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<span>Gladstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gladstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s:_New_Liberalism_and_welfare_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s:_New_Liberalism_and_welfare_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1900s: New Liberalism and welfare state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s:_New_Liberalism_and_welfare_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940–1975:_Post-war_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940–1975:_Post-war_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1940–1975: Post-war consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940–1975:_Post-war_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Neoliberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Neoliberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1980s: Neoliberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Neoliberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Liberal_parties_in_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Liberal_parties_in_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline of Liberal parties in Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline_of_Liberal_parties_in_Great_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline of Liberal parties in Great Britain subsection</span> </button> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Liberal leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_thinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_thinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Liberal thinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_thinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liberal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Liberal (disambiguation)">Liberal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomas_Bass" title="Michael Thomas Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simon,_1st_Baron_Simon_of_Wythenshawe" title="Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">Socialism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" 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.excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" 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class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United Kingdom, the word <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> can have any of several meanings. Scholars primarily use the term to refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>. </i>The term can also mean <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Political_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalism">political liberalism</a>.</i> It can simply refer to the ideology and practises of the historic <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> (1859–1988), or in the modern context, of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, a UK party formed after the original Liberal Party's demise. </p><p>Liberalism can occasionally have <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">the imported American meaning</a>; however, the pejorative connotation is much weaker in the UK than in the US, and social liberals from both the left and right wing continue to use <i>liberal</i> and <i>illiberal</i> to describe themselves and their opponents, respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism#Glorious_Revolution" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism § Glorious Revolution</a></div> <p>Historically, the term referred to the broad liberal political alliance of the nineteenth century, formed by <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">radicals</a>. This alliance, which developed into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, dominated politics for much of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and during the years before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>British liberalism is now organised between two schools; </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (member <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">LI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">ALDE</a>) and their counterpart the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a> (member <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">LI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">ALDE</a>),</li> <li>and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> which was adopted in the late 1970s by the late former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> whose fundamental changes to party policy aligned it to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> with its commitment to low taxation and economic deregulation. In his speech to the <a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">party conference</a> in 2006, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> described the party as a "<a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservative</a>" party, and in a speech in Bath on Thursday 22 March 2007, he described himself as a "liberal Conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine, based in Britain and with an international audience, claims to be "liberal" and regrets the split between the two schools.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gladstone">Gladstone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gladstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian liberalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> (1809–1898) dominated liberalism and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in the late 19th century. He served for 12 years as prime minister, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times and between terms was usually the minority leader. The historian H. C. G. Matthew states that Gladstone's chief legacy lay in three areas: his financial policy; his support for Home Rule (devolution) that modified the view of the unitary state of Great Britain; and his idea of a progressive, reforming party broadly based and capable of accommodating and conciliating varying interests, along with his speeches at mass public meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Walter L. Arnstein concludes "Notable as the Gladstonian reforms had been, they had almost all remained within the nineteenth-century Liberal tradition of gradually removing the religious, economic, and political barriers that prevented men of varied creeds and classes from exercising their individual talents in order to improve themselves and their society. As the third quarter of the century drew to a close, the essential bastions of Victorianism still held firm: respectability; a government of aristocrats and gentlemen now influenced not only by middle-class merchants and manufacturers but also by industrious working people; a prosperity that seemed to rest largely on the tenets of laissez-faire economics; and a Britannia that ruled the waves and many a dominion beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a> wrote in 1880 that he considered Gladstone one "of the three greatest Liberals" (along with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909 the Liberal Chancellor <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> introduced his "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>", the first budget which aimed to redistribute wealth. The Liberal statesman <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> ridiculed it by asserting Gladstone would reject it, "Because in his eyes, and in my eyes, too, as his humble disciple, Liberalism and Liberty were cognate terms; they were twin-sisters."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lloyd George had written in 1913 that the Liberals were "carving the last few columns out of the Gladstonian quarry".