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Druid - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practici_și_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practici_și_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practici și doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practici_și_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practici și doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practici_și_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rolul_social_și_formarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolul_social_și_formarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rolul social și formarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolul_social_și_formarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacrificiile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrificiile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sacrificiile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrificiile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filozofie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filozofie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Filozofie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filozofie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druizi_în_mitologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druizi_în_mitologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Druizi în mitologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druizi_în_mitologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoria_recepției" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoria_recepției"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Istoria recepției</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoria_recepției-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoria recepției subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoria_recepției-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interzicerea_și_declinul_sub_stăpânirea_romană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interzicerea_și_declinul_sub_stăpânirea_romană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Interzicerea și declinul sub stăpânirea romană</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interzicerea_și_declinul_sub_stăpânirea_romană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posibilă_supraviețuire_târzie_a_ordinelor_druizilor_insulari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posibilă_supraviețuire_târzie_a_ordinelor_druizilor_insulari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Posibilă supraviețuire târzie a ordinelor druizilor insulari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posibilă_supraviețuire_târzie_a_ordinelor_druizilor_insulari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Druid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 65 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C3%AFdisme" title="Druïdisme – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Druïdisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="درويد – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درويد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidismu" title="Druidismu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Druidismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Друіды – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Друіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Друид – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Друид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6" title="দ্রূইদ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রূইদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drouiz" title="Drouiz – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Drouiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidi" title="Druidi – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Druidi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwydd" title="Derwydd – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Derwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CF%85%CE%90%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Δρυΐδες – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρυΐδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druido" title="Druido – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Druido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="دروئید – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دروئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidi" title="Druidi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Druidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draoi" title="Draoi – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Draoi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draoidh" title="Draoidh – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Draoidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C3%ADda" title="Druída – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Druída" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דרואידיות – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרואידיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="ड्रुइड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ड्रुइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidi" title="Druidi – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Դրուիդ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրուիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidismo" title="Druidismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Druidismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druido" title="Druido – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Druido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ドルイド – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドルイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დრუიდები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრუიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="드루이드 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드루이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druis" title="Druis – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Druis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C3%AFde" title="Druïde – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Druïde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BCidi" title="Drüidi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Drüidi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidas" title="Druidas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Druidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C4%ABds" title="Druīds – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Druīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Друиди – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друиди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C3%AFde" title="Druïde – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Druïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druide" title="Druide – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Druide" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druida" title="Druida – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Druida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Друиды – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Друиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidi" title="Druidi – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Druidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid%C3%ABt" title="Druidët – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Druidët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Друиди – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid" title="Druid – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Druid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Друїди – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друїди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drude" title="Drude – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Drude" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E4%BC%8A" title="德鲁伊 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德鲁伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%BC%8A_(%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0)" title="德魯伊 (信仰) – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德魯伊 (信仰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%BC%8A" title="德魯伊 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德魯伊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Druid" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Druid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Druid"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Druid" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Druid" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;oldid=15865037" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Druid&amp;id=15865037&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDruid"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDruid"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Druid"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Druid&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Druid" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131081" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Two_Druids.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_Druids.PNG/220px-Two_Druids.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_Druids.PNG/330px-Two_Druids.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_Druids.PNG/440px-Two_Druids.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption><i>Doi druizi</i>, gravură din secolul al XIX-lea bazată pe o ilustrație din 1719 a lui <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a>, care spunea că reproduce un basorelief găsit la <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Burgundia-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Burgundia-Franche-Comté">Burgundia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>druid</b> era un membru de rang înalt al clasei preoților în culturile <a href="/wiki/Cel%C8%9Bi" title="Celți">celtice</a> antice. Druizii erau lideri religioși, precum și autorități juridice, arbitri, păstrători ai tradiției, profesioniști medicali și consilieri politici. Druizii nu au lăsat însemnări scrise. Deși se știe că cunoșteau scrierea, se crede că doctrina lor le interzicea să-și consemneze cunoștințele în scris. Credințele și practicile lor sunt atestate în detaliu de contemporanii lor din alte culturi, precum romanii și grecii. </p><p>Cele mai vechi referințe cunoscute la druizi datează din secolul al IV-lea î.Hr. Cea mai veche descriere detaliată provine din <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i> a lui <a href="/wiki/Iulius_Cezar" title="Iulius Cezar">Iulius Caesar</a> (anii 50&#160;î.C.). Au fost descriși de alți scriitori romani precum <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit">Tacitus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Plinius_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Plinius cel Bătrân">Pliniu cel Bătrân</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După cucerirea romană a <a href="/wiki/Galia" title="Galia">Galiei</a>, ordinele druidilor au fost suprimate de autoritățile romane în timpul împăraților <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> și <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> și au dispărut din documentele scrise până în secolul al II-lea. </p><p>În jurul anului 750 d.Hr., cuvântul <i>druid</i> apare într-o poezie a lui Blathmac, care a scris despre <a href="/wiki/Isus_din_Nazaret" title="Isus din Nazaret">Isus</a>, spunând că el era „mai bun decât un profet, mai priceput decât orice druid, un rege care a fost un episcop și un înțelept complet”.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Druizii apar în unele dintre poveștile medievale din Irlanda creștinizată, cum ar fi „Táin Bó Cúailnge”, unde sunt în mare parte portretizați ca <a href="/wiki/Magie" title="Magie">vrăjitori</a> care s-au opus venirii creștinismului.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În cadrul renașterii celtice din secolele al XVIII-lea și al XIX-lea, au fost înființate grupuri <a href="/wiki/Neop%C4%83g%C3%A2nism" title="Neopăgânism">neopăgâne</a> pe baza ideilor despre vechii druizi, o mișcare cunoscută cu numele de <a href="/wiki/Druidism" title="Druidism">neo-druidism</a>. Multe concepții populare despre druizi, bazate pe vederile greșite ale savanților din secolul al XVIII-lea, au fost în mare măsură dezmințite de studii mai recente.<sup id="cite_ref-BMD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuvântul românesc <i>druid</i> derivă din latină <i>druidēs</i> (plural), care a fost considerat de scriitorii romani antici ca provenind din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_galic%C4%83" title="Limba galică">galic</a> pentru aceste persoane.<sup id="cite_ref-Piggott_1968_Page_89_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piggott_1968_Page_89-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alte texte romane folosesc forma <i>druidae</i>, în timp ce același termen a fost folosit de etnografii greci ca <span lang="grc" style="font-style:italic">δρυΐδης</span> (<i>druidēs</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși nu se cunoaște nicio inscripție romano-celtică existentă care să-l conțină,<sup id="cite_ref-Piggott_1968_Page_89_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piggott_1968_Page_89-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> cuvântul este înrudit cu cuvintele celtice insulare de mai târziu, de exemplu, irlandeză veche <i>druí</i> 'druid, vrăjitor', <a href="/wiki/Limba_cornic%C4%83" title="Limba cornică">veche cornică</a> <i>druw</i>, galeză medie <i>dryw</i> ' <a href="/wiki/Proroc" title="Proroc">văzător</a>'; <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83n%C8%9B%C4%83ru%C8%99" title="Pănțăruș">pănțăruș</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pe baza tuturor formelor disponibile, cuvântul ipotetic proto-celtic poate fi reconstruit ca *<i>dru-wid-s</i> (pl. *<i>druwides</i>) însemnând „cunoscător <a href="/wiki/Stejar_(gen_de_plante)" title="Stejar (gen de plante)">de stejar</a>”. Cele două elemente se trag din rădăcinile <a href="/wiki/Limba_protoindo-european%C4%83" title="Limba protoindo-europeană">proto-indo-europene</a> <i>*deru-</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <i>*weid-</i> „a vedea”.