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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_Oasisamerican_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_Oasisamerican_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics of the Oasisamerican cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_the_Oasisamerican_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of the Oasisamerican cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_Oasisamerican_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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id="toc-Fremont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pataya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pataya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pataya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pataya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasiam%C3%A8rica" title="Oasiamèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oasiamèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasisam%C3%A9rica" title="Oasisamérica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oasisamérica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oazameriko" title="Oazameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oazameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasisam%C3%A9rique" title="Oasisamérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oasisamérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasiamerica" title="Oasiamerica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oasiamerica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasisam%C3%A9rica" title="Oasisamérica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oasisamérica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оазисамерика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оазисамерика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasisamerika" title="Oasisamerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oasisamerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оазисамерика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оазисамерика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oasisamerica" title="Special:EditPage/Oasisamerica">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Oasisamerica" title="Talk:Oasisamerica">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oasisamerica" title="Special:EditPage/Oasisamerica">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oasisamerica%22">"Oasisamerica"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oasisamerica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oasisamerica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oasisamerica%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oasisamerica%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oasisamerica%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohokam,_Ancestral_Pueblo,_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/290px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/435px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/580px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Oasisamerica <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural areas</a>, circa 1350</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Oasisamerica</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Their precontact cultures were predominantly agrarian,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast with neighboring tribes to the south in <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region spans parts of Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and can include most of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>; southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>; and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>. During some historical periods, it might have included parts of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was first proposed by German-Mexican anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kirchhoff" title="Paul Kirchhoff">Paul Kirchhoff</a>, who also coined <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a><sup id="cite_ref-kirch532_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirch532-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is used by some scholars, primarily Mexican <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>, for the broad <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a> defining <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> southwestern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It extends from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> down to southern <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, and from the coast on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> eastward to the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Bravo">Río Bravo</a> river valley. Its name comes from its position in relationship with the similar regions of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and mostly nomadic <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirch532_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirch532-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Greater Southwest</i> is often used to describe this region by American anthropologists, while Oasisamerica is more used by Mexican scholars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_peoples">List of peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak-Chin_Indian_Community" title="Ak-Chin Indian Community">Ak Chin</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabaskan">Southern Athabaskan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua Apache">Chiricahua Apache</a>, New Mexico and Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a>, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache">Mescalero Apache</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo</a> (Navaho, Diné), Arizona and New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos Apache</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a> (Coyotero Apache), Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache">White Mountain Apache</a>, Arizona</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_people" title="Aranama people">Aranama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han%C3%A1ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanáma">Hanáma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han%C3%A1me" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanáme">Hanáme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaimam%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaimamé">Chaimamé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chariname" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariname">Chariname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xaraname" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaraname">Xaraname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraname" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraname">Taraname</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a>, Texas, northern Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocopa">Cocopa</a>, Arizona, northern Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Comecrudo">Comecrudo</a>, Texas, northern Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotoname">Cotoname</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrizo_de_Camargo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrizo de Camargo (page does not exist)">Carrizo de Camargo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a>, Arizona and California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>, formerly Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a>, Texas</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavelchadhom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavelchadhom (page does not exist)">Kavelchadhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a>, Texas, Chihuahua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a>, Texas, northern Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manso_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Manso