Ruth Benerito | Scientists and Research

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It explains the cross-linking process that made “wash-and-wear” cotton fabric possible."> <meta name="keywords" content="science, education, STEM, math, biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, online learning"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="D8E20F39AD48052260032E56DE409970"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://visionlearning.com/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205" }, "name": "Ruth Benerito", "headline": "Ruth Benerito: Using basic physical chemistry to solve practical problems", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Bonnie Denmark, M.A./M.S." }, "datePublished": "2014-11-04 13:56:19", "dateModified": "2017-02-12T08:30:00+05:00", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_205-23061210064357.jpeg", "width": 696, "height": 464 }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc.", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "http://visionlearning.com/images/logo.png", "width": 278, "height": 60 } }, "description": "Wrinkle-resistant cotton is one of the most significant developments of the 20th century. In the midst of an economic and social climate that provided few opportunities for women in science, chemist Ruth Benerito developed a method of wrinkle-proofing cotton, which was being edged out of the clothing market by synthetic fabrics. This profile describes the life of the chemist who is often credited with saving the US cotton industry. It explains the cross-linking process that made “wash-and-wear” cotton fabric possible.", "keywords": "science, education, STEM, math, biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, online learning", "inLanguage": { "@type": "Language", "name": "English", "alternateName": "en" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc." }, "copyrightYear": "2014"} </script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://visionlearning.com/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ruth Benerito | Scientists and Research | Visionlearning" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Visionlearning"> <meta property="og:description" content="Wrinkle-resistant cotton is one of the most significant developments of the 20th century. In the midst of an economic and social climate that provided few opportunities for women in science, chemist Ruth Benerito developed a method of wrinkle-proofing cotton, which was being edged out of the clothing market by synthetic fabrics. This profile describes the life of the chemist who is often credited with saving the US cotton industry. 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aria-controls="acc-panel-ecology" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ecology </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ecology" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ecology" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-i/276">Biodiversity I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-ii/281">Biodiversity II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/ecosystem-services/279">Ecosystem Services</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/population-biology/287">Population Biology</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-cycles" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-cycles" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth Cycles </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-earth-cycles" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-earth-cycles" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-nitrogen-cycle/98">The Nitrogen Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-carbon-cycle/95">The Carbon Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-phosphorus-cycle/197">The Phosphorus Cycle</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-general-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-general-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> General Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-general-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-general-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-scientific-method/45">The Scientific Method</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-measurement" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-measurement" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Measurement </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-measurement" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-measurement" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-metric-system/47">The Metric System</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physical-properties" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physical-properties" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physical Properties </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physical-properties" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physical-properties" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/temperature/48">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/density-and-buoyancy/37">Density and Buoyancy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-math-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-math-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Math in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-math-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-math-in-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-equations" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-equations" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Equations </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-equations" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-equations" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/unit-conversion/144">Unit Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/linear-equations/194">Linear Equations</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-i/206">Exponential Equations I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-ii/210">Exponential Equations