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sensul de „cunoscător de stejar” sau „văzător de stejar” este susținut de <a href="/wiki/Plinius_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Plinius cel Bătrân">Pliniu cel Bătrân</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> care, în <i>Istoria naturală</i>, considera că cuvântul conține substantivul grecesc <i>drýs</i> (δρύς), „stejar”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și sufixul grecesc <i>-idēs</i> (-ιδης).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cuvântul britanic pentru <i>stejar</i> este/era <i>derw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Atât <i>Druí</i> din irlandeza veche, cât și <i>dryw</i> din galeza medie s-ar putea referi la <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83n%C8%9B%C4%83ru%C8%99" title="Pănțăruș">pănțăruș</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiel_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> posibil legat de o asociere a acelei păsări în tradiția irlandeză și galeză cu prezicerile (vezi și Wren Day).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiel_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practici_și_doctrine"><span id="Practici_.C8.99i_doctrine"></span>Practici și doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Practici și doctrine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Practici și doctrine"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sursele antice și medievale oferă o idee despre îndatoririle religioase și despre rolurile sociale legate de calitatea de a fi druid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolul_social_și_formarea"><span id="Rolul_social_.C8.99i_formarea"></span>Rolul social și formarea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rolul social și formarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Rolul social și formarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg/220px-An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg/330px-An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg/440px-An_Arch_Druid_in_His_Judicial_Habit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption> Ilustrație imaginativă a „unui arhi-druid în veșmântul lui judiciar”, din <i>The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands</i> de S. R. Meyrick și C. H. Smith (1815); gulerul de aur copie exemple <a href="/wiki/Epoca_Bronzului" title="Epoca Bronzului">din epoca bronzului</a> irlandez<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sursele greco-romane și irlandeze sunt de acord că druizii au jucat un rol important în societatea celtică păgână. În descrierea sa, <a href="/wiki/Iulius_Cezar" title="Iulius Cezar">Iulius Caesar</a> spune că ei erau unul dintre cele mai importante două grupuri sociale din regiune (alături de <i>equites</i> sau nobili) și erau responsabili pentru organizarea cultului și sacrificiilor, divinațiilor și procedurilor judiciare în societatea galică, britanică și irlandeză.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Informații neverificate&#160;din February 2018" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VER" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VER">sursa&#160;nu&#160;confirmă</a></i>&#93;</span></sup> El a scris că ei erau scutiți de serviciul militar și de plata taxelor și aveau puterea de a-i opri pe oameni de la festivalurile religioase, făcându-i proscriși sociali.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alți doi scriitori clasici, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodor Siculus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon">Strabon</a>, au scris despre rolul druizilor în societatea galică, afirmând că druizilor li se arăta atâta respect, încât dacă s-ar interpune între două armate ar putea opri bătălia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diodor scrie despre druizi că ei erau „filozofi” și „oameni învățați în treburile religioase” care sunt onorați.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Strabon menționează că domeniul lor era atât <a href="/wiki/Filozofie_natural%C4%83" title="Filozofie naturală">filozofia naturală,</a> cât și <a href="/wiki/Etic%C4%83" title="Etică">filosofia morală</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În timp ce <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> îi consideră drept investigatori ai „subiectelor obscure și profunde”.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pomponius Mela a fost primul autor care a scris că educația druizilor era secretă și avea loc în peșteri și păduri.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cicero spunea că cunoștea un druid galic care „pretindea că are acea cunoaștere a naturii pe care grecii o numesc fiziologie și obișnuia să facă predicții, uneori prin auguriu și alteori prin presupuneri”.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tradiția druidică consta dintr-un număr mare de versete învățate pe de rost, și Cezar a remarcat că ar putea dura până la douăzeci de ani pentru a finaliza cursul de studiu. Cu privire la ceea ce învățau druizii-novici există doar presupuneri: din literatura orală a druizilor nu se cunoaște să fi supraviețuit măcar în traducere un verset cu adevărat vechi. Toată instrucția era orală, dar în viața de toate zilele, relatează Cezar,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> galii aveau o scriere în care foloseau litere grecești. Această afirmație probabil se bazează pe scriitori anteriori; pe vremea lui Cezar inscripțiile <a href="/wiki/Limba_galic%C4%83" title="Limba galică">galilor</a> trecuseră de la scrierea greacă la grafia latină. </p><p>Caesar credea că această practică de transmitere orală a cunoștințelor și de opoziție față de consemnarea ideilor în scris avea o motivație dublă: dorința de a împiedica accesul la cunoștințele druidice și îmbunătățirea facultăților de memorare ale druizilor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrificiile">Sacrificiile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sacrificiile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sacrificiile"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/220px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/330px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/440px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption> O ilustrație din secolul al XVIII-lea a unui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omul_de_r%C4%83chit%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Omul de răchită — pagină inexistentă">Om de Răchită</a>, forma de execuție pe care, după Cezar, druizii o foloseau pentru sacrificii umane. Din ediția lui Tonson, Draper și Dodsley a <i>Comentariilor lui Cezar</i> traduse de William Duncan, publicată în 1753.