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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_del_factor_de_necrosi_tumoral" title="Inhibidor del factor de necrosi tumoral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inhibidor del factor de necrosi tumoral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-Blocker" title="TNF-Blocker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="TNF-Blocker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-TNF" title="Anti-TNF – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anti-TNF" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibiteur_du_TNF" title="Inhibiteur du TNF – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inhibiteur du TNF" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="TNF 억제제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="TNF 억제제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alfa-remmers" title="TNF-alfa-remmers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="TNF-alfa-remmers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of immunosuppressive drug</div> <p>A <b>TNF inhibitor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> that suppresses the physiologic response to <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">tumor necrosis factor</a> (TNF), which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory response</a>. TNF is involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a> and refractory <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, so TNF inhibitors may be used in their treatment. The important side effects of TNF inhibitors include lymphomas, infections (especially reactivation of latent <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating disease</a>, a lupus-like syndrome, induction of <a href="/wiki/Auto-antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-antibodies">auto-antibodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injection_site_reaction" title="Injection site reaction">injection site reactions</a>, and systemic side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global market for TNF inhibitors in 2008 was <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$13.5 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$22 billion</span> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibition of TNF effects can be achieved with a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol" title="Certolizumab pegol">certolizumab pegol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">golimumab</a>, or with a circulating receptor <a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">fusion protein</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a> and its derivatives <a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">lenalidomide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">pomalidomide</a> are also active against TNF. </p><p>While most clinically useful TNF inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies, some are simple molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine derivatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11692087_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11692087-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">pentoxifylline</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9927365_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9927365-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16644475_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16644475-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a> agonist <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a> including (<i>R</i>)-<a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LA-SS-Az</a> have unexpectedly also been found to act as potent inhibitors of TNF, with DOI being the most active, showing TNF inhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Picomolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomolar">picomolar</a> range, an order of magnitude more potent than its action as a hallucinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9928254_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9928254-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18708586_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18708586-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20048135_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20048135-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rheumatoid_arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rheumatoid arthritis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of TNF as a key player in the development of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> was originally demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/George_Kollias_(biologist)" title="George Kollias (biologist)">Kollias</a> and colleagues in proof of principle studies in transgenic animal models.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1721867_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1721867-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26008591_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26008591-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TNF levels have been shown to be raised in both the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">synovial fluid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Synovium">synovium</a> of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This leads to local inflammation through the signalling of synovial cells to produce <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloproteinases">metalloproteinases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">collagenase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC3956207_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC3956207-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinical application of anti-TNF drugs in rheumatoid arthritis was demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Feldmann" title="Marc Feldmann">Marc Feldmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravinder_N._Maini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravinder N. Maini">Ravinder N. Maini</a>, who won the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Award" title="Lasker Award">Lasker Award</a> for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14520364_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14520364-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-TNF compounds help eliminate abnormal B cell activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18178805_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18178805-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therapy which combines certain anti-TNF agents such as <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a> with <a href="/wiki/DMARD" class="mw-redirect" title="DMARD">DMARDs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a> has been shown to be more effective at restoring quality of life to sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis than using either drug alone.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC3956207_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC3956207-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_disease">Skin disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skin disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinical trials regarding the effectiveness of these drugs on <a href="/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a> are ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19997689_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19997689-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines for the treatment of severe psoriasis using the anti-TNF drugs etanercept and adalimumab as well as the anti-<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23_subunit_alpha" title="Interleukin 23 subunit alpha">23</a> biological treatment <a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">ustekinumab</a>. In cases where more conventional systemic treatments such as psoralen combined with ultraviolet A treatment (<a href="/wiki/PUVA_therapy" title="PUVA therapy">PUVA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> have failed or can not be tolerated, these newer biological agents may be prescribed. Infliximab may be used to treat severe plaque psoriasis if aforementioned treatments fail or can not be tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal_disease">Gastrointestinal disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010 The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK issued guidelines for the treatment of severe <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's Disease</a> with infliximab and adalimumab.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-TNF therapy has shown only modest effects in cancer therapy. Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a> with <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a> resulted in prolonged disease stabilization in certain patients. <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">Etanercept</a> was tested for treating patients with <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> showing prolonged disease stabilization in certain patients via downregulation of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/CCL2" title="CCL2">CCL2</a>. On the other hand, adding <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gemcitabine" title="Gemcitabine">gemcitabine</a> for treating patients with advanced <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> was not associated with differences in efficacy when compared with placebo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_2">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> continues to receive reports of a rare cancer of white blood cells (known as <a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenic_T-cell_lymphoma" title="Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma">hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma</a> or HSTCL), primarily in adolescents and young adults being treated for <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> with TNF blockers, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Mercaptopurine" title="Mercaptopurine">mercaptopurine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunistic_infections">Opportunistic infections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opportunistic infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TNF inhibitors put patients at increased risk of certain opportunistic infections. The FDA has warned about the risk of infection from two bacterial pathogens, <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i>. People taking TNF blockers are at increased risk for developing serious infections that may lead to hospitalization or death due to certain bacterial, <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">mycobacterial</a>, fungal, viral, and parasitic opportunistic pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tuberculosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In patients with latent <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> infection, active <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB) may develop soon after the initiation of treatment with infliximab.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11596589_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11596589-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before prescribing a TNF inhibitor, physicians should screen patients for latent tuberculosis. The anti-TNF monoclonal antibody biologics infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab and adalimumab, and the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">fusion protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a>, which are all currently approved by the FDA for human use, have warnings which state that patients should be evaluated for latent TB infection, and if it is detected, preventive treatment should be initiated prior to starting therapy with these medications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fungal_infections">Fungal infections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fungal infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FDA issued a warning on September 4, 2008, that patients on TNF inhibitors are at increased risk of opportunistic fungal infections such as pulmonary and disseminated <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">coccidioidomycosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">blastomycosis</a>. They encourage clinicians to consider empiric antifungal therapy in certain circumstances to all patients at risk until the pathogen is identified.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent review showed that anti-TNFα agents associate with increased infection risks for both endemic and opportunistic invasive fungal infections, particularly when given late in the overall course of treatment of the underlying disease, and in young patients receiving concomitant cytotoxic or augmented immunosuppressive therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sclerosis_and_demyelinating_disorders">Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999 a randomized control trial was conducted testing a TNF-alpha inhibitor prototype, Lenercept, for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> (MS). However, the patients in the study who received the drug had significantly more exacerbations and earlier exacerbations of their disease than those who did not.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case reports have also come out suggesting the possibility that anti-TNF-alpha agents not only may worsen, but may cause new-onset Multiple Sclerosis or other <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating disorders</a> in some patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 case report described an Italian man with plaque psoriasis who developed MS after starting entanercept. Their literature review at that time identified 34 other cases of demyelinating disease developing after the initiation of an anti-TNF drug.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, anti-TNF-alpha drugs are contraindicated in patients with MS, and the American Academy of Dermatology recommends avoiding their use in those with a first degree relative with MS.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other monoclonal antibodies like <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Marzia_Anita_Lucia_Romeo_pp_1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marzia_Anita_Lucia_Romeo_pp_1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nivolumab" title="Nivolumab">nivolumab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been reported to trigger MS as an adverse event.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The risk of anti-TNF-associated demyelination is not associated with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis. In some studies, there were clinical differences to multiple sclerosis as 70% of the patients with anti-TNF-induced demyelination. The symptoms of demyelination do not resolve with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange, and is not clear whether MS therapies are effective in anti-TNF-induced demyelination.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradoxical_psoriasis">Paradoxical psoriasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paradoxical psoriasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their good safety profile, one of the common adverse events and side effects associated with TNF-α inhibitors is the occurrence of paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a> is defined as the development of psoriatic lesions or as an exacerbation of pre-existent psoriatic lesions, in patients with or without a prior history of <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, while undergoing treatment with TNF-α inhibitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a> for their underlying inflammatory disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first case of paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a> induced by TNF-α inhibitors was reported in a patient suffering from <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, an increasing number of cases were reported in IBD cohorts and in patients suffering from other chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase was positively correlated with the increasing use of TNF-α inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rates of paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a> reported across observational studies range from 2% to 5%, with higher rates observed in female patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time to onset from induction therapy to development of psoriatic lesions can range from anywhere from a few days to a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common clinical presentations are pustular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis and guttate psoriasis, with nail and scalp involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some patients may experience more than one type of psoriatic lesion and/or have lesions across multiple locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-TNF_agents_in_nature">Anti-TNF agents in nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-TNF agents in nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TNF or its effects are inhibited by several natural compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">curcumin</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16715036_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16715036-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16751071_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16751071-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16411910_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16411910-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16008121_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16008121-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a