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id="toc-Political_reform_and_modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reform_and_modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political reform and modernization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reform_and_modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s_ethnic_cleansing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_ethnic_cleansing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 1990s ethnic cleansing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_ethnic_cleansing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Political divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptocurrency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptocurrency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cryptocurrency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptocurrency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Financial sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Public holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Film industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Family structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Women in the workforce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Women in the household </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.12 Women's health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bhutan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 251 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-251" aria-hidden="true" > 251 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoetan" title="Bhoetan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bhoetan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቡታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूटान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूटान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutan" title="Boutan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Boutan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভূটান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূটান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूटान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भूटान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vut%C3%A3" title="Vutã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vutã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بوتان شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوتان شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভুটান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভুটান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूटान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूटान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲུག་ཡུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲུག་ཡུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bhoutan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Бутан (патшалăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бутан (патшалăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%BAt%C3%A1n" title="Bhútán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bhútán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutani" title="Bhutani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhutani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhwtan" title="Bhwtan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bhwtan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوتان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوتان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AB%DE%93%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބޫޓާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޫޓާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii%CA%BCni%CA%BC_T%C5%82%CA%BCiishtsoh_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भुटान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भुटान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="འབྲུག – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="འབྲུག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Μπουτάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουτάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бутан Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бутан Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butano" title="Butano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Butano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="بوتان (کشور) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوتان (کشور)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bhoutan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBtan" title="Bûtan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bûtan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bh%C3%BAt%C3%A1in" title="An Bhútáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhútáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vutaan" title="Yn Vutaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vutaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A0n" title="Butàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Butàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1n" title="Bután – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bután" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ભૂતાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૂતાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌿𐍄𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌿𐍄𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूतान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भूतान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%83%84" title="부탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butana" title="Butana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Butana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բութան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բութան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूटान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूटान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Butan" title="Kraljevina Butan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Butan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভুটান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভুটান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAtan" title="Bútan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bútan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9F" title="בהוטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בהוטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta%C5%8B" title="Butaŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Butaŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಭೂತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბჰუტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰუტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بھوٹان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بھوٹان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bhoutan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butani" title="Butani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Butani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutan" title="Boutan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boutan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutan" title="Boutan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boutan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBtan_(dewlet)" title="Bûtan (dewlet) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bûtan (dewlet)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດພູຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດພູຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butania" title="Butania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Butania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C4%81na" title="Butāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Butāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanas" title="Butanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Butanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A1ni" title="Butáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Butáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhut%C3%A1n" title="Bhután – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bhután" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भुटान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भुटान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0na" title="Botàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Botàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഭൂട്ടാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂട്ടാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%C4%81na" title="Putāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Putāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूतान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूतान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბჰუტანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჰუტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوتان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوتان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯚꯨꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯨꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buton" title="Buton – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Buton" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘူတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भुटान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भुटान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भुटान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भुटान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="ブータン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブータン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuutaan" title="Bhuutaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bhuutaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buuten" title="Buuten – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Buuten" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botan" title="Botan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Botan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭୁଟାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୁଟାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buutan" title="Buutan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buutan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੂਟਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूटान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भूटान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بھوٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھوٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗူတန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗူတန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوتان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوتان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buutan" title="Buutan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buutan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ភូតាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភូតាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan" title="Bhoutan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bhoutan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A3o" title="Butão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Butão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phutan" title="Phutan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phutan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бгутан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бгутан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putani" title="Putani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Putani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="भोटान्तदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भोटान्तदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butani" title="Butani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Butani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="භූතානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූතානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%80%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڀوٽان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڀوٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhuthani" title="IBhuthani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhuthani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhut%C3%A1n" title="Bhután – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bhután" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Butan (država) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Butan (država)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaan" title="Butaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Butaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بووتان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بووتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butankondre" title="Butankondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Butankondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பூட்டான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூட்டான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၽူႇတၢၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၽူႇတၢၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="భూటాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaun" title="Butaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Butaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศภูฏาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศภูฏาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABtani" title="Pūtani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pūtani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%82" title="ᏊᏔᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏊᏔᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಭೂತಾನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Бутан (кун) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бутан (кун)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бутан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بھوٹان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھوٹان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بۇتان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇتان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A4n" title="Butän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Butän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="不丹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaan" title="Butaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Butaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不丹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בהוטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בהוטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%B9t%C3%A1n" title="Bhùtán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bhùtán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="不丹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Butan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butans" title="Butans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Butans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butan" title="Butan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" 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27.417; 90.435</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bohtan" title="Bohtan">Bohtan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Bhutan</div><div class="ib-country-names">འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (<a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>) Druk Gyal Khap</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bhutan"><img alt="Flag of Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan" title="Flag of Bhutan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Bhutan"><img alt="Emblem of Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan" title="Emblem of Bhutan"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: འབྲུག་ཙན་དན <a href="/wiki/Druk_Tsenden" title="Druk Tsenden">Druk Tsenden</a> "The Thunder Dragon Kingdom"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Bhutan_National_Anthem_Druk_Tsendhen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bhutan_National_Anthem_Druk_Tsendhen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Bhutan_National_Anthem_Druk_Tsendhen.ogg/Bhutan_National_Anthem_Druk_Tsendhen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Bhutan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhutan&params=27_28.0_N_89_38.5_E_type:city">27°28.0′N 89°38.5′E / 27.4667°N 89.6417°E / 27.4667; 89.6417</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-pew2010-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-arda2015-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>74.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li> <li>22.6% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Hinduism</a></li> <li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Bon_in_Bhutan" title="Bon in Bhutan">Bon</a></li> <li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese people">Bhutanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">King</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">National Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unification of Bhutan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1616–1634</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Period of <a href="/wiki/Druk_Desi" title="Druk Desi">Desi administration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1650–1905</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Start of the <a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_dynasty" title="Wangchuck dynasty">Wangchuck dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations#1949_treaty" title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan–India treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN membership</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 July 2008</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,394 km2 (14,824 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-FYP9-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-official-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">133rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">777,486<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">727,145<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20.3/km2 (52.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">210th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10.969 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BT-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">166th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14,296<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BT-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.686 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BT-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">178th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,500<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BT-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 28.5<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.681<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Ngultrum</a> (BTN) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+06 (<a href="/wiki/Bhutan_Time" title="Bhutan Time">BTT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">YYYY-MM-DD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bhutan" title="Telephone numbers in Bhutan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bhutan" title="Telephone numbers in Bhutan">+975</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BT" title="ISO 3166-2:BT">BT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bt" title=".bt">.bt</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The population of Bhutan had been estimated based on the reported figure of about 1 million in the 1970s when the country had joined the United Nations and precise statistics were lacking.<big><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></big> Thus, using the annual increase rate of 2–3%, the most population estimates were around 2 million in 2000. A national census was carried out in 2005 and it turned out that the population was 672,425. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Population Division">United Nations Population Division</a> reduced its estimation of the country's population in the 2006 revision<big><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></big> for the whole period from 1950 to 2000.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> Bhutan,<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Driem478-16">[14]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> situated in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern Himalayas</a> between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the south, with the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> separating it from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. With a population of over 727,145<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> and a territory of 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi), Bhutan ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">133rd</a> in land area and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">160th</a> in population. Bhutan is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">king</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">prime minister</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Je_Khenpo" title="Je Khenpo">Je Khenpo</a> is the head of the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism. The <a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan mountains</a> in the north rise from the country's lush <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> plains in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan-18">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan" title="Mountains of Bhutan">Bhutanese Himalayas</a>, there are peaks higher than 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum" title="Gangkhar Puensum">Gangkhar Puensum</a> is Bhutan's highest peak and is the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan" title="Wildlife of Bhutan">wildlife of Bhutan</a> is notable for its diversity,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> including the Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden langur">golden langur</a>. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, holding close to 15% of the population. Bhutan and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> experienced the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">spread of Buddhism</a>, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>. In the first millennium, the Vajrayana school of Buddhism spread to Bhutan from the southern <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> of Bengal. During the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a> unified the <a href="/wiki/Valleys_of_Bhutan" title="Valleys of Bhutan">valleys of Bhutan</a> into a single state. Namgyal defeated three Tibetan invasions, subjugated rival religious schools, codified the <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a> legal system, and established a government of theocratic and civil administrators. Namgyal became the first <a href="/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche" title="Zhabdrung Rinpoche">Zhabdrung Rinpoche</a> and his successors acted as the spiritual leaders of Bhutan, like the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> in Tibet. During the 17th century, Bhutan controlled large parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>; it also wielded significant influence in <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Bhutan ceded the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Duars">Bengal Duars</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_dynasty" title="Wangchuck dynasty">Wangchuck dynasty</a> emerged as the monarchy and pursued closer ties with <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> in the subcontinent. In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Punakha" title="Treaty of Punakha">a treaty</a> guaranteed British advice in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">foreign policy</a> in exchange for internal autonomy in Bhutan. The arrangement continued under a new treaty with India in 1949 (signed at Darjeeling) in which both countries <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">recognised</a> each other's sovereignty. Bhutan joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1971. It has since expanded relations with 55 countries. While dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Training_Team" title="Indian Military Training Team">Indian military</a>, Bhutan maintains its own <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Army" title="Royal Bhutan Army">military units</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">2008 Constitution</a> established a parliamentary government with an elected <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Bhutan">National Council</a>. Bhutan is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC). In 2020, Bhutan ranked third in South Asia after <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, and 21st on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> as the most peaceful country in South Asia as of 2024, as well as the only South Asian country in the list's first quartile.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Bhutan is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum" title="Climate Vulnerable Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/BIMSTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMSTEC">BIMSTEC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). Bhutan ranked first in SAARC in <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">economic freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">ease of doing business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">lack of corruption</a> in 2016. Bhutan has one of the largest water reserves for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melting_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Melting glacier">Melting glaciers</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> are a growing concern in Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The precise etymology of "Bhutan" is unknown, although it is likely to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> "Böd" for <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Traditionally, it is taken to be a transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Bhoṭa-anta (भोट-अन्त) "end of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>", a reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Names&Histories-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-28">[26]</a> Since the 17th century, Bhutan's official name has been Druk yul (literally, "country of the <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukpa Lineage">Drukpa Lineage</a>" or "the Land of the Thunder Dragon," a reference to the country's dominant Buddhist sect); "Bhutan" appears only in English-language official correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-28">[26]</a> The terms for the Kings of Bhutan, Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King"), and the Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Drukpa, "Dragon people," are similarly derived.