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scriitorii greci și romani au făcut adesea referire la druizi ca practicanți ai <a href="/wiki/Sacrificiu_uman" title="Sacrificiu uman">sacrificiului uman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cezar spune că cei care erau găsiți vinovați de furt sau alte infracțiuni erau considerați preferați ca victime de sacrificiu, dar atunci când criminalii erau puțini, și cei nevinovați puteau fi acceptați. O formă de sacrificiu menționată de Cezar era arderea de vii a victimelor într-o efigie mare din lemn, numită acum adesea om de răchită. O relatare diferită provine din <i>Commenta Bernensia</i> din secolul al X-lea, care a afirmat că sacrificiile aduse zeităților <a href="/wiki/Tentatis" title="Tentatis">Teutates</a>, Esus și <a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a> erau prin înec, spânzurare și respectiv ardere (vezi moartea triplă). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> afirmă că la un sacrificiu acceptabil pentru zeii celtici trebuia să participe un druid, deoarece ei erau intermediarii între oameni și divinități. El a remarcat și importanța pentru ritualul druidic a profeților care ar fi putut citi viitorul din convulsiile victimei. </p><p>Dovezile arheologice din vestul Europei au fost folosite pe larg pentru a susține opinia conform căreia celții din epoca fierului practicau sacrificiul uman. Morminte comune găsite într-un context ritual care datează din această perioadă au fost dezgropate în Galia, atât la <a href="/wiki/Gournay-sur-Aronde" title="Gournay-sur-Aronde">Gournay-sur-Aronde,</a> cât și la <a href="/wiki/Ribemont-sur-Ancre" title="Ribemont-sur-Ancre">Ribemont-sur-Ancre,</a> în regiunea șeferiei belgilor. Excavatorul acestor situri, Jean-Louis Brunaux, le-a interpretat ca locuri unde se sacrificau oameni unui zeu al războiului,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> deși acest punct de vedere a fost criticat de un alt arheolog, Martin Brown, care credea că acestea nu ar fi sacrificii, ci rămășițe ale războinicilor respectați îngropați în sanctuar.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unii istorici s-au întrebat dacă scriitorii greco-romani au fost corecti în afirmațiile lor. J. Rives a remarcat că era „ambiguu” dacă druizii au făcut vreodată astfel de sacrificii, deoarece romanii și grecii erau cunoscuți că proiectau ceea ce ei considerau ca trăsături barbare asupra popoarelor străine, inclusiv nu numai druizii, ci și evreii și creștinii, confirmându-și astfel pentru sine propria „superioritate culturală”. </p><p>Nora Chadwick, expertă în literatura medievală galeză și irlandeză, care îi considera pe druizi mari filozofi, a susținut, de asemenea, ideea că ei nu erau implicați în sacrificii umane și că astfel de acuzații erau propagandă romană imperialistă.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filozofie">Filozofie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Filozofie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Filozofie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor s-a referit la druizi ca fiind filozofi și a numit „<a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_pitagoreic%C4%83" title="Școala pitagoreică">pitagoreică</a>” doctrina lor despre nemurirea sufletului și <a href="/wiki/Re%C3%AEncarnare" title="Reîncarnare">reîncarnarea</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Metempsihoz%C4%83" title="Metempsihoză">metempsihoza</a>. </p><p>Cezar a făcut observații similare: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„În ceea ce privește cursul propriu-zis al studiilor lor, principalul obiectiv al oricărei educații este, în opinia lor, de a le insufla învățaților lor o credință fermă în indestructibilitatea sufletului uman, care, conform credinței lor, trece pur și simplu după moarte dintr-o locuință în alta; pentru că numai printr-o astfel de doctrină, spun ei, care privează moartea de toate spaimele sale, poate fi dezvoltată cea mai înaltă formă de curaj uman. În subsidiar față de învățăturile acestui principiu principal, ei țin diverse prelegeri și discuții despre stele și mișcarea lor, despre întinderea și distribuția geografică a pământului, despre diferitele ramuri ale filozofiei naturale și despre multe probleme legate de religie.”</div><div class="templatequotecite">&#8212;Julius Caesar, <i>De Bello Gallico</i>, VI, 14<i></i></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodor Siculus</a>, scriind în 36 î.Hr., a descris modul în care druizii au urmat „doctrina pitagoreică”, că sufletele umane „sunt nemuritoare și, după un anumit număr de ani, încep o nouă viață într-un corp nou”.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În 1928 folcloristul Donald A. Mackenzie a speculat că misionarii budiști au fost trimiși de regele indian <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99oka" title="Așoka">Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cezar a remarcat doctrina druidică conform căreia strămoșul inițial al tribului era zeul pe care l-a numit Dispater, „Tatăl Dis”. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diogene_Laer%C8%9Biu" title="Diogene Laerțiu">Diogene Laerțiu,</a> în secolul al III-lea d.Hr., a scris că „Druizii își fac declarațiile prin intermediul ghicitorilor și a spuselor întunecate, învățând că zeii trebuie adorați și că nu trebuie făcut rău și că trebuie avut un comportament bărbătesc”.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Druizi_în_mitologie"><span id="Druizi_.C3.AEn_mitologie"></span>Druizi în mitologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Druizi în mitologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Druizi în mitologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Druizii joacă un rol proeminent în <a href="/wiki/Folclorul_irlandez" title="Folclorul irlandez">folclorul irlandez</a>, slujind în general lorzilor și regilor ca preoți-consilieri de rang înalt, cu darul profeției și alte abilități mistice – cel mai bun exemplu al acestora ar fi probabil Cathbad. Druidul principal de la curtea regelui Conchobar mac Nessa al <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulsterului</a>, Cathbad apare în mai multe povești, dintre care majoritatea detaliază capacitatea sa de a prevesti viitorul. În povestea lui Deirdre of the Sorrows&#160;– cea mai importantă eroină tragică a ciclului Ulster&#160;– druidul a profețit în fața curții lui Conchobar că Deirdre va crește o fată foarte frumoasă și că regii și domnii se vor război pentru ea, mult sânge va fi vărsat din cauza ei și cei mai mari trei războinici ai Ulsterului vor fi forțați în exil de dragul ei. Această profeție, ignorată de rege, s-a împlinit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cel mai mare dintre acești druizi mitologici a fost Amergin Glúingel,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> un bard și judecător al milesienilor prezentați în Ciclul mitologic. Milesienii căutau să-i învingă pe Tuatha Dé Danann și să câștige țara Irlandei, dar, pe măsură ce se apropiau, druizi ai Tuatha Dé Danann au ridicat o furtună magică pentru a împiedica navele lor să ajungă la țărm. Atunci Amergin a chemat însuși spiritul Irlandei, scandând o incantație puternică care a ajuns să fie cunoscută sub numele de <i>Cântecul lui Amergin</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și, în cele din urmă (după ce a ajuns cu succes la pământ), a ajutat și împărțind pământul între frații săi regali după cucerirea