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id="toc-In_terms_of_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_terms_of_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In terms of race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_terms_of_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_terms_of_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_terms_of_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In terms of ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_terms_of_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_with_significant_mixed-race_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_with_significant_mixed-race_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regions with significant mixed-race populations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions_with_significant_mixed-race_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions with significant mixed-race populations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions_with_significant_mixed-race_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Madagascar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Ancient India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Modern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar_(Burma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar_(Burma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Myanmar (Burma)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar_(Burma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore_and_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore_and_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Singapore and Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore_and_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Latin America and the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiracial people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qar%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1q_milliy%C9%99tlilik" title="Qarışıq milliyətlilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarışıq milliyətlilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-h%C3%B3ng-%C3%A1" title="Pòaⁿ-hóng-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pòaⁿ-hóng-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial" title="Multiracial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multiracial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multietnisk" title="Multietnisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Multietnisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segarassid" title="Segarassid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Segarassid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μιγάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιγάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksrasulo" title="Miksrasulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miksrasulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="افراد چند نژادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افراد چند نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%ED%98%88" title="혼혈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼혈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multirasial" title="Multirasial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Multirasial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רב-גזעיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-גזעיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotara" title="Chotara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chotara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyleticus" title="Polyphyleticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polyphyleticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiotra" title="Safiotra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Safiotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-racial" title="Multi-racial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Multi-racial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemengd_ras" title="Gemengd ras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemengd ras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80" title="混血 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="混血" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multirracial" title="Multirracial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multirracial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_race" title="Mixed race – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mixed race" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Мелези – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мелези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandfolk" title="Blandfolk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blandfolk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_%C4%B1rkl%C4%B1_insanlar" title="Çok ırklı insanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok ırklı insanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E5%85%92" title="混血兒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="混血兒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E5%85%92" title="混血兒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混血兒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="/w/index.php?title=Biracial&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Biracial">Biracial</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People of multiple races</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Multiracial_people" title="Special:EditPage/Multiracial people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Multiracial+people%22">"Multiracial people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Multiracial+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Multiracial+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Multiracial+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Multiracial+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Multiracial+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The terms <b>multiracial people</b> refer to people who are of multiple <a href="/wiki/Races_(human_categorization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Races (human categorization)"><i>races</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the terms <b>multi-ethnic people</b> refer to people who are of more than one <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for multiracial people in a variety of contexts, including <i>multiethnic</i>, <i>polyethnic</i>, occasionally <i>bi-ethnic</i>, <i>biracial</i>, <i>mixed-race</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulad%C3%AD" title="Muladí">Muwallad</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Melezi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-caste</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euronesian" title="Euronesian">ʻafakasi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutt" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mutt">mutt</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">octoroon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quadroon#Racial_classifications" title="Quadroon">griffe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">sacatra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">sambo/zambo</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Eurasian</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">hapa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">hāfu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></i>. A number of these once-acceptable terms are now considered <a href="/wiki/Offensive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive language">offensive</a>, in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use. </p><p>Individuals of multiracial backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, studies have found that the multiracial population is continuing to grow. In many countries of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a> make up the majority of the population and in some others also <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a>. In the Caribbean, multiracial people officially make up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%), Aruba (68%), and Cuba (51%).