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lloyd George said of Gladstone in 1915: "What a man he was! Head and shoulders above anyone else I have ever seen in the House of Commons. I did not like him much. He hated Nonconformists and Welsh Nonconformists in particular, and he had no real sympathy with the working-classes. But he was far and away the best Parliamentary speaker I have ever heard. He was not so good in exposition."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 1944 the classical liberal economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> said of the change in political attitudes that had occurred since the Great War: "Perhaps nothing shows this change more clearly than that, while there is no lack of sympathetic treatment of Bismarck in contemporary English literature, the name of Gladstone is rarely mentioned by the younger generation without a sneer over his Victorian morality and naive utopianism".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter half of the 20th century Gladstone's economic policies came to be admired by <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherite</a> Conservatives. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> proclaimed in 1983: "We have a duty to make sure that every penny piece we raise in taxation is spent wisely and well. For it is our party which is dedicated to good housekeeping—indeed, I would not mind betting that if Mr Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, she said: "The kind of Conservatism which he and I...favoured would be best described as 'liberal', in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone, not of the latter-day collectivists".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That sort of liberalism in the 21st century is termed <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> wrote "William Ewart Gladstone was the greatest political figure of the nineteenth century. I do not mean by that that he was necessarily the greatest statesman, certainly not the most successful. What I mean is that he dominated the scene."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1900s:_New_Liberalism_and_welfare_state">1900s: New Liberalism and welfare state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1900s: New Liberalism and welfare state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg/330px-3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg/495px-3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/3_witches--Churchill-Lloyd_George-Asquith-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>"The constitution in the melting pot" Churchill, Lloyd George and Asquith as Macbeth's witches--PUNCH 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Liberals lost the <a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895 general election</a>, a political crisis shook the Liberal Party. Until that, the Liberal Party adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian liberalism</a>, of free markets, low taxation, self-help and freedom of choice, but after the 1895 election many Liberals clamoured for political reform. The reformers' leaders were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>, that in the <i>Progressive Review</i> of December 1896, said that the classical liberalism was "sapped and raddled", claiming for more state's powers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel's "New Liberalism" called for old-age pensions, <a href="/wiki/Labour_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour exchange">labour exchanges</a> (job-placement organizations), and workers' compensation, all prefiguring modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>. Other important intellectuals 1906-14 included <a href="/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher" title="H. A. L. Fisher">H. A. L. Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Masterman" title="Charles Masterman">Charles Masterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Arthur Cecil Pigou</a> and young <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialists meanwhile dominated the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key politicians included future prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, sceptics of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> on economy and free market, embraced the New Liberalism. During the Liberal Governments of 1905–1916, the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> was introduced to provide provision for lower incomes. In 1908 a pension system was created with old-age pensions for people older than age 70; an income tax was introduced and in 1911 the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act</a> was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fund extensive <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">welfare reforms</a> Lloyd George proposed taxes on land ownership and high incomes in the "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>" (1909), which the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> rejected. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> was only resolved after two elections in 1910 and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>. His budget was enacted in 1910, and with the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a> and other measures helped to establish the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. Lloyd George promoted the disestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>, until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914 suspended its implementation. All Liberals were outraged when Conservatives used their majority in the House of Lords to block reform legislation. In the House of Lords, the Liberals had lost most of their members, who in the 1890s "became Conservative in all but name." The government could force the unwilling king to create new Liberal peers, and that threat did prove decisive in the battle for dominance of Commons over Lords in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Great War of 1914 reduced popular support for the Liberals and the Party split in two factions in 1918: Asquith's supporters and Lloyd George's <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">coupons</a>. While Asquith became Leader of the Opposition, Lloyd George forged a coalition with the Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>, continuing to be Prime Minister with a mostly Conservative base. The Liberal internal conflict caused many reformer and radical voters to join in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, while more conservative liberals merged to the Conservatives led by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 general election</a> signalled the end of the Liberal Party as government force. However, the New Liberalism continued to be the preferred ideology by the Liberal Party, until its dissolution in 1988 when formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940–1975:_Post-war_consensus"><span id="1940.E2.80.931975:_Post-war_consensus"></span>1940–1975: Post-war consensus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1940–1975: Post-war consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-war consensus began in the 1930s when Liberal intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> developed a series of plans that became especially attractive as the wartime government promised a much better post-war Britain and saw the need to engage every sector of society. The foundations of the post-war consensus was the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>. This was a report by <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, a Liberal economist who in 1942 formulated