Indians">Manso</a>, Texas, Chihuahua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mojave</a>, Arizona, California, and Nevada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo peoples</a>, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a>, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona_Tewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Tewa">Arizona Tewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hano</a>), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keres people</a>, New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochiti_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochiti Pueblo">Cochiti Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewa Pueblo">Kewa Pueblo</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo Pueblo">Santo Domingo Pueblo</a>), New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo" title="Laguna Pueblo">Laguna Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Felipe_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Felipe Pueblo">San Felipe Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Pueblo" title="Santa Ana Pueblo">Santa Ana Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia Pueblo">Zia Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewa people">Tewa people</a>, New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namb%C3%A9_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambé Pueblo">Nambé Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohkay Owingeh">Ohkay Owingeh</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico">San Juan Pueblo</a>), New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pojoaque_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pojoaque Pueblo">Pojoaque Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ildefonso Pueblo">San Ildefonso Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesuque_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesuque Pueblo">Tesuque Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara Pueblo">Santa Clara Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_Puebloans" title="Tiwa Puebloans">Tiwa people</a>, New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isleta_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleta Pueblo">Isleta Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris Pueblo">Picuris Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_Pueblo" title="Sandia Pueblo">Sandia Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysleta_del_Sur_Pueblo" title="Ysleta del Sur Pueblo">Ysleta del Sur Pueblo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigua_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigua Pueblo">Tigua Pueblo</a>), Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Piro Pueblo">Piro Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Towa language">Towa people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemez Pueblo">Jemez Pueblo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walatowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Walatowa">Walatowa</a>), New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecos Pueblo">Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo</a>, New Mexico</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashiwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashiwi">Ashiwi</a>), New Mexico</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma</a>), Arizona and California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quems" class="mw-redirect" title="Quems">Quems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a>, Coahuila, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamique" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamique">Tamique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboso_people" title="Toboso people">Toboso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a>, Arizona and Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qahatika" title="Qahatika">Qahatika</a>, Arizona</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompiro_Indians" title="Tompiro Indians">Tompiro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubate_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubate people (page does not exist)">Ubate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walapai" class="mw-redirect" title="Walapai">Walapai</a>, Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui people">Yaqui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoeme">Yoeme</a>), Arizona, Sonora</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a>, Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkapaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkapaya">Tolkapaya</a> (Western Yavapai), Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavap%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapé">Yavapé</a> (Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwevkapaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwevkapaya">Kwevkapaya</a> (Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipukpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipukpa">Wipukpa</a> (Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Oasisamerica</i> combines "<a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>". It refers to the land dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>. To the east and west of these mountain ranges stretch the arid plains of the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora Desert">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua Desert">Chihuahua</a>, and Arizona Deserts. At its height, Oasisamerica covered part of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexican_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican state">Mexican states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being a dry land, Oasisamerica contains several bodies of water like rivers: <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_River" title="Yaqui River">Yaqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchos">Conchos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila Rivers</a>. The presence of these rivers (and even some lakes that have since been swallowed by the desert<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>), combined with a climate that was much milder than eastern Aridoamerica, allowed the development of agricultural techniques that were imported from Mesoamerica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_Oasisamerican_cultures">Characteristics of the Oasisamerican cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the Oasisamerican cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_development">Cultural development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of the origins of the cultural superarea of Mesoamerica takes place some 2,000 years after the cultural separation of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a>. Some of the Aridoamerican communities farmed as a complement to their <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> economy. Those communities, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">Desert tradition</a>, later would become more truly agricultural and form Oasisamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> has been grown in this region since 3500 BC<sup id="cite_ref-lopez_30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez_30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly 4000 BC, based on maize remnants (alongside squash) found in Bat Cave, New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of maize agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> predates this, suggesting that maize agriculture entered Oasisamerica from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-lopez_30_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez_30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that all precontact agricultural crops, except the <a href="/wiki/Tepary_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepary bean">tepary bean</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_acutifolius" title="Phaseolus acutifolius">Phaseolus acutifolius</a></i>) were imported from Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-lopez_30_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez_30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg/220px-Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg/330px-Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg/440px-Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>A pebble of <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many indications of a close relationship between the two great cultural regions of North America. For one, the <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> used by Mesoamericans came almost exclusively from southern New Mexico and Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for this mineral may have played a large part in establishing trade relationships between the two cultural areas. At the same time, in <a href="/wiki/Paquim%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Paquimé">Paquimé</a>, a site connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a> culture, there are ceremonial structures related to Mesoamerican religion and an important number of skeletons of <a href="/wiki/Macaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaws">Macaws</a> that were carefully transported from the forests of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-minnis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minnis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_areas">Cultural areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_archaeology" title="Southwestern archaeology">Southwestern archaeology</a></div> <p>The area encompassed by Oasisamerica fostered the growth of several major cultural groups: the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Pueblo people">Ancestral Pueblo people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patayan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Patayan culture">Pataya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller cultures within this region include the <a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_Pueblo_peoples">Ancestral Pueblo peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancestral Pueblo peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/220px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/330px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg/440px-Bowl_Chaco_Culture_NM_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Ceramic bowl from <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> in New Mexico which belonged to the Pueblo III phase</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Bonito,_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park,_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg/220px-Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg/330px-Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg/440px-Pueblo_Bonito%2C_Chaco_Cultural_National_Historical_Park%2C_from_a_nearby_overlook_in_summer_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological site at Chaco Canyon, one of the principal sites of Ancestral Pueblo culture</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Pueblo_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Pueblo Peoples">Ancestral Pueblo Peoples</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Pueblo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Pueblo culture">Ancestral Pueblo cultures</a> flourished in the region currently known as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory was covered by <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> forests which the ancient peoples learned to exploit for their own needs, since foraging among the other vegetation only sufficed for half of the year, only to fail from November to April. The Ancestral Pueblo society is one of the most complex to be found in Oasisamerica, and they are assumed to be the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuñi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>). (The term "Anasazi" is also used to describe these cultures. It is a <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> term meaning "enemy ancestors." </p><p>The Ancestral Pueblo is considered to be the most intensely studied <a href="/wiki/Precontact" class="mw-redirect" title="Precontact">precontact</a> culture in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological investigation has established a sequence of cultural development that began before the first century BC and extended to AD 1540 when the Pueblo Indians were subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Crown</a>. This long period encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Early Basketmaker II Era">Basketmaker I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Late Basketmaker II Era">II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era" title="Basketmaker III Era">III</a> phases followed by the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo I Era">Pueblo I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo II Era">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo III Era">III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo IV Era">IV</a> phases. In the Basketmaker II phase, the Ancestral Pueblo took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> and rocky shelters, and in <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era" title="Basketmaker III Era">Basketmaker III Era</a> (AD 500–750) they constructed the first subterranean cities with up to four abodes in a circular arrangement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Pueblo period begins with the development of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>. The most prominent feature of these ceramics is the predominance of pieces of a white or red color with black designs. During the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo I Era">Pueblo I</a> phase (AD 750–900), the Ancestral Pueblo developed their first <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems, and their former subterranean habitations were slowly replaced by houses constructed of <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo II Era">Pueblo II</a> (900–1150) is defined by the construction of great works of architecture, including multi-family, multi-story dwellings. The following phase of <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo III Era">Pueblo III</a> (1150–1350) witnessed the greatest expansion of Ancestral Pueblo agriculture as well as the construction of large regional communication networks that would persist until the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo IV Era">Pueblo IV Era</a>. In Pueblo IV (1350–1600), much of the earlier society disintegrated along with the communication networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_V_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo V Era">Pueblo V Era</a> began with Spanish contact and the people settling at or near their current locations in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(New_Mexico)" title="Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico)">Rio Grande Valley</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/220px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/330px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/440px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> woman dressing the hair of an unmarried girl.