II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/scientific-notation/250">Scientific Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/measurement/257">Measurement</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-statistics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-statistics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Statistics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-statistics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-statistics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-descriptive-statistics/218">Introduction to Descriptive Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-inferential-statistics/224">Introduction to Inferential Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/statistical-techniques/239">Statistical Techniques</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Trigonometric Functions </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/wave-mathematics/131">Wave Mathematics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physics" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-light-and-optics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-light-and-optics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Light and Optics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-light-and-optics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-light-and-optics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/the-nature-of-light/132">The Nature of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/electromagnetism-and-light/138">Electromagnetism and Light</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-mechanics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-mechanics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Mechanics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-mechanics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-mechanics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/defining-energy/199">Defining Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/waves-and-wave-motion/102">Waves and Wave Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/gravity/118">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/thermodynamics-i/200">Thermodynamics I</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-process-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-process-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Process of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-process-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-process-of-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-introduction" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-introduction" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Introduction </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-introduction" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-introduction" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-process-of-science/176">The Process of Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> The Culture of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-nature-of-scientific-knowledge/185">The Nature of Scientific Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientists-and-the-scientific-community/172">Scientists and the Scientific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-ethics/161">Scientific Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-institutions-and-societies/162">Scientific Institutions and Societies</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ideas in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ideas-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/theories-hypotheses-and-laws/177">Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-controversy/181">Scientific Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/creativity-in-science/182">Creativity in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-research-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-research-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Research Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-research-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-research-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-practice-of-science/148">The Practice of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/experimentation-in-scientific-research/150">Experimentation in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/description-in-scientific-research/151">Description in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/comparison-in-scientific-research/152">Comparison in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/modeling-in-scientific-research/153">Modeling in Scientific Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-data" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-data" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Data </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-data" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-data" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/data-analysis-and-interpretation/154">Data Analysis and Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/uncertainty-error-and-confidence/157">Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/statistics-in-science/155">Statistics in Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/using-graphs-and-visual-data-in-science/156">Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-communication" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-communication" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Communication </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-communication" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-communication" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/understanding-scientific-journals-and-articles/158">Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/utilizing-the-scientific-literature/173">Utilizing the Scientific Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/peer-review-in-scientific-publishing/159">Peer Review in Scientific Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-how-and-why-of-scientific-meetings/186">The How and Why of Scientific Meetings</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientists and Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientists-and-research" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li class="current">Ruth Benerito</li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-díaz/219">Franklin Chang Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-córdova/230">France Anne-Dominic Córdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li>  <button class="button" data-toggle="dropdown">Scientists and Research </button> <div class="nav__dropdown box-shadow-1 padding-1"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary font-size-sm"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li class="current">Ruth Benerito</li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-díaz/219">Franklin Chang Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-córdova/230">France Anne-Dominic Córdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="theTop"></div> <main id="skip-header-content"> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="container narrow wide--lg margin-y-4"> <article class="module"> <header class="module__header"> <span class="subcategory"> <strong><em>Profiles in Science</em></strong> </span> <h1>Ruth Benerito: <sub><em>Using basic physical chemistry to solve practical problems</em></sub></h1> <p class="byline">by Bonnie Denmark, M.A./M.S.</p> </header> <nav class="module__tabs"> <ul class="tabs-nav tabs-nav--pill tabs-nav--horizontal--md library"> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205/reading" class="is-active" aria-current="page" >Reading</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205/quiz" >Quiz</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205/resources" >Teach with this</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <hr class="module__divider" />  <div class="module__tools"> <aside class="module__tools__container border-radius box-shadow-1"> <div class="tabs tabs--toggle-mobile--lg" role="tablist"> <ul class="tab__buttons"> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-label="In this module" aria-controls="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-selected="true" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-list" aria-hidden="true"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Contents</span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-controls="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-selected="false" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-glossary-highlight"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Glossary Terms</span> </button> </li> </ul> <div class="tabs__panel shown" id="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-labelledby="tab-button-module__tools" role="tabpanel"> <div class="table-of-contents"> <p class="table-of-contents__title"> Table of Contents </p> <ul class="table-of-contents__nav"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_1">Laying the foundation</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_2">Tackling the problems of her time</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_3">The trouble with cotton</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_4">Cross-linking: A new process for treating cotton</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_5">Acknowledging the contributions of others</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205#toc_6">A life of achievements</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-terms" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="termsToggleSwitch" id="terms-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Highlight Glossary Terms </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate glossary term highlighting to easily identify key terms within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on these terms to view their definitions. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="glossary-container"></div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-ngss" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-ngss" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="ngssToggleSwitch" id="ngss-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Show NGSS Annotations </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate NGSS annotations to easily identify NGSS standards within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on them to view these standards. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="ngss-container"></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="margin-3"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="7634263342" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div>     <div class="module__main"> <div class="module__main__container"> <div class="accordion">  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-key-concepts" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-key-concepts" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> Did you know? </button> <div class="accordion__panel shown show" id="acc-panel-key-concepts" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-key-concepts" role="region"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <p>Did you know that the application of basic chemistry saved the US cotton industry? At one time, the industry was in serious trouble because consumers thought cotton clothes needed too much ironing. Scientists worked to find ways to help cotton compete with the easy-care synthetic fabrics that had flooded the textile market. A major breakthrough came when chemist Ruth Benerito and her team discovered a process for treating cotton that kept it from wrinkling and made it popular again with consumers.</p> </div> </div>  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Terms you should know </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" role="region" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <dl> <dt>fiber </dt> <dd> thread that makes up material (such as cloth or paper); a long strand of connected cells; threadlike material </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/synthetic">synthetic </a></dt> <dd> made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial </dd> <dt>textile </dt> <dd> cloth; woven or knitted fabric</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <section> <p>In the 1930s, the Great Depression had a stronghold on countries all over the world. At its worst, as much as 25% of the United States’ working-class was unemployed; in other countries that rate rose as high as 33%. Most of those who were able to find or hold on to work saw their hourly wages cut significantly, and many were left destitute with only a shanty to call home.