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Names similar to Bhutan—including Bohtan, Buhtan, Bottanthis, Bottan and Bottanter—began to appear in Europe around the 1580s. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a>'s 1676 Six Voyages is the first to record the name Boutan. However, these names seem to have referred not to modern Bhutan but to the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%9351)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet (1912–51)">Kingdom of Tibet</a>. The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into the Scottish explorer <a href="/wiki/George_Bogle_(diplomat)" title="George Bogle (diplomat)">George Bogle</a>'s 1774 expedition. Realising the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> formally proposed calling the <a href="/wiki/Druk_Desi" title="Druk Desi">Druk Desi</a>'s kingdom "Boutan" and the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>'s kingdom "Tibet". The EIC's surveyor general <a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> first <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">anglicised</a> the French name as "Bootan," and then popularised the distinction between it and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tibet">Greater Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuensel-30">[28]</a> The first time a separate Kingdom of Bhutan appeared on a western map, it did so under its local name "Broukpa".<a href="#cite_note-Kuensel-30">[28]</a> Others include Lho Mon ("Dark Southland"), Lho Tsendenjong ("Southland of the <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a>"), Lhomen Khazhi ("Southland of the Four Approaches") and Lho Menjong ("Southland of the <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_herb" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herb">Herbs</a>").<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">History of Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bhutanese_history" title="Timeline of Bhutanese history">Timeline of Bhutanese history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia,_Persia,_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_map_of_the_countries_between_Constantinople_and_Calcutta_including_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Persia%2C_Afghanistan_and_Turkestan.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12779" data-file-height="8512" /></a><figcaption>Bhutan, shaded in green in the centre of three Himalayan regions, shown on a 1912 map of Western Asia</figcaption></figure> Stone tools, weapons, elephants, and remnants of large stone structures provide evidence that Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 BC, although there are no existing records from that time. Historians have theorised that the state of Lhomon (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'southern darkness'), or Monyul ("Dark Land", a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a>, an ethnic group in Bhutan and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, India), may have existed between 500 BC and AD 600. The names Lhomon Tsendenjong (<a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Sandalwood</a> Country) and Lhomon Khashi, or Southern Mon (country of four approaches), have been found in ancient Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-WIAS-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-CS0-34">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud-hidden,_whereabouts_unknown_(Paro,_Bhutan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg/221px-Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg/332px-Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg/442px-Cloud-hidden%2C_whereabouts_unknown_%28Paro%2C_Bhutan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">dzong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paro_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro valley">Paro valley</a>, built in 1646.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century AD. The Tibetan king <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a><a href="#cite_note-Padel-35">[33]</a> (reigned 627–649), a Buddhist convert, extended the Tibetan Empire into Sikkim and Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> He ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumthang (town)">Bumthang</a> in central Bhutan and Kyichu (near <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Paro_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Valley">Paro Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CS1-37">[35]</a> Buddhism was propagated in earnest<a href="#cite_note-Padel-35">[33]</a> in 746<a href="#cite_note-Hattaway-38">[36]</a> under King Sindhu Rāja (also Künjom;<a href="#cite_note-Rennie-39">[37]</a> Sendha Gyab; Chakhar Gyalpo), an exiled <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> king who had established a government in Bumthang at Chakhar Gutho Palace.<a href="#cite_note-HBB-40">[38]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-Harding-41">[39]</a>: 13  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg/244px-Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg/366px-Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg/488px-Canhoes_portugueses_But%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese cannons in the National museum of Paro.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg/250px-Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg/375px-Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg/500px-Tashigang_Dzong_111120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trashigang_Dzong" title="Trashigang Dzong">Trashigang Dzong</a>, built in 1659</figcaption></figure> Much of early Bhutanese history is unclear because most of the records were destroyed when fire ravaged the ancient capital, <a href="/wiki/Punakha" title="Punakha">Punakha</a>, in 1827. By the 10th century, Bhutan's religious history had a significant impact on its political development. Various subsects of Buddhism emerged that were patronized by the various <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> warlords. Bhutan may have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> with which it shares various cultural and religious similarities. After the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in the 14th century, these subsects vied with each other for supremacy in the political and religious landscape, eventually leading to the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukpa Lineage">Drukpa Lineage</a> by the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-CS1-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-CS4-42">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangdue_Zam,_Samuel_Davis,_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg/220px-Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg/330px-Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg/440px-Wangdue_Zam%2C_Samuel_Davis%2C_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Bhutan's interior, 1783</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Choka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/View_of_Choka.jpg/220px-View_of_Choka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/View_of_Choka.jpg/330px-View_of_Choka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/View_of_Choka.jpg/440px-View_of_Choka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Bhutan, 1813</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck,_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire,_KCIE,_at_Punakha,_Bhutan,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg/220px-Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg/330px-Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg/440px-Durbar_of_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_receiving_the_order_of_the_Knight_Commander_of_the_Indian_Empire%2C_KCIE%2C_at_Punakha%2C_Bhutan%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="3314" /></a><figcaption>British envoys in Bhutan's royal court in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrikheb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Thrikheb.jpg/250px-Thrikheb.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Thrikheb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>A thrikhep (throne cover) from the 19th century. Throne covers were placed atop the temple cushions used by high <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a>. The central circular swirling symbol is the <a href="/wiki/Gankyil" title="Gankyil">gankyil</a> in its mode as the "Four Joys".</figcaption></figure> Locally, Bhutan has been known by many names. The earliest Western record of Bhutan, the 1627 Relação of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> records its name variously as Cambirasi (among the <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Koch Biharis</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a>), Potente, and Mon (an endonym for southern Tibet).<a href="#cite_note-Kuensel-30">[28]</a> Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdoms</a>, when the area was unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a>, who had fled religious persecution in Tibet. To defend the country against intermittent Tibetan forays, Namgyal built a network of impregnable <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">dzongs</a> or fortresses, and <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a>, a code of law that helped to bring local lords under centralised control. Many such dzong still exist and are active centres of religion and district administration. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a> were the first recorded Europeans to visit Bhutan in 1627,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> on their way to Tibet. They met Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, presented him with firearms, gunpowder and a telescope, and offered him their services in the war against Tibet, but the Zhabdrung declined the offer. After a stay of nearly eight months Cacella wrote a long letter from the <a href="/wiki/Chagri_Monastery" title="Chagri Monastery">Chagri Monastery</a> reporting on his travels. This is a rare extant report of the Zhabdrung.<a href="#cite_note-LP-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> When Ngawang Namgyal died in 1651, his passing was kept secret for 54 years. After a period of consolidation, Bhutan lapsed into internal conflict. In 1711, Bhutan went to war against the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Koch Bihar</a> in the south. During the chaos that followed, the Tibetans unsuccessfully attacked Bhutan in 1714.<a href="#cite_note-CS3-48">[46]</a> In the 18th century, the Bhutanese invaded and occupied the kingdom of Koch Bihar. In 1772, the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of Koch Bihar appealed to the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> which assisted by ousting the Bhutanese and later attacking Bhutan itself in 1774. A peace treaty was signed in which Bhutan agreed to retreat to its pre-1730 borders. However, the peace was tenuous, and border skirmishes with the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a> were to continue for the next hundred years. The skirmishes eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65), a confrontation to control of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Duars">Duars</a>. After Bhutan lost the war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sinchula" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Sinchula">Treaty of Sinchula</a> was signed between <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and Bhutan. As part of the <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>, the Duars were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in exchange for a rent of ₹50,000. The treaty ended all hostilities between British India and Bhutan. During the 1870s, power struggles between the rival valleys of <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongsa">Tongsa</a> led to civil war in Bhutan, eventually leading to the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Wangchuck">Ugyen Wangchuck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa" title="Penlop of Trongsa">penlop</a> (governor) of <a href="/wiki/Trongsa_District" title="Trongsa District">Trongsa</a>. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions during 1882–85.<a href="#cite_note-CS2-49">[47]</a> In 1907, an epochal year for the country, Ugyen Wangchuck was unanimously chosen as the hereditary king of the country by the Lhengye Tshog of leading Buddhist monks, government officials, and heads of important families, with the firm petition made by Gongzim <a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Dorji" title="Ugyen Dorji">Ugyen Dorji</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Claude_White" title="John Claude White">John Claude White</a>, British Political Agent in Bhutan, took photographs of the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The British government promptly recognized the new monarchy. In 1910, Bhutan signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Punakha" title="Treaty of Punakha">Treaty of Punakha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliance</a> that gave the British control of Bhutan's foreign affairs and meant that Bhutan was treated as an Indian <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a>. This had little real effect, given Bhutan's historical reticence, and also did not appear to affect Bhutan's traditional relations with Tibet. After the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Union of India</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence</a> from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947, Bhutan became one of the first countries to recognise India's independence. On 8 August 1949, a treaty similar to that of 1910, in which Britain had gained power over Bhutan's foreign relations, was signed with the newly independent India.<a href="#cite_note-WIAS-33">[31]</a> In 1953, King <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a> established the country's legislature—a 130-member <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a>—to promote a more democratic form of governance. In 1965, he set up a Royal Advisory Council, and in 1968 he formed a Cabinet. In 1971, Bhutan was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, having held observer status for three years. In July 1972, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a> ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen after the death of his father, Dorji Wangchuck. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manmohan_Singh_along_with_other_Head_of_State_and_Government_of_SAARC_Countries_witnessed_the_Lha-dhar_Hoisting_(Hoisting_of_Traditional_Large_Flag),_on_the_sidelines_of_the_16th_SAARC_Summit,_in_Thimphu,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Manmohan_Singh_along_with_other_Head_of_State_and_Government_of_SAARC_Countries_witnessed_the_Lha-dhar_Hoisting_%28Hoisting_of_Traditional_Large_Flag%29%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_16th_SAARC_Summit%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Manmohan_Singh_along_with_other_Head_of_State_and_Government_of_SAARC_Countries_witnessed_the_Lha-dhar_Hoisting_%28Hoisting_of_Traditional_Large_Flag%29%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_16th_SAARC_Summit%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Manmohan_Singh_along_with_other_Head_of_State_and_Government_of_SAARC_Countries_witnessed_the_Lha-dhar_Hoisting_%28Hoisting_of_Traditional_Large_Flag%29%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_16th_SAARC_Summit%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal at the 16th SAARC Summit in Thimphu, 2010</figcaption></figure> Bhutan's sixth Five-Year Plan (1987–92) included a policy of 'one nation, one people' and introduced a code of traditional Drukpa dress and etiquette called Driglam Namzhag. The dress element of this code required all citizens to wear the gho (a knee-length robe for men) and the kira (an ankle-length dress for women).<a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-51">[49]</a> A central plank of the Bhutanese government's policy since the late 1960s has been to modernise the use of <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> language. This began with abandoning the use of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, a language that was adopted to help start formal secular education in the country, in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> As a result, at the beginning of the school year in March 1990, the teaching of Nepali language (which share similarities with Hindi) spoken by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhotshampas">Lhotshampas</a> in southern Bhutan was discontinued and all Nepali curricular materials were discontinued from Bhutanese schools.<a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-51">[49]</a> In 1988, Bhutan conducted a census in southern Bhutan to guard against illegal immigration, a constant issue in the south where borders with India are porous.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Nationalism,_Refugees_and_Bh-53">[51]</a> Each family was required to present census workers with a tax receipt from the year 1958—no earlier, no later—or with a certificate of origin, which had to be obtained from one's place of birth, to prove that they were indeed Bhutanese citizens. Previously issued citizenship cards were no longer accepted as proof of citizenship. Alarmed by these measures, many began to protest for civil and cultural rights and demanded a total change to be brought to the political system that existed since 1907. As protests and related violence swept across southern Bhutan, the government in turn increased its resistance. People present at protests were labeled "anti-national terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-Minkow2011-54">[52]</a> After the demonstrations, the Bhutanese army and police began the task of identifying participants and supporters engaged in the violence against the state and people. They were arrested and held for months without trial.<a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-51">[49]</a> Soon the Bhutanese government arbitrarily reported that its census operations had detected the presence in southern Bhutan of over 100,000 "illegal immigrants" although this number is often debated. The census operations, thus, were used as a tool for the identification, eviction and banishment of dissidents who were involved in the uprising against the state. Military and other security forces were deployed for forceful deportations of between 80,000 and 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampas</a> and were accused of using widespread violence, torture, rape and killing.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The evicted <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhotshampas">Lhotshampas</a> became refugees in camps in southern Nepal. Since 2008, many Western countries, such as Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, have allowed resettlement of the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a> refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Minkow2011-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reform_and_modernization">Political reform and modernization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political reform and modernization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bhutan" title="Law of Bhutan">Law of Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_democracy" title="Bhutanese democracy">Bhutanese democracy</a></div> Bhutan's political system has recently changed from an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a> transferred most of his administrative powers to the Council of Cabinet Ministers and allowed for <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> of the King by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a> In 1999, the government lifted a ban on television and internet, making Bhutan one of the last countries to introduce television. In his speech, the King said that television was a critical step to the modernisation of Bhutan as well as a major contributor to the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national happiness">gross national happiness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GNH-59">[57]</a> but warned that the "misuse" of this new technology could erode traditional Bhutanese values.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> A new constitution was presented in early 2005. In December 2005, Wangchuck announced that he would abdicate the throne in his son's favour in 2008. On 9 December 2006, he announced that he would abdicate immediately. This was followed by the first national <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">parliamentary elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_National_Council_election,_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese National Council election, 2007–2008">December 2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_Bhutanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Bhutanese general election">March 2008</a>. On 6 November 2008, 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a> was crowned king.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> In July 2021 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Bhutan became the first world-leading nation in its role of vaccinating 470,000 out of 770,000 people with a two-dose shot of <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> vaccines. On 13 December 2023, Bhutan was officially delisted as a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-z307-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Geography of Bhutan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bhutan" title="Special:EditPage/Bhutan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bhutan%22">"Bhutan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bhutan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bhutan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bhutan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bhutan%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bhutan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bhutan_topo_en.jpg/350px-Bhutan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bhutan_topo_en.jpg/525px-Bhutan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bhutan_topo_en.jpg/700px-Bhutan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>A topographic map of Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Bhutan is on the southern slopes of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, landlocked between the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> of China to the north and the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> to the west and south, and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/26th_parallel_north" title="26th parallel north">26°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/88th_meridian_east" title="88th meridian east">88°E</a> and <a href="/wiki/93rd_meridian_east" title="93rd meridian east">93°E</a>. The land consists mostly of steep and high <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan" title="Mountains of Bhutan">mountains</a> crisscrossed by a network of swift rivers that form deep valleys before draining into the Indian plains. In fact, 98.8% of Bhutan is covered by mountains, which makes it the most mountainous country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Elevation rises from 200 m (660 ft) in the southern foothills to more than 7,000 m (23,000 ft). This great geographical diversity combined with equally diverse climate conditions contributes to Bhutan's outstanding range of biodiversity and ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-official-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg/220px-Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg/330px-Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg/440px-Tashich%C3%B6dzong_Thimphu-2008-01-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Snowfall in Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Bhutan's northern region consists of an arc of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> reaching up to glaciated mountain peaks with an extremely cold climate at the highest elevations. Most peaks in the north are over 7,000 m (23,000 ft) above sea level; the highest point is 7,570-metre (24,840 ft)-tall <a href="/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum" title="Gangkhar Puensum">Gangkhar Puensum</a>, which has the distinction of being the <a href="/wiki/Highest_unclimbed_mountain" title="Highest unclimbed mountain">highest unclimbed mountain</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> The lowest point, at 98 m (322 ft), is in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Drangme_Chhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Drangme Chhu">Drangme Chhu</a>, where the river crosses the border with India.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> Watered by snow-fed rivers, alpine valleys in this region provide pasture for livestock, tended by a sparse population of migratory shepherds. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a> in Bhutan's central region form a watershed between two major river systems: the <a href="/wiki/Mo_Chhu" title="Mo Chhu">Mo Chhu</a> and the Drangme Chhu. Peaks in the Black Mountains range between 1,500 and 4,925 m (4,921 and 16,158 ft) above sea level, and fast-flowing rivers have carved out deep gorges in the lower mountain areas. The forests of the central Bhutan mountains consist of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a> in higher elevations and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests">Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests</a> in lower elevations. The Woodlands of the central region provide most of Bhutan's forest production. The <a href="/wiki/Torsa_River" title="Torsa River">Torsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raid%C4%81k_River" title="Raidāk River">Raidāk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankosh_River" title="Sankosh River">Sankosh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manas_River" title="Manas River">Manas</a> are Bhutan's main rivers, flowing through this region. Most of the population lives in the central highlands. In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> are covered with dense <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a>, alluvial lowland river valleys, and mountains up to around 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level. The foothills descend into the subtropical <a href="/wiki/Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Duars">Duars</a> Plain, which is the eponymous gateway to strategic mountain passes (also known as dwars or dooars; literally, "doors" in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> languages).