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reasons underpinning the decline of the Ancestral Pueblo remain somewhat of a mystery. The phenomenon is thought to be associated with a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> that befell the region from 1276 to 1299. When the Europeans arrived at the Ancestral Pueblo region, it was populated by the Pueblo Indians, a group without a unified ethnicity. The <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> had no apparent relatives; the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> spoke an <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> language; the Tewas and Tiwas were Tanoanos; the Zia, Acoma, Cochiti, and Kewa were <a href="/wiki/Keresan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan">Keresan</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, who entered the southwest relatively recently, were <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The religion of the Pueblo Indians was based upon the worship of plant-like deities and the fertility of the earth. They believed that supernatural beings called the <i><a href="/wiki/Kachina" title="Kachina">kachina</a></i> had come to the surface of the Earth from the <i>sipapu</i> (center of the Earth) at the moment of the creation of the human race. Worship in Pueblo societies was organized by secret all-male groups that met in <i>kivas</i>. The members of these secret societies claimed to represent the <i>kachina</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hohokam">Hohokam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hohokam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gila_River_near_town_of_Riverside1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gila_River_near_town_of_Riverside1.jpg/220px-Gila_River_near_town_of_Riverside1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gila_River_near_town_of_Riverside1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a> was vitally important in the development of the Hohokam culture.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></div> <p>The Hohokam occupied the desert-like lands of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>. The Hohokam territory is bounded by two large rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt River (Arizona)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila Rivers</a>, that outline the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora Desert">Sonora Desert</a>. The surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> presented many challenges to agriculture and human life because of its high temperatures and scant rainfall. Due to these factors, the Hohokam were forced to construct <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems with elaborate webs of reservoirs and canals for the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt</a> and Gila rivers that could reach several meters in depth and 10 km in length. Thanks to these canals, the Hohokam harvested as many as two crops of corn annually.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The principal settlements of the Hohokam culture were <a href="/wiki/Snaketown" class="mw-redirect" title="Snaketown">Snaketown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a>, Red Mountain, and Pueblo de los Muertos, all of which are to be found in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. The Hohokam lived in small communities of several hundred people. Their lifestyle was very similar to that of the Ancestral Pueblo in their Basketmaker III phase: semisubterranean but with spacious interiors. Several other artifacts are unique to the Hohokam, including <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> necklaces (imported from the coastal regions of Greater <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>) etched with acids produced by pitaya fermentation; and axes, trowels, and other stone instruments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archaeologists dispute the origins and ethnic identity of the Hohokam culture. Some hold that the culture developed endogenously (without outside influence), pointing to Snaketown which had its origins in the fourth century BC. Others believe the culture to be a product of <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">migration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. In defense of this line of thought, proponents point to the fact that Hohokam ceramics appeared in 300 BC (also the time of Snaketown's founding), and that before this time, there was no indication of an independent regional development of ceramics. Along the same line of reasoning, several other technological advances like the canal works and certain cultural phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> seem to have originated in western Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the Hohokam culture is divided into four periods: Pioneer (300 BC–AD 550), Colonial (550–900), Sedentary (900–1100), and Classical (1100–1450). The Pioneer period commenced with the construction of the canal works. In the Colonial period, ties were strengthened with <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. Proof of this can be found in the recovery of copper hawk bells,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pyrite mirrors,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the construction of ball courts. The relations with Mesoamerica and the presence of such traded goods indicate that by the Colonial period the Hohokam had already become organized into chiefdoms. Relations with Mesoamerica would diminish in the following period, and the Hohokam turned to construct multi-story buildings like Casa Grande.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the time the Europeans arrived in the Arizona and Sonora Deserts, a region which they named <i>Pimería Alta</i>, the urban centers of the Hohokam had already become abandoned presumably due to the health and ecological disasters that befell the indigenous social system. The <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a> live in this region and speak a <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> language. This community had an economy based on gathering and incipient agriculture on mountain slopes. They were a semi-nomadic people, probably because they had to migrate to compensate for the scarcity of food resources in the foothills of the mountains they called home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mogollon">Mogollon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mogollon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogollon_Rim1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mogollon_Rim1.jpg/220px-Mogollon_Rim1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mogollon_Rim1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>The Mogollon Mountains in southwestern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a></div> <p>The Mogollon was a cultural area of Mesoamerica that extended from the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>, northward to <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in the southwestern United States. Some scholars prefer to distinguish between two broad cultural traditions in this area: the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a> itself and the <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime culture</a> that was derived from it. Either way, the peoples who inhabited the area in question adapted well to a landscape that was marked by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forests and steep mountains and <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a>. </p><p>In contrast to their Hohokam and Ancestral Pueblo neighbors to the north, the Mogollons usually buried their dead. The culture's graves often included ceramic art and semiprecious stones. Because the Mogollon burial sites displayed such wealth, they were often looted by grave robbers who sought to sell their spoils on the archaeological black market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most impressive Mogollon ceramic tradition was to be found in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Mimbres_River" title="Mimbres River">Mimbres River</a> in New Mexico. The ceramic production of this region became most developed between the eighth and twelfth centuries. It was characterized by white pieces decorated with stylized representations of daily life in the community that created them. This was a very exceptional approach in a cultural area whose pottery was otherwise