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_terms_of_race">In terms of race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In terms of race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics#Defining_race" title="Race and genetics">While defining race is controversial</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Defining race) has been deleted. (2024-06-28)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>race</i> remains a commonly used term for classification, often related to visible physical characteristics or known community. Insofar as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of mixed race are subjective. </p><p>According to U.S. sociologist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a> and ethicist Pilar Ossorio: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some percentage of people who look native European will possess genetic markers indicating that a significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Some percentage of people who look African or native African will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the United States: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many state and local agencies comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1997 revised standards for the collection, tabulation, and presentation of federal data on race and ethnicity. The revised OMB standards identify a minimum of five racial categories: <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">European American</a>; <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>; <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American and Alaska Native</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</a>. Perhaps the most significant change for Census 2000 was that respondents were given the option to mark one or more races on the questionnaire to indicate their racial identity. <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#Census_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Census 2000</a> race data are shown for people who reported a race either alone or in combination with one or more other races.<sup id="cite_ref-MRDSF_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRDSF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, many terms for mixed-race people exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used. <i><a href="/wiki/Mulato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulato">Mulato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">zambo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i> are used in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulato">mulato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i>, <i>cafuzo</i>, <i>ainoko</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> in Portuguese, and <i>mulâtre</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">métis</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. These terms are also in certain contexts used in the English-speaking world. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people">Métis</a> are a recognized ethnic group of mixed European and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> descent, who have status in the law similar to that of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>. </p><p>Terms such as <i>mulatto</i> for people of partially African descent and <i>mestizo</i> for people of partially Native American descent are still used by English-speaking people of the Western Hemisphere<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="which country ie. AE or BE etc. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but mostly to refer to the past or to the demography of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and its diasporic population. <i><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></i> is a historic term for people of partial Native American ancestry; it is now considered pejorative and discouraged from use. <i>Mestee</i>, once widely used, is now used mostly for members of historically mixed-race groups, such as Louisiana Creoles, <a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayles">Mayles</a>. </p><p>In South Africa and much of English-speaking southern Africa, the term <i>Coloured</i> was used to describe both mixed-race persons of African and European descent, and those Asians not of African descent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America, populations became triracial after the introduction of African slavery. A panoply of terms developed during the Spanish and Portuguese colonial periods, including terms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">zambo</a></i> for persons of Native American and native African descent. Charts and diagrams intended to explain the classifications were common. The well-known <i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i> paintings in Mexico and, to some extent, Peru, were illustrations of the different classifications. </p><p>At one time, Latin American census categories have used such classifications. In Brazilian censuses since the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Imperial times</a>, for example, most persons of mixed heritage, except <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Brazilian">Asian Brazilians</a> with some <a href="/wiki/European_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Brazilian">European descent</a> (or any other to the extent it is not clearly perceptible) and vice versa, tend to be thrown into the single category of "<a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a>". But <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Race in Brazil">racial boundaries in Brazil</a> are related less to ancestry than to phenotype. A westernized Amerindian with <a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">copper-colored</a> skin may also be classified as a "pardo", a <i>caboclo</i> in this case, despite not being mixed race. A European-looking person, even with one or more native <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">African</a> or Indigenous ancestors, is not classified as "pardo" but as "branco", a <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">white Brazilian</a>. The same applies to "negros", <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilians</a> whose European or Native American ancestors are not visible in their appearance. According to genetic research, most Brazilians of all racial groups (except Asian-Brazilians and natives) are, to some extent, mixed-race. </p><p>In the English language, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (history)">amalgamation</a></i> were used for unions between whites, blacks, and other ethnic groups. The term 'miscegenation' initially replaced 'amalgamation' due to the latter's association with slavery in the 1800s,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 'miscegenation' is today often considered offensive and controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>mixed-race</i>, <i>biracial</i> or <i>multiracial</i> are becoming generally accepted. In other languages, terms for miscegenation are not necessarily considered offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_terms_of_ethnicity">In terms of ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In terms of ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "multi-ethnic people" or "ethnically mixed people" refer to people who are of more than one <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions_with_significant_mixed-race_populations">Regions with significant mixed-race populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regions with significant mixed-race populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (including portions of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>), people of mixed race are called <a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-castes</a> (in English) or <i>chotara</i> (singular, in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>), <i>wachotara</i> (plural in Swahili).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a></div> <p>North Africa has numerous mixed-race communities, reflecting a history of both extensive Mediterranean trade around the region and later colonization and migration by African groups. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a>, oasis-dwellers of Saharan southern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. They are believed to be an ethnicity composed of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">Sub-Saharan African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> ancestry. They constitute a socially and ethnically distinct group within the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For centuries, <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave traders</a> sold sub-Saharan Africans as slaves in cumulatively large numbers throughout the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. Communities descended from these slaves and local peoples can be found throughout these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_Campbell_2003_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn_Campbell_2003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbary pirates were known to attack European and British ships and take Europeans into slavery as well. So many were taken, that the memoirs of survivors are considered a literary genre known as <a href="/wiki/Captivity_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Captivity narratives">captivity narratives</a>. When English and other European colonists were taken captive by Native Americans, they had models for recounting their trials. </p><p>Cape Verde, in west Africa, has one of the most mixed-race populations (around 75% of the population) on the planet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/250px-Coloured-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/375px-Coloured-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/500px-Coloured-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Extended <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a> family from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Mixed_Marriages_Act,_1949" title="Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949">Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act</a> of 1949 prohibited marriage between Native Europeans (people of European descent) and non-Whites (being classified as African, Asian and Coloured). But this followed centuries of interaction and unions resulting in mixed-race children. This law was repealed in 1985. </p><p>Mixed-race South Africans are commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloureds</a></i>. According to the 2016 South African Census,<sup id="cite_ref-2016_census_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_census-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are the second-largest ethnic group (8.8%), behind <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Native Africans</a>, or Native African Bantu peoples, who constitute (80.8%) of the current population. <a href="/wiki/European_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="European South Africans">European South Africans</a> make up 8.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_census_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_census-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Madagascar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_peoples" title="Malagasy peoples">Malagasy peoples</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> was settled between the first and ninth centuries AD by two groups: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> peoples who arrived on <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoes</a> from across the Indian Ocean, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> peoples who crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a> from mainland Africa. These two groups intermixed, forming the modern Malagasy people; later migrants from Arabia, Somalia, and India added to the genetic mixture. </p><p>Virtually all Malagasy people are of some degree of mixed descent; however, the amount of mixture varies greatly between regions of Madagascar, despite all Malagasy people sharing a common language and similar cultural elements. The Malagasy of the central highlands of Madagascar have predominantly Austronesian ancestry, the Malagasy of the west coast and the south of the island have predominantly Bantu ancestry, and Malagasy of the island's east coast are of roughly equal degrees Bantu and Austronesian ancestry. The average Malagasy person's genetic makeup includes a roughly equal blend of Southeast Asian and East African genes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> have a diverse genetic pool, being composed of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Neolithic Iranians, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>. This makes up the genome of modern-day Indians and varies from caste and region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Modern_India">Modern India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Louis Vivian Derozio</a>, a radical thinker and educator, was of Indian and European background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. This sentence doesn't seem to be connected to the topic. (December 2021)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to colonization, the peoples of India had a long history of trade and other interaction with other peoples. More recently a Eurasian mix developed during the Colonial period, beginning with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and other European traders and merchants, including British. Such interaction continued during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Rule</a> in India, although it lessened as British families settled in the country. The estimated population of Anglo-Indians, the term for these Eurasians, is 600,000 worldwide, with the majority living in India and the UK. </p><p> Article 366(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a> defines <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a> as:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>(2) an Anglo-Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar_(Burma)"><span id="Myanmar_.28Burma.29"></span>Myanmar (Burma)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Myanmar (Burma)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formerly Burma) was a British colony from 1826 until 1948. Other European nationals were active in the country before the British arrived. Intermarriage and relationships took place among such settlers and merchants with the local Burmese population, and subsequently between British colonists and the Burmese. The local Eurasian population is known as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Burmese">Anglo-Burmese</a>. This group dominated colonial society and through the early years of independence. After Burma gained independence in 1948, many <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Burmese">Anglo-Burmese</a> left the country; the diaspora resides primarily in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. An estimated 52,000 Anglo-Burmese live in Burma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino mestizo">Filipino mestizo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestizos,_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_(1734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/220px-Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/330px-Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/440px-Mestizos%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Mestizos as illustrated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas">Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas</a></i>, 1734.