compound present in <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tea_catechins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea catechins">catechins</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_purpurea" title="Echinacea purpurea">Echinacea purpurea</a></i> also seem to have anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of TNF-α production, although this effect may be mediated through cannabinoid <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB<sub>1</sub></a> or <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB<sub>2</sub></a> receptor-independent effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16547349_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16547349-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor</a> agonists have also been shown to have potent inhibitory effects on TNF-α, including <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> found in many species of mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thymoquinone" title="Thymoquinone">Thymoquinone</a>, a compound found in the flower <i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i>, has been studied for possible TNF-α inhibition and related benefits for autoimmune disorder treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26134265_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26134265-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29662431_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29662431-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33370631_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33370631-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34303824_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34303824-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early experiments associated TNF with the pathogenesis of bacterial sepsis. Thus, the first preclinical studies using <a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">polyclonal antibodies</a> against TNF-alpha were performed in animal models of sepsis in 1985 and showed that anti-TNF antibodies protected mice from sepsis.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent clinical trials in patients with sepsis showed no significant benefit. It wasn't until 1991 that studies in a transgenic mouse model of overexpressed human TNF provided the pre-clinical rationale for a causal role of TNF in the development of polyarthritis and that anti-TNF treatments could be effective against human arthritides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1721867_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1721867-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later confirmed in clinical trials<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to the development of the first biological therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNF_inhibitor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScheinfeld2004" class="citation journal cs1">Scheinfeld N (September 2004). "A comprehensive review and evaluation of the side effects of the tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab". <i>The Journal of Dermatological Treatment</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 280–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546630410017275">10.1080/09546630410017275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15370396">15370396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43332215">43332215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Dermatological+Treatment&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+review+and+evaluation+of+the+side+effects+of+the+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha+blockers+etanercept%2C+infliximab+and+adalimumab&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=280-294&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43332215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15370396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546630410017275&rft.aulast=Scheinfeld&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATNF+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappasBathonHanicqYasothan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pappas DA, Bathon JM, Hanicq D, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P (September 2009). 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Drug Discovery</i>. <b>8</b> (9): 695–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2982">10.1038/nrd2982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19721444">19721444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=Golimumab&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=695-696&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrd2982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19721444&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Bathon%2C+JM&rft.au=Hanicq%2C+D&rft.au=Yasothan%2C+U&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATNF+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917104658/http://knol.google.com/k/top-ten-twenty-best-selling-drugs-2009">"Top Ten/Twenty Best Selling Drugs 2009"</a>. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunosuppressants" title="Template talk:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immunosuppressive_drugs_/_Immunosuppressants_(L04)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drugs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppressants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L04" title="ATC code L04">L04</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular<br />(initiation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Purine_synthesis_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine synthesis inhibitor">purine synthesis inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></i> inhibitors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leflunomide" title="Leflunomide">Leflunomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriflunomide" title="Teriflunomide">Teriflunomide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">antifolate</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolides</a>/<br />other <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL-2</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/FKBP" title="FKBP">FKBP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cyclophilin" title="Cyclophilin">Cyclophilin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">Calcineurin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">Ciclosporin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">Pimecrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voclosporin" title="Voclosporin">Voclosporin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abetimus" title="Abetimus">Abetimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusperimus" title="Gusperimus">Gusperimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulatory_imide_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulatory imide drug">IMiDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">Lenalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">Pomalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PDE4_inhibitor" title="PDE4 inhibitor">PDE4 inhibitor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apremilast" title="Apremilast">Apremilast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular<br />(reception)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">IL-1 receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">Everolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridaforolimus" title="Ridaforolimus">Ridaforolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temsirolimus" title="Temsirolimus">Temsirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umirolimus" title="Umirolimus">Umirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotarolimus" title="Zotarolimus">Zotarolimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serum target<br />(noncellular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5" title="Complement component 5">Complement component 5</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eculizumab" title="Eculizumab">Eculizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TNF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">Adalimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afelimomab" title="Afelimomab">Afelimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol" title="Certolizumab pegol">Certolizumab pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">Golimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">Infliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerelimomab" title="Nerelimomab">Nerelimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">Interleukin 