dominated by geometric patterns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As another contrast with the Hohokam and Ancestral Pueblo, there is no widely accepted chronology for the development of the Mogollon culture. The scholars <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_L%C3%B3pez_Austin" title="Alfredo López Austin">Alfredo López Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_L%C3%B3pez_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Leonardo López Luján">Leonardo López Luján</a>, for their historical analysis of the region, borrowed a chronology proposed earlier by Paul Martin, who himself divided Mogollon history into two general periods; the "Early" period runs from 500 BC until AD 1000, and the "Late" period begins in the 11th and goes to the 16th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first period featured a more or less slow cultural development. Technological changes were produced very gradually, and the form of social relationships and organizational patterns remained almost static for 1500 years. During the Early period, the Mogollons lived in rocky dwellings from which they defended themselves from the incursions of their hunter neighbors. Much like the Ancestral Pueblo peoples, the Mogollon also lived in semisubterranean abodes that often featured a <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kiva</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 11th century, the population in the Mogollon area multiplied much more rapidly than it had in the preceding centuries. During this period, the Mogollon likely benefited from trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, a fact that facilitated the development of agriculture and the stratification of society. It is also possible that Ancestral Pueblo influence could have grown at this time, because the Mogollon began to construct buildings of masonry, just like their northern neighbors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Mogollon culture reached its height in the 14th and 15th centuries. At this time, the culture's major centers grew in population, size, and power. <a href="/wiki/Paquime" class="mw-redirect" title="Paquime">Paquime</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, was perhaps the largest of those. It dominated a mountainous region that contains many archaeological sites known as <i>casas alcantilado</i>, outposts constructed in hard-to-reach caves on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre. Paquimé traded with the heart of Mesoamerica, to which it provided precious minerals like <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>. It also controlled the trade of certain products from the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, especially its <i><a href="/wiki/Nassarius" title="Nassarius">Nassarius</a></i> conch shells. Paquime received heavy influence from the Mesoamerican societies, as evidenced by the presence of arenas for the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a> and the remains of animals native to Mesoamerica like the <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-minnis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minnis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of the main centers of Mogollon power began in the 13th century, even before the apex of Paquimé. By the 15th century, a large part of the region had become abandoned by its former inhabitants. Possible descendants of the Mogollon include the Tarahumara (<a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a>) based in Chihuahua, the Hopi in Arizona, and the Zuni in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fremont">Fremont</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fremont"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></div> <p>The Fremont area covered a large part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. It was situated to the north of the Ancestral Pueblo cultural area. Its cultural development as a part of Oasisamerica took place between the 5th and 14th centuries. Scholars contend that the Fremont culture was derived from the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Theoretically, the Fremont communities would have emigrated toward the north, bringing with them the customs, social organization structures, and technology of the Ancestral Pueblo. This hypothesis neatly explains the presence of ceramics in Utah that are very similar to those found in Mesa Verde.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The decay of the Fremont culture began as early as the second half of the 10th century<sup id="cite_ref-snow_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was completed in the 14th century. They migrated to northwestern Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-snow_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the Spaniards' arrival, the region was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshones</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan">Uto-Aztecan</a> group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pataya">Pataya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pataya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></div> <p>The Patayan area occupies the western part of Oasisamerica. It comprises the modern-day states of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> in Mexico. The Patayans were a peripheral culture whose cultural development was probably influenced by their <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> neighbors to the east. From them they would have learned the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> techniques, and techniques for the production of ceramics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Patayan culture began to disappear in the 14th century. When the Spanish arrived in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> Valley was only occupied by the river-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Yuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman people">Yuman peoples</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesa_Verde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesa Verde"><img alt="Mesa Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mesa_Verde.jpg/160px-Mesa_Verde.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mesa_Verde.jpg/240px-Mesa_Verde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mesa_Verde.jpg/320px-Mesa_Verde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Mesa Verde</small> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montezuma's castle"><img alt="Montezuma's castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg/92px-Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg/138px-Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg/184px-Montezuma_Castle_Arizona_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Montezuma's castle</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaco_canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaco Canyon"><img alt="Chaco Canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chaco_canyon.jpg/180px-Chaco_canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chaco_canyon.jpg/270px-Chaco_canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chaco_canyon.jpg/360px-Chaco_canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Chaco Canyon</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_prehistoric_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest">Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesoamerica_(Paleo-Indian)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian)">History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples">List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_archaeology" title="Southwestern archaeology">Southwestern archaeology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1954" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchhoff, Paul (August 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/664319">"Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.4.