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish colony</a> for almost four centuries, or 333 years. The United States took it over after the Spanish-American War, ruling for 46 years. Many Filipinos are mixed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a>, and according to <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jagor" title="Fedor Jagor">Fedor Jagor</a>, one-third of Luzon which holds half the Philippine population, has Spanish or Latin-American admxiture. And it also has Philippine-American descent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of Spain during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, the Philippines and other remaining <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonies">Spanish colonies</a> were ceded to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. The Philippines was under U.S. <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> until 1946, though occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1946, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a>, the U.S. recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent nation. Even after 1946, the U.S. maintained a strong military presence in the Philippines, with as many as 21 U.S. military bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there as defense in Asia and during the Vietnam War. </p><p>After the bases closed in 1992, American troops left, often abandoning partners and their <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> children.<sup id="cite_ref-findarticles.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findarticles.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians in the Philippines, with 5,000 in the Clark area of <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An academic research paper presented in the U.S. (in 2012) by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000. This is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasians intermarried with other Amerasians and Filipino natives.<sup id="cite_ref-time-2001-04-16_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-2001-04-16-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newer Amerasians from the United States would add to the already older settlement of peoples from other countries in the Americas that happened when the Philippines was under Spanish rule,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Philippines once received immigrants from Spanish occupied Panama, Peru,<sup id="cite_ref-Peru_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peru-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehl-2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehl-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Chpt. 6">: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C">Chpt. 6</a></span> </span></sup> </p><p>In the United States, intermarriage between Filipinos and other ethnicities is common. They have the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriages</a> among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 21.8% of Philippine-Americans are of mixed ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore_and_Malaysia">Singapore and Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singapore and Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to government statistics, the population of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> as of September 2007 was 4.68 million. Mixed-race people, including <a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a>, formed 2.4%. </p><p>In Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the majority of inter-ethnic marriages are between <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indians</a>. The offspring of such marriages are informally known as "<a href="/wiki/Chindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chindian">Chindian</a>". The Malaysian government classifies them only by their father's ethnicity. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian groom and Chinese bride, the majority of Chindians in Malaysia are usually classified as "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indian</a>" by the government. As for the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, who are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, legal restrictions in Malaysia make it uncommon for them to intermarry with either the Indians, who are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, or the Chinese, who are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Indian Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Singaporean">Arabs in Singapore</a> and Malaysia often take local Malay wives, because of their common <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab-Malays_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab-Malays-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a> people, in Singapore and the <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> state of Malaysia, are <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> with considerable Malay ancestry. The early Tamil settlers took local wives, as they had not brought their own women at that time. </p><p>In the East Malaysian states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, intermarriage has been common between <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> and native tribespeople, such as the <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dusun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun">Dusun</a> in Sabah, and the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a> in Sarawak. A mixture of cultures has resulted in both states. The offspring of these marriages are called "Sino-(name of tribe)", e.g. Sino-Dusun. Normally, children are strongly affected by the father's ethnicity and culture, being raised in his culture. These <a href="/wiki/Sino-natives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-natives">Sino-natives</a> usually become fluent in both <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. A smaller number are able to speak Chinese dialects and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, especially those who have received education in vernacular Chinese schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the island of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has been a confluence for settlers from various parts of the world. There are several mixed-race ethnicities in the island. The most notable mixed-race group is the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a>, who trace their ancestry to Arab traders who settled on the island and intermarried with local women. Today, the Sri Lankan Moors live primarily in urban communities. They preserve Arab-Islamic cultural heritage while adopting many Southern Asian customs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Burgher_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher People">Burghers</a> are a Eurasian ethnic group. They are descendants through paternal lines of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and with maternal ancestry among local women. Other European minorities in such admixtures include Swedish, Norwegian, French and Irish. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffir_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Kaffir people">Sri Lanka Kaffirs</a> are an ethnic group partially descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and their enslaved Africans. The Kaffirs spoke a distinctive creole based on Portuguese, the Sri Lanka Kaffir language, which is now extinct. Their cultural heritage includes the dance styles Kaffringna and Manja, as well as the Portuguese Sinhalese, Creole, Afro-Sinhalese varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></div> <p>Under terms of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Accords of 1954</a>, departing French troops took thousands of Vietnamese wives and children with them after the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. Some Eurasians stayed in Vietnam, after independence from French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GI_Baby" title="GI Baby">GI Baby</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9nxu%C4%9B%27%C3%A9r" class="mw-redirect" title="Hùnxuě'ér">Hùnxuě'ér</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Afro-Iranians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afro_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Turks">Afro Turks</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> slave traders sold slaves in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries throughout the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and communities descended from these slaves can be found throughout these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwyn_Campbell_2003_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwyn_Campbell_2003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> are of mixed South Asian, Middle Eastern and European ancestry. They settled in Europe hundreds of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)</a></div> <p>In 1991 an analysis of the census showed that 50% of Mixed Caribbean men born in the UK have native British partners,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2011 BBC documentary <i>Mixed Britannia</i> noted that 1 in 10 British children are growing up in mixed households. </p><p>In 2000, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">The Sunday Times</a></i> reported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world" and certainly the UK has the highest rate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2001 census showed the population of England to be 1.4% mixed-race, compared with 2.7% in Canada and 1.4% in the U.S. (estimate from 2002), although this U.S. figure did not include mixed-race people who had a parent with African Ancestry. Both the US and UK have fewer people identifying as mixed race, however, than Canada. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, many mixed-race people have <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> heritage. For example, supermodel <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a> has <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> roots. Some, like seven time <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> World Champion <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton" title="Lewis Hamilton">Lewis Hamilton</a>, are referred to or describe themselves as '<a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed</a>'. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2001_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 UK Census">2001 UK Census</a> included a section entitled 'Mixed', to which 1.4% (1.6% by 2005 estimates) of people responded, which was split further into <i>White and Black Caribbean</i>, <i>White and Asian</i>, <i>White and Native African</i> and <i>Other Mixed</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 2011 census, 2.2% chose 'Mixed' for the question on ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg/170px-Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg/255px-Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg/340px-Keanu_Reves_in_Mexico_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Canadian actor and musician <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> is of <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reulu_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reulu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png/220px-Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png/330px-Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png/440px-Canada_Census_Multiple_Visible_Minority_1996_-_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Canada Census Multiple Visible Minority 1996 – 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Mixed-race Canadians in 2006 officially totaled 1.5% of the population, up from 1.2% in 2001. The official mixed-race population grew by 25% since the previous census. Of these, the most frequent combinations were <i>multiple visible minorities</i> (for example, people of mixed black and South Asian heritage form the majority, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>), followed closely by <i>white-black</i>, <i>white-Chinese</i>, <i>white-Arab</i> and many other smaller mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>, a very large but unknown number of African American slaves escaped to Canada, where <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">slavery</a> was made illegal in 1834, via the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. Many of these people married in with European Canadian and Native Canadian populations, although their precise numbers and the numbers of their descendants are not known. </p><p>Another 1.2% of Canadians officially are <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> (descendants of a historical population who were partially <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Aboriginal</a>—also called "Indian" or "Native"—and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> ethnic groups). Although the term "Métis" stems from the Latin verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">miscēre</i></span>, "to mix", the Métis people are a distinct ethnic group within Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melungeons">Melungeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Plantation">Children of the Plantation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/330px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/495px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/660px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>US Census reporting of Two or Mixed Races 2010 – 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the 2000 census was the first in the history of the country to offer respondents the option of identifying themselves as belonging to more than one race. This mixed-race option was considered a necessary adaptation to the demographic and cultural changes that the United States has been experiencing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> officially numbered 6.1 million in 2006, or 2.0% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-b02001_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b02001-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable evidence that an accurate number would be much higher. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their mixed-race heritage. The development of <a href="/wiki/Binary_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary thinking">binary thinking</a> about race meant that African Americans, a high proportion of whom have also had European ancestry, were classified as black. Some are now reclaiming additional ancestries. Many Americans today are multi-racial without knowing it. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, 75% of all <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> had mixed ancestries, usually European and Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-Quintana_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quintana-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the number of Americans who checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms was 134 percent higher than it had been a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, those choosing 'Two or more races' on the census was 2.4% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a> and Eugene Turner, by some calculations in the 2000 Census, the mixed-race population that is part white is as follows: </p> <ul><li>White/Native American and <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Native">Alaskan Native</a>: 7,015,017</li> <li>White/African American: 737,492</li> <li>White/Asian: 727,197 and</li> <li>White/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander: 125,628.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The stigma of a mixed-race heritage, associated with racial discrimination among numerous racial groups, has decreased significantly in the United States. People of mixed-race heritage can identify themselves now in the U.S. Census by any combination of races, whereas before Americans were required to select from only one category. For example, in 2010, they were offered choices of one or more racial categories from the following list:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>White</li> <li>Black, African Am. or Negro</li> <li>American Indian or Alaska Native</li> <li>Asian Indian</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Chinese</li> <li>Filipino</li> <li>Japanese</li> <li>Korean</li> <li>Vietnamese</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Native Hawaiian</li> <li>Guamanian or Chamorro</li> <li>Samoan</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Other Asian [specify]</li> <li>Other Pacific Islander [specify]</li> <li>Some Other Race [specify]</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama,_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the first mixed-race <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The US has a growing mixed-race identity movement, reflective of a desire by people to claim their full identities. <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a>, most notably between whites and blacks, was historically deemed immoral and illegal in most states in the 18th, 19th and first half of the 20th century because of its long association of blacks with the slave caste. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> had similar laws to prohibit European-Asian marriages, which was associated with discrimination against Chinese and Japanese on the West Coast. Many states eventually repealed such laws and a 1967 decision by the US Supreme Court (<i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i>) overturned all remaining US <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>. </p><p>The United States is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world. Americans are mostly mixed ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities culturally distinct in their former countries. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> took place, unevenly at different periods of history, depending on the American region. The "Americanization" of foreign ethnic groups and the inter-racial diversity of millions of Americans has been a fundamental part of its history, especially on frontiers where different groups of people came together.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 20, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was sworn in as America's first mixed-race president,<sup id="cite_ref-Jolivétte2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolivétte2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he is the son of a <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European American</a> mother of mostly <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> descent and a <a href="/wiki/Luo_people_(Kenya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo people (Kenya)">Luo</a> father from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. He acknowledges both parents. His official <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> biography describes him as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hawai'i, the U.S. state in which he was born, he would be called "<a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">hapa</a>", which is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> word for "mixed race".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euronesian" title="Euronesian">Euronesian</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> has long been a multi-ethnic country, with a vast majority of people being mixed race even if they do not self-identify in that manner. The indigenous Fijians are of mixed Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry, resulting from years of migration of islanders from various places mixing with each other. Fiji Islanders from the Lau group have intermarried with <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tongans</a> and other Polynesians over the years. The overwhelming majority of the rest of the indigenous Fijians, though, can be genetically traced to having mixed Polynesian/Melanesian ancestry. </p><p>The Indo-Fijian population is also a hodge-podge of South Asian immigrants (called Girmits in Fiji), who came as indentured labourers beginning in 1879. While a few of these labourers managed to bring wives, many of them either took or were given wives once they arrived in Fiji. The Girmits, who are classified as simply "Indians" to this day, came from many parts of the Indian subcontinent of present-day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. It is easy to recognize the Indian mixtures present in Fiji and see obvious traces of Southern and Northern Indians and other groups who have been categorised together. More of this phenomenon would have likely happened if the religious groups represented (primarily Hindu, Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>) had not resisted to some degree marriage between religious groups, which tended to be from more similar parts of the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>Over the years, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>-growing regions of Western <a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu" title="Viti Levu">Viti Levu</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Vanua_Levu" title="Vanua Levu">Vanua Levu</a>, Indo-Fijians and Indigenous Fijians have mixed. Others have Chinese/Fijian ancestry, Indo-Fijian/<a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoan</a> or Rotuman ancestry and European/Fijian ancestry (often called "part Fijians"). The latter are often descendants of shipwrecked sailors and settlers who came during the colonial period. Migration from a dozen or more different Pacific countries (<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, Samoa and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> being the most prevalent) have added to the various ethnicities and intermarriages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Latin America and the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg/220px-Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg/330px-Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg/440px-Bob_Marley_1976_press_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>'s mother is of African descent and his father is of European ancestry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg/170px-SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg/255px-SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg/340px-SeanPaulIRAWA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Sean_Paul" title="Sean Paul">Sean Paul</a>'s mother is of <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese Jamaican</a> descent; his paternal grandmother was <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> and his paternal grandfather was a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jew</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>" is the common word for mixed-race people in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, especially people with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> or other European ancestry. Mestizos make up a large portion of Latin Americans, comprising a majority in many countries. </p><p>In Latin America, racial mixture was officially acknowledged from colonial times. There was official nomenclature for every conceivable mixture present in the various countries. Initially, this classification was used as a type of caste system, where rights and privileges were accorded depending on one's official racial classification. Official caste distinctions were abolished in many countries of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> as they became independent of Spain. Several terms have remained in common usage. </p><p>Race and racial mixture have played a significant role in the politics of many Latin American countries. In most countries, for example <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, a majority of the population can be described as biracial or mixed race (depending on the country). In <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#"Mestizo"_as_the_default_national_identity" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a>, over 80% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> in some degree or another.<sup id="cite_ref-INMEGEN_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican philosopher and educator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> authored an essay on the subject, "<a href="/wiki/La_Raza_C%C3%B3smica" class="mw-redirect" title="La Raza Cósmica">La Raza Cósmica</a>", celebrating racial mixture. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> ex-president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, of Spanish, indigenous and African ancestry, made positive references to the mixed-race ancestry of most Latin Americans from time to time. </p><p>Colonialism throughout the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> has created diverse populations on many islands, including people of mixed race identities. Of note is the mixture of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">West African communities</a>, most brought to the region as slaves and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">East Indian</a> settlers, most of whom came as indentured labor after the abolition of slavery. <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> claim the highest populations of such mixtures, known locally as <i><a href="/wiki/Dougla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dougla">douglas</a></i>. In addition to such mixtures, many inhabitants of the West Indies can also have any combination of <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a>, <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Multiracial_people" title="Special:EditPage/Multiracial people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo Brazilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Mixed-race Brazilian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg/220px-Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg/330px-Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg/440px-Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Mixed Brazilians</a> in each department in 2022.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg/170px-Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg/255px-Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg/340px-Adriana_Lima_au_festival_de_Cannes%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Lima" title="Adriana Lima">Adriana Lima</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Native Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> ancestry, which classifies her as a <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo Brazilian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2022 official census, 45.34% of <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a> identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This option is normally chosen by people who consider themselves mixed race. The <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Race_Day" title="Mixed Race Day">Mixed Race Day</a> (<span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">Dia do Mestiço</i></span>), on 27 June, is official event in the states of Amazonas, Roraima, and Paraíba and a holiday in two cities. Other than pardo, people who are mixed race also have other names to refer to themselves such as <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">moreno</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>. Those terms are not considered offensive and focus more on skin color than ethnicity (they are seen as comparable to other human characteristics, such as being short or tall). </p><p>Most Brazilians of mixed race are usually tri-racial, with Amerindian, European, and African origins. Other common mixed-race groups are between <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">African</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Amerindian</a> and European (<i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i> or <i>mameluco</i>). But there are also African and Amerindian (<i>cafuzo</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">East Asian</a> (mostly Japanese) and European/other (<i>ainoko</i> or more recently, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">hāfu</a></i>). These groups are found throughout the country to varying degrees. </p><p>Since mixed-race relations in Brazilian society have occurred for many generations, some people find it difficult to trace their own ethnic ancestry. Today a majority of mixed-race Brazilians do not really know their ethnic ancestry, but they are aware that their ancestors were probably Portuguese, African and Amerindian. Additionally, a very large number of Italians (Brazil has the largest Italian population outside Italy), Japanese (the largest Japanese population outside Japan), Lebanese (the largest Lebanese population outside Lebanon), Germans, Poles, Russians and others contributed to Brazil's racial makeup. A high percentage of Brazilians is also of Jewish descent, perhaps hundreds of thousands, mostly found in the northeast of the country who cannot be sure of their ancestry as they descend from the so-called "Crypto-Jews" (Jews who practiced Judaism in secret but outwardly pretended to be Catholics), also called Marranos or New Christians, often considered Portuguese. According to some sources, one third of families arrived from Portugal during colonization were of Jewish origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic society">Multiethnic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi,_and_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing (racial identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact hypotheses">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact hypotheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_society" title="Race and society">Race and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_traitor" title="Race traitor">Race traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Loren_Katz" title="William Loren Katz">William Loren Katz</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803034845/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/multiracial">"Definition of <i>multiracial</i> in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/multiracial">the original</a> on 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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LSU Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4635-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-4635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Black+Beast%3A+African+American+Masculinity+in+the+Harlem+and+Southern+Renaissances&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-4635-4&rft.aulast=Leiter&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6h9fDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStriner2012" class="citation book cs1">Striner, Richard (11 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwzyoNirIgMC&pg=PA54"><i>Lincoln and Race</i></a>. SIU Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3078-2"><bdi>978-0-8093-3078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+Race&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-3078-2&rft.aulast=Striner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwzyoNirIgMC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnella2016" class="citation news cs1">Donnella, Leah (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/08/25/455470334/all-mixed-up-what-do-we-call-people-of-multiple-backgrounds">"All Mixed Up: What Do We Call People Of Multiple Backgrounds?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>While miscegenation is by no means considered a neutral word today, very few people know just how laden it is. [...] Today, 'mixed race' seems to have won out in academic writing. [...] Results for 'biracial' and 'multiracial' combined offer up about half that. But the debate continues, inside and outside the ivory tower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=All+Mixed+Up%3A+What+Do+We+Call+People+Of+Multiple+Backgrounds%3F&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Donnella&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2016%2F08%2F25%2F455470334%2Fall-mixed-up-what-do-we-call-people-of-multiple-backgrounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUaliyevaEdgar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ualiyeva, Saule K.; Edgar, Adrienne L. (31 December 2020). "4. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sean+Paul&rft.pub=Something+Jewish&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.aulast=Westbrook&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somethingjewish.co.uk%2Farticles%2F813_sean_paul.