Irlandei,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> câștigând titlul de Marele Ollam (Druid) al Irlandei. </p><p>Alți druizi mitologici au fost Tadg mac Nuadat din Ciclul Fenian și Mug Ruith, un puternic druid orb din Munster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoria_recepției"><span id="Istoria_recep.C8.9Biei"></span>Istoria recepției</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoria recepției" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istoria recepției"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interzicerea_și_declinul_sub_stăpânirea_romană"><span id="Interzicerea_.C8.99i_declinul_sub_st.C4.83p.C3.A2nirea_roman.C4.83"></span>Interzicerea și declinul sub stăpânirea romană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Interzicerea și declinul sub stăpânirea romană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Interzicerea și declinul sub stăpânirea romană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Galice" title="Războaiele Galice">războaiele galice</a> din 58–51&#160;î.Hr., armata romană, condusă de <a href="/wiki/Iulius_Cezar" title="Iulius Cezar">Iulius Cezar</a>, a cucerit numeroasele șeferii tribale din Galia și a anexat-o ca parte a <a href="/wiki/Republica_Roman%C4%83" title="Republica Romană">Republicii Romane</a>. Conform relatărilor realizate în secolele următoare, noii stăpâni ai Galiei au luat ulterior măsuri pentru a elimina druizii din acea țară. Potrivit lui <a href="/wiki/Plinius_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Plinius cel Bătrân">Pliniu cel Bătrân</a>, scriind în anii '70&#160;d.Hr., împăratul <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberiu</a> (domnia în perioada 14–37&#160;d.Hr.) a fost cel care a introdus legi care interziceau nu numai practicile druide, dar și alți ghicitori și vindecători autohtoni, o mișcare pe care Pliniu a salutat-o, crezând că va pune capăt sacrificiilor umane în Galia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O relatare oarecum diferită a atacurilor legale romane asupra druizilor a fost făcută de <a href="/wiki/Suetoniu" title="Suetoniu">Suetonius</a>, scriind în secolul al II-lea d.Hr., când a afirmat că primul împărat al Romei, <a href="/wiki/Octavianus_Augustus" title="Octavianus Augustus">Augustus</a> (domnia între 27 î.Hr. –14&#160;d.Hr.), decretase că nimeni nu poate fi în același timp și druid, și cetățean roman, și că aceasta a fost urmată de o lege adoptată mai târziu împăratul <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (domnia în 41-54 d.Hr.) care „i-a suprimat complet” pe druizi prin interzicerea practicilor lor religioase.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posibilă_supraviețuire_târzie_a_ordinelor_druizilor_insulari"><span id="Posibil.C4.83_supravie.C8.9Buire_t.C3.A2rzie_a_ordinelor_druizilor_insulari"></span>Posibilă supraviețuire târzie a ordinelor druizilor insulari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Posibilă supraviețuire târzie a ordinelor druizilor insulari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Posibilă supraviețuire târzie a ordinelor druizilor insulari"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cea mai bună dovadă a unei tradiții druidice în <a href="/wiki/Insulele_Britanice" title="Insulele Britanice">Insulele Britanice</a> este supraviețuirea cuvântului <a href="/wiki/Limba_protoceltic%C4%83" title="Limba protoceltică">celtic</a> <i>*druwid-</i> în <a href="/wiki/Limbi_celtice_insulare" title="Limbi celtice insulare">limbile celtice insulare</a>: cuvântul irlandez vechi <i>druídecht</i> are sensul de „magie”, iar galezul <i>dryw</i> cu sensul de „clarvăzător”. </p><p>În timp ce druizii ca castă preoțească au dispărut odată cu creștinizarea Țării Galilor, finalizată cel târziu până în secolul al VII-lea, funcțiile de bard și de „văzător” (galeză <i>dryw</i>) au persistat în Țara Galilor medievală până în secolul al XIII-lea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cic44">Cicero (44)</a> I.XVI.90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tac">Tacitus</a> XIV.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pli78">Pliny (c.&#160;78)</a> XVI.249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mac Mathúna, Liam (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celt.dias.ie/publications/celtica/c23/c23-174.pdf">„Irish Perceptions of the Cosmos”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Celtica</i>. <b>23</b>: 174–187, esp.&#160;181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Celtica&amp;rft.atitle=Irish+Perceptions+of+the+Cosmos&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=174-187%2C+esp.-181&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.au=Mac+Math%C3%BAna%2C+Liam&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celt.dias.ie%2Fpublications%2Fceltica%2Fc23%2Fc23-174.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration 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The British Museum. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/d/the_Druids.aspx">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-02-25">25 februarie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-02-11">11 februarie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids&amp;rft.pub=The+British+Museum&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Farticles%2Fd%2Fthe_Druids.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piggott_1968_Page_89-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piggott_1968_Page_89_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piggott_1968_Page_89_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pig68">Piggott (1968)</a> p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Lewis, Charlton T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DDruides"><i>A Latin Dictionary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253DDruides&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Liddell, Henry George (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*droui%2Fdhs"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%2Adroui%252Fdhs&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Pokorny&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Pokorny — pagină inexistentă">Pokorny, Julius</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328470">„Δρυίδης”</a>. <i>Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%CE%94%CF%81%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&amp;rft.btitle=Indogermanisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252328470&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiel-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiel_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiel_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Caroline aan de Wiel, "Druids [3] the word", in <i>Celtic Culture</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="O referință completă se dorește.&#160;din August 2019" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor#Când_se_citează_sursele?" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">referință neconformată</a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726143746/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE87.html"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. Indo-European Roots (ed. Fourth). <time datetime="2000">2000</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE87.