<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Most of the Duars is in India, but a 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi)-wide strip extends into Bhutan. The Bhutan Duars is divided into two parts, the northern and southern Duars. The northern Duars, which abut the Himalayan foothills, have rugged, sloping terrain and dry, porous soil with dense vegetation and abundant wildlife. The southern Duars have moderately fertile soil, heavy <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> grass, dense, mixed jungle, and freshwater springs. Mountain rivers, fed by melting snow or monsoon rains, empty into the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a> in India. Data released by the Ministry of Agriculture showed that the country had a forest cover of 64% as of October 2005. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscape of Bhutan</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7,570m_(Dochula_pass)_(4677022812).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gangkar Puensum, the highest mountain in Bhutan"><img alt="Gangkar Puensum, the highest mountain in Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg/240px-082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg/360px-082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg/480px-082_-_Gangkar_Puensum_-_7%2C570m_%28Dochula_pass%29_%284677022812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gangkar_Puensum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangkar Puensum">Gangkar Puensum</a>, the highest mountain in Bhutan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_Landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sub-alpine Himalayan landscape"><img alt="Sub-alpine Himalayan landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Himalayan_Landscape.jpg/240px-Himalayan_Landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Himalayan_Landscape.jpg/360px-Himalayan_Landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Himalayan_Landscape.jpg/480px-Himalayan_Landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="940" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sub-alpine Himalayan landscape</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Himalayan peak from Bumthang"><img alt="A Himalayan peak from Bumthang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg/272px-Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg/408px-Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg/544px-Himalayan_peak_from_Bumthang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Himalayan peak from <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumthang (town)">Bumthang</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 398.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 396.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jigme_Dorji_National_Park,_Bhutan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jigme Dorji National Park"><img alt="Jigme Dorji National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG/595px-Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG" decoding="async" width="397" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG/892px-Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG/1190px-Jigme_Dorji_National_Park%2C_Bhutan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="1613" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park" title="Jigme Dorji National Park">Jigme Dorji National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HaaValley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Haa Valley in Western Bhutan"><img alt="The Haa Valley in Western Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HaaValley.jpg/245px-HaaValley.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HaaValley.jpg/367px-HaaValley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HaaValley.jpg/489px-HaaValley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1473" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Haa_District" title="Haa District">Haa Valley</a> in Western Bhutan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan#Climate" title="Geography of Bhutan">Geography of Bhutan § Climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classifications of Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Bhutan's climate varies with elevation, from subtropical in the south to <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> in the highlands and <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar-type</a> climate with year-round snow in the north. Bhutan experiences five distinct seasons: summer, <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, autumn, winter and spring. Western Bhutan has the heavier monsoon rains; southern Bhutan has hot humid summers and cool winters; central and eastern Bhutan are temperate and drier than the west with warm summers and cool winters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Bhutan" title="List of mammals of Bhutan">List of mammals of Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan" title="Wildlife of Bhutan">Wildlife of Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takin,_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg/220px-Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg/330px-Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg/440px-Takin%2C_Thimphu_mini-zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_takin" title="Bhutan takin">takin</a> is Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bhutan signed the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 25 August 1995.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> It has subsequently produced a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>, with two revisions, the most recent of which was received by the convention on 4 February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-nbsap3-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/220px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/330px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg/440px-Himalayan_Marmot_at_Tshophu_Lake_Bhutan_091007_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Himalayan Marmot at Tshophu Lake, Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Bhutan has a rich primate life, with rare species such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden langur">golden langur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> A variant Assamese macaque has also been recorded, which is regarded by some authorities as a new species, Macaca munzala.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispid_hare" title="Hispid hare">hispid hare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a> live in the tropical lowland and hardwood forests in the south. In the temperate zone, <a href="/wiki/Grey_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey langur">grey langur</a>, tiger, <a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">goral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">serow</a> are found in mixed conifer, broadleaf and pine forests. Fruit-bearing trees and bamboo provide habitat for the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar (deer)">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">wild pig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barking_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barking deer">barking deer</a>. The alpine habitats of the great Himalayan range in the north are home to the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue sheep">blue sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_marmot" title="Himalayan marmot">Himalayan marmot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan wolf">Tibetan wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_musk_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan musk deer">Himalayan musk deer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_takin" title="Bhutan takin">Bhutan takin</a>, Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a>. The endangered wild water buffalo occurs in southern Bhutan, although in small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> More than 770 species of bird have been recorded in Bhutan. The globally endangered <a href="/wiki/White-winged_duck" title="White-winged duck">white-winged duck</a> has been added recently in 2006 to Bhutan's bird list.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The 2010 BBC documentary <a href="/wiki/Lost_Land_of_the_Tiger" title="Lost Land of the Tiger">Lost Land of the Tiger</a> follows an expedition to Bhutan. The expedition is notable for claiming to obtain the first footage of tigers living at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) in the high Himalayas. The BBC footage shows a female tiger lactating and scent-marking, followed a few days later by a male tiger responding, suggesting that the cats could be breeding at this elevation. Camera traps also recorded footage of other rarely seen forest creatures, including <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> (or Indian wild dog), Asian elephants, leopards and leopard cats.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2010-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plants">Plants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> In Bhutan <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 71% of the total land area, equivalent to 2,725,080 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 2,506,720 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 2,704,260 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 20,820 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 15% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 41% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> More than 5,400 species of plants are found in Bhutan,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pedicularis_cacuminidenta" title="Pedicularis cacuminidenta">Pedicularis cacuminidenta</a>. Fungi form a key part of Bhutanese ecosystems, with <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal">mycorrhizal</a> species providing forest trees with mineral nutrients necessary for growth, and with wood decay and litter decomposing species playing an important role in natural recycling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation">Conservation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bhutan" title="List of protected areas of Bhutan">List of protected areas of Bhutan</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:292px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png" title="File:Bhutan protected areas location map.png"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/300px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/450px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/600px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_63x57" style="position:absolute; left:63px; top:57px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park" title="Jigme Dorji National Park">JDNP</a></div> <div id="annotation_75x80" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:80px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Motithang_Takin_Preserve" title="Motithang Takin Preserve">Motithang</a></div> <div id="annotation_116x50" style="position:absolute; left:116px; top:50px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_Centennial_National_Park" title="Wangchuck Centennial National Park">WCNP</a></div> <div id="annotation_220x65" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:65px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Bumdeling_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary">BWS</a></div> <div id="annotation_150x90" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrumsengla_National_Park" title="Phrumsengla National Park">PNP</a></div> <div id="annotation_264x138" style="position:absolute; left:264px; top:138px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Jomotsangkha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary">JWS</a></div> <div id="annotation_20x100" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:100px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Strict_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve">JKSNR</a></div> <div id="annotation_115x110" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_National_Park" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park">JSWNP</a></div> <div id="annotation_75x145" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:145px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Phibsoo_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary">PWS</a></div> <div id="annotation_150x140" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Manas_National_Park" title="Royal Manas National Park">RMNP</a></div> <div id="annotation_250x100" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:100px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakteng_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary">SWS</a></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png" title="File:Bhutan protected areas location map.png"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/300px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/450px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png/600px-Bhutan_protected_areas_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Bhutan">Protected areas of Bhutan</a> in lavender; <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">biological corridors</a> in green</div> </div></div> The Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> has been identified as a global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> hotspot and counted among the 234 globally outstanding <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> of the world in a comprehensive analysis of global biodiversity undertaken by <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> between 1995 and 1997. According to the Swiss-based <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, Bhutan is viewed as a model for proactive <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> initiatives. The Kingdom has received international acclaim for its commitment to the maintenance of its biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1/2012-78">[76]</a> This is reflected in the decision to maintain at least sixty per cent of the land area under <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> cover, to designate more than 40%<a href="#cite_note-BTF1-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BTF2-80">[78]</a> of its territory as national parks, reserves and other protected areas, and most recently to identify a further nine per cent of land area as biodiversity corridors linking the protected areas. All of Bhutan's protected land is connected to one another through a vast network of biological corridors, allowing animals to migrate freely throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[79]</a> Environmental conservation has been placed at the core of the nation's development strategy, the middle path. It is not treated as a sector but rather as a set of concerns that must be mainstreamed in Bhutan's overall approach to development planning and to be buttressed by the force of law. The country's constitution mentions environmental standards in multiple sections.<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan" title="Environmental issues in Bhutan">Environmental issues in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg/220px-Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg/330px-Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg/440px-Asian_Black_Bear_Ursus_thibetanus_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a></figcaption></figure> Although Bhutan's natural heritage is still largely intact, the government has said that it cannot be taken for granted and that conservation of the natural environment must be considered one of the challenges that will need to be addressed in the years ahead.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Nearly 56.3% of all Bhutanese are involved with agriculture, forestry or conservation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[80]</a> The government aims to promote conservation as part of its plan to target Gross National Happiness. It currently has net negative<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[79]</a> greenhouse gas emissions because the small amount of pollution it creates is absorbed by the forests that cover most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</a> While the entire country collectively produces 2,200,000 metric tons (2,200,000 long tons; 2,400,000 short tons) of carbon dioxide a year, the immense forest covering 72% of the country acts as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>, absorbing more than four million tons of carbon dioxide every year.<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[79]</a> Bhutan had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 16th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-85">[83]</a> Bhutan has a number of progressive environmental policies that have caused the head of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a> to call it an "inspiration and role model for the world on how economies and different countries can address climate change while at the same time improving the life of the citizen."<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> For example, electric cars have been pushed in the country and as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a> make up a tenth of all cars. Because the country gets most of its energy from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a>, it does not emit significant greenhouse gases for energy production.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</a> In practice, the overlap of these extensive protected lands with populated areas has led to mutual habitat encroachment. Protected wildlife has entered agricultural areas, trampling crops and killing livestock. In response, Bhutan has implemented an insurance scheme, begun constructing solar powered alarm fences, watch towers, and search lights, and has provided fodder and salt licks outside human settlement areas to encourage animals to stay away.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The huge market value of the <a href="/wiki/Ophiocordyceps_sinensis" title="Ophiocordyceps sinensis">Ophiocordyceps sinensis</a> fungus crop collected from the wild has also resulted in unsustainable exploitation which is proving very difficult to regulate.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Bhutan has enforced a plastic ban rule from 1 April 2019, where plastic bags were replaced by alternative bags made of jute and other biodegradable material.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Politics of Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BhutanroyalvisitNovember_21,_2011_-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BhutanroyalvisitNovember_21%2C_2011_-4.jpg/220px-BhutanroyalvisitNovember_21%2C_2011_-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/BhutanroyalvisitNovember_21%2C_2011_-4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyaltsuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyaltsuen">Queen consort</a> <a href="/wiki/Jetsun_Pema" title="Jetsun Pema">Jetsun Pema</a> of Bhutan with <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> Bhutan is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> form of government. The reigning monarch is <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">Prime Minister of Bhutan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Bhutan)" title="People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)">People's Democratic Party</a>. Bhutan's democratic transition in 2008 is seen as an evolution of its social contract with the monarchy since 1907.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-90">[88]</a> In 2019, Bhutan was classified in the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a> alongside regional neighbours <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Minorities have been increasingly represented in Bhutan's government since 2008, including in the cabinet, parliament, and local government.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-90">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a> (Dragon King) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The political system grants <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">National Council</a>, an upper house with 25 elected members; and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a> with 47 elected lawmakers from <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bhutan" title="List of political parties in Bhutan">political parties</a>. Executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Bhutan)" title="Council of Ministers (Bhutan)">Council of Ministers</a> led by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. Judicial power is vested in the courts. The legal system originates from the semi-theocratic <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a> code, and was influenced by <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> during the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a> is the administrative head of the judiciary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political culture">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/2008_Bhutanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Bhutanese general election">general elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a> were held on 24 March 2008. The chief contestants were the <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_Peace_and_Prosperity_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party">Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party</a> (DPT) led by <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Thinley" title="Jigme Thinley">Jigme Thinley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Bhutan)" title="People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)">People's Democratic Party</a> (PDP) led by <a href="/wiki/Sangay_Ngedup" title="Sangay Ngedup">Sangay Ngedup</a>. The DPT won the elections, taking 45 out of 47 seats.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Thinley" title="Jigme Thinley">Jigme Thinley</a> served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bhutan" title="List of prime ministers of Bhutan">Prime Minister</a> from 2008 to 2013. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Bhutan)" title="People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)">People's Democratic Party</a> came to power in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election" title="2013 Bhutanese National Assembly election">2013 elections</a>. It won 32 seats and 54.88% of the vote. PDP leader <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a> served as Prime Minister from 2013 to 2018. <a href="/wiki/Druk_Nyamrup_Tshogpa" title="Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa">Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa</a> won the largest number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election" title="2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election">2018 National Assembly election</a>, bringing <a href="/wiki/Lotay_Tshering" title="Lotay Tshering">Lotay Tshering</a> to the premiership and Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa into the government for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a> returned to power as Prime Minister after the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election" title="2023–24 Bhutanese National Assembly election">2024 election</a>, with the PDP gaining 30 seats; he assumed office on 28 January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">Foreign relations of Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg/170px-Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg/255px-Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg/340px-Bhutan_Mission_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The permanent mission of Bhutan to the United Nations in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg/260px-Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg/390px-Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg/520px-Secretary_Kerry_shakes_hands_with_Bhutanese_Prime_Minister_Tobgay_before_bilateral_meeting_at_Vibrant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">Prime Minister of Bhutan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a> with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in 2015<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 20th century, Bhutan became a de facto protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Punakha" title="Treaty of Punakha">Treaty of Punakha</a> in 1910. British protection guarded Bhutan from <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, Bhutan signed a friendship treaty with the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> in 1949. Its concerns were exacerbated after the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bhutanstudies.org.bt-96">[94]</a> Relations with <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> remained strained due to <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a>. Bhutan joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1971. It was the first country to recognise Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">independence</a> in 1971. It became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (<a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>) in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The country is a member of 150 international organisations,<a href="#cite_note-bhutanstudies.org.bt-96">[94]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative">Bay of Bengal Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>. Bhutan maintains strong economic, strategic, and military relations with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised, clarifying Bhutan's full control of its foreign relations, as well as its independence and sovereignty. Whereas the Treaty of 1949, Article 2 stated: "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations," the revised treaty now states "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other." The revised treaty also includes this preamble: "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element absent in the earlier version. By long-standing agreement, Indian and Bhutanese citizens may travel to each other's countries without a <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_passport" title="Bhutanese passport">passport</a> or visa, but must still have their national identity cards. Bhutanese citizens may also work in India without legal restrictions. Bhutan does not have formal diplomatic ties with China, but exchanges of visits at various levels between them have significantly increased in recent times. The first bilateral agreement between China and Bhutan was signed in 1998 and Bhutan has also set up honorary consulates in the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png/260px-Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A map of Bhutan showing its borders with China and India as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a></figcaption></figure> Bhutan's border with China is not mutually demarcated in some areas because China lays claims to those places. In 2021, after more than 35 years of border negotiations, China signed a memorandum of understanding with Bhutan to expedite those talks.