the concept of a more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report, in shortened terms, aimed to bring widespread reform to the United Kingdom and did so by identifying the "five giants on the road of reconstruction": "Want… Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the report were labelled a number of recommendations: the appointment of a minister to control all the insurance schemes; a standard weekly payment by people in work as a contribution to the insurance fund; old age pensions, maternity grants, funeral grants, pensions for widows and for people injured at work; a new national health service to be established. </p><p>In the period between 1945 and 1970 (consensus years) that unemployment averaged less than 3%. The post-war consensus included a belief in <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of major industries, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and the creation of the modern welfare state in Britain. The policies were instituted by all governments (both Labour and Conservative) in the post-war period. The consensus has been held to characterise British politics until the economic crises of the 1970s (see <a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a>) which led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war economic boom">post-war economic boom</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a> economics. The roots of his economics, however, stem from critique of the economics of the interwar period depression. Keynes' style of economics encouraged a more active role of the government in order to "manage overall demand so that there was a balance between demand and output".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s:_Neoliberalism">1980s: Neoliberalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s: Neoliberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a></div> <p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> as Conservative Party leader in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975 leadership election</a> ushered in a resurgence of the old 19th-century Gladstone <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> Classical liberal principles. The UK in the 1970s had seen sustained high <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> rates, which were above 20% at the time of the leadership election, high unemployment, and over the winter of 1978–79 there was a series of strikes known as the "<a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher led her party to victory at the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a> with a manifesto which concentrated on the party's philosophy rather than presenting a "shopping list" of policies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This philosophy became known as <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and it focused on rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> that tolerated or encouraged nationalisation, strong labour unions, heavy regulation, high taxes, and a generous welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcherism was based on social and economic ideas from British and American intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>. Thatcher believed that too much socially democratic-oriented government policy was leading to a long-term decline in the British economy. As a result, her government pursued a programme of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a>, adopting a free-market approach to public services based on the sale of publicly owned industries and utilities, as well as a reduction in trade union power. She held the belief that the existing trend of unions was bringing economic progress to a standstill by enforcing "wildcat" strikes, keeping wages artificially high and forcing unprofitable industries to stay open. </p><p>Thatcherism promoted low inflation, the <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> through <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">tight control of the money supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatisation</a> and constraints on the labour movement. It is a key part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberal</a> movement and as such is often compared with <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Rationalism">Economic Rationalism</a> in Australia and <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> in New Zealand. Thatcherism is also often compared to classical liberalism. <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> said that "Margaret Thatcher is not in terms of belief a Tory. She is a nineteenth-century Liberal."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher herself stated in 1983: "I would not mind betting that if Mr Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1996 Keith Joseph memorial lecture Thatcher argued that "The kind of Conservatism which he and I ... favoured would be best described as 'liberal', in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone, not of the latter day collectivists".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_Liberal_parties_in_Great_Britain">Timeline of Liberal parties in Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timeline of Liberal parties in Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party (UK)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For history prior to 1859, see <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs (British political party)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1859_to_1899">From 1859 to 1899</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From 1859 to 1899"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmerston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palmerston.jpg/170px-Palmerston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Palmerston.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Viscount Palmerston</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1859</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> merged with the <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859 general election</a>, winning 356 seats. <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a> becomes Prime Minister for the second time.</dd> <dt>1865</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865 general election</a>, winning 369 seats. Lord Palmerston dies in office and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a>.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acgladstone2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/170px-Acgladstone2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/255px-Acgladstone2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/340px-Acgladstone2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>William Gladstone</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1868</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868 general election</a>, winning 387 seats. <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> becomes Prime Minister.</dd> <dt>1874</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party lose the <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874 general election</a>, winning 242 seats. A Conservative Government is formed.</dd> <dt>1880</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 general election</a>, winning 352 seats. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the second time.</dd> <dt>1885</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party gain the most seats (319 seats) in the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 general election</a> but fail to win an overall majority with the Irish Nationalists holding the balance of power.