5</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepolizumab" title="Mepolizumab">Mepolizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">Immunoglobulin E</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsilimomab" title="Elsilimomab">Elsilimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL-23</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">Lebrikizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL-17A</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular<br />target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muromonab-CD3" title="Muromonab-CD3">Muromonab-CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otelixizumab" title="Otelixizumab">Otelixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplizumab" title="Teplizumab">Teplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visilizumab" title="Visilizumab">Visilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clenoliximab" title="Clenoliximab">Clenoliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliximab" title="Keliximab">Keliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanolimumab" title="Zanolimumab">Zanolimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD11a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11a">CD11a</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efalizumab" title="Efalizumab">Efalizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD18" class="mw-redirect" title="CD18">CD18</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlizumab" title="Erlizumab">Erlizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">Obinutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab" title="Ocrelizumab">Ocrelizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascolizumab" title="Pascolizumab">Pascolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">Rituximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ublituximab" title="Ublituximab">Ublituximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomiliximab" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomiliximab">Gomiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiliximab" title="Lumiliximab">Lumiliximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teneliximab" title="Teneliximab">Teneliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toralizumab" title="Toralizumab">Toralizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L-selectin" title="L-selectin">CD62L/L-selectin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aselizumab" title="Aselizumab">Aselizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galiximab" title="Galiximab">Galiximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">CD147/Basigin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavilimomab" title="Gavilimomab">Gavilimomab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frexalimab" title="Frexalimab">Frexalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruplizumab" title="Ruplizumab">Ruplizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>BLyS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belimumab" title="Belimumab">Belimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase" title="Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase">CAT</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertilimumab" title="Bertilimumab">Bertilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">Integrin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalizumab" title="Natalizumab">Natalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedolizumab" title="Vedolizumab">Vedolizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">Interleukin-6 receptor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte_function-associated_antigen_1" title="Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1">LFA-1</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odulimomab" title="Odulimomab">Odulimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IL-2_receptor" title="IL-2 receptor">IL-2 receptor/CD25</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inolimomab" title="Inolimomab">Inolimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T-lymphocyte</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zolimomab_aritox" title="Zolimomab aritox">Zolimomab aritox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorolimumab" title="Atorolimumab">Atorolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Begelomab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begelomab (page does not exist)">Begelomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedelizumab" title="Cedelizumab">Cedelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inebilizumab" title="Inebilizumab">Inebilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslimomab" title="Maslimomab">Maslimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morolimumab" title="Morolimumab">Morolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">Ofatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pexelizumab" title="Pexelizumab">Pexelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reslizumab" title="Reslizumab">Reslizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovelizumab" title="Rovelizumab">Rovelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siplizumab" title="Siplizumab">Siplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talizumab" title="Talizumab">Talizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telimomab_aritox" title="Telimomab aritox">Telimomab aritox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teprotumumab" title="Teprotumumab">Teprotumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapaliximab" title="Vapaliximab">Vapaliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepalimomab" title="Vepalimomab">Vepalimomab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">Polyclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-thymocyte_globulin" title="Anti-thymocyte globulin">Anti-thymocyte globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lymphocyte_globulin" title="Anti-lymphocyte globulin">Anti-lymphocyte globulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-cept (<a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">Fusion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatacept" title="Abatacept">Abatacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatacept" title="Belatacept">Belatacept</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TNF inhibitor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">Etanercept</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinercept (page does not exist)">Opinercept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alefacept" title="Alefacept">Alefacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avacopan" title="Avacopan">Avacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blisibimod" title="Blisibimod">Blisibimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovalimab" title="Crovalimab">Crovalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danicopan" title="Danicopan">Danicopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darvadstrocel" title="Darvadstrocel">Darvadstrocel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diroximel_fumarate" title="Diroximel fumarate">Diroximel fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa" title="Efgartigimod alfa">Efgartigimod alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa/hyaluronidase" title="Efgartigimod alfa/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrasimod" title="Etrasimod">Etrasimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolimod" title="Fingolimod">Fingolimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptacopan" title="Iptacopan">Iptacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itacitinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itacitinib (page does not exist)">Itacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozanimod" title="Ozanimod">Ozanimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegcetacoplan" title="Pegcetacoplan">Pegcetacoplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirfenidone" title="Pirfenidone">Pirfenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponesimod" title="Ponesimod">Ponesimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravulizumab" title="Ravulizumab">Ravulizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanolixizumab" title="Rozanolixizumab">Rozanolixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siponimod" title="Siponimod">Siponimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutimlimab" title="Sutimlimab">Sutimlimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telitacicept" title="Telitacicept">Telitacicept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Chemokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Chemokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony-stimulating factor receptor">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin_receptor" title="Erythropoietin