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Approximately 269 square kilometres (104 sq mi) remain under discussion between China and Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> On 13 November 2005, Chinese soldiers crossed into the disputed territories between China and Bhutan and began building roads and bridges.<a href="#cite_note-dispcb-103">[101]</a> Bhutanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Khandu_Wangchuk" title="Khandu Wangchuk">Khandu Wangchuk</a> took up the matter with Chinese authorities after the issue was raised in the Bhutanese parliament. In response, Foreign Ministry spokesman <a href="/wiki/Qin_Gang" title="Qin Gang">Qin Gang</a> of the People's Republic of China said that the border remains in dispute and that the two sides are continuing to work for a peaceful and cordial resolution of the dispute, denying that the presence of soldiers in the area was an attempt to forcibly occupy it.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> An Indian intelligence officer said that a Chinese delegation in Bhutan told the Bhutanese they were "overreacting". The Bhutanese newspaper <a href="/wiki/Kuensel" title="Kuensel">Kuensel</a> said that China might use the roads to further Chinese claims along the border.<a href="#cite_note-dispcb-103">[101]</a> Bhutan has very warm relations with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, which provides significant development assistance. The Bhutanese royals were hosted by the Japanese imperial family during a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> in 2011. Japan is also helping Bhutan cope with glacial floods by developing an early warning system. Bhutan enjoys strong political and diplomatic relations with Bangladesh. The Bhutanese king was the guest of honour during celebrations of the 40th anniversary of Bangladesh's independence.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> A 2014 joint statement by the prime ministers of both countries announced cooperation in areas of hydropower, river management and climate change mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Bangladesh and Bhutan signed a preferential trade agreement in 2020 with provisions for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Bhutan has diplomatic relations with 53 countries and the European Union and has missions in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Kuwait, and Belgium. It has two UN missions, one in New York and one in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. Only India, Bangladesh, and Kuwait have residential embassies in Bhutan. Other countries maintain informal diplomatic contact via their embassies in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. Bhutan maintains formal <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">diplomatic relations</a> with several Asian and European nations, Canada, and Brazil. Other countries, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">such as the United States</a> and the United Kingdom, have no formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan but maintain informal contact through their respective embassies in New Delhi and with the United States through Bhutan's permanent mission to the United Nations. The United Kingdom has an honorary consul resident in Thimphu. The latest country Bhutan has established diplomatic relations with is Israel, on <a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bhutan–Israel relations">12 December 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-state-110">[108]</a> Bhutan opposed the Russian annexation of Crimea in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_68/262" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Military of Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodyguard_(far_right)_detail,_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck,_with_his_bodyguards,_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan,_1905_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bodyguard_%28far_right%29_detail%2C_from-_Sir_Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_with_his_bodyguards%2C_Tongsa_Dzong_in_Bhutan%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A royal guard of Bhutan in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maj._General_Batoo_Tshering,_Chief_Operations_Officer_(Army_Chief),_of_Royal_Bhutan_Army_and_Indian_Army_Chief,_General_J.J._Singh_saluting_at_Amar_Jyoti_at_India_Gate,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_11,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maj._General_Batoo_Tshering%2C_Chief_Operations_Officer_%28Army_Chief%29%2C_of_Royal_Bhutan_Army_and_Indian_Army_Chief%2C_General_J.J._Singh_saluting_at_Amar_Jyoti_at_India_Gate%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_11%2C_2006.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maj._General_Batoo_Tshering%2C_Chief_Operations_Officer_%28Army_Chief%29%2C_of_Royal_Bhutan_Army_and_Indian_Army_Chief%2C_General_J.J._Singh_saluting_at_Amar_Jyoti_at_India_Gate%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_11%2C_2006.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maj._General_Batoo_Tshering%2C_Chief_Operations_Officer_%28Army_Chief%29%2C_of_Royal_Bhutan_Army_and_Indian_Army_Chief%2C_General_J.J._Singh_saluting_at_Amar_Jyoti_at_India_Gate%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_August_11%2C_2006.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Army" title="Royal Bhutan Army">Royal Bhutan Army</a> Chief of Staff (left) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> Chief of Staff (right) in 2006</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Army" title="Royal Bhutan Army">Royal Bhutan Army</a> is Bhutan's military service and is the weakest armed force in the world, in terms of Power Index, according to the Global Firepower survey.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bodyguard_of_Bhutan" title="Royal Bodyguard of Bhutan">royal bodyguard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Royal Bhutan Police</a>. Membership is voluntary and the minimum age for recruitment is 18. The standing army numbers about 16,000 and is trained by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> It has an annual budget of about US$13.7 million (1.8 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>). As a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>, Bhutan has no navy. It also has no air force or army aviation corps. The Army relies on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> for air assistance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights in Bhutan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">LGBT rights in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakar_tshechu,_dancers_(15222929514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg/220px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg/330px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg/440px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_dancers_%2815222929514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Women of Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Bhutan is ranked as "Partly Free" by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Bhutan's parliament decriminalised homosexuality in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Women in Bhutan tend to be less active in politics than men due to customs and aspects of Bhutan's culture that dictate a woman's role in the household.<a href="#cite_note-:02-115">[113]</a> This leads to a limitation of their voices in government. Bhutan has made steps toward gender equality by enrolling more girls in school as well as creating the "National Commission for Women and Children" (NCWC) in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-:13-116">[114]</a> This programme was created to promote and protect women's and children's rights. Bhutan also elected its first female Dzongda, equivalent to a District Attorney, in 2012, and its first female minister in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:13-116">[114]</a> Minister Dorji Choden, chair for the National Commission for Women and Children, believes that the aforementioned programme can be used to "promote women into more leadership roles" which can then lead women to take on more active roles in their society.<a href="#cite_note-:02-115">[113]</a> Overall there has also been a gradual increase in women in power with a 68% increase in women representation from 2011 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:13-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_ethnic_cleansing">1990s ethnic cleansing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1990s ethnic cleansing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan">Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a></div> Starting in the 1980s, a part of Bhutan's minority population groups of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> speakers ("<a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a>"), in Southern Bhutan, fell victim to perceived political persecution by the Bhutanese government as part of what the Nepali-speaking population viewed as Bhutanisation (termed One Nation, One People) policy which was aimed to nationalise the country.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-118">[116]</a> In 1977 followed by in 1985, Bhutan's government enacted legislations which impacted the Lhotshampa ethnic minority. The review of the national citizenship criteria and provisions for denationalisation of illegally present population in the country ensued.<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.com-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Bhutanese_Refugee_Si-120">[118]</a> The government enforced uniformity in dress, culture, tradition, language and literature to create a national identity which was aligned with the majority <a href="/wiki/Ngalop_people" title="Ngalop people">Drukpa</a> culture of the country.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-theweek11-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIDCM-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-unhcr08-123">[121]</a> The Lhotshampas started demonstrations in protest of such discriminatory laws, voicing for a change to be brought to the existing political system toward a preferred multi-party democracy and to gain political autonomy for the Nepali Ethnic minority, most probably incited by the similar political uprising against the established monarchy in the neighbouring country of Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> These demonstrations turned into violence when some ethnic Nepalese representatives were attacked by the government officials (armed forces) when schools in the southern districts were burned by the demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Consequently, Bhutanese armed forces were mobilised; the members of Bhutanese police and army forces allegedly imprisoned some Nepali descendant ethnic minority who were suspected to be politically active in these demonstrations, under a command of then king <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a> and home minister Dago Tshering to keep peace and open a line of communication.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Bhutan Armed forces were alleged to have targeted the Nepali ethnic southerners by burning down the houses, livestocks, and forced hundreds and thousands to be expelled from the country with their property being confiscated where no compensation were reported to be granted to anyone, however, claims to these were neither proved nor documented.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-127">[125]</a> This escalated up until the early 1990s, and was followed by the forceful expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepali</a> ethnic minority citizens from the southern part of Bhutan. The main purpose of this was the fear that revolt mirrored images of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland movement</a> stirring up in the neighbouring state of West Bengal, and fueled fears of a fate similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> where the immigrant Nepalis population had overwhelmed the small native population of the kingdom, leading to its demise as an independent nation.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Nationalism,_Refugees_and_Bh-53">[51]</a> The Bhutanese security forces were accused of human rights violations including torture and rape of political demonstrators, and some Lhotshampas were accused of staging a violent revolt against the state.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Bhutanese_Refugee_Si-120">[118]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, an estimate of 107,000 <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a> living in seven camps in eastern Nepal have been documented as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr08-123">[121]</a> After many years in refugee camps, many inhabitants moved to other host nations such as Canada, Norway, the UK, Australia, and the US as refugees. The US admitted 60,773 refugees from fiscal years 2008 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Nepalese government</a> refused to assimilate the Bhutanese refugees (Lhotshampas) and did not allow a legal path to citizenship, so they were left <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrr-129">[127]</a> Careful scrutiny has been used to review the status of the refugee's relatives in the country, and citizenship identity cards and voting rights for these reviewed people are restricted.<a href="#cite_note-hrr-129">[127]</a> Bhutan does not recognise political parties associated with these refugees and see them as a threat to the well-being of the country.<a href="#cite_note-hrr-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">Human rights groups'</a> rhetoric that the government interfered with individual rights by requiring all citizens, including ethnic minority members, to wear the traditional dress of the ethnic majority in public places was used as a political tool for the demonstrations. The Bhutanese government since then enforced the law of national attire to be worn in Buddhist religious buildings, government offices, schools, official functions, and public ceremonies aimed toward preserving and promoting the national identity of Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-hrr-129">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/220px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/330px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/440px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic Nepalese ("<a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a>") migrants that were forcefully expelled from Bhutan, and arrived in Nepal in the early 1990s</figcaption></figure>The kingdom has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">banning religious proselytising</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> which critics deem as a violation of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> and a policy of ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan's_ethnic_cleansing-132">[130]</a> Starting in the 1980s, Bhutan adopted a policy of "One Nation One People" to create a unified sense of national identity. This was interpreted as cultural (in language, dress and religion) and political dominance of the majority <a href="/wiki/Ngalop_people" title="Ngalop people">Drukpa</a> people by the Nepali-speaking people.<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan_Is_No_Shangri-La-133">[131]</a> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland Movement</a> and fuelled by a sense of injustice, some Lhotshampas began organising demonstrations against the Bhutanese state. Furthermore, the removal of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> language in school curriculum to adopt a more centralised language in <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> coupled with the denial of citizenship to those who were not able to prove officially issued land holding title prior to 1950<a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-134">[132]</a> was perceived as specifically targeting Lhotshampa population estimated to be one-third of the population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Bhutan_insurgencies-135">[133]</a> This resulted in widespread unrest and political demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.com-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar.umd.edu-136">[134]</a> In response to this threat, in 1988, the Bhutanese authorities carried out a special census<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-137">[135]</a> in southern Bhutan to review the status of legal residents from illegal immigrants. This region with high Lhotshampa population had to be legally verified, and the following census led to the deportation these Lhotshampas, estimated to be one-sixth of the total population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Director,_Refugee_and_Migrant_Right-139">[137]</a> People who had been granted citizenship by the Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1958" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958">1958 Nationality Law</a> were also stripped of their citizenship. The state intervened after violence was instigated by some Nepali-speaking citizens attacking government officials and burning public buildings.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Members of Bhutanese police and army were accused of burning Lhotshampa houses, land confiscation and other widespread human rights abuses including arrest, torture and rape of Lhotshampas involved in political protests and violence.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Bhutanese_Refugee_Si-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-141">[139]</a> Following forcible deportation from Bhutan, Lhotshampas spent almost two decades in refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and were resettled in various western countries such as the United States between 2007 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Lhotshampas-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">Districts of Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan" title="Gewogs of Bhutan">Gewogs of Bhutan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_of_Bhutan_2009" title="Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009">Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009</a></div> Bhutan is divided into twenty <a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">Dzongkhag</a> (districts), administered by a body called the Dzongkhag Tshogdu. In certain <a href="/wiki/Thromde" title="Thromde">thromdes</a> (urban municipalities), a further municipal administration is directly subordinate to the Dzongkhag administration. In the vast majority of constituencies, rural <a href="/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan" title="Gewogs of Bhutan">gewog</a> (village blocks) are administered by bodies called the Gewog Tshogde.<a href="#cite_note-LGA09-143">[141]</a> Thromdes (municipalities) elect Thrompons to lead administration, who in turn represent the Thromde in the Dzongkhag Tshogdu. Likewise, geog elect headmen called gups, vice-headmen called mangmis, who also sit on the Dzongkhag Tshogdu, as well as other members of the Gewog Tshogde. The basis of electoral constituencies in Bhutan is the <a href="/wiki/Chiwog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiwog">chiwog</a>, a subdivision of gewogs delineated by the Election Commission.<a href="#cite_note-LGA09-143">[141]</a> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:312px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_location_map.svg" title="File:Bhutan location map.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/320px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/480px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/640px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_160x65" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:65px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang</a></div> <div id="annotation_63x145" style="position:absolute; left:63px; top:145px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a></div> <div id="annotation_90x130" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:130px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dagana_District" title="Dagana District">Dagana</a></div> <div id="annotation_95x45" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Gasa_District" title="Gasa District">Gasa</a></div> <div id="annotation_40x110" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Haa_District" title="Haa District">Haa</a></div> <div id="annotation_200x55" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:55px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lhuntse_District" title="Lhuntse District">Lhuntse</a></div> <div id="annotation_207x120" style="position:absolute; left:207px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Mongar_District" title="Mongar District">Mongar</a></div> <div id="annotation_50x82" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:82px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Paro_District" title="Paro District">Paro</a></div> <div id="annotation_215x135" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:135px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Pemagatshel_District" title="Pemagatshel District">Pema- gatshel</a></div> <div id="annotation_87x73" style="position:absolute; left:87px; top:73px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Punakha_District" title="Punakha District">Punakha</a></div> <div id="annotation_260x145" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:145px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar_District" title="Samdrup Jongkhar District">Samdrup Jongkhar</a></div> <div id="annotation_15x140" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Samtse_District" title="Samtse District">Samtse</a></div> <div id="annotation_135x155" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarpang_District" title="Sarpang District">Sarpang</a></div> <div id="annotation_40x60" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:60px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Thimphu_District" title="Thimphu District">Thimphu</a></div> <div id="annotation_250x110" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang</a></div> <div id="annotation_240x80" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:80px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Trashiyangtse_District" title="Trashiyangtse District">Trashiyangtse</a></div> <div id="annotation_145x100" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:100px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Trongsa_District" title="Trongsa District">Trongsa</a></div> <div id="annotation_125x140" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang</a></div> <div id="annotation_105x90" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District" title="Wangdue Phodrang District">Wangdue Phodrang</a></div> <div id="annotation_160x130" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:130px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Zhemgang_District" title="Zhemgang District">Zhemgang</a></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_location_map.svg" title="File:Bhutan location map.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/320px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/480px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bhutan_location_map.svg/640px-Bhutan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">Districts of Bhutan</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></div> </div></div> <table class="toc" border="0" style="width:65%; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#629BAB; color:white; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">Dzongkhags</a> of the Kingdom of Bhutan </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;"> <th style="background:lavender; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">District</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> name </th> <th style="background:lavender; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">District</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> name </th></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>བུམ་ཐང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td>11. <a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar_District" title="Samdrup Jongkhar District">Samdrup Jongkhar</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བསམ་གྲུབ་ལྗོངས་མཁར་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">2. <a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཆུ་ཁ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">12. <a href="/wiki/Samtse_District" title="Samtse District">Samtse</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བསམ་རྩེ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Dagana_District" title="Dagana District">Dagana</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དར་དཀར་ན་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td>13. <a href="/wiki/Sarpang_District" title="Sarpang District">Sarpang</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གསར་སྤང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">4. <a href="/wiki/Gasa_District" title="Gasa District">Gasa</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">མགར་ས་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">14. <a href="/wiki/Thimphu_District" title="Thimphu District">Thimphu</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཐིམ་ཕུ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Haa_District" title="Haa District">Haa</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཧཱ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td>15. <a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྒང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">6. <a href="/wiki/Lhuntse_District" title="Lhuntse District">Lhuntse</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྷུན་རྩེ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">16. <a href="/wiki/Trashiyangtse_District" title="Trashiyangtse District">Trashiyangtse</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཀྲ་ཤིས་གཡང་རྩེ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Mongar_District" title="Mongar District">Mongar</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">མོང་སྒར་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td>17. <a href="/wiki/Trongsa_District" title="Trongsa District">Trongsa</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཀྲོང་གསར་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">8. <a href="/wiki/Paro_District" title="Paro District">Paro</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སྤ་རོ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">18. <a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">རྩི་རང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Pemagatshel_District" title="Pemagatshel District">Pemagatshel</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">པད་མ་དགའ་ཚལ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td>19. <a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District" title="Wangdue Phodrang District">Wangdue Phodrang</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དབང་འདུས་ཕོ་བྲང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">10. <a href="/wiki/Punakha_District" title="Punakha District">Punakha</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སྤུ་ན་ཁ་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">20. <a href="/wiki/Zhemgang_District" title="Zhemgang District">Zhemgang</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གཞམས་སྒང་རྫོང་ཁག་ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg/220px-Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg/330px-Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg/440px-Bhutan_Power_Corporation_office_Thimphu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Bhutan Power Corporation headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>. Bhutan's principal export is <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Economy of Bhutan</a></div> Bhutan's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Ngultrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngultrum">ngultrum</a>, whose value is <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>. The Indian rupee is also accepted as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> in the country. Though Bhutan's economy is one of the world's smallest,<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> it has grown rapidly in recent years, by eight per cent in 2005 and 14 per cent in 2006. In 2007, Bhutan had the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, with an annual economic growth rate of 22.4 per cent. This was mainly due to the commissioning of the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Tala_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Tala Hydroelectric Power Station">Tala Hydroelectric Power Station</a>. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a>, Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> was US$2,420.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Bhutan's economy is based on agriculture, forestry, tourism and the sale of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> to India. Agriculture provides the main livelihood for 55.4 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Agrarian practices consist largely of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. Handicrafts, particularly weaving and the manufacture of religious art for home altars, are a small <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a>. A landscape that varies from hilly to ruggedly mountainous has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg/220px-Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg/330px-Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg/440px-Bridges_at_Panbang_2019-12-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Modern and traditional bridges over a river in Panbang</figcaption></figure> This, and a lack of access to the sea, has meant that Bhutan has not been able to benefit from significant trading of its produce. Bhutan has no <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> plans to link southern Bhutan to its vast network under an agreement signed in January 2005.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Bhutan and India signed a 'free trade' accord in 2008, which additionally allowed Bhutanese imports and exports from third markets to transit India without tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Bhutan had trade relations with the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> of China until 1960, when it closed its border with China after an influx of refugees.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Bhutan is much higher than the world average. In 2016, Bhutan had 5.0 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-151">[149]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In 2016 Bhutan used 4.5 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than Bhutan contains. As a result, Bhutan is running a biocapacity reserve.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-151">[149]</a> The industrial sector is currently in a nascent stage. Although most production comes from cottage industry, larger industries are being encouraged and some industries such as cement, steel, and <a href="/wiki/Ferroalloy" title="Ferroalloy">ferroalloy</a> have been set up. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on <a href="/wiki/Contract_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract labor">contract labour</a> from neighbouring India. Agricultural produce includes rice, chilies, dairy (some yak, mostly cow) products, buckwheat, barley, root crops, apples, and citrus and maize at lower elevations. Industries include cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a>. Bhutan has seen recent growth in the technology sector, in areas such as green tech and consumer Internet/e-commerce.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In May 2012, "Thimphu TechPark" was launched in the capital. It incubates <a href="/wiki/Startups" class="mw-redirect" title="Startups">startups</a> via the "Bhutan Innovation and Technology Centre" (BITC).<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Bhutan, since 1990</figcaption></figure> Incomes of over <a href="/wiki/Ngultrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngultrum">Nu</a> 100,000 per year are taxed, but as Bhutan is currently one of the world's least developed countries, very few wage and salary earners qualify. Bhutan's inflation rate was estimated at three per cent in 2003. Bhutan has a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of around US$5.855 billion (adjusted to <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>), making it the 158th-largest economy in the world. Per capita income (PPP) is around $7,641,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> ranked 144th. Government revenues total $407.1 million, though expenditures amount to $614 million. Twenty-five per cent of the budget expenditure, however, is financed by India's Ministry of External Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Bhutan's exports, principally electricity, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones and spices, total €128 million (2000 est.). Imports, however, amount to €164 million, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a>. Main items imported include fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery, vehicles, fabrics and rice. Bhutan's main export partner is India, accounting for 58.6 per cent of its export goods. Hong Kong (30.1 per cent) and Bangladesh (7.3 per cent) are the other two top export partners.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> As its border with Tibet Autonomous Region is closed, trade between Bhutan and China is now almost non-existent. Bhutan's import partners include India (74.5 per cent), Japan (7.4 per cent) and Sweden (3.2 per cent). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan" title="Agriculture in Bhutan">Agriculture in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG/220px-Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG/330px-Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG/440px-Bhutan_Field_-_IMG_3815.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Rice terraces in one of Bhutan's fertile valleys</figcaption></figure> The share of the agricultural sector in GDP declined from approximately 55% in 1985 to 33% in 2003. In 2013 the government announced the aspiration that Bhutan will become the first country in the world with 100 per cent <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> A decade later however this goal has proved elusive with just 1% of agricultural land having achieved organic status.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_red_rice" title="Bhutanese red rice">Bhutanese red rice</a> is the country's most widely known agricultural export, enjoying a market in North America and Europe. Bangladesh is the largest market of Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bhutan" title="Fishing in Bhutan">Fishing in Bhutan</a> is mainly centered on <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg/220px-BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg/330px-BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg/440px-BDFC-SDF_Bulding_Thimphu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4458" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Office of the <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> Development Fund in Thimphu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cryptocurrency">edit</a>]</div> The Thunder Dragon Kingdom became one of a handful of countries to hold over USD 1 billion worth of Bitcoin as of November 15, 2024, with around 12,206 BTC. The Himalayan nation has been able to leverage its abundant hydroelectric resources to mine Bitcoin<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a>, with the chief executive officer of Druk Holding and Investments (DHI), Ujjwal Deep Dahal, stating, "we hold assets in the form of Bitcoin and we started mining those assets in 2019 with our green hydropower." Bhutan aims to expand its Bitcoin mining capacity to 600 megawatts by 2025 in partnership with Bitdeer, a leading Nasdaq-listed technology company. According to a World Bank report, Bhutan has invested USD 539 million in cryptocurrency mining operations over the last two fiscal years, from July 2021 to June 2023. <a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> The industrial sector accounts for 22% of the economy. The key manufacturing sectors in Bhutan include production of <a href="/wiki/Ferroalloy" title="Ferroalloy">ferroalloy</a>, cement, metal poles, iron and nonalloy steel products, processed <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_conductor" title="Copper conductor">copper conductors</a>, alcoholic and carbonated <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverages</a>, processed fruits, carpets, wood products and furniture.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The production of ferrosilicon was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Damchae_Dem" title="Damchae Dem">Damchae Dem</a>, CEO of Pelden Group.<a href="#cite_note-:04-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bhutan" title="Mining in Bhutan">Mining in Bhutan</a></div> Bhutan has deposits of numerous minerals. Commercial production includes <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. The country has proven reserves of <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, graphite, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. However, the country's mineral deposits remain untapped, as it prefers to conserve the environment.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bhutan_electricity_production.svg/220px-Bhutan_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bhutan_electricity_production.svg/330px-Bhutan_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bhutan_electricity_production.svg/440px-Bhutan_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Bhutan electricity production by year</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Energy in Bhutan</a></div> Bhutan's largest export is hydroelectricity. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a>, it generates about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a> of hydropower from dams in Himalayan river valleys.<a href="#cite_note-en.prothom-alo.com-165">[163]</a> The country has a potential to generate 30,000 MW of hydropower.<a href="#cite_note-en.prothom-alo.com-165">[163]</a> Power is supplied to various states in India. Future projects are being planned with Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-en.prothom-alo.com-165">[163]</a> Hydropower has been the primary focus for the country's <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Bhutan" title="Five-Year Plans of Bhutan">five-year plans</a>. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tala_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Tala Hydroelectric Power Station">Tala Hydroelectric Power Station</a> is its largest power plant, with an installed capacity of 1,020 MW. It has received assistance from India, Austria and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> in developing hydroelectric projects. Besides hydropower, it is also endowed with significant renewable energy resources such as solar, wind and bioenergy. Technically viable solar energy generation capacity is around 12,000 MW and wind around 760 MW. More than 70% of its land is under forest cover, which is an immense source of bioenergy in the country.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_sector">Financial sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Financial sector">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Meridien_Hotel,_Thimphu_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg/220px-Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg/330px-Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg/440px-Le_Meridien_Hotel%2C_Thimphu_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="5172" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9ridien" title="Le Méridien">Le Méridien</a> <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> is part of Bhutan's burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bhutan" title="Tourism in Bhutan">tourism industry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bhutan" title="Banking in Bhutan">Banking in Bhutan</a></div> There are five commercial banks in the country and the two largest banks are the Bank of Bhutan and the Bhutan National Bank which are based in Thimphu. Other commercial banks are Bhutan Development Bank, T-Bank and Druk Punjab National Bank. The country's financial sector is also supported by other non-banking Financial Institutions. They are Royal Insurance Corporation of Bhutan (RICB), National Pension and Provident Fund (NPPF), and Bhutan Insurance Limited (BIL). The central bank of the country is the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan (RMA). The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Securities_Exchange_of_Bhutan" title="Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan">Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> Development Fund is based in Thimphu.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bhutan" title="Tourism in Bhutan">Tourism in Bhutan</a></div> In 2014, Bhutan welcomed 133,480 foreign visitors.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Bhutan is a high-value destination. It imposes a daily sustainable development fee of US$100 a day on all nationals except Indians, Maldivians, and Bangladeshis.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Indians can apply for a permit to enter Bhutan which costs 1,200 INR per day (about US$14 in 2024). The industry employs 21,000 people and accounts for 1.8% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> The country currently has no <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, but it has eight declared tentative sites for UNESCO inclusion since 2012. These sites include: Ancient Ruin of <a href="/wiki/Drukgyel_Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukgyel Dzong">Drukgyel Dzong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bumdelling_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumdelling Wildlife Sanctuary">Bumdelling Wildlife Sanctuary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dzongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongs">Dzongs</a>: the centre of temporal and religious authorities (<a href="/wiki/Punakha_Dzong" title="Punakha Dzong">Punakha Dzong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangdue Phodrang Dzong">Wangdue Phodrang Dzong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paro_Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Dzong">Paro Dzong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trongsa_Dzong" title="Trongsa Dzong">Trongsa Dzong</a> and Dagana Dzong),<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park" title="Jigme Dorji National Park">Jigme Dorji National Park</a> (JDNP),<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Manas_National_Park" title="Royal Manas National Park">Royal Manas National Park</a> (RMNP),<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Sacred Sites associated with <a href="/wiki/Phajo_Drugom_Zhigpo" title="Phajo Drugom Zhigpo">Phajo Drugom Zhigpo</a> and his descendants,<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakteng_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary">Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary</a> (SWS),<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamzhing_Monastery" title="Tamzhing Monastery">Tamzhing Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Bhutan also has numerous tourist sites that are not included in its UNESCO tentative list. Bhutan has one element, the Mask dance of the drums from Drametse, registered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Transport in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paro_day_1-58_(8202279871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg/220px-Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg/330px-Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg/440px-Paro_day_1-58_%288202279871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Druk_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Air">Drukair</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A319" title="Airbus A319">Airbus A319</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">Paro Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">Paro Airport</a> is the only international airport in Bhutan. National carrier <a href="/wiki/Drukair" title="Drukair">Drukair</a> operates flights between Paro Airport and <a href="/wiki/Bathpalathang_Airport" title="Bathpalathang Airport">Bathpalathang Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakar" title="Jakar">Jakar</a> (Bumthang Dzongkhag), central Bhutan, <a href="/wiki/Gelephu_Airport" title="Gelephu Airport">Gelephu Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gelephu" title="Gelephu">Gelephu</a> (Sarpang Dzongkhag) in the south and <a href="/wiki/Yongphulla_Airport" title="Yongphulla Airport">Yongphulla Airport</a> in the east (Trashigang Dzongkhag) on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_Road" title="Lateral Road">Lateral Road</a> is Bhutan's primary east–west corridor, connecting the towns of <a href="/wiki/Phuentsholing" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuentsholing">Phuentsholing</a> in the southwest to <a href="/wiki/Trashigang" title="Trashigang">Trashigang</a> in the east. Notable settlements that the Lateral Road runs through directly are <a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang" title="Wangdue Phodrang">Wangdue Phodrang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trongsa" title="Trongsa">Trongsa</a>. The Lateral Road also has spurs connecting to the capital <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Population_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Population center">population centers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punakha" title="Punakha">Punakha</a>. As with other roads in Bhutan, the Lateral Road presents serious safety concerns due to pavement conditions, sheer drops, hairpin turns, weather, and landslides.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Since 2014, road widening has been a priority across Bhutan, in particular for the north-east–west highway from Trashigang to Dochula. The widening project is expected to be completed by the end of 2017 and will make road travel across the country substantially faster and more efficient. In addition, it is projected that the improved road conditions will encourage more tourism in the more inaccessible eastern region of Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Currently, the road conditions appear to be deterring tourists from visiting Bhutan due to the increased instances of road blocks, landslides, and dust disruption caused by the widening project.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Although Bhutan currently has no railways, it has entered into an agreement with India to link southern Bhutan to India's vast network by constructing an 18-kilometre-long (11 mi), <a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">5 ft 6 in</a> (1,676 mm) <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> rail link between <a href="/wiki/Hasimara" title="Hasimara">Hasimara</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelephu" title="Gelephu">Gelephu</a> in Bhutan. The construction of the railway via Satali, Bharna Bari and Dalsingpara by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> will be funded by India.<a href="#cite_note-times2009-189">[187]</a> Bhutan's nearest railway station is Hasimara. The planned Gelephu Green city will be linked by railway, connecting Indian state of Assam <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Demographics of Bhutan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">224,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">413,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+84.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">536,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">509,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">650,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+27.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">735,553</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Bhutan had a population of 777,486 people in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-6">[6]</a> Bhutan has a median age of 24.8 years.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> There are 1,070 males to every 1,000 females. The literacy rate in Bhutan is around 66%.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Ethnic groups in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bhutanese_people.jpg/233px-Bhutanese_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bhutanese_people.jpg/350px-Bhutanese_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bhutanese_people.jpg/466px-Bhutanese_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bhutanese people in national dress at the <a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang" title="Wangdue Phodrang">Wangdi Phodrang festival</a></figcaption></figure>Bhutanese people primarily consist of the <a href="/wiki/Ngalop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngalop">Ngalops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharchop_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharchop people">Sharchops</a>, called the Western Bhutanese and Eastern Bhutanese respectively. Although the <a href="/wiki/Sharchops" title="Sharchops">Sharchops</a> are slightly larger in demographic size, the Ngalops dominate the political sphere, as the King and the political elite belong to this group.<a href="#cite_note-growup3-192">[190]</a> The Ngalops primarily consist of Bhutanese living in the western part of the country. Their culture is closely related to that of Tibet. Much the same could be said of the Sharchops, the largest group, who traditionally follow the <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingmapa</a> rather than the official <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kagyu" title="Drukpa Kagyu">Drukpa Kagyu</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. In modern times, with improved transportation infrastructure, there has been much intermarriage between these groups. The <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a>, meaning "southerner Bhutanese", are a heterogeneous group of mostly <a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepalese</a> ancestry who have sought political and cultural recognition including equality in right to abode, language, and dress. Unofficial estimates claimed that they constituted 45% of the population in the 1988 census.<a href="#cite_note-bns-193">[191]</a> Starting in the 1980s, Bhutan adopted a policy of "One Nation One People" to exert cultural (in language, dress and religion) and political dominance of the majority Drukpa people.<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan_Is_No_Shangri-La-133">[131]</a> The policy manifested in banning of teaching of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> language in schools and denial of citizenship to those who were not able to prove officially issued land holding title prior to 1950<a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-134">[132]</a> specifically targeting ethnic Nepali-speaking minority groups ("Lhotshampa"), representing one-third of the population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Bhutan_insurgencies-135">[133]</a> This resulted in widespread unrest and political demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes.com-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar.umd.edu-136">[134]</a> In 1988, the Bhutanese authorities carried out a special census<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-137">[135]</a> in southern Bhutan, region of high Lhotshampa population, resulting in mass denationalisation of Lhotshampas, followed by forcible deportation of 107,000 Lhotshampas, approximately one-sixth of the total population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Director,_Refugee_and_Migrant_Right-139">[137]</a> Those who had been granted citizenship by the <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1958" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958">1958 Nationality Law</a> were stripped of their citizenship. Members of Bhutanese police and army were involved in burning of Lhotshampa houses, land confiscation and other widespread human rights abuses including arrest, torture and rape of Lhotshampas involved in political protests.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Bhutanese_Refugee_Si-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-141">[139]</a> Following forcible deportation from Bhutan, Lhotshampas spent almost two decades in refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and were resettled in various western countries such as the United States between 2007 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Lhotshampas-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cities and towns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan" title="List of cities in Bhutan">List of cities in Bhutan</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, the largest city and capital of Bhutan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damphu,_Tsirang" title="Damphu, Tsirang">Damphu</a>, the administrative headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang District</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakar" title="Jakar">Jakar</a>, the administrative headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang District</a> and the place where Buddhism entered Bhutan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongar" title="Mongar">Mongar</a>, the eastern commercial hub of the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a>, site of the <a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">international airport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuentsholing" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuentsholing">Phuentsholing</a>, Bhutan's commercial hub.