CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alsace–Lorraine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"72ae2498-a83d-4785-8962-3025c1fdabaf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alsace–Lorraine","wgTitle":"Alsace–Lorraine","wgCurRevisionId":1258486973,"wgRevisionId":1258486973,"wgArticleId":206997,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from July 2021","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","All articles with incomplete citations", "Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Articles containing Alemannic German-language text","Articles containing Alsatian-language text","Articles needing additional references from April 2013","All articles needing additional references","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Articles needing additional references from March 2017","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links", "Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","States and territories established in 1871","States and territories disestablished in 1918","Alsace–Lorraine","History of Alsace","History of Moselle (department)","Former countries in Europe","Political history of France","States of the German Empire","Treaty of Versailles","Geography of Grand Est","Aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alsace–Lorraine","wgRelevantArticleId":206997,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":48.67,"lon":7},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q155144","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles" :"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/1200px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/800px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/640px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alsace–Lorraine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alsace–Lorraine rootpage-Alsace–Lorraine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towns_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Towns and cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_annexation_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_annexation_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>From annexation to World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_annexation_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexation_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Annexation considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_annexed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_annexed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Area annexed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_annexed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_option" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_option"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Citizenship option</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_option-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.1</span> <span>Territorial Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_governors_1871–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_governors_1871–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.2</span> <span>Imperial governors 1871–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_governors_1871–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.3</span> <span>State parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.4</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reichstag_elections_1874–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reichstag_elections_1874–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.4.1</span> <span>Reichstag elections 1874–1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reichstag_elections_1874–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>The military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Economy and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_its_role_in_popular_attitudes_to_the_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_its_role_in_popular_attitudes_to_the_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Religion and its role in popular attitudes to the annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_its_role_in_popular_attitudes_to_the_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>During World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_to_the_French_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_to_the_French_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Annexation to the French Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_to_the_French_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evacuation_and_deportations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_and_deportations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Evacuation and deportations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_and_deportations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_control_and_the_Malgré-nous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_control_and_the_Malgré-nous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>German control and the Malgré-nous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_control_and_the_Malgré-nous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Languages used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currently" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Currently</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currently-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_language_use_historically_(1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_language_use_historically_(1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>First language use historically (1900)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_language_use_historically_(1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_statistics_in_1910" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_statistics_in_1910"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Religious statistics in 1910</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_statistics_in_1910-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_(1866–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_(1866–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Statistics (1866–2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_(1866–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alsace–Lorraine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsas-Lotaringe" title="Elsas-Lotaringe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elsas-Lotaringe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsland_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen" title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الألزاس واللورين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألزاس واللورين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzas-Lotaringiya" title="Elzas-Lotaringiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elzas-Lotaringiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эльзас-Латарынгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эльзас-Латарынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эльзас-Лятарынгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эльзас-Лятарынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Елзас-Лотарингия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елзас-Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzas-Loren" title="Elzas-Loren – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elzas-Loren" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%A0cia-Lorena" title="Alsàcia-Lorena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alsàcia-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsasko-Lotrinsko" title="Alsasko-Lotrinsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alsasko-Lotrinsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsland_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen" title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_Imperial_de_Alsacia_y_Lorena" title="Territorio Imperial de Alsacia y Lorena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio Imperial de Alsacia y Lorena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzaco-Loreno" title="Alzaco-Loreno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alzaco-Loreno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsazia-Lorrena" title="Alsazia-Lorrena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alsazia-Lorrena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%93%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="آلزاس–لورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلزاس–لورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzas-Loataringen" title="Elzas-Loataringen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elzas-Loataringen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsacia-Lorena" title="Alsacia-Lorena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alsacia-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%9E%90%EC%8A%A4-%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C" title="알자스-로렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알자스-로렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BD-%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էլզաս-Լոթարինգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլզաս-Լոթարինգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ऐल्सैस लोरेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐल्सैस लोरेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzas-Lotaringija" title="Elzas-Lotaringija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elzas-Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen" title="Elsaß-Lothringen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elsaß-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsazia-Lorena" title="Alsazia-Lorena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alsazia-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A1-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="אלזס-לורן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלזס-לורן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಸೇಸ್ ಲೊರೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಸೇಸ್ ಲೊರೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эльзас-Лотарингия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эльзас-Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasa-Lotringa" title="Elzasa-Lotringa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elzasa-Lotringa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsass-Loutrengen" title="Elsass-Loutrengen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elsass-Loutrengen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasas-Lotaringija" title="Elzasas-Lotaringija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elzasas-Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အယ်လဆက် လိုရိန်းနယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လဆက် လိုရိန်းနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzas-Lotharingen" title="Elzas-Lotharingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elzas-Lotharingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%82%B9%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C" title="アルザス＝ロレーヌ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルザス＝ロレーヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%A0cia_e_Lorena" title="Alsàcia e Lorena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alsàcia e Lorena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsland_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen" title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzacja-Lotaryngia" title="Alzacja-Lotaryngia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alzacja-Lotaryngia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%A1cia-Lorena" title="Alsácia-Lorena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alsácia-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsacia-Lorena" title="Alsacia-Lorena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alsacia-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эльзас-Лотарингия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльзас-Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alsace–Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsasko-Lotrinsko" title="Alsasko-Lotrinsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alsasko-Lotrinsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsass-Lothringen" title="Elsass-Lothringen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elsass-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsass-Lothringen" title="Elsass-Lothringen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elsass-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="อาลซัส-ลอแรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาลซัส-ลอแรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsas-Loren" title="Alsas-Loren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alsas-Loren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ельзас-Лотарингія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ельзас-Лотарингія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alsace-Lorraine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾薩斯-洛林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155144#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&oldid=1258486973" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&id=1258486973&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlsace%25E2%2580%2593Lorraine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlsace%25E2%2580%2593Lorraine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alsace-Lorraine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155144" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&params=48.67_N_7_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.67°N 7°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.67; 7</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1871–1918 territory of the German Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Reichsland Alsace–Lorraine</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Imperial territory of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1871–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alsace–Lorraine"><img alt="Flag of Alsace–Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/125px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/188px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/250px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Alsace–Lorraine"><img alt="Coat of arms of Alsace–Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg/85px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg/128px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg/170px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Elsass-Lothringen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_(1871).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/220px-Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/330px-Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/440px-Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><br />Alsace–Lorraine within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Regional_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional anthem">Anthem</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied" title="Elsässisches Fahnenlied">Elsässisches Fahnenlied</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Song of the Alsatian Flag"</span>) <br /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="164" data-mwtitle="Elsässisches_Fahnenlied!.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied%21.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied%21.ogg/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied%21.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Instrumental version, 2023</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Straßburg">Straßburg</a> (Strasbourg)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1910</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,496 km<sup>2</sup> (5,597 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,874,014</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1871–1879 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_M%C3%B6ller" title="Eduard von Möller">Eduard von Möller</a> <small>(first, as <i><a href="/wiki/Oberpr%C3%A4sident" title="Oberpräsident">Oberpräsident</a></i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwander" title="Rudolf Schwander">Rudolf Schwander</a> <small>(last, as <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i>)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• Lower house</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Núrto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1919</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oberelsass" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberelsass">Oberelsass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unterelsass" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterelsass">Unterelsass</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)"><span class="nowrap">Moselle</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(department)" title="Meurthe (department)"><span class="nowrap">Meurthe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)"><span class="nowrap">Vosges</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace–Lorraine">November 1918 insurgency in Alsace–Lorraine</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Local law in Alsace–Moselle">Alsace–Moselle</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alsace" title="Category:Alsace">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg/150px-Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg/225px-Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg/300px-Alsace_flag_waving_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="27" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alsace" title="Flag of Alsace">Rot un Wiss</a></i></span>, traditional flag of Alsace</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#History" title="Alsace">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> (<i>Pagus Alsatiae</i>) (83–475)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> (circa 213–496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannia</a> (3rd-century–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Alsace" title="Duchy of Alsace">Duchy of Alsace</a> (circa 630–699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Strasbourg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg">Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg</a> (982–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ferrette" title="County of Ferrette">County of Ferrette</a> (11th-century–14th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(state)" title="Salm (state)">Salm</a> (1165−1793)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landgraviate_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landgraviate of Alsace (page does not exist)">Landgraviate of Alsace</a> (1186–1646) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Alsace" title="Lower Alsace">Lower Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> (13th-century–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a> (1354–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau-Lichtenberg" title="Hanau-Lichtenberg">County of Hanau-Lichtenberg</a> (1456–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish Circle</a> (1500–1679)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Gau Baden-Elsaß</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Collectivity_of_Alsace" title="European Collectivity of Alsace">European Collectivity of Alsace</a> (2021-)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Culture" title="Alsace">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alsace" title="Coat of arms of Alsace">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alsace" title="Flag of Alsace">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied" title="Elsässisches Fahnenlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians#Alsatians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Demographics" title="Alsace">Demographics</a></li> <li><i>Musée alsacien</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_(Haguenau)" title="Musée alsacien (Haguenau)">Hagenau</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_(Strasbourg)" title="Musée alsacien (Strasbourg)">Strasbourg</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Religion" title="Alsace">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">according to<br /><a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat in Alsace-Moselle</a> (1801):<br /><small><i>(including <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>)</i></small></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Immediately subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)</small> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Strasbourg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg">Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz</a>)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">Local law in Alsace-Moselle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat in Alsace-Moselle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Administrative_divisions" title="Alsace">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Unterelsa%C3%9F" title="Unterelsaß">Unterelsaß</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Haguenau-Wissembourg" title="Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg">Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Molsheim" title="Arrondissement of Molsheim">Arrondissement of Molsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saverne" title="Arrondissement of Saverne">Arrondissement of Saverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_S%C3%A9lestat-Erstein" title="Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein">Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Strasbourg" title="Arrondissement of Strasbourg">Arrondissement of Strasbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oberelsa%C3%9F" title="Oberelsaß">Oberelsaß</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Altkirch" title="Arrondissement of Altkirch">Arrondissement of Altkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Colmar-Ribeauvill%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé">Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Mulhouse" title="Arrondissement of Mulhouse">Arrondissement of Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thann-Guebwiller" title="Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller">Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alsace" title="Politics of Alsace">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Alsace" title="Regional Council of Alsace">Regional Council of Alsace</a> (1982–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Alsace" title="Assembly of Alsace">Assembly of Alsace</a> (2021-)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Alsace in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France#European_Parliament" title="Elections in France">European Parliament elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="France (European Parliament constituency)">Constituency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonAlsace.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/25px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/38px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/50px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alsace_sidebar" title="Template:Alsace sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alsace_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alsace sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alsace_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alsace sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/25px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/38px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/50px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lorraine" title="Category:Lorraine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/330px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/440px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#History" title="Lorraine">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">German Empire Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">Third Reich Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Language_and_culture" title="Lorraine">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Demographics" title="Lorraine">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_lorrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée lorrain (page does not exist)">Musée lorrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Religion" title="Lorraine">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a><br /><small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Exemption_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (canon law)">Immediately subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Verdun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun">Diocese of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_of_France" title="United Protestant Church of France">United Protestant Church of France</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">Local law in Alsace-Moselle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat in Alsace-Moselle</a> (1801)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> (<i>54</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> (<i>55</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Lothringen</a>, 57</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> (<i>88</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lorraine in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France#European_Parliament" title="Elections in France">European Parliament elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="France (European Parliament constituency)">Constituency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Template:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alsace–Lorraine</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Elsaß–Lothringen</i>), officially the <b>Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine</b> (German: <i lang="de">Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen</i>), was a territory of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, located in modern-day France. It was established in 1871 by the German Empire after it had occupied the region during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. The region was officially ceded to the German Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a> resentment about the loss of the territory was one of the contributing factors to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Alsace–Lorraine was formally ceded back to France in 1920 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> following Germany's defeat in the war, but already annexed in practice at the war's end in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographically, Alsace–Lorraine encompassed most of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a>; the section initially in <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> was in the upper <a href="/wiki/Moselle_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle valley">Moselle valley</a> to the north of the Vosges. </p><p>The territory encompassed almost all of Alsace (93%) and over a quarter of Lorraine (26%), while the rest of these regions remained parts of France. For historical reasons, specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a "<a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Local law in Alsace–Moselle">local law in Alsace–Moselle</a>". Due to its special legal status since reversion to France, the territory has been referred to administratively as <b>Alsace–Moselle</b>. (<a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>: <i lang="gsw-FR">'s Elsàss–Mosel</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Elsaß–Mosel</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elsass–Mosel</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2016, the historical territory has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">French administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alsace–Lorraine had a land area of 14,496 km<sup>2</sup> (5,597 sq mi). Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a>. It was divided into three districts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span> in German): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberelsass" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberelsass">Oberelsaß</a> (Upper Alsace), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a>, had a land area of 3,525 km<sup>2</sup> (1,361 sq mi) and corresponds precisely to the current <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterelsass" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterelsass">Unterelsaß</a>, (Lower Alsace), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strassburg</a>, had a land area of 4,755 km<sup>2</sup> (1,836 sq mi) and corresponds precisely to the current department of <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a>, (Lorraine), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, had a land area of 6,216 km<sup>2</sup> (2,400 sq mi) and corresponded precisely to the current department of <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_and_cities">Towns and cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Towns and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest urban areas in Alsace–Lorraine at the 1910 census were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strassburg</a>: (now <i>Strasbourg</i>): 220,883 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a>: (<i>Mulhouse</i>): 128,190 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>: 102,787 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Diedenhofen</a>: (<i>Thionville</i>): 69,693 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>: 44,942 inhabitants</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes of the Franco-Prussian War</a></div> <p>The modern history of Alsace–Lorraine was primarily influenced by the rivalry between <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>. </p><p>France long sought to attain and then preserve what it considered to be its <