receptor">Erythropoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA-290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA-290 (page does not exist)">ARA-290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asialo_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asialo erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Asialo erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbamylated_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbamylated erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Carbamylated erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNTO-530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNTO-530 (page does not exist)">CNTO-530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbepoetin_alfa" title="Darbepoetin alfa">Darbepoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_alfa" title="Epoetin alfa">Epoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_beta" title="Epoetin beta">Epoetin beta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin delta (page does not exist)">Epoetin delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_epsilon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin epsilon (page does not exist)">Epoetin epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin gamma (page does not exist)">Epoetin gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_kappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin kappa (page does not exist)">Epoetin kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin omega (page does not exist)">Epoetin omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_theta" title="Epoetin theta">Epoetin theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoetin zeta">Epoetin zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin (EPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythropoietin-Fc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythropoietin-Fc (page does not exist)">Erythropoietin-Fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy_polyethylene_glycol-epoetin_beta" title="Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta">Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginesatide" title="Peginesatide">Peginesatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegol_sihematide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegol sihematide (page does not exist)">Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">G-CSF (CSF3)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leridistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leridistim (page does not exist)">Leridistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nartograstim (page does not exist)">Nartograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegnartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegnartograstim (page does not exist)">Pegnartograstim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">GM-CSF (CSF2)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecogramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecogramostim (page does not exist)">Ecogramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milodistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milodistim (page does not exist)">Milodistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regramostim (page does not exist)">Regramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mavrilimumab" title="Mavrilimumab">Mavrilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namilumab" title="Namilumab">Namilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilimab" title="Otilimab">Otilimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">M-CSF (CSF1)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilmostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilmostim (page does not exist)">Cilmostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-34">Interleukin-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanimostim (page does not exist)">Lanimostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirimostim (page does not exist)">Mirimostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">SCF (c-Kit)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin_receptor" title="Thrombopoietin receptor">Thrombopoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eltrombopag" title="Eltrombopag">Eltrombopag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegacaristim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegacaristim (page does not exist)">Pegacaristim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegapoietin" title="Promegapoietin">Promegapoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiplostim" title="Romiplostim">Romiplostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">IFNAR (α/β, I)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta (IFN-β)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IFNB3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFNB3 (page does not exist)">IFNB3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon kappa">Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_omega" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon omega">Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-545 (page does not exist)">MEDI-545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rontalizumab" title="Rontalizumab">Rontalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifalimumab" title="Sifalimumab">Sifalimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifarcept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifarcept (page does not exist)">Bifarcept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">IFNGR (γ, II)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon gamma 1b">Interferon gamma 1b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-lambda_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-lambda receptor">IFNLR (λ, III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See IL-28R (IFNLR) <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor">TGFβ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TNF_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TNF receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">JAK</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK1" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK1">JAK1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momelotinib" title="Momelotinib">Momelotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atiprimod" title="Atiprimod">Atiprimod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1480 (page does not exist)">AZD-1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZ868" title="CHZ868">CHZ868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitacin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucurbitacin I">Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYT387" class="mw-redirect" title="CYT387">CYT387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-7908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-7908 (page does not exist)">NSC-7908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-33994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-33994 (page does not exist)">NSC-33994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacritinib" title="Pacritinib">Pacritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-1008 (page does not exist)">SD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK3" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK3">JAK3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercosporamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercosporamide (page does not exist)">Cercosporamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decernotinib" title="Decernotinib">Decernotinib (VX-509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-21311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-21311 (page does not exist)">TCS-21311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-39923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-39923 (page does not exist)">ZM-39923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-449829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-449829 (page does not exist)">ZM-449829</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">TYK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMS-like_tyrosine_kinase_3_ligand" title="FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand">FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">Oncostatin M (OSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin" title="Thymic stromal lymphopoietin">Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokine receptor modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emfilermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emfilermin (page does not exist)">Emfilermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midostaurin" title="Midostaurin">Midostaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quizartinib" title="Quizartinib">Quizartinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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