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punakha" title="Punakha">Punakha</a>, the old capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar" title="Samdrup Jongkhar">Samdrup Jongkhar</a>, the southeastern town on the border with India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashigang" title="Trashigang">Trashigang</a>, administrative headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang District</a>, the most populous district in the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trongsa" title="Trongsa">Trongsa</a>, in central Bhutan, which has the largest and the most magnificent of all the <a href="/wiki/Dzongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongs">dzongs</a> in Bhutan.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Bhutan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2017 Census<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan" title="List of cities in Bhutan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">District</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thimphu"><img alt="Thimphu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG/120px-Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG/180px-Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG/240px-Thimpu_Bazar_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Phuentsoling-051215.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Phuntsholing"><img alt="Phuntsholing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phuentsoling-051215.JPG/120px-Phuentsoling-051215.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phuentsoling-051215.JPG/180px-Phuentsoling-051215.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phuentsoling-051215.JPG/240px-Phuentsoling-051215.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phuntsholing" title="Phuntsholing">Phuntsholing</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thimphu_District" title="Thimphu District">Thimphu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,551 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Paro,_Bhutan_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paro"><img alt="Paro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/180px-Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/240px-Paro%2C_Bhutan_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phuntsholing" title="Phuntsholing">Phuntsholing</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paro_District" title="Paro District">Paro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gelephu" title="Gelephu">Gelephu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sarpang_District" title="Sarpang District">Sarpang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,858 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar" title="Samdrup Jongkhar">Samdrup Jongkhar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar_District" title="Samdrup Jongkhar District">Samdrup Jongkhar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang" title="Wangdue Phodrang">Wangdue Phodrang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District" title="Wangdue Phodrang District">Wangdue Phodrang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punakha" title="Punakha">Punakha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punakha_District" title="Punakha District">Punakha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jakar" title="Jakar">Jakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,243 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nganglam" title="Nganglam">Nganglam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pemagatshel_District" title="Pemagatshel District">Pemagatshel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,418 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samtse" title="Samtse">Samtse</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samtse_District" title="Samtse District">Samtse</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,396 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 583.79700587526px; border-left-color:Darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Darkorange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.982235238081px 1.8848439715408px 0 0; border-top-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Bhutan (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">PewResearch</a>) 2020<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (74.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (22.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Religion in Bhutan</a></div> It is estimated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of the Bhutanese population follow <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, which is also the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> accounts for less than 12% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-USDOS-197">[195]</a> The current legal framework in principle guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a>, however, is forbidden by a royal government decision<a href="#cite_note-USDOS-197">[195]</a> and by judicial interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Buddhism was introduced to Bhutan in 746 AD, when Guru <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang District</a>. Tibetan king <a href="/wiki/Songts%C3%A4n_Gampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Songtsän Gampo">Songtsän Gampo</a> (reigned 627–649), a convert to Buddhism, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, at <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumthang (town)">Bumthang</a> in central Bhutan and at Kyichu Lhakhang (near <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Paro_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Valley">Paro Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CS1-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:352px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:#F4E2BA;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Bhutan_with_labels.svg" title="File:Languages of Bhutan with labels.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/350px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/525px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/700px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_50x65" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:65px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></div> <div id="annotation_149x73" style="position:absolute; left:149px; top:73px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a></div> <div id="annotation_174x16" style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:16px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></div> <div id="annotation_204x42" style="position:absolute; left:204px; top:42px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></div> <div id="annotation_231x28" style="position:absolute; left:231px; top:28px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khams Tibetan language">Khampa Tibetan</a></div> <div id="annotation_122x42" style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:42px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></div> <div id="annotation_100x81" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:81px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nyenkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyenkha">Nyenkha</a></div> <div id="annotation_136x91" style="position:absolute; left:136px; top:91px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%27Olekha" class="mw-redirect" title="'Olekha">'Olekha (Monpa)</a></div> <div id="annotation_165x56" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:56px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></div> <div id="annotation_207x61" style="position:absolute; left:207px; top:61px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Chocangacakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangacakha">Chocangacakha</a></div> <div id="annotation_213x90" style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></div> <div id="annotation_222x80" style="position:absolute; left:222px; top:80px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa</a></div> <div id="annotation_275x75" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:75px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></div> <div id="annotation_264x138" style="position:absolute; left:264px; top:138px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></div> <div id="annotation_10x118" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:118px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></div> <div id="annotation_120x123" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:123px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></div> <div id="annotation_53x113" style="position:absolute; left:53px; top:113px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></div> <div id="annotation_58x126" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:126px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></div> <div id="annotation_165x111" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:111px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></div> <div id="annotation_192x119" style="position:absolute; left:192px; top:119px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></div> <div id="annotation_228x100" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:100px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">(Sharchopkha)</a></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Bhutan_with_labels.svg" title="File:Languages of Bhutan with labels.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/350px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/525px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Languages_of_Bhutan.svg/700px-Languages_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div> </div></div> The national language is <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese), one of 53 languages in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan language</a> family. The script, locally called Chhokey (literally, "Dharma language"), is identical to classical Tibetan. In Bhutan's education system, English is the medium of instruction, while Dzongkha is taught as the national language. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> lists 24 languages currently spoken in Bhutan, all of them in the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> family, except <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIDCM-122">[120]</a> Until the 1980s, the government sponsored the teaching of Nepali in schools in southern Bhutan. With the adoption of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Driglam_Namzhag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Driglam Namzhag (page does not exist)">Driglam Namzhag</a> (Bhutanese code of etiquette) and its expansion into the idea of strengthening the role of Dzongkha, Nepali was dropped from the curriculum. The languages of Bhutan are still not well characterized, and several have yet to be recorded in an in-depth academic grammar. Before the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a> (Nepali-speaking community), mainly based in southern Bhutan, constituted approximately 30% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CIDCM-122">[120]</a> However, after a purge of Lhotshampas from 1990 to 1992 this number might not accurately reflect the current population. Dzongkha is partially intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a> and spoken natively by 25% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a>, the language of the Sharchop and the principal pre-Tibetan language of Bhutan, is spoken by a greater number of people. It is not easily classified and may constitute an independent branch of Tibeto-Burman. <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> speakers constituted some 40% of the population as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit">[update]</a>. The larger minority languages are <a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a> (11%), <a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a> (8%), and <a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Rai</a> (8%). There are no reliable sources for the ethnic or linguistic composition of Bhutan, so these numbers do not add up to 100%. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan" title="Health in Bhutan">Health in Bhutan</a></div> Bhutan has a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 70.2 years (69.9 for males and 70.5 for females) according to the latest data for 2016 from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Basic healthcare in Bhutan is free, as provided by the Constitution of Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-CoBE-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Education in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg/220px-ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg/330px-ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg/440px-ILCS_Campus_Tagse_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The ILCS Campus Taktse Bhutan</figcaption></figure> Historically, education in Bhutan was <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> school education for the general population introduced in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[200]</a> The mountainous landscape poses barriers to integrated educational services.<a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[200]</a> Today, Bhutan has two decentralised universities with eleven constituent colleges spread across the kingdom. These are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Bhutan" title="Royal University of Bhutan">Royal University of Bhutan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khesar_Gyalpo_University_of_Medical_Sciences_of_Bhutan" title="Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan">Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan</a>, respectively. The first <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Bhutan" title="Five-Year Plans of Bhutan">five-year plan</a> provided for a central education authority—in the form of a director of education appointed in 1961—and an organised, modern school system with free and universal primary education. <a href="/wiki/Education_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Education program">Education programmes</a> were given a boost in 1990, when the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (see Glossary) granted a US$7.13 million loan for staff training and development, specialist services, equipment and furniture purchases, salaries and other recurrent costs, and facility rehabilitation and construction at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bhutan Polytechnic">Royal Bhutan Polytechnic</a>. Since the beginning of modern education in Bhutan, teachers from India—especially <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>—have served in some of the most remote villages of Bhutan. Thus, 43 retired teachers who had served for the longest length of time were personally invited to <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, Bhutan during the Teachers' Day celebrations in 2018, where they were honoured and individually thanked by His Majesty <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a>. To celebrate 50 years of diplomatic relations between Bhutan and India, Bhutan's Education Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jai_Bir_Rai" title="Jai Bir Rai">Jai Bir Rai</a>, honoured 80 retired teachers who served in Bhutan at a special ceremony organised at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India, on 6 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Currently, there are 121 teachers from India placed in schools across Bhutan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Culture of Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg/170px-Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg/255px-Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg/340px-Bhutanese_thanka_of_Mt._Meru_and_the_Buddhist_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Thanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanka">thanka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Meru (mythology)">Mt. Meru</a> and the Buddhist universe (19th century, <a href="/wiki/Trongsa" title="Trongsa">Trongsa Dzong</a>, Trongsa, Bhutan)</figcaption></figure> Bhutan has a rich and unique cultural heritage that has largely remained intact because of its isolation from the rest of the world until the mid-20th century. One of the main attractions for tourists is the country's culture and traditions. Bhutanese tradition is deeply steeped in its Buddhist heritage.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the second most dominant religion in Bhutan, being most prevalent in the southern regions.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The government is increasingly making efforts to preserve and sustain the current culture and traditions of the country. Because of its largely unspoiled natural environment and cultural heritage, Bhutan has been referred to as The Last <a href="/wiki/Shangri-La" title="Shangri-La">Shangri-La</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> While Bhutanese citizens are free to travel abroad, Bhutan is viewed as inaccessible by many foreigners. Another reason for it being an unpopular destination is the cost, which is high for tourists on tighter budgets. Entry is free for citizens of India, Bangladesh, and the Maldives, but all other foreigners are required to sign up with a Bhutanese tour operator and pay around US$250 per day that they stay in the country, though this fee covers most travel, lodging and meal expenses.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Bhutan received 37,482 visitor arrivals in 2011, of which 25% were for meetings, incentives, conferencing, and exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Bhutan was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans#Bhutan" title="List of smoking bans">first nation in the world</a> to ban <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. It was illegal to smoke in public or sell tobacco, according to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Control_Act_of_Bhutan_2010" title="Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010">Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010</a>. Violators are fined the equivalent of $232—a month's salary in Bhutan. In 2021, this was reversed with the new Tobacco Control Act 2021 to allow for the import and sale of tobacco products to stamp out cross-border smuggling of tobacco products during the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dress">edit</a>]</div> The national dress for Bhutanese men is the <a href="/wiki/Gho" title="Gho">gho</a>, a knee-length robe tied at the waist by a cloth belt known as the kera. Women wear an ankle-length dress, the <a href="/wiki/Kira_(dress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kira (dress)">kira</a>, which is clipped at the shoulders with two identical brooches called the koma and tied at the waist with kera. An accompaniment to the kira is a long-sleeved blouse, the "wonju", which is worn underneath the kira. A long-sleeved, jacket-like garment called the "toego" is worn over the kira. The sleeves of the wonju and the tego are folded together at the cuffs, inside out. Social status and class determine the textures, colours, and decorations that embellish the garments.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">Jewellery</a> is commonly worn by women, especially during religious festivals ("<a href="/wiki/Tsechu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsechu">tsechus</a>") and public gatherings. To strengthen Bhutan's identity as an independent country, Bhutanese law requires all Bhutanese government employees to wear the national dress at work and all citizens to wear the national dress while visiting schools and other government offices, though many citizens, particularly adults, choose to wear the customary dress as formal attire. Varicolored scarves, known as rachu for women and <a href="/wiki/Kabney" title="Kabney">kabney</a> for men, are important indicators of social standing, as Bhutan has traditionally been a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> society; in particular, red is the most common colour worn by women. The "Bura Maap" (Red Scarf) is one of highest honours a Bhutanese civilian can receive. It, as well as the title of <a href="/wiki/Dasho" title="Dasho">Dasho</a>, comes from the throne in recognition of an individual's outstanding service to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> On previous occasions, the King himself conferred Bura Maaps to outstanding individuals such as the Director General of Department Hydropower and Power System, Yeshi Wangdi, the Deputy Chairperson of National Council, Dasho Dr. Sonam Kinga, and former National Assembly Speaker, Dasho Ugyen Dorji.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Bbs.bt_October_15_2020c-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg/220px-National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg/330px-National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg/440px-National_Library-Thimphu-Bhutan-2008_01_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The National Library of Bhutan during snowfall</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bhutan" title="Architecture of Bhutan">Architecture of Bhutan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese architecture">Bhutanese architecture</a> remains distinctively traditional, employing <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> construction methods, stone masonry, and intricate woodwork around windows and roofs. Traditional architecture uses no nails or iron bars in construction.<a href="#cite_note-LP-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc98-215">[213]</a> Characteristic of the region is a type of castle fortress known as the <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">dzong</a>. Since ancient times, the dzongs have served as the religious and secular <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative centers</a> for their respective districts.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a> in the United States has adopted Bhutanese architecture for its buildings on campus, as have the nearby Hilton Garden Inn and other buildings in the city of El Paso.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public holidays">edit</a>]</div> Bhutan has <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bhutan" title="Public holidays in Bhutan">numerous public holidays</a>, most of which coincide with traditional, seasonal, secular or religious festivals. They include the winter solstice (around 1 January, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>),<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Lunar New Year (February or March),<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> the King's birthday and the anniversary of his coronation, the official end of <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season (22 September),<a href="#cite_note-RCSC-220">[218]</a> National Day (17 December),<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> celebrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bhutan">Media of Bhutan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_industry">Film industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Film industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Cinema of Bhutan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg/170px-Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg/255px-Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg/340px-Bhutan-masked-dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Chaam, sacred masked dances, are annually performed during religious festivals.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Music of Bhutan</a></div> Dance dramas and masked dances such as the <a href="/wiki/Cham_dance" title="Cham dance">Cham dance</a> are common traditional features at festivals, usually accompanied by traditional music. At these events, dancers depict heroes, demons, <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">dæmons</a>, death heads, animals, gods, and caricatures of common people by wearing colourful wooden or composition face masks and stylised costumes. The dancers enjoy royal patronage, and preserve ancient folk and religious customs and perpetuate the ancient lore and art of mask-making. The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">music of Bhutan</a> can generally be divided into traditional and modern varieties; traditional music comprises religious and folk genres, the latter including <a href="/wiki/Zhungdra" title="Zhungdra">zhungdra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boedra" title="Boedra">boedra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-222">[220]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Rigsar" title="Rigsar">rigsar</a> is played on a mix of traditional instruments and electronic keyboards, and dates back to the early 1990s; it shows the influence of Indian popular music, a hybrid form of traditional and Western popular influences.<a href="#cite_note-k1-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_structure">Family structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Family structure">edit</a>]</div> In Bhutanese families, inheritance generally passes <a href="/wiki/Matrilineally" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineally">matrilineally</a> through the female rather than the male line. Daughters will inherit their parents' house. A man is expected to make his own way in the world and often moves to his wife's home. <a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love marriages</a> are more common in urban areas, but the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> among acquainted families is still prevalent in most of the rural areas. Although uncommon, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> is accepted, often being a device to keep property in a contained family unit rather than dispersing it.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> The previous king, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a>, who abdicated in 2006, had four queens, all of whom are sisters. The current king, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a>, wed <a href="/wiki/Jetsun_Pema_(born_1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetsun Pema (born 1990)">Jetsun Pema</a>, then 21, a commoner and daughter of a pilot, on 13 October 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg/220px-Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg/330px-Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg/440px-Bhutanese_red_rice_with_chicken_and_spinach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Traditional dish with lemon glazed chicken, sauteed spinach and steamed Bhutanese red rice</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_red_rice" title="Bhutanese red rice">red rice</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, and increasingly <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, are the staples of <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese cuisine</a>. The local diet also includes pork, beef, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a> meat, chicken, and lamb. Soups and stews of meat and dried vegetables spiced with chilies and cheese are prepared. <a href="/wiki/Ema_datshi" title="Ema datshi">Ema datshi</a>, made very spicy with cheese and chilies, might be called the national dish for its ubiquity and the pride that Bhutanese have for it. Dairy foods, particularly butter and cheese from yaks and cows, are also popular, and indeed almost all milk is turned into butter and cheese. Popular beverages include <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">butter tea</a>, black tea, locally brewed <a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">ara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>), and beer.