</dd> <dt>1886</dt> <dd>Opponents of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> in the Liberal Party, led by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Lord Hartington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, secede to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>. The Liberal Party lose the <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886 general election</a> winning 191 seats. The Liberal Unionists win 77 seats and informally co-operate with the newly formed Conservative Government.</dd> <dt>1892</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 272 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892 general election</a> and Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the fourth time forming a minority government dependent on Irish Nationalist support. The Liberal Unionists win 45 seats.</dd> <dt>1894</dt> <dd>Gladstone resigns as prime minister and his successor is <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a>.</dd> <dt>1895</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party lose the <a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895 general election</a>, winning 177 seats. The Liberal Unionists win 71 seats and with the Conservatives form an Unionist Government.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_to_1944">1900 to 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1900 to 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg/170px-Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg/255px-Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg/340px-Sir-Henry-Campbell-Bannerman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3358" /></a><figcaption>Campbell-Bannerman</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1900</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 184 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900 general election</a>. The Liberal Unionists win 68 seats and with the Conservatives form an Unionist Government.</dd> <dt>1906</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>, winning 396 seats. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> becomes Prime Minister. This would prove to be the greatest victory for the Liberals and also the last time the Liberal Party won a majority in their own right. The Liberal Unionists win 25 seats.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asquith_Q_42036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asquith_Q_42036.jpg/170px-Asquith_Q_42036.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asquith_Q_42036.jpg/255px-Asquith_Q_42036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asquith_Q_42036.jpg/340px-Asquith_Q_42036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>H. H. Asquith</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1908</dt> <dd>Henry Campbell-Bannerman resigns as prime minister and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>.</dd> <dt>1910</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 274 seats and the Liberal Unionists win 32 seats in <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910 general election</a>. Asquith forms a government with the support of the Irish Nationalists. Another <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">election is held in December</a>, with the Liberal Party winning 272 seats and the Liberal Unionists winning 36 seats. This would prove the last time the Liberal Party won the highest number of seats in the House of Commons.</dd> <dt>1912</dt> <dd>The Liberal Unionists merge with the Conservatives to form the present-day <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> (known as the Conservative Party).</dd> <dt>1915</dt> <dd>After several British set backs in the First World War, H. H. Asquith invites the Conservatives to form a war-time coalition government. This marked the end of the last all Liberal government.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/170px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/255px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/340px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>David Lloyd George</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1916</dt> <dd>H. H. Asquith loses support of the Conservative Party and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> becomes Prime Minister. The Liberal Party is now split into two factions: one camp supporting Lloyd George and the other following Asquith.</dd> <dt>1918</dt> <dd>At the end of the war, <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">a general election was held</a>. The Liberal Party remained split with Lloyd George's <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Liberals">Coalition Liberals</a> winning 127 seats and the Asquith led <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> winning 36 seats. Lloyd George remains Prime Minister with Conservative support.</dd> <dt>1922</dt> <dd>Lloyd George is forced to resign after loss of support from the Conservatives. In the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 general election</a>, the Lloyd George led <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">National Liberals</a> win 53 seats, whilst the Asquith led Liberals win 62 seats.</dd> <dt>1923</dt> <dd>The National Liberals and the Asquith Liberal factions are re-united as one in support of free trade and the Liberal Party win 158 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 general election</a>. It was the last election in which the Liberals won more than 100 seats.</dd> <dt>1924</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party are nearly wiped out and win only 40 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1929</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 59 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1931</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party agrees to join the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a>. After the National Government proposed to fight the 1931 election for a mandate of tariffs, the Liberal Party was split into three groups. A faction, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, supported the protectionist government policy and formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National Party</a>. Another faction, led by Lloyd George, became the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Independent Liberals</a>. The third grouping, the 'official' Liberal Party, was led by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>, the Liberal Nationals won 35 seats, the 'official' Liberals won 33 seats, the Independent Liberals won 4 seats.</dd> <dt>1933</dt> <dd>The 'official' Liberal Party leave the National Government.</dd> <dt>1935</dt> <dd>In the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935 general election</a>, the Liberal Nationals won 33 seats, the 'official' Liberals won 21 seats, the Independent Liberals won 4 seats. Lloyd George's Independent Liberals rejoined with the rest of the 'official' Liberal Party after the general election. The Liberal Nationals remain in the National Government.</dd> <dt>1940</dt> <dd>Both the Liberal Party and the Liberal National Party join the Churchill Wartime Government.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_present_day">1945 to present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1945 to present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1945</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 12 seats, and the Liberal Nationals win 11 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1947</dt> <dd>The Liberal National Party is renamed <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a> and formally merges with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> at constituency level; however some MPs and candidates continue to use the National Liberal label (and variants thereof) for the next twenty years.