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/664319">664319</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Gatherers+and+Farmers+in+the+Greater+Southwest%3A+A+Problem+in+Classification&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=550&rft.date=1954-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.4.02a00020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F664319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirchhoff&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F664319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrasco1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carrasco, David (1997). Sullivan, Lawrence Eugene (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1R0is_tCGAC"><i>Culture e religioni indigene in America centrale e meridionale</i></a> (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Jaca Book-Massimo. pp. 222, 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-16-40413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-16-40413-7"><bdi>978-88-16-40413-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+e+religioni+indigene+in+America+centrale+e+meridionale&rft.place=Milan%2C+Italy&rft.pages=222%2C+271&rft.pub=Jaca+Book-Massimo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-88-16-40413-7&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1R0is_tCGAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirch532-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirch532_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirch532_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kirchhoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/664319">“Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest"</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kirchhoff, “Gatherers and farmers in the Greater Southwest: A problem in classification”, in <i>American Anthropologist</i>, 56 (1954) (Special Southwest Issue), pp. 529-550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danna A. Levin Rojo, <i>Return to Aztlan: Indians, Spaniards, and the Invention of Nuevo México</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>, 2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806145617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806145617">978-0806145617</a>, pp. 50ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dx4KAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22oasisamerica%22&pg=PA50">Excerpts available</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The essence of anthropology, by William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Walrath, Bunny McBride</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mexico's Indigenous Past, By Alfredo López Austin, Leonardo López Luján, Bernard R. Ortiz De Montellano</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez_30-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lopez_30_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lopez_30_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lopez_30_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1999" class="citation news cs1">Willis, W.H. (Winter 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/pdf/arch-sw-v13-no1.pdf">"Bat Cave"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archaeology Southwest</i>. No. 13, n. 1. Center for Desert Archaeology. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Southwest&rft.atitle=Bat+Cave&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=13%2C+n.+1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologysouthwest.org%2Fpdf%2Farch-sw-v13-no1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minnis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minnis_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minnis_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnisWhalen1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Minnis, Paul; Whalen, Michael (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/casas-grandes/">"Casas Grandes: Archaeology in Northern Mexico"</a>. <i>Expedition Magazine</i>. Vol. 35, no. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition+Magazine&rft.atitle=Casas+Grandes%3A+Archaeology+in+Northern+Mexico&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Minnis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Whalen%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fcasas-grandes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia, By Guy E. Gibbon, Kenneth M. Ames</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Regional Geography, By Joseph J. Hobbs, Andrew Dolan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case studies in environmental archaeology, by Elizabeth Jean Reitz, C. Margaret Scarry, Sylvia J. Scudder</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Alfredo López Austin and Leonardo López Luján, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidWhittlesey2015" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Jefferson; Whittlesey, Stephanie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCaTCgAAQBAJ"><i>Grasshopper Pueblo: A Story of Archaeology and Ancient Life</i></a>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 22, 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816533169" title="Special:BookSources/9780816533169"><bdi>9780816533169</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasshopper+Pueblo%3A+A+Story+of+Archaeology+and+Ancient+Life&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=22%2C+159&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780816533169&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft.au=Whittlesey%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCaTCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snow-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snow_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snow_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2010" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean R. (2010). <i>Archaeology of Native North America</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-615686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-615686-4"><bdi>978-0-13-615686-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Native+North+America&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-13-615686-4&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_López_AustinLeonardo_López_Lujén2005" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo López Austin; Leonardo López Lujén (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC"><i>Mexico's Indigenous Past</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08061-3723-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-08061-3723-0"><bdi>978-08061-3723-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%27s+Indigenous+Past&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-08061-3723-0&rft.au=Alfredo+L%C3%B3pez+Austin&rft.au=Leonardo+L%C3%B3pez+Luj%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzB4rfXObCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1954" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchhoff, Paul (August 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/664319">"Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 529–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.4.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/664319">664319</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Gatherers+and+Farmers+in+the+Greater+Southwest%3A+A+Problem+in+Classification&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-50&rft.date=1954-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.4.02a00020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F664319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirchhoff&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F664319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOasisamerica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&oldid=1251453924">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oasisamerica&oldid=1251453924</a>"</div></div> <div 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