<a href="#cite_note-LP-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bhutan" title="Sports in Bhutan">Sports in Bhutan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan_archery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan_archery.jpg/220px-Bhutan_archery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan_archery.jpg/330px-Bhutan_archery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bhutan_archery.jpg/440px-Bhutan_archery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changlimithang_Stadium" title="Changlimithang Stadium">Changlimithang Stadium</a> during a parade</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg/220px-Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg/330px-Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg/440px-Taekwondo_YOG_2018_Girls_49kg_BHU-VIE_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> between Bhutan and Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_Archers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bhutanese_Archers.JPG/220px-Bhutanese_Archers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bhutanese_Archers.JPG/330px-Bhutanese_Archers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bhutanese_Archers.JPG/440px-Bhutanese_Archers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Bhutanese archery competition</figcaption></figure> Bhutan's national and most popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-impress_BHUTAN-226">[224]</a> Competitions are held regularly in most villages. It differs from <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> standards in technical details such as the placement of the targets and atmosphere. Two targets are placed over 100 metres (330 ft) apart, and teams shoot from one end of the field to the other. Each member of the team shoots two arrows per round. Traditional Bhutanese archery is a social event, and competitions are organised between villages, towns, and amateur teams. There is usually plenty of food and drink complete with singing and dancing. Attempts to distract an opponent include standing around the target and making fun of the shooter's ability. <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">Darts</a> (khuru) is an equally popular outdoor team sport, in which heavy wooden darts pointed with a 10 cm (3.9 in) nail are thrown at a paperback-sized target 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) away. Another traditional sport is the <a href="/wiki/Digor_(sports)" title="Digor (sports)">Digor</a>, which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoes_(game)" title="Horseshoes (game)">horseshoe throwing</a>. Another popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-impress_BHUTAN-226">[224]</a> In 2002, Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_national_football_team" title="Bhutan national football team">national football team</a> played <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_national_football_team" title="Montserrat national football team">Montserrat</a>, in what was billed as <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Final" title="The Other Final">The Other Final</a>; the match took place on the same day Brazil played Germany in the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 FIFA World Cup Final">World Cup final</a>, but at the time Bhutan and Montserrat were the world's two lowest ranked teams. The match was held in Thimphu's <a href="/wiki/Changlimithang_Stadium" title="Changlimithang Stadium">Changlimithang National Stadium</a>, and Bhutan won 4–0. A documentary of the match was made by the Dutch filmmaker Johan Kramer. In 2015, Bhutan won its first two FIFA World Cup Qualifying matches, beating <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_football_team" title="Sri Lanka national football team">Sri Lanka</a> 1–0 in Sri Lanka and 2–1 in Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> has also gained popularity in Bhutan, particularly since the introduction of television channels from India. The <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_national_cricket_team" title="Bhutan national cricket team">Bhutan national cricket team</a> is one of the most successful affiliate nations in the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_the_workforce">Women in the workforce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Women in the workforce">edit</a>]</div> Women have begun to participate more in the work force and their participation is one of the highest in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:13-116">[114]</a> However, the unemployment rates among women are still higher than those of men and women are in more unsecure work fields, such as agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-:3-228">[226]</a> Most of the work that women do outside of the home is in family-based agriculture which is insecure and is one of the reasons why women are falling behind men when it comes to income.<a href="#cite_note-:13-116">[114]</a> Women also, in general, work lower-quality jobs than men and only earn 75% of men's earnings.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_the_household">Women in the household</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Women in the household">edit</a>]</div> Rooted deep in Bhutan culture is the idea of selflessness and the women of Bhutan take on this role in the context of the household.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Nearly 1/4 of all women have reported experiencing some form of violence from their husband or partner.<a href="#cite_note-:3-228">[226]</a> Some Bhutanese communities have what is referred to as matrilineal communities, where the eldest daughter receives the largest share of the land.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> This is due to the belief that she will stay and take care of her parents while the son will move out and work to get his own land and for his own family.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> Importantly, land ownership does not necessarily equate to economic benefits – despite the eldest daughter having control of the house, it is the husband that is in charge of making decisions.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> However, the younger generation has stepped away from this belief, in splitting the land evenly between the children instead of the eldest daughter inheriting the most land.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_health">Women's health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Women's health">edit</a>]</div> Throughout Bhutan, there has been an improvement in reproductive health services that has led to a drastic drop in maternal mortality rate, dropping from 1,000 in 1990 to 180 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] There has also been an increase in contraceptive use from less than 1/3 in 2003 to 2/3 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:03-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles" title="Index of Bhutan-related articles">Index of Bhutan-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bhutan" title="Outline of Bhutan">Outline of Bhutan</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pew2010-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pew2010_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Buddhist+World%3A+a+Christian+Prayer+Diary&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-361-9&rft.aulast=Hattaway&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzEOKNPsv2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rennie-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Rennie_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennieMason2008" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC">Bhutan: Ways of Knowing</a>. IAP. pp. 18, 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-734-4"><bdi>978-1-59311-734-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124717/https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.pages=18%2C+58&rft.pub=IAP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59311-734-4&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Mason%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHAnAtNrUQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBB-40"><a href="#cite_ref-HBB_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorji1994" class="citation book cs1">Dorji, C. T. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ">History of Bhutan Based on Buddhism</a>. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86239-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86239-01-8"><bdi>978-81-86239-01-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124718/https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bhutan+Based+on+Buddhism&rft.pub=Sangay+Xam%2C+Prominent+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-86239-01-8&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyA9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2003" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Sarah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC">The Life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa</a>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-194-8"><bdi>978-1-55939-194-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124718/https://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Revelations+of+Pema+Lingpa&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-194-8&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlxdncBwpbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS4-42"><a href="#cite_ref-CS4_42-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt">Bhutan: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. Rivalry among the Sects.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Rivalry+among+the+Sects&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Robert+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oclarim.com.mo/todas/bengala-e-o-reino-do-dragao-37/">"Bengala e o Reino do Dragão – 37"</a>. O clarim. 20 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921085406/http://www.oclarim.com.mo/todas/bengala-e-o-reino-do-dragao-37/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O+clarim&rft.atitle=Bengala+e+o+Reino+do+Drag%C3%A3o+%E2%80%93+37&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclarim.com.mo%2Ftodas%2Fbengala-e-o-reino-do-dragao-37%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Cacella, Estêvão. Trans. by Baillie, Luiza Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_01_01_01.pdf">"Report which Father Estevao Cacella of the Society of Jesus Sent to Father Alberto Laercio, Provincial of the Province of Malabar of East India, about His Journey to Cathay, until He Came to the Kingdom of Bhotanta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125134942/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_01_01_01.pdf">Archived</a> 25 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1627). Retrieved 28 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_Phuntsho2013" class="citation book cs1">Karma Phuntsho (2013). The History of Bhutan. Random House India. pp. 224–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184003116" title="Special:BookSources/9788184003116"><bdi>9788184003116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bhutan&rft.pages=224-227&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788184003116&rft.au=Karma+Phuntsho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LP-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LP_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownArmington2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lindsay; Armington, Stan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC">Bhutan</a>. Country Guides (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. pp. 26, 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-529-2"><bdi>978-1-74059-529-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124718/https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan&rft.series=Country+Guides&rft.pages=26%2C+36&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-529-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft.au=Armington%2C+Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-L8NUlW_QgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomplun2009" class="citation book cs1">Pomplun, Trent (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitonroofofwo0000pomp">Jesuit on the Roof of the World: Ippolito Desideri's Mission to Eighteenth-Century Tibet</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitonroofofwo0000pomp/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537786-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537786-6"><bdi>978-0-19-537786-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesuit+on+the+Roof+of+the+World%3A+Ippolito+Desideri%27s+Mission+to+Eighteenth-Century+Tibet&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537786-6&rft.aulast=Pomplun&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesuitonroofofwo0000pomp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS3-48"><a href="#cite_ref-CS3_48-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt">Bhutan: A Country Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Administrative+Integration+and+Conflict+with+Tibet%2C+1651-1728&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Robert+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-CS2_49-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L (1991). 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Routledge. p. 1496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87327-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87327-1"><bdi>978-1-135-87327-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124721/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nineteenth-Century+Photography&rft.pages=1496&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-87327-1&rft.aulast=Hannavy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKd5cAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic.oup.com-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hutt, Michael (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/9/4/397/1546497?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Ethnic Nationalism, Refugees and Bhutan"</a>. Journal of Refugee Studies. 9 (4): 397–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F9.4.397">10.1093/jrs/9.4.397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6328">0951-6328</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022092102/https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/9/4/397/1546497?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Nationalism%2C+Refugees+and+Bhutan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=397-420&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2F9.4.397&rft.issn=0951-6328&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjrs%2Farticle-abstract%2F9%2F4%2F397%2F1546497%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316659138">"Language policy in Bhutan"</a> (PDF). Researchgate.net. January 1994. 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Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikkim+and+Bhutan&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Vikas+Publications%2C+Indian+Council+for+Cultural+Relations&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Coelho&rft.aufirst=V.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKD0KAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-impress_BHUTAN-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impress_BHUTAN_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-impress_BHUTAN_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impressbhutan.com/sports.html">"Bhutan at Play"</a>. Impress BHUTAN Travel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121183235/http://www.impressbhutan.com/sports.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhutan+at+Play&rft.pub=Impress+BHUTAN+Travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.impressbhutan.com%2Fsports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://screamer.deadspin.com/bhutan-wins-again-a-match-report-from-a-deadspin-reade-1692295717">"Bhutan Wins Again! A Match Report from a Deadspin Reader in Bhutan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320213421/http://screamer.deadspin.com/bhutan-wins-again-a-match-report-from-a-deadspin-reade-1692295717">Archived</a> 20 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Screamer.deadspin.com. Retrieved on 4 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/news/bhutan-gains-ground-gender-equality-challenges-remain-key-areas">"Bhutan Gains Ground on Gender Equality But Challenges Remain in Key Areas"</a>. The Asian Development Bank. 25 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223339/https://www.adb.org/news/bhutan-gains-ground-gender-equality-challenges-remain-key-areas">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhutan+Gains+Ground+on+Gender+Equality+But+Challenges+Remain+in+Key+Areas&rft.pub=The+Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fnews%2Fbhutan-gains-ground-gender-equality-challenges-remain-key-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_229-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/316309530/Bhutan-Gender-Policy-Note">"Bhutan Gender Policy Note | Gender Pay Gap | Gender Role"</a>. Scribd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133458/https://www.scribd.com/doc/316309530/Bhutan-Gender-Policy-Note">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Bhutan+Gender+Policy+Note+%26%23124%3B+Gender+Pay+Gap+%26%23124%3B+Gender+Role&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F316309530%2FBhutan-Gender-Policy-Note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayaramPick2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dayaram, Kandy; Pick, David (22 June 2012). "Entangled between tradition and modernity: the experiences of Bhutanese working women". Society and Business Review. 7 (2): 134–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17465681211237600">10.1108/17465681211237600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+and+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Entangled+between+tradition+and+modernity%3A+the+experiences+of+Bhutanese+working+women&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-148&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17465681211237600&rft.aulast=Dayaram&rft.aufirst=Kandy&rft.au=Pick%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/buːˈtɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7e\/En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg/En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Bhutan-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">boo-TAHN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>: འབྲུག་ཡུལ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Dzongkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Dzongkha">romanized</a>: Druk Yul, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʈȕk̚.y̏ː]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Dzongkha: འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ, romanized: Druk Gyal Khap. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.P._Agarwala2003" class="citation book cs1">A.P. Agarwala (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC">Sikkim and Bhutan</a>. Nest and Wings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-008-4"><bdi>978-81-7824-008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikkim+and+Bhutan&rft.pub=Nest+and+Wings&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-008-4&rft.au=A.P.+Agarwala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnw-2sU1KMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Aris, Michael. Bhutan: the early history of a Himalayan Kingdom (Aris & Phillips, 1979).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bothe, Winnie (28 January 2015). "In the name of king, country, and people on the Westminster model and Bhutan's constitutional transition". Democratization. 22 (7): 1338–1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2014.959437">10.1080/13510347.2014.959437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143529082">143529082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=In+the+name+of+king%2C+country%2C+and+people+on+the+Westminster+model+and+Bhutan%27s+constitutional+transition&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1338-1361&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2014.959437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143529082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bothe&rft.aufirst=Winnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Givel, Michael (21 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/434">"Mahayana Buddhism and Gross National Happiness in Bhutan"</a>. International Journal of Wellbeing. 5 (2): 14–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5502%2Fijw.v5i2.2">10.5502/ijw.v5i2.2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618024846/https://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/434">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Wellbeing&rft.atitle=Mahayana+Buddhism+and+Gross+National+Happiness+in+Bhutan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=14-27&rft.date=2015-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5502%2Fijw.v5i2.2&rft.aulast=Givel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org%2Findex.php%2Fijow%2Farticle%2Fview%2F434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmaniBajracharyaTenzingWangyal2007" class="citation book cs1">Osmani, Siddiqur R.; Bajracharya, B. B.; Tenzing, S.; Wangyal, T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143237/http://www.bt.undp.org/assets/files/publication/Macroeco_cs_for_Bhutan.pdf">Macroeconomics of Poverty Reduction: The Case Study of Bhutan</a> (PDF). p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-1416-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-1416-00-3"><bdi>978-955-1416-00-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.undp.org/assets/files/publication/Macroeco_cs_for_Bhutan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics+of+Poverty+Reduction%3A+The+Case+Study+of+Bhutan&rft.pages=302&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-1416-00-3&rft.aulast=Osmani&rft.aufirst=Siddiqur+R.&rft.au=Bajracharya%2C+B.+B.&rft.au=Tenzing%2C+S.&rft.au=Wangyal%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.undp.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2FMacroeco_cs_for_Bhutan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_Phuntsho2013" class="citation book cs1">Karma Phuntsho (2013). The History of Bhutan. Nodia: Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184003116" title="Special:BookSources/9788184003116"><bdi>9788184003116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bhutan&rft.place=Nodia&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788184003116&rft.au=Karma+Phuntsho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rizal, Dhurba. The Royal Semi-authoritarian Democracy of Bhutan (Lexington Books, 2015).</li> <li>Robles, Chelsea M. Education and Society in Bhutan: Tradition and Modernisation (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Leo. The Nepali Ethnic Community in the Northeast of the Subcontinent. University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nepali+Ethnic+Community+in+the+Northeast+of+the+Subcontinent&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rose, Leo E. The politics of Bhutan (Cornell University Press, 1977).</li> <li>Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar. Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation (Indus Publishing, 2001).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangchhuk2008" class="citation book cs1">Wangchhuk, Lily (2008). Facts About Bhutan: The Land of the Thunder Dragon. Thimphu: Absolute Bhutan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-760-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-760-0-3"><bdi>978-99936-760-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+About+Bhutan%3A+The+Land+of+the+Thunder+Dragon&rft.place=Thimphu&rft.pub=Absolute+Bhutan+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-99936-760-0-3&rft.aulast=Wangchhuk&rft.aufirst=Lily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevkin2005" class="citation news cs1">Revkin, Andrew C. (4 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/04/science/04happ.html">"A New Measure of Well-Being From a Happy Little Kingdom"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417024928/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/04/science/04happ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Measure+of+Well-Being+From+a+Happy+Little+Kingdom&rft.date=2005-10-04&rft.aulast=Revkin&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F04%2Fscience%2F04happ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020301/budget.htm">"Border tension pushes MEA allocation"</a>. The Tribune, Chandigarh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050722073624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020301/budget.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 8 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh&rft.atitle=Border+tension+pushes+MEA+allocation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2002%2F20020301%2Fbudget.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028031131/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568123/Bhutan.html">Bhutan</a>. MSN Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568123/Bhutan.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761568123%2FBhutan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224045249/http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/index.php?id=1393&tt_news=&type=98&L=1">"BTI 2008 — Bhutan Country Report"</a>. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/index.php?id=1393&tt_news=&type=98&L=1">the original</a> on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BTI+2008+%E2%80%94+Bhutan+Country+Report&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pub=Bertelsmann+Stiftung&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1393%26tt_news%3D%26type%3D98%26L%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta-Ray1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sunanda_K._Datta-Ray" title="Sunanda K. Datta-Ray">Datta-Ray, Sunanda K.