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-07-26">26 iulie 2008</time>. <q>Proto-IE *<i>deru-</i>, a cognate to English <i>tree</i>, is the word for "oak", though the root has a wider array of meanings related to "to be firm, solid, steadfast" (whence e.g. English <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83r" title="Adevăr">true</a></i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.series=Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.edition=Fourth&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE87.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726143746/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE556.html"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. Indo-European Roots (ed. Fourth). <time datetime="2000">2000</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE556.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-07-26">26 iulie 2008</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.series=Indo-European+Roots&amp;rft.edition=Fourth&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE556.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Liddell, Henry George (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddru%3Ds"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Ddru%253Ds&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=end&amp;lookup=idhs&amp;lang=greek">„List of ancient Greek words ending in -ιδης”</a>. <i>Perseus project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Perseus+project&amp;rft.atitle=List+of+ancient+Greek+words+ending+in+-%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fresolveform%3Ftype%3Dend%26lookup%3Didhs%26lang%3Dgreek&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gwerin (www.gwerin.com). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gweiadur.com/welsh-dictionary/%24oak">„What is oak in Welsh? What is the Welsh word for oak? | Gweiadur”</a>. <i>www.gweiadur.com</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-09-19">19 septembrie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.gweiadur.com&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+oak+in+Welsh%3F+What+is+the+Welsh+word+for+oak%3F+%7C+Gweiadur&amp;rft.au=Gwerin+%28www.gwerin.com%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gweiadur.com%2Fwelsh-dictionary%2F%2524oak&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Speight, Harry (<time datetime="1898">1898</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/chroniclesstorie00speiiala"><i>Chronicles and stories of old Bingley. A full account of the history, antiquities, natural productions, scenery, customs and folklore of the ancient town and parish of Bingley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire</i></a>. University of California Libraries. London&#160;: Elliot Stock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chronicles+and+stories+of+old+Bingley.+A+full+account+of+the+history%2C+antiquities%2C+natural+productions%2C+scenery%2C+customs+and+folklore+of+the+ancient+town+and+parish+of+Bingley%2C+in+the+West+Riding+of+Yorkshire&amp;rft.pub=London+%3A+Elliot+Stock&amp;rft.date=1898&amp;rft.aulast=Speight&amp;rft.aufirst=Harry&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchroniclesstorie00speiiala&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ó Cuív, Brian (<time datetime="1980">1980</time>). „Some Gaelic traditions about the wren”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89igse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Éigse — pagină inexistentă">Éigse</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8078166" class="extiw" title="d:Q8078166"><span title="Éigse la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i>. <b>18</b>: 43–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%3A%C3%89igse%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22%C3%89igse+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rft.atitle=Some+Gaelic+traditions+about+the+wren&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.pages=43-66&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cu%C3%ADv&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wallace, Patrick F.; O'Floinn, Raghnall, ed. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <i>Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities</i>. Dublin: Gill &amp; Macmillan. pp.&#160;88–89, 100–101. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7171-2829-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7171-2829-6">0-7171-2829-6</a>. <q>There are nine surviving gorget collars, seven in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_Ireland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Museum of Ireland — pagină inexistentă">National Museum of Ireland</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672840" class="extiw" title="d:Q1672840"><span title="National Museum of Ireland la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, all dating from the late Bronze Age, 800–700&#160;BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+National+Museum+of+Ireland%3A+Irish+Antiquities&amp;rft.place=Dublin&amp;rft.pages=88-89%2C+100-101&amp;rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-7171-2829-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar, Julius</a>. <i>De bello gallico</i>. VI.13–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hut07">Hutton (2007)</a> pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Melrose, Robin (<time datetime="2016">2016</time>). <i>Religion in Britain from the Megaliths to Arthur An Archaeological and Mythological Exploration</i>. McFarland. p.&#160;10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+in+Britain+from+the+Megaliths+to+Arthur+An+Archaeological+and+Mythological+Exploration&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Melrose&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morritt, Robert D. (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). <i>Echoes from the Greek Bronze Age An Anthology of Greek Thought in the Classical Age</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p.&#160;16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Echoes+from+the+Greek+Bronze+Age+An+Anthology+of+Greek+Thought+in+the+Classical+Age&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Morritt&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bendix, Regina (<time datetime="1992">1992</time>). „Diverging Paths in the Scientific Search for Authenticity”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Folklore_Research&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Folklore Research — pagină inexistentă">Journal of Folklore Research</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15708897" class="extiw" title="d:Q15708897"><span title="Journal of Folklore Research la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i>. <b>29</b> (2): 103–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%3AJournal+of+Folklore+Research%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Journal+of+Folklore+Research+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rft.atitle=Diverging+Paths+in+the+Scientific+Search+for+Authenticity&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=103-132&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Bendix&amp;rft.aufirst=Regina&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pomponius Mela iii.2.18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>The Sacred Isle Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland</i>. Boydell Press. p.