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INMEGEN-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva-ZolezziHidalgo-MirandaEstrada-GilFernandez-Lopez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Silva-Zolezzi, I.; Hidalgo-Miranda, A.; Estrada-Gil, J.; Fernandez-Lopez, J. C.; Uribe-Figueroa, L.; Contreras, A.; Balam-Ortiz, E.; del Bosque-Plata, L.; Velazquez Fernandez, D.; Lara, C.; Goya, R.; Hernandez-Lemus, E.; Davila, C.; Barrientos, E.; March, S.; Jimenez-Sanchez, G. (26 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680428">"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>106</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">8611–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.8611S">2009PNAS..106.8611S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0903045106">10.1073/pnas.0903045106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680428">2680428</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433783">19433783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+genomic+diversity+in+Mexican+Mestizo+populations+to+develop+genomic+medicine+in+Mexico&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8611-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680428%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19433783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0903045106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.8611S&rft.aulast=Silva-Zolezzi&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Hidalgo-Miranda%2C+A.&rft.au=Estrada-Gil%2C+J.&rft.au=Fernandez-Lopez%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Uribe-Figueroa%2C+L.&rft.au=Contreras%2C+A.&rft.au=Balam-Ortiz%2C+E.&rft.au=del+Bosque-Plata%2C+L.&rft.au=Velazquez+Fernandez%2C+D.&rft.au=Lara%2C+C.&rft.au=Goya%2C+R.&rft.au=Hernandez-Lemus%2C+E.&rft.au=Davila%2C+C.&rft.au=Barrientos%2C+E.&rft.au=March%2C+S.&rft.au=Jimenez-Sanchez%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209115617/http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/adriana-lima-/1224">"Adriana Lima"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogue Paris">Vogue Paris</a></i>. 24 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/adriana-lima-/1224">the original</a> on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue+Paris&rft.atitle=Adriana+Lima&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.vogue.fr%2Fvogue-list%2Fthevoguelist%2Fadriana-lima-%2F1224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140728013935/http://mdemulher.abril.com.br/blogs/modaspot-news/no-auge-do-sucesso-top-adriana-lima-completa-30-anos/">"No auge do sucesso, top Adriana Lima completa 30 anos | MODASPOT News"</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdemulher.abril.com.br/blogs/modaspot-news/no-auge-do-sucesso-top-adriana-lima-completa-30-anos/">the original</a> on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+auge+do+sucesso%2C+top+Adriana+Lima+completa+30+anos+%26%23124%3B+MODASPOT+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdemulher.abril.com.br%2Fblogs%2Fmodaspot-news%2Fno-auge-do-sucesso-top-adriana-lima-completa-30-anos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/cor_raca_Censo2000.pdf">"Censo Demográfico 2000"</a> [Demographic Census 2000] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+Demogr%C3%A1fico+2000&rft.pub=Instituto+Brasileiro+de+Geografia+e+Estat%C3%ADstica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcenso2000%2Fpopulacao%2Fcor_raca_Censo2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthorpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Manthorpe, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3D6a7bK_t0C"><i>Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230614246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230614246"><bdi>978-0230614246</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Nation%3A+A+History+of+Taiwan&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0230614246&rft.aulast=Manthorpe&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3D6a7bK_t0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aacap.org/page.ww?name=Multiracial+Children&section=Facts+for+Families">"Multiracial Children"</a>. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiracial+Children&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faacap.org%2Fpage.ww%3Fname%3DMultiracial%2BChildren%26section%3DFacts%2Bfor%2BFamilies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyrePutnam,_Samuel1946" class="citation book cs1">Freyre, Gilberto; Putnam, Samuel (1946). <i>The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05665-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05665-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7001196">7001196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masters+and+the+Slaves%3A+A+Study+in+the+Development+of+Brazilian+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7001196&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05665-7&rft.aulast=Freyre&rft.aufirst=Gilberto&rft.au=Putnam%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoynerKao,_Grace2005" class="citation journal cs1">Joyner, Kara; Kao, Grace (August 2005). "Interracial Relationships and the Transition to Adulthood". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>70</b> (4). American Sociological Association: <span class="nowrap">563–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240507000402">10.1177/000312240507000402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145262347">145262347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Interracial+Relationships+and+the+Transition+to+Adulthood&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240507000402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145262347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft.au=Kao%2C+Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudecek2017" class="citation book cs1">Hudecek, Sau Le (2017). <i>The Rebirth of Hope: My Journey from Vietnam War Child to American Citizen</i>. Texas: Texas Christian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875654324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875654324"><bdi>978-0875654324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Hope%3A+My+Journey+from+Vietnam+War+Child+to+American+Citizen&rft.place=Texas&rft.pub=Texas+Christian+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0875654324&rft.aulast=Hudecek&rft.aufirst=Sau+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multiracial_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Multiracial people">Multiracial people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiracial.com/">The Multiracial Activist</a>, an online activist publication registered with the Library of Congress, focused on multiracial individuals and interracial families since 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectrace.com">ProjectRACE</a>, an organization leading the movement for a multiracial classification</li></ul> <dl><dt>Advocacy groups</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813110446/http://www.ameasite.org/">Association of MultiEthnic Americans, Inc.</a>, US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204100412/http://blendedpeopleamerica.com/">Blended People of America</a>, US-based nonprofit organization representing the interests of the mixed-race community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacaomestica.org">Brazilian Multiracial Movement</a>, Brazilian mixed-race organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312050357/http://hafujapanese.org/">The Hafu Project</a>, a study of half-Japanese people, London-, Munich-, Tokyo-based nonprofit organisation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mavinfoundation.org">MAVIN Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155746/http://www.mavinfoundation.org/">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an organization advocating for mixed-heritage people and families</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mixedraceuk.com">Mixed Race UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617065712/http://www.mixedraceuk.com/">Archived</a> 17 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UK-based nonprofit organization representing the interests of the mixed-race community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006084015/http://www.mosaicequalities.org.uk/">Mosaic UK</a>, a UK-based organisation for mixed-race families</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pih.org.uk">People in Harmony UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swirlinc.org">Swirl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811054229/http://www.swirlinc.org/">Archived</a> 11 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US-based mixed community</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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