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCMuAAAAMAAJ">Smash and Grab: The Annexation of Sikkim</a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-2509-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-2509-8"><bdi>978-0-7069-2509-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smash+and+Grab%3A+The+Annexation+of+Sikkim&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-2509-8&rft.aulast=Datta-Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunanda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCMuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoning1987" class="citation book cs1">Foning, A.R. (1987). Lepcha, My Vanishing Tribe. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0685-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0685-9"><bdi>978-81-207-0685-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lepcha%2C+My+Vanishing+Tribe&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0685-9&rft.aulast=Foning&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapoli2011" class="citation book cs1">Napoli, Lisa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioshangrilawh0000napo">Radio Shangri-La: What I Learned in Bhutan, the Happiest Kingdom on Earth</a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45302-0"><bdi>978-0-307-45302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Shangri-La%3A+What+I+Learned+in+Bhutan%2C+the+Happiest+Kingdom+on+Earth&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45302-0&rft.aulast=Napoli&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradioshangrilawh0000napo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiestroySchmidtEsche2013" class="citation book cs1">Niestroy, Ingeborg; Schmidt, Armando García; Esche, Andreas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/imported/leseprobe/LP_978-3-86793-554-8_1.pdf">"Bhutan: Paradigms Matter"</a> (PDF). In Stiftung, Bertelsmann (ed.). Winning Strategies for a Sustainable Future. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 55–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6"><bdi>978-3-86793-491-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220819/https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/imported/leseprobe/LP_978-3-86793-554-8_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhutan%3A+Paradigms+Matter&rft.btitle=Winning+Strategies+for+a+Sustainable+Future&rft.pages=55-80&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86793-491-6&rft.aulast=Niestroy&rft.aufirst=Ingeborg&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Armando+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Esche%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de%2Ffileadmin%2Ffiles%2FBSt%2FPublikationen%2Fimported%2Fleseprobe%2FLP_978-3-86793-554-8_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordans2010" class="citation book cs1">Jordans, Bart (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WccyXOY2uecC">Bhutan: A Trekker's Guide</a>. Cicerone Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-189-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-189-9"><bdi>978-1-84965-189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Trekker%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Cicerone+Press+Limited&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-84965-189-9&rft.aulast=Jordans&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWccyXOY2uecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennieMason2008" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC">Bhutan: Ways of Knowing</a>. IAP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-734-4"><bdi>978-1-59311-734-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124717/https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.pub=IAP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59311-734-4&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Mason%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHAnAtNrUQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakantMisra1996" class="citation book cs1">Ramakant; Misra, Ramesh Chandra (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U94l6xHlYC">Bhutan: Society and Polity</a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-044-6"><bdi>978-81-7387-044-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124727/https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U94l6xHlYC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Society+and+Polity&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-044-6&rft.au=Ramakant&rft.au=Misra%2C+Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8U94l6xHlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeppa2000" class="citation book cs1">Zeppa, Jamie (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=383rWqWgga8C">Beyond the Sky and the Earth: A Journey into Bhutan</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-17420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-17420-3"><bdi>978-1-101-17420-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124726/https://books.google.com/books?id=383rWqWgga8C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Sky+and+the+Earth%3A+A+Journey+into+Bhutan&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-101-17420-3&rft.aulast=Zeppa&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D383rWqWgga8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdussiPommaret2007" class="citation book cs1">Ardussi, John A.; Pommaret, Françoise (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNm2AZ0cOSoC">Bhutan: Traditions and Changes</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15551-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Traditions+and+Changes&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15551-0&rft.aulast=Ardussi&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Pommaret%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNm2AZ0cOSoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaranIijimaPauer1987" class="citation book cs1">Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Iijima, Shigeru; Pauer, Gyula (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VubsAAAAMAAJ">Bhutan: development amid environmental and cultural preservation</a>. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+development+amid+environmental+and+cultural+preservation&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Karan&rft.aufirst=Pradyumna+Prasad&rft.au=Iijima%2C+Shigeru&rft.au=Pauer%2C+Gyula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVubsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutt, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bhxuAAAAMAAJ">Bhutan: Perspectives on Conflict and Dissent</a>. Strachan-Kiscadale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870838-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870838-02-3"><bdi>978-1-870838-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Perspectives+on+Conflict+and+Dissent&rft.pub=Strachan-Kiscadale&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-870838-02-3&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbhxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcherChoden2004" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Dieter; Choden, Kunzang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDjbAAAAMAAJ">Bhutan: Land of Spirituality and Modernization: Role of Water in Daily Life</a>. New Dawn Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-43-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-43-0"><bdi>978-1-932705-43-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Land+of+Spirituality+and+Modernization%3A+Role+of+Water+in+Daily+Life&rft.pub=New+Dawn+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-43-0&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Choden%2C+Kunzang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDjbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterCarpenter2002" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Russell B.; Carpenter, Blyth C. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Liipc-cZpkkC">The Blessings of Bhutan</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2679-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2679-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2679-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124728/https://books.google.com/books?id=Liipc-cZpkkC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blessings+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2679-6&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Russell+B.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Blyth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiipc-cZpkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2001" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C">Himalayan Kingdom Bhutan: Tradition, Transition, and Transformation</a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-119-1"><bdi>978-81-7387-119-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124725/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Kingdom+Bhutan%3A+Tradition%2C+Transition%2C+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-119-1&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Awadhesh+Coomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDxx_ibIwZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhakalStrawn1994" class="citation book cs1">Dhakal, D. N. S.; Strawn, Christopher (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg9uAAAAMAAJ">Bhutan: A Movement in Exile</a>. Nirala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85693-41-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85693-41-5"><bdi>978-81-85693-41-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124728/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg9uAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Movement+in+Exile&rft.pub=Nirala+Publications&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-85693-41-5&rft.aulast=Dhakal&rft.aufirst=D.+N.+S.&rft.au=Strawn%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddg9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote2007" class="citation book cs1">Foote, Daisy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7sBzZghqbYC">Bhutan</a>. Dramatists Play Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-2212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-2212-5"><bdi>978-0-8222-2212-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan&rft.pub=Dramatists+Play+Service&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8222-2212-5&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7sBzZghqbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustomji1978" class="citation book cs1">Rustomji, Nari (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjcFAAAAYAAJ">Bhutan: the dragon kingdom in crisis</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195610628" title="Special:BookSources/9780195610628"><bdi>9780195610628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+the+dragon+kingdom+in+crisis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780195610628&rft.aulast=Rustomji&rft.aufirst=Nari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjcFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1977" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Leo E. (1977). The Politics of Bhutan. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0909-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-0909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0909-7&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhewWhitecross2007" class="citation book cs1">Mayhew, Bradley; Whitecross, Richard W (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC&pg=PA34">Bhutan. Ediz. Inglese</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-314-0"><bdi>978-1-74220-314-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74220-314-0&rft.aulast=Mayhew&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft.au=Whitecross%2C+Richard+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-L8NUlW_QgC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellum2001" class="citation book cs1">Hellum, A. K. (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdZ6AA4rFcQC">A Painter's Year in the Forests of Bhutan</a>. University of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-323-0"><bdi>978-0-88864-323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Painter%27s+Year+in+the+Forests+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-323-0&rft.aulast=Hellum&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdZ6AA4rFcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1983" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Gregory J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl8YQ2sjyu8C&pg=PA55">Marketing Bhutan's Potatoes: Present Patterns and Future Prospects</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Potato_Center" title="International Potato Center">International Potato Center</a>. GGKEY:HEATQBL56TG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+Bhutan%27s+Potatoes%3A+Present+Patterns+and+Future+Prospects&rft.pub=International+Potato+Center&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl8YQ2sjyu8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1998" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFUbug1e2w8C">Bhutan: Ethnic Identity and National Dilemma</a>. Reliance Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7510-059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7510-059-6"><bdi>978-81-7510-059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Ethnic+Identity+and+National+Dilemma&rft.pub=Reliance+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7510-059-6&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Awadhesh+Coomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFUbug1e2w8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhandu2006" class="citation book cs1">Khandu, Tshoki (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5EAAAAYAAJ">Causes of Rural Urban Migration in Bhutan</a>. Cornell University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+of+Rural+Urban+Migration+in+Bhutan&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Khandu&rft.aufirst=Tshoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3F5EAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorji2003" class="citation book cs1">Dorji, Jaġar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCmcAAAAMAAJ">Quality of Education in Bhutan: A Personal Perspective on the Development and Changes in Bhutanese Education System Since 1961</a>. KMT Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-10-60-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-10-60-1"><bdi>978-99936-10-60-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quality+of+Education+in+Bhutan%3A+A+Personal+Perspective+on+the+Development+and+Changes+in+Bhutanese+Education+System+Since+1961&rft.pub=KMT+Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-99936-10-60-1&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=Ja%C4%A1ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCmcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2wAAAAIAAJ">Bhutan 2020: A Vision for Peace, Prosperity and Happiness</a>. Planning Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan+2020%3A+A+Vision+for+Peace%2C+Prosperity+and+Happiness&rft.pub=Planning+Commission%2C+Royal+Government+of+Bhutan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu2wAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoden1994" class="citation book cs1">Choden, Kunzang (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uqAAAAAMAAJ">Folktales of Bhutan</a>. White Lotus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8495-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8495-96-5"><bdi>978-974-8495-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folktales+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=White+Lotus&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-974-8495-96-5&rft.aulast=Choden&rft.aufirst=Kunzang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uqAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAris1982" class="citation book cs1">Aris, Michael (1982). Views of Medieval Bhutan: The Diary and Drawings of Samuel Davis, 1783. Serinda Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906026105" title="Special:BookSources/0906026105"><bdi>0906026105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+of+Medieval+Bhutan%3A+The+Diary+and+Drawings+of+Samuel+Davis%2C+1783&rft.pub=Serinda+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0906026105&rft.aulast=Aris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAris1979" class="citation book cs1">Aris, Michael (1979). Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom. Central Asian Studies. Aris & Phillips Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85668-082-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85668-082-6"><bdi>0-85668-082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+The+Early+History+of+a+Himalayan+Kingdom&rft.series=Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips+Ltd.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-85668-082-6&rft.aulast=Aris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1974" class="citation book cs1">Das, Nirmala (1974). The Dragon Country: The General History of Bhutan. Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861250451" title="Special:BookSources/0861250451"><bdi>0861250451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Country%3A+The+General+History+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0861250451&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasrat1980" class="citation book cs1">Hasrat, Bikrama Jit (1980). History of Bhutan: Land of the Peaceful Dragon. Education Department. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9829078">9829078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bhutan%3A+Land+of+the+Peaceful+Dragon&rft.pub=Education+Department&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9829078&rft.aulast=Hasrat&rft.aufirst=Bikrama+Jit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_Phuntsho2013" class="citation book cs1">Karma Phuntsho (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUDAAAAAQBAJ">The History of Bhutan</a>. Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-411-3"><bdi>978-81-8400-411-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124729/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUDAAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bhutan&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.isbn=978-81-8400-411-3&rft.au=Karma+Phuntsho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUDAAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1909" class="citation book cs1">White, J. Claude (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOxI0aac7LEC&pg=PA1">Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-one Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1183-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhim+%26+Bhutan%3A+Twenty-one+Years+on+the+North-East+Frontier%2C+1887%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1183-2&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOxI0aac7LEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_2">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraserBhattacharyaBhattacharya2001" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Neil; Bhattacharya, Anima; Bhattacharya, Bimalendu (2001). Geography of a Himalayan Kingdom: Bhutan. Concept Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170228875" title="Special:BookSources/8170228875"><bdi>8170228875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+a+Himalayan+Kingdom%3A+Bhutan&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=8170228875&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Anima&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Bimalendu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGansser1983" class="citation book cs1">Gansser, Augusto (1983). Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Birkhäuser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3764313714" title="Special:BookSources/3764313714"><bdi>3764313714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+the+Bhutan+Himalaya&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3764313714&rft.aulast=Gansser&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhutan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bhutan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bhutan" class="extiw" title="voy:Bhutan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917" class="extiw" title="d:Q917">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/">Bhutan.gov.bt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230224419/http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/">Archived</a> 30 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Official Government Web Portal of Bhutan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/">Bhutan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12480707">Bhutan profile</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829213752/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bhutan.htm">Bhutan</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64215/Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica entry.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bhutan">"Bhutan" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 846–848.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhutan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=846-848&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhutan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bhutan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bhutan">Wikimedia Atlas of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/BT">Key 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</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan" title="Emblem of Bhutan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/110px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Borders of Bhutan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan#Climate" title="Geography of Bhutan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Bhutan" title="List of ecoregions in Bhutan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan" title="Environmental issues in Bhutan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Bhutan" title="Extreme points of Bhutan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers of Bhutan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Bhutan" title="Lakes of Bhutan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan" title="Mountains of Bhutan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bhutan" title="List of protected areas of Bhutan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bhutan" title="List of rivers of Bhutan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valleys_of_Bhutan" title="Valleys of Bhutan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan" title="Wildlife of Bhutan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administrative_divisions">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan" title="List of cities in Bhutan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwogs_of_Bhutan" title="Chiwogs of Bhutan">Chiwogs (electoral precincts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkhag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkhag">Dzongkhags</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan" title="Districts of Bhutan">districts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungkhag" title="Dungkhag">Dungkhags (subdistricts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan" title="Gewogs of Bhutan">Gewogs (village groups)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bhutan" title="List of villages in Bhutan">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan" title="Law enforcement in Bhutan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bhutan" title="List of political parties in Bhutan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Bhutan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan" title="Agriculture in Bhutan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bhutan" title="List of companies of Bhutan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan" title="Energy in Bhutan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Ngultrum (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bhutan" title="Tourism in Bhutan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druk_tsendhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk tsendhen">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_wine" title="Bhutanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan" title="Emblem of Bhutan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan" title="Flag of Bhutan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bhutan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bhutan" title="National symbols of Bhutan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bhutan" title="Public holidays in Bhutan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bhutan" title="Sports in Bhutan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Bhutan" title="Squatting in Bhutan">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan" title="Demographics of Bhutan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan" title="Crime in Bhutan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan" title="Health in Bhutan">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bhutan" title="Outline of Bhutan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles" title="Index of Bhutan-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bhutan" title="Category:Bhutan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:South_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:South Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128953352">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207216/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd89Jk7vXMfMJwqpGMgKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006397-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79149023">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15351477b">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119410765">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15351477b">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119410765">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561111">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36233011">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138158&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451891">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsr4cx3v97mcz">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/17996">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557252105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2cbd5484-647d-3752-8acd-933ced4f9a24">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/2079a13f-0882-4162-a8f8-e53fd4d3fe06">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/4mRHDbjV">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/129671878">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003404">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046439">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhutan&params=27.417_N_90.435_E_region:BT">27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&oldid=1259211438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhutan&oldid=1259211438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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