&#160;88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Isle+Belief+and+Religion+in+Pre-Christian+Ireland&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft.pub=Boydell+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%93+h%C3%93g%C3%A1in&amp;rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>Gallic Wars</i> vi.14.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>The Gallic War</i>. Dover Publications. <time datetime="2012">2012</time>. p.&#160;103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Gallic+War&amp;rft.pages=103&amp;rft.pub=Dover+Publications&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Reports of druids performing human sacrifice are found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a>, <i>Pharsalia</i> i.450–458; Caesar, <i>Gallic Wars</i> vi.16, 17.3–5; Suetonius, <i>Claudius</i> 25; <a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>Pro Font.</i> 31; Cicero, <i>De Rep.</i> 9 (15); cited after Norman J. DeWitt, "The Druids and Romanization" <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> <b>69</b> (1938:319–332) p.&#160;321, note&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brunaux, Jean-Louis (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). „Le Santuaire gaulois de Gournay-sur-Aronde”. <i>Bulletin of the Archaeological and Historical Company of Boulounge-Conchy-Hainvillers</i>. <b>56</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Archaeological+and+Historical+Company+of+Boulounge-Conchy-Hainvillers&amp;rft.atitle=Le+Santuaire+gaulois+de+Gournay-sur-Aronde&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=Brunaux%2C+Jean-Louis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hutton, Ronald (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>The Druids</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp.&#160;133–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=133-134&amp;rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cha66">Chadwick (1966)</a> pp.&#160;xviii, 28, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>. <i>Bibliotheca historicae</i>. V.21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Donald A.Mackenzie, <i>Buddhism in pre-Christian Britain</i> (1928:21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kendrick, T.D. (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>The Druids A Study in Celtic Prehistory</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. p.&#160;75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids+A+Study+in+Celtic+Prehistory&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Kendrick&amp;rft.aufirst=T.D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/hroi/hroiv1.htm"><i>Heroic Romances of Ireland</i></a>. <b>I</b>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-12-24">24 decembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Heroic+Romances+of+Ireland&amp;rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fhroi%2Fhroiv1.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled Amairgin, Amorgen, Aimhirghin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/gafm/gafm09.htm">„Gods and Fighting Men: Part I: Part I Book III: The Landing”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gods+and+Fighting+Men%3A+Part+I%3A+Part+I+Book+III%3A+The+Landing&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fcelt%2Fgafm%2Fgafm09.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn — pagină inexistentă">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374129" class="extiw" title="d:Q374129"><span title="Lebor Gabála Érenn la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor5.html">§65-95</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706222251/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor5.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-07-06">6 iulie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Maighréad C. Ní Dobs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/tochomlad-e.html">"Tochomlad mac Miledh a hEspain i nErind: no Cath Tailten?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023005644/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/tochomlad-e.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-23">23 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Études Celtiques</i> v.II, Paris: Librairie E. Droz, 1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Keating&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Keating — pagină inexistentă">Geoffrey Keating</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733922" class="extiw" title="d:Q733922"><span title="Geoffrey Keating la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <i>Foas Feasa ar Éirinn</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text031.html">1.21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text032.html">22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text033.html">23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pli">Pliny</a> XXX.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>. <i>Claudius</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Claudius&amp;rft.au=Suetonius&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;la=</code> ignorat (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druid&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12727094">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <p><b>Surse clasice</b> </p> <ul><li>Caesar, Gallic Wars, book 6 ch 13-18.</li> <li><cite id="Cic44" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. <i>De Divinatione</i>. 44 CE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=De+Divinatione&amp;rft.au=Cicero&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Pli78" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Plinius_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Plinius cel Bătrân">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>Naturalis Historia</i>. c.78 CE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Naturalis+Historia&amp;rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Tac" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. <i>Annales</i>. Second century CE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Annales&amp;rft.au=Tacitus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> book 14 ch 30.