</p> <p>During this same era, the US cotton industry took a hit as well. Technological advances had allowed for the development of <mark class="term" data-term="synthetic" data-term-def="Made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/synthetic/8748">synthetic</mark> fibers, and consumers were drawn to their easy-care properties when these new materials were introduced to the apparel market. Cotton, which had ruled the textile industry for centuries because of its desirable qualities, was suddenly too “high maintenance.”</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_7176.jpg" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid205/Image/VLObject-7176-141003091041.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Ruth Rogan Benerito, cotton chemist." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><strong>Figure 1</strong>: Ruth Rogan Benerito, cotton chemist.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Courtesy of the Lemelson-MIT Program</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>If the cotton industry was going to survive, something significant was going to need to happen. That “something” came from a team of scientists at the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) in New Orleans, Louisiana, led by chemist Ruth Benerito.</p> <p><section id="toc_1" class=""> <h2>Laying the foundation</h2></p> <p>Ruth Rogan Benerito was born in 1916 to parents with a strong belief in education and in women's rights. She described her father, civil engineer John Edward Rogan, as a pioneer in women's liberation, and her mother, artist Bernadette Elizardi Rogan, as a “truly liberated woman” (Newcomb Oral History Project, 1986). Though Benerito was raised in a time when very few women studied the hard sciences, and there were even fewer jobs for those who did, this didn't stop her from pursuing science at Sophie Newcomb College, the women’s college of Tulane University in New Orleans.</p> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="9090201191"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Originally, Benerito's main interest was in mathematics. However, she quickly discovered that the only career for math majors at that time was actuarial work with an insurance company. Sitting at a desk and estimating probabilities was not the job for her. She liked to solve practical problems, and chemistry was one way to do it.</p><p>When Benerito received her BS in chemistry in 1935, one in five Americans was unemployed (Levine, 2009). Finding work during the Great Depression, which continued into the mid-1940s, was difficult for men and nearly impossible for women. The logical career path for a woman with a college degree was teaching, but in an effort to save costs high school science was often taught by football coaches, so Benerito pursued graduate study for a year and then trained to become a laboratory technician.</p><p>After a few years, Benerito was able to secure a teaching position at a high school in New Orleans, where she was required to teach driver’s safety as well as science. The problem? Benerito didn't know how to drive. She was the first safety driving teacher in the state of Louisiana, and the first one to drive into a ditch.</p><p>While teaching full-time, she earned her master’s degree by taking night classes. She and Margaret Strange (Klappard) – later vice president of the University of Alabama Medical School – were the only women permitted to take physical chemistry at Tulane University because it was not offered at Newcomb. “We took it with the engineers. They didn't like it one bit,” Benerito recalled (Newcomb Oral History Project, 1986).</p><p>During the early World War II years, Benerito focused on teaching college chemistry. But as the war waged on, her family moved to Chicago and, while continuing to teach, she earned a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Chicago by taking classes one summer at a time. Chicago at that time had the greatest accumulation of Nobel laureates because of the <mark class="term" data-term="Manhattan Project" data-term-def="A United States project initiated in August 1942 that was responsible for developing atomic technology, and specifically an atomic bomb, during&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/Manhattan+Project/4762">Manhattan Project</mark>. Benerito loved the intellectual <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> and being taught by "the greatest chemists of the last century" in very small classes, sometimes with only one other student (USDA interview, 2004).</p></section> <section id="toc_2"> <h2>Tackling the problems of her time</h2><p>In 1953, fed up with wage discrimination, Benerito left full-time academia and became a researcher at the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) in New Orleans, remaining there until she retired in 1986. Before turning her attention to cotton, she helped develop a way to deliver fat <mark class="term" data-term="emulsion" data-term-def="A well-dispersed mixture of two or more liquids that do not normally mix. Mayonnaise is an example of an emulsion." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/emulsion/8723">emulsions</mark> intravenously to sustain soldiers who had been seriously wounded in the Korean War.</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_7177.jpg" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid205/Image/VLObject-7177-141003101001.jpg" alt="Figure 2: Ruth Benerito led a team of cotton chemists at the Southern Regional Research Center in New Orleans." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><strong>Figure 2</strong>: Ruth Benerito led a team of cotton chemists at the Southern Regional Research Center in New Orleans.</p> <span class="credit">image ©USDA</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>The SRRC began operating in 1941 as one of four centers established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) across the nation to address regional agricultural problems and find new uses for local crops. For New Orleans, that focus was on peanuts, sweet potatoes, and cotton. In 1958, Benerito became leader of the SRRC’s Cotton Chemical Reactions Laboratory (Figure 2).</p><p>While Benerito was at the helm, around 80 percent of the center’s budget went to cotton <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark>. She referred to the 1950s as "the golden age of science,” when the US government poured money into scientific research after the Soviet Union’s success with Sputnik, and scientists, not business administrators, determined how research funds would be spent (American Chemical Society, 2004).