Baris (Pisidia)">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindaios" title="Bindaios">Bindaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabassus" title="Cabassus">Cabassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callimache" title="Callimache">Callimache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calynda" title="Calynda">Calynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)" title="Carallia (Pamphylia)">Carallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Casae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretapa" title="Ceretapa">Ceretapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestrus" title="Cestrus">Cestrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadrus" title="Charadrus">Charadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)" title="Choma (Lycia)">Choma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Claudiopolis (Cilicia)">Claudiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colybrassus" title="Colybrassus">Colybrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comama" title="Comama">Comama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)" title="Comba (Lycia)">Comba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conana" title="Conana">Conana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycium_Antrum" title="Corycium Antrum">Corycium Antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus (Kızkalesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydala" title="Corydala">Corydala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretopolis" title="Cretopolis">Cretopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crya" title="Crya">Crya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedala_(city)" title="Daedala (city)">Daedala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)" title="Dalisandus (Isauria)">Dalisandus in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia" title="Dalisandus in Pamphylia">Dalisandus in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasei" title="Damasei">Damasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)" title="Diocaesarea (Isauria)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domuztepe" title="Domuztepe">Domuztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Elaiussa Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbessos" title="Elbessos">Elbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirzeli" title="Emirzeli">Emirzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)" title="Epiphania (Cilicia)">Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymna" title="Erymna">Erymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenna" title="Etenna">Etenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)" title="Eudocia (Lycia)">Eudocia (Lycia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)" title="Eudocias (Pamphylia)">Eudocias (Pamphylia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Flaviopolis (Cilicia)">Flaviopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Pisidia)">Hadrianopolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)" title="Halae (Cilicia)">Halae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)" title="Hamaxia (town)">Hamaxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria" title="Hierapolis in Isauria">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippucome" title="Hippucome">Hippucome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyia" title="Hyia">Hyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyros" title="Idyros">Idyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotape" title="Iotape">Iotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Irenopolis (Cilicia)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Nea" title="Isaura Nea">Isaura Nea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Palaea" title="Isaura Palaea">Isaura Palaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isba" title="Isba">Isba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)" title="Isinda (Pisidia)">Isinda in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)" title="Issus (Cilicia)">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istlada" title="Istlada">Istlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliosebaste" title="Juliosebaste">Juliosebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanthia" title="Kalanthia">Kalanthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalelibelen" title="Kalelibelen">Kalelibelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyba" title="Kandyba">Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanytelis" title="Kanytelis">Kanytelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1" title="Karakabaklı">Karakabaklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkabo" title="Karkabo">Karkabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastellon" title="Kastellon">Kastellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)" title="Keraia (Pisidia)">Keraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiphisos" title="Kiphisos">Kiphisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkota" title="Kirkota">Kirkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanaura" title="Kitanaura">Kitanaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodroula" title="Kodroula">Kodroula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbasa" title="Kolbasa">Kolbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasion" title="Korasion">Korasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)" title="Korma (Lycia)">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynosarion" title="Kynosarion">Kynosarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)" title="Laertes (Cilicia)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagbe" title="Lagbe">Lagbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)" title="Lamos (Cilicia)">Lamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Lebessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legeita" title="Legeita">Legeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)" title="Limnae (Pamphylia)">Limnae in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia" title="Limnae in Pisidia">Limnae in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)" title="Lissa (Lycia)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycae" title="Lycae">Lycae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrbe" title="Lyrbe">Lyrbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysinia" title="Lysinia">Lysinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magastara" title="Magastara">Magastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magydus" title="Magydus">Magydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)" title="Malus (Pisidia)">Malus in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampsoukrenai" title="Mampsoukrenai">Mampsoukrenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)" title="Manava (Pamphylia)">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)" title="Mandane (Cilicia)">Mandane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)" title="Marciana (Lycia)">Marciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)" title="Marmara (Lycia)">Marmara</a> (Mnara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)" title="Mastaura (Lycia)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)" title="Meloë (Lycia)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)" title="Melanippe (Lycia)">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriana" title="Meriana">Meriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezgitkale" title="Mezgitkale">Mezgitkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moatra" title="Moatra">Moatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morka" title="Morka">Morka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_Hydor" title="Moron Hydor">Moron Hydor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moumoustra" title="Moumoustra">Moumoustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)" title="Mylae (Cilicia)">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylios" title="Mylios">Mylios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauloi" title="Nauloi">Nauloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)" title="Neapolis (Pisidia)">Neapolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelis" title="Nephelis">Nephelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)" title="Nisa (Lycia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octapolis" title="Octapolis">Octapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)" title="Olbasa (Pisidia)">Olbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)" title="Olbia (Pamphylia)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="Öküzlü">Öküzlü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobara" title="Onobara">Onobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokenda" title="Orokenda">Orokenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanada" title="Otanada">Otanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouerbe" title="Ouerbe">Ouerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padyandus" title="Padyandus">Padyandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia" title="Palaeopolis in Pamphylia">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panemotichus" title="Panemotichus">Panemotichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)" title="Panhormus (Cilicia)">Panhormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargais" title="Pargais">Pargais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlais" title="Parlais">Parlais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perminounda" title="Perminounda">Perminounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)" title="Philadelphia (Cilicia)">Philadelphia in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaea" title="Philaea">Philaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)" title="Phoenicus (Lycia)">Phoenicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (Lycia)">Phoenix in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisarissos" title="Pisarissos">Pisarissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisurgia" title="Pisurgia">Pisurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoma" title="Placoma">Placoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)" title="Platanus (Cilicia)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogla" title="Pogla">Pogla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanna" title="Prostanna">Prostanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudokorasion" title="Pseudokorasion">Pseudokorasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)" title="Ptolemais (Pamphylia)">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoscopus" title="Rhoscopus">Rhoscopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rygmanoi" title="Rygmanoi">Rygmanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabandus" title="Sabandus">Sabandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalium" title="Sandalium">Sandalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraganda" title="Saraganda">Saraganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebeda" title="Sebeda">Sebeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)" title="Seleucia (Pamphylia)">Seleucia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera" title="Seleucia Sidera">Seleucia Sidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroiata" title="Seroiata">Seroiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)" title="Sia (Pisidia)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidounda" title="Sibidounda">Sibidounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyla" title="Sibyla">Sibyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)" title="Siderus (Lycia)">Siderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)" title="Sinda (Pisidia)">Sinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siricae" title="Siricae">Siricae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solyma" title="Solyma">Solyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Sozopolis (Pisidia)">Sozopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)" title="Sura (Lycia)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syca" title="Syca">Syca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedra" title="Syedra">Syedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takina" title="Takina">Takina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapureli_ruins" title="Tapureli ruins">Tapureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardequeia" title="Tardequeia">Tardequeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teimiussa" title="Teimiussa">Teimiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)" title="Telmessos (Caria)">Telmessos (Caria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)" title="Tenedos (Pamphylia)">Tenedos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Cappadocia)">Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Pamphylia)">Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiopolis" title="Titiopolis">Titiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityassus" title="Tityassus">Tityassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriaeum" title="Toriaeum">Toriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragalassus" title="Tragalassus">Tragalassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebendae" title="Trebendae">Trebendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysa" title="Trysa">Trysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyberissus" title="Tyberissus">Tyberissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyinda" title="Tyinda">Tyinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymandus" title="Tymandus">Tymandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynada" title="Tynada">Tynada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typallia" title="Typallia">Typallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan" title="Yanıkhan">Yanıkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Zenopolis (Isauria)">Zenopolis in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)" title="Zenopolis (Lycia)">Zenopolis in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus" title="Zephyrium on the Calycadnus">Zephyrium on the Calycadnus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern<br />Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum" title="Antiochia ad Taurum">Antioch in the Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)" title="Constantia (Osrhoene)">Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea on the Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcathiocerta" title="Carcathiocerta">Carcathiocerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabanas" title="Dabanas">Dabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Dülük">Doliche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Khashshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiate" title="Matiate">Matiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Nicopolis (Cilicia)">Nicopolis in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Sakçagözü">Sakçagözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareisa" title="Sareisa">Sareisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Seleucia at the Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)" title="Sitai (Mesopotamia)">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Tille Höyük">Tille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urima" title="Urima">Urima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template talk:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hellenistic/<a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/70px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/105px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/140px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Arachosia" title="Alexandria Arachosia">Alexandria Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ariana" title="Alexandria Ariana">Alexandria Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_in_the_Caucasus" title="Alexandria in the Caucasus">Alexandria in the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea Paralos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Laodicea in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Paeonia)" title="Antigonia (Paeonia)">Antigonia (Paeonia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica" title="Alexandropolis Maedica">Alexandropolis Maedica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edessa&params=37_09_N_38_48_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°09′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.150°N 38.800°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.150; 38.800</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190403#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122835442">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119513468">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119513468">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658457">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edessa&oldid=1252573712">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edessa&oldid=1252573712</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edessa" title="Category:Edessa">Edessa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:300s_BC_establishments" title="Category:300s BC establishments">300s BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_4th_century_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 4th century BC">Populated places established in the 4th century BC</a></li><li><a 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