</li></ul> <p><b>Alte surse</b> </p> <ul><li><cite id="Ald97" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldhouse-Green,_Miranda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldhouse-Green, Miranda — pagină inexistentă">Aldhouse-Green, Miranda</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3315889" class="extiw" title="d:Q3315889"><span title="Aldhouse-Green, Miranda la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringworldof00aldh"><i>Exploring the World of the Druids</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780500050835" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780500050835">9780500050835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+the+World+of+the+Druids&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780500050835&amp;rft.au=%3AAldhouse-Green%2C+Miranda%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Aldhouse-Green%2C+Miranda+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringworldof00aldh&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Chad66" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadwick,_Nora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadwick, Nora — pagină inexistentă">Chadwick, Nora</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431240" class="extiw" title="d:Q431240"><span title="Chadwick, Nora la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="1966">1966</time>). <i>The Druids</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids&amp;rft.place=Cardiff&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.au=%3AChadwick%2C+Nora%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chadwick%2C+Nora+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Cun05" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Iron Age Communities in Britain: An account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest </i>(Fourth Edition)<i><span></span></i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-415-56292-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-415-56292-8">978-0-415-56292-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain%3A+An+account+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Wales+from+the+seventh+century+BC+until+the+Roman+Conquest+%28Fourth+Edition%29&amp;rft.place=London+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-56292-8&amp;rft.au=Cunliffe%2C+Barry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Hut91" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutton,_Ronald&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutton, Ronald — pagină inexistentă">Hutton, Ronald</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3087695" class="extiw" title="d:Q3087695"><span title="Hutton, Ronald la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="1991">1991</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631172888"><i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-631-18946-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-631-18946-7">0-631-18946-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles%3A+Their+Nature+and+Legacy&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-631-18946-7&amp;rft.au=%3AHutton%2C+Ronald%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hutton%2C+Ronald+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780631172888&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Hut07" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutton,_Ronald&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutton, Ronald — pagină inexistentă">Hutton, Ronald</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3087695" class="extiw" title="d:Q3087695"><span title="Hutton, Ronald la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>The Druids</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=%3AHutton%2C+Ronald%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hutton%2C+Ronald+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Hut09" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutton,_Ronald&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutton, Ronald — pagină inexistentă">Hutton, Ronald</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3087695" class="extiw" title="d:Q3087695"><span title="Hutton, Ronald la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <i>Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-300-14485-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-300-14485-7">978-0-300-14485-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Blood+and+Mistletoe%3A+The+History+of+the+Druids+in+Britain&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-14485-7&amp;rft.au=%3AHutton%2C+Ronald%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hutton%2C+Ronald+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Rut78" class="citation book">Rutherford, Ward (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). <i>The Druids and their Heritage</i>. London: Gordon &amp; Cremonesi. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-86033-067-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-86033-067-7">978-0-86033-067-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids+and+their+Heritage&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Cremonesi&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86033-067-7&amp;rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Ward&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Ros67" class="citation book">Ross, Anne (<time datetime="1967">1967</time>). <i>Pagan Celtic Britain</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pagan+Celtic+Britain&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.au=Ross%2C+Anne&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Pig68" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piggott,_Stuart&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piggott, Stuart — pagină inexistentă">Piggott, Stuart</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4362439" class="extiw" title="d:Q4362439"><span title="Piggott, Stuart la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (<time datetime="1968">1968</time>). <i>The Druids</i>. London: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Druids&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.au=%3APiggott%2C+Stuart%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Piggott%2C+Stuart+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ADruid" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013141-5">4013141-5</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85039772">sh85039772</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph230287&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ph230287</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6b6c9bdc8b‐b4xzd Cached time: 20241104115504 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.405 seconds Real time usage: 0.631 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1856/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 66382/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1417/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 102051/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4468328/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 551.753 1 -total 54.64% 301.458 1 Format:Listănote 28.45% 156.976 11 Format:Ill-wd 26.47% 146.071 23 Format:Citat_carte 18.91% 104.351 4 Format:Citat_revistă 12.04% 66.423 1 Format:Lang 8.26% 45.594 1 Format:Control_de_autoritate 3.88% 21.421 1 Format:Full_citation_needed 3.30% 18.206 5 Format:Citat_enciclopedie 3.09% 17.069 4 Format:Citat_web --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key rowiki:pcache:idhash:290236-0!canonical and timestamp 20241104115504 and revision id 15865037. 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