</p></section> <section id="toc_3"> <h2>The trouble with cotton</h2><p>Cotton fabric had been king for centuries because of its desirable qualities: It is comfortable, breathable, renewable, and easy to dye. However, it also wrinkles very easily and requires a lot of ironing to look crisp and sharp – problems <mark class="term" data-term="synthetic" data-term-def="Made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/synthetic/8748">synthetic</mark> fibers do not possess. This is because of the structure of cotton fibers. Cotton is made of strands of <mark class="term" data-term="polymer" data-term-def="A large molecule consisting of recurring units of a smaller molecule. A polymer can be thought of as a molecular chain,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/polymer/1593">polymers</mark>, or polysaccharide <mark class="term" data-term="cellulose" data-term-def="Plant fiber; a polymer (molecular chain) of glucose molecules." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/cellulose/7170">cellulose</mark> chains, held together by weak hydrogen <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark> (see Figure 3). These <mark class="term" data-term="hydrogen bond" data-term-def="A strong dipole-dipole attraction between two or more molecules, at least one of which has a hydrogen atom bonded to an&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrogen+bond/1560">hydrogen bonds</mark> break easily during washing and drying, leaving cotton fabric wrinkled (Wolf, 2013).</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_7194.jpg" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid205/Image/VLObject-7194-141027011036.jpg" alt="Figure 3: Structure of cellulose. The weak hydrogen bonds are easily broken." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><strong>Figure 3</strong>: Structure of cellulose. The weak hydrogen bonds are easily broken.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Laghi.l</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="3321739899"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>From the time <mark class="term" data-term="synthetic" data-term-def="Made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/synthetic/8748">synthetic</mark> fibers had been introduced in the 1930s, the cotton industry had been on a steady decline, and synthetics gained a huge advantage when Dacron polyester arrived on the scene in 1951. Cotton needed a boost to remain a contender in the textile market. If the downward trend continued, it was projected that cotton would claim just 20 percent of the US market share by the end of the century and very little would even be grown in the US by the year 2000 (American Chemical Society, 2004). Benerito's team came to the rescue when they discovered a key to taking the rumple out of cotton.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc7151"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">What made cotton fabric difficult to work with?</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-7151-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-7151" type="radio" value="Cotton fabric was resistant to color dye." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> Cotton fabric was resistant to color dye. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7151-0"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-7151-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-7151" type="radio" value="The structure of cotton fibers caused the fabric to wrinkle." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> The structure of cotton fibers caused the fabric to wrinkle. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7151-1"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_4"> <h2>Cross-linking: A new process for treating cotton</h2><p>Advances in permanent press involved many cotton scientists in different groups at SRRC. One of these was chemist Ralph Berni, who worked alongside Benerito for many years in the Cotton Chemical Reactions group. Their work resulted in numerous publications and <mark class="term" data-term="patent" data-term-def="A document issued by the government that grants an inventor the sole right to his or her invention for a set&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/patent/8750">patents</mark> in the areas of permanent press, flame retardancy, epoxide resins, and <mark class="term" data-term="ion" data-term-def="An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by either gaining or losing electrons. A cation is an ion&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ion/853">ion</mark> exchange cottons. The group’s focus was on chemically modifying cotton so it could compete with <mark class="term" data-term="synthetic" data-term-def="Made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/synthetic/8748">synthetic</mark> fabrics. Berni says, "Ruth’s contributions in this area focused on the understanding of the cross-linking <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark> and its overall importance to the cotton industry."</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_7371.jpg" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid205/Image/VLObject-7371-141104011153.jpg" alt="Figure 4: Cross linking of cellulose: Ring-shaped organic compounds replace the weak hydrogen bonds. This prevents the polymer chains from breaking apart." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><strong>Figure 4</strong>: Cross linking of cellulose: Ring-shaped organic compounds replace the weak hydrogen bonds. This prevents the polymer chains from breaking apart.</p> <span class="credit">image ©VL</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>Under Benerito's leadership, a team of chemists found one important piece of the “how to wrinkle-proof cotton” puzzle when they developed a new <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark> for treating the fibers. The process, called cross-linking, joins new ring-shaped <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="compound" data-term-def="A material formed by the chemical combination of elements in defined proportions. Compounds can be chemically decomposed into simpler substances." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/compound/1517">compounds</mark> to the <mark class="term" data-term="polymer" data-term-def="A large molecule consisting of recurring units of a smaller molecule. A polymer can be thought of as a molecular chain,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/polymer/1593">polymer</mark> chains, replacing the hydrogen <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark> with strong new <mark class="term" data-term="chemical bond" data-term-def="A link between atoms. See <a href="http://www.visionlearning.com/en/glossary/index/I#term-1550">ionic bond</a> and <a href="http://www.visionlearning.com/en/glossary/index/C#term-1545">covalent bond</a>." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/chemical+bond/1548">chemical bonds</mark> (see Figure 4). (For more about basic organic compounds, see our <a href="/library/module_viewer.php?mid=60">Carbon Chemistry: An Introduction</a> module.) Cross-linking keeps the polymers from breaking apart, so the cotton fabric comes out of the dryer without wrinkles.</p><p>Because of the cross-linking <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark>, people could now have the comfort of cotton without the inconvenience. As a result, the world once again began to use more cotton than any other fiber. As recently as 2012, the US cotton industry generated about 200,000 jobs and more than $25 billion in products and services (USDA Economic Research Service).</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc7156"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">To compete with synthetic fabrics, cotton was chemically modified through a process called</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-7156-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-7156" type="radio" value="cross-linking." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> cross-linking. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7156-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-7156-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-7156" type="radio" value="flame retardancy." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> flame retardancy. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7156-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_5"> <h2>Acknowledging the contributions of others</h2><p>Benerito was the first to admit that she did not singlehandedly invent wrinkle-resistant cotton. In fact, a Shaker community in Maine developed a water- and wrinkle-proof finish for cotton in the 1800s by applying a zinc chloride <mark class="term" data-term="solution" data-term-def="A mixture of more than one substance with properties that do not vary within the sample. Commonly used to describe a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/solution/1571">solution</mark> to cotton cloth and heating it (Becksvoort, 1998). And in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, others tried to tame cotton: French chemists tested the effects of formaldehyde on cotton, while British scientists tried other <mark class="term" data-term="method" data-term-def="A procedure or process; a systematic way of performing a task or conducting research." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/method/8238">methods</mark> to make cotton more cooperative (American Chemical Society, 2004). Benerito clarified her role:</p><blockquote class="blockquote"> <p>I don't like it to be said that I invented wash-wear because there were any number of people worked on it and the various processes by which you give cotton those properties. No one person discovered it or is responsible for it, but I contributed to new processes of doing it. (USDA interview, 2004)</p> </p></blockquote><p>Benerito always acknowledged the contributions of the other cotton chemists and physicists, but the rumors persisted when the popular media misunderstood the science behind her work and attributed her disavowals to a natural modesty that accompanied her quiet demeanor.</p><p>Benerito's breakthrough in attaching <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> chemicals to change the properties of cotton has served as the basis for ongoing advances in chemical applications to textiles and other materials. Beyond wrinkle resistance, cotton can assume other valuable properties such as stain-resistance, flame-resistance, and increased durability. Her advances in chemistry yielded, and continue to yield, new developments: Treatments for cotton at different stages of planning and development include medical dressing to promote wound healing and stop bleeding, a quick-drying treatment, and a way to wick moisture away so that cotton can compete in the athletic wear market, which is currently dominated by <mark class="term" data-term="synthetic" data-term-def="Made by humans rather than found in nature; created through a chemical process; artificial." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/synthetic/8748">synthetics</mark> (Agricultural Research Service, 2010-2015). Her <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark> also led to advances in treatments for wood, film, paper, and epoxy plastic.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc7162"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">Ruth Benerito was the first person to attempt to wrinkle-proof cotton.</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-7162-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-7162" type="radio" value="True" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> True </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7162-0"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-7162-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-7162" type="radio" value="False" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> False </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-7162-1"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_6"> <h2>A life of achievements</h2><p>Benerito’s contribution to the science of cotton is recognized as one of the most important technological advances of the 20th century, earning her a place in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008. She held more than 50 <mark class="term" data-term="patent" data-term-def="A document issued by the government that grants an inventor the sole right to his or her invention for a set&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/patent/8750">patents</mark>, authored more than 200 publications in professional journals, and became a sought-after speaker, in large part because she was keenly interested in scientists’ duties to society.