</dd> <dt>1950</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 9 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>. Candidates under the National Liberals banner win 17 seats.</dd> <dt>1951</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 general election</a>. National Liberals win 19 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.</dd> <dt>1955</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955 general election</a>. National Liberals win 21 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.</dd> <dt>1959</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 general election</a>. National Liberals win 19 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.</dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 9 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>. National Liberals win 6 seats.</dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 12 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a>. National Liberals win 3 seats.</dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd>The National Liberals merge completely with the Conservative Party.</dd> <dt>1970</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party win 14 seats in the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a> and hold the balance of power. The Liberal Party win 13 seats in the <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> becomes leader of the Conservative Party and the party adopts the classical liberal philosophy which became known as Thatcherism.</dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd>The Conservative Party win a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a> with 339 seats and the Liberal Party win 11 seats.</dd> <dt>1981</dt> <dd>A faction in the Labour Party break away and form <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SDP).</dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd>An electoral and political alliance between the Liberal Party and SDP is formed. The Liberal Party win 17 seats and the SDP win 6 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>. The Conservatives win another landslide victory with 397 seats.</dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win another victory with 376 seats and the Liberal–SDP alliance win 22 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd>The Liberal Party merge with SDP into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. The anti-merger <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party</a> and continuing <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990-present)">SDP</a> are formed.</dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win another victory with 336 seats and new Liberal Democrats win 20 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win 165 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 46 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win 166 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 52 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd>A splinter group of the Conservative Party, the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Euro_Conservative_Party" title="Pro-Euro Conservative Party">Pro-Euro Conservative Party</a> merges into the Liberal Democrats.</dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win 198 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 62 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a> with 306 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 57 seats, however with no overall control the two parties form a coalition government.</dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a> with 330 seats and the coalition is ended; the Liberal Democrats are nearly wiped out and win only 8 seats.</dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win another victory with 317 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 12 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>.</dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a> with 365 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 11 seats.</dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd>The Conservatives win 121 seats and the Liberal Democrats win 72 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>. This is the best result for the Liberal Party / Liberal Democrats in 100 years.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_Liberal_parties_in_Northern_Ireland">Timeline of Liberal parties in Northern Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline of Liberal parties in Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1956</dt> <dd>The Ulster Liberal Association is formed, and is soon renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Liberal_Party" title="Ulster Liberal Party">Ulster Liberal Party</a>.</dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a> is formed.</dd> <dt>1985</dt> <dd>The Ulster Liberal Party fields its last candidate in a Northern Ireland election and subsequently endorses Alliance candidates instead.</dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd>A small branch of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> is formed in Northern Ireland. Like the Ulster Liberal Party, it supports Alliance Party candidates in elections.</dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd>The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland win their first <a href="/wiki/Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)">seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 General Election</a>. Party leader Naomi Long becomes the MP for <a href="/wiki/Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast East</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland lose their 1 seat in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 General Election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland win <a href="/wiki/North_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Down (UK Parliament constituency)">1 seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 General Election</a>.:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024">2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland win <a href="/wiki/Lagan_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lagan Valley (UK Parliament constituency)">1 seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 General Election</a>.:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_leaders">Liberal leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liberal leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%">School </th> <th colspan="2" width="15%">Party </th> <th width="50%">Leaders </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> </th> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF7F00;" data-sort-value="Whigs (British political party)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">2nd Earl Grey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">2nd Viscount Melbourne</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #2061A2;" data-sort-value="Liberal Unionist Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">8th Duke of Devonshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">15th Earl of Derby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD700;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">3rd Viscount Palmerston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">1st Earl Russell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Archibald Sinclair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Clement Davies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Jeremy Thorpe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Liberal Democrats (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Paddy Ashdown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Charles Kennedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">Menzies Campbell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Farron" title="Tim Farron">Tim Farron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Jo Swinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Davey" title="Ed Davey">Ed Davey</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F6CB2F;" data-sort-value="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Napier" title="Oliver Napier">Oliver Napier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cooper_(politician)" title="Bob Cooper (politician)">Bob Cooper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phelim_O%27Neill,_2nd_Baron_Rathcavan" title="Phelim O'Neill, 2nd Baron Rathcavan">Phelim O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Napier" title="Oliver Napier">Oliver Napier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cushnahan" title="John Cushnahan">John Cushnahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Alderdice" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alderdice">John Alderdice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Neeson" title="Seán Neeson">Seán Neeson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ford_(politician)" title="David Ford (politician)">David Ford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Long" title="Naomi Long">Naomi Long</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a> </th> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Conservative Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_thinkers">Liberal thinkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Liberal thinkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_liberal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributions to liberal theory">Contributions to liberal theory</a> the following British thinkers are included: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trenchard_(writer)" title="John Trenchard (writer)">John Trenchard</a> (1662–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(writer)" title="Thomas Gordon (writer)">Thomas Gordon</a> (c. 1692–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (1723–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1733–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> (1737–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> (1748–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> (1772–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> (1773–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> (1804–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">James Wilson</a> (1805–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> (1820–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hill Green">Thomas Hill Green</a> (1836–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> (1858–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse</a> (1864–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> (1879–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1883–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (1899–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Raimund Popper</a> (1902–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a> (1904–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> (1909–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a> (1929–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laws" title="David Laws">David Laws</a> (born 1965)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Civil liberties in the United Kingdom">Civil liberties in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="History of socialism in Great Britain">History of socialism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">List of political parties in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Liberalism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=349">"British Political Speech"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Manifesto+for+Renewing+Liberalism&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2018%2F09%2F13%2Fa-manifesto-for-renewing-liberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.C.G. Matthew, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10787">Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)</a>", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter L. Arnstein, <i>Britain Yesterday and Today: 1832 the Present</i> (6th ed. 1992) p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Paul (ed.), <i>Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone</i> (George Allen, 1904), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Rosebery, <i>The Budget. Its Principles and Scope. A Speech Delivered to the Commercial Community of Glasgow, 10 September 1909</i> (London: Arthur L. 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Hayek, <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> (Routledge, 2001), p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Thatcher, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105454">Speech to the Conservative Party Conference</a>', 14 October 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Thatcher, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108353">Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture</a>', 11 January 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Partridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Partridge (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part"><i>Gladstone</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstone0000part/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415216265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415216265"><bdi>978-0415216265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415216265&rft.au=Michael+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgladstone0000part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hoffer2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Hoffer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/new-liberalism">"New liberalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+liberalism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014&rft.au=John+Hoffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnew-liberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Toye, "Keynes, Liberalism, and ‘the emancipation of the mind’." <i>English Historical Review</i> 130.546 (2015): 1162-1191 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/19688/Keynes%20%26%20Liberalism%20EHR%20resubmission.docx?sequence=1&isAllowed=n">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hopkinson, "Vintage Liberals" <i>History Today</i> (June 1978) 28#6 pp 364–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Pugh, "Churchill's Strange Brew" <i>History Today</i> (May 2011) 61 #5 pp 33-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Brack2012" class="citation web cs1">Duncan Brack (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/history/the-new-liberalism/">"The New Liberalism"</a>. Liberal Democrat History Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Liberalism&rft.pub=Liberal+Democrat+History+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Duncan+Brack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalhistory.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fthe-new-liberalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. C. K. Ensor, <i>England 1870–1914</i> (1936), pp. 384–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Rose, <i>King George V</i> (1984) pp 113, 121; Ensor. p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth O. Morgan, <i>Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace</i> (2001), pp. 4, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBeveridgeBoard1943" class="citation journal cs1">White, R. Clyde; Beveridge, William; Board, National Resources Planning (October 1943). "Social Insurance and Allied Services". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2085737">10.2307/2085737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085737">2085737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Insurance+and+Allied+Services.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=610&rft.date=1943-10&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2085737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2085737&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+Clyde&rft.au=Beveridge%2C+William&rft.au=Board%2C+National+Resources+Planning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major</i>. (Blackwell, 1994) P. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393311.stm">"1979: Thatcher wins Tory landslide"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Thatcher+wins+Tory+landslide&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2Fvote_2005%2Fbasics%2F4393311.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Butler_(psephologist)" title="David Butler (psephologist)">David Butler</a> and Dennis Kavanagh, "The British General Election of 1979", Macmillan, 1979, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Dutton, <i>British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus</i> (2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, 26 September 1982, quoted in Robert Leach, 'What is Thatcherism?', in Martin Burch and Michael Moran (eds.), <i>British Politics: A Reader</i> (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=105454">Speech to Conservative Party Conference (14 October 1983)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108353">"Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture ("Liberty and Limited Government") - Margaret Thatcher Foundation"</a>. <i>www.margaretthatcher.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.margaretthatcher.org&rft.atitle=Keith+Joseph+Memorial+Lecture+%28%22Liberty+and+Limited+Government%22%29+-+Margaret+Thatcher+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretthatcher.org%2Fspeeches%2Fdisplaydocument.asp%3Fdocid%3D108353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adelman, Paul/ <i>The Decline of the Liberal Party, 1910–1931</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmWIAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:AsIsROqEOxYC">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bentley, Michael <i>The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868-1918</i> (1987).</li> <li>Biagini, Eugenio F. <i>Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone</i> (1992)</li> <li>Brack, Duncan, Robert Ingham, and Tony Little, eds. <i>British Liberal Leaders</i> (Biteback Publishing, 2015).</li> <li>Cole, Matt. "The political starfish: west Yorkshire Liberalism in the twentieth century." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 25.01 (2011): 175–188.</li> <li>Collins, Jeffrey R. "Review Essay: The Lost Historiography of Liberalism." <i>Review of Politics</i> 81.4 (2019): 673–688. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-politics/article/review-essay-the-lost-historiography-of-liberalism/27022C7EE72922265E623083456150F9">online</a></li> <li>Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party," <i>The History Teacher</i> 3#4 (May, 1970), pp. 27–36 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3054322">online edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield,_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangerfield, George">Dangerfield, George</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Liberal_England" title="The Strange Death of Liberal England">The Strange Death of Liberal England</a></i> (1935) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175390">online free</a></li> <li>de Ruggiero, Guido. <i>The History of European Liberalism</i> (Oxford UP, 1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea0000deru">online</a></li> <li>Douglas, Roy. <i>The Liberals: The History of the Liberal and Liberal Democrat Parties</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_MLf1cci3wC">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dutton, David. <i>A History of the Liberal Party Since 1900</i> (2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsor1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ensor" title="Robert Ensor">Ensor, Robert</a> (1936). <i>England 1870 – 1914</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+1870+%E2%80%93+1914&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/england18701914o00robe">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Hammond, J. L. and M. R. D. Foot. <i>Gladstone and Liberalism</i> (1952) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/138822/gladstone-and-liberalism">online</a></li> <li>Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare state–recent advances in the literature." <i>British Journal of Political Science</i> 43#1 (2013): 221–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007123412000336">online</a></li> <li>Hay, James Roy. <i>Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–14</i> (1975) 78pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-books.weebly.com/uploads/6/9/9/0/6990231/liberal_welfare_reforms_jr_hay_1.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908–1916," <i>English Historical Review</i> 85#336 (1970), pp. 502–531 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563193">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Jackson, Ben. "Currents of neo-liberalism: British political ideologies and the New Right, c. 1955–1979." <i>English Historical Review</i> 131.551 (2016): 823–850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e83c690-2d8d-418a-9c26-1036bae99b3f/download_file?safe_filename=Currents%2Bof%2Bneo-liberalism%2Bmanuscript%2Bfor%2BORA.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">online</a></li> <li>Jones, Tudor. <i>The uneven path of British Liberalism: From Jo Grimond to Brexit</i> (2nd ed. 2019).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laybourn,_Keith" class="mw-redirect" title="Laybourn, Keith">Laybourn, Keith</a>. "The rise of Labour and the decline of Liberalism: the state of the debate." <i>History</i> 80.259 (1995): 207–226, historiography.</li> <li>Mehta, Uday Singh. <i>Liberalism and empire: A study in nineteenth-century British liberal thought</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1999).</li> <li>Partridge, Michael <i>Gladstone</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/103331389/gladstone">online</a>; 304pp</li> <li>St. John, Ian. <i>The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli</i> (Anthem Press, 2016) 402 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybo1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">excerpt</a></li> <li>Steele, E. D. <i>Palmerston and Liberalism 1855-1865</i> (1991).</li> <li>Thompson, J. A. "The Historians and the Decline of the Liberal Party." <i>Albion</i> 22.1 (1990): 65–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4050257">online</a></li> <li>Toye, Richard. "Keynes, Liberalism, and ‘the emancipation of the mind’." <i>English Historical Review</i> 130.546 (2015): 1162-1191 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/19688/Keynes%20%26%20Liberalism%20EHR%20resubmission.docx?sequence=1&isAllowed=n">online</a></li> <li>Weiler, Peter. <i>The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889-1914</i> (1992).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/">Liberal Democrat History Group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Liberalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Liberalism in 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href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Liberalism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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