</p><p>Among her many accomplishments, Benerito received the Federal Woman’s Award, presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson (1968), the Southern Chemist Award by the <mark class="term" data-term="American Chemical Society" data-term-def="A professional society for chemists established in 1876. The mission of ACS is "to advance the broader chemistry enterprise and its&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/American+Chemical+Society/5487">American Chemical Society</mark> (1968), the Garvan Medal for Distinguished Service to Chemistry by Women Chemists from the American Chemical Society (1970), and the Southwest Regional Award from the American Chemical Society (and the first woman to receive this honor, 1972). In addition, she was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for Invention and Innovation (2002) and was inducted into the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Science Hall of Fame (2004).</p><p>Reflecting on her many achievements, she said:</p><blockquote class="blockquote"> <p>I believe that whatever success that I have attained is the result of many efforts of many [people]. My very personal success was built from the help and sacrifices of members of my family, and professional accomplishments resulted from the efforts of early teachers and the cooperativeness of colleagues too many to enumerate.</p> </p></blockquote><p>Her greatest accomplishment, according to Benerito, was "the application of basic physical chemistry to solve practical problems."</p></section> <footer class="module__main__footer"> <hr class="border-color-dark"> <p class="citation"> <em> Bonnie Denmark, M.A./M.S. “Ruth Benerito” Visionlearning Vol. SCIRE-1 (8), 2014. </em> </p>  <div class="title-list" id="refs" name="refs"> <p class="h6 title-list__title"> References </p> <ul class="title-list__list"> <li>Agricultural Research Service. (2010-2015). Chemical Modification of Cotton for Value Added Applications. USDA Research Project #418309. http://ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=418309</li> <li>American Chemical Society: National Historic Chemical Landmarks. (2004). Cotton Products Research: Durable Press and Flame Retardant Cotton. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/cottonproducts.html (accessed July 2, 2014).</li> <li>Becksvoort , C. (1998). <em>The Shaker Legacy: Perspectives on an Enduring Furniture Style</em>. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, page 10.</li> <li>Kaplan, J. K. (2009). Cross-linking cotton. <em>Agricultural Research</em>. US Department of Agriculture, 57(2), pages 10-11.</li> <li>Levine, Linda. (2009).The Labor Market during the Great Depression and the Current Recession. Congressional Research Service, June 19, 2009. assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40655_20090619.pdf</li> <li>National Inventors Hall of Fame. (2008). Ruth Benerito: Wrinkle-Free Cotton. http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=373</li> <li>The Newcomb Oral History Project: Ruth Benerito. (1986). http://newcomb.tulane.edu/blogs/oral-histories/1986/04/10/ruth-benerito/</li> <li>USDA Agricultural Research Service. (2004). Conversations from the Hall of Fame: Ruth Rogan Benerito (oral Interview). http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/video/vnr/fame.htm</li> <li>USDA Economic Research Service (2012). Cotton and wool. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/cotton-wool/background.aspx</li> <li>Wayne, T. K. (2011). <em>American Women of Science since 1900</em>. Greenwood Publishing Group: ABC-CLIO.</li> <li>Wolf, L. K. (2013). Wrinkle-Free Cotton. <em>Chemical & Engineering News: What’s That Stuff?</em> 91(48), p. 32. http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i48/Wrinkle-Free-Cotton.html</li> </ul> </div>  <div class="title-list" name="further"> <p class="h6 title-list__title"> Further Reading </p> <ul class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-3--md gap-1"> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Carbon-Chemistry/60"> <article class="flex-row align-items-center flex-column--md align-items-start--md height-100 theme-light padding-2 gap-2"> <div class="width-30 width-auto--md"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_60-23061209065343.jpg" alt="Carbon Chemistry"> </div> <div class="flex-grow-shrink"> <h2 class="h6 font-weight-normal"> Carbon Chemistry: <em>Simple hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups</em> </h2> </div> </article> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div>    </article> </div> </div> </main>   <footer class="position-relative box-shadow-1 font-size-md" id="global-footer"> <h2 class="screen-reader-only">Page Footer</h2> <div class="back-to-top"> <div class="container wide"> <button class="button button--has-icon font-size-sm"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-up"></span> <span class="button__text">Back to top</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="container wide padding-y-2"> <div class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-4--lg gap-4 grid--divider--fill-x"> <nav> <ul class="nav font-weight-bold"> <li> <a href="/en/library" title="Readings & quizzes"> Library </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/glossary" title="Science terms"> Glossary </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/classroom" title="Courses & bookmarks"> Classroom </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav> <ul class="nav"> <li><a href="/en/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/en/about/jobs">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help/faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div> <ul class="nav nav--horizontal margin-bottom-2"> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-nsf.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.ed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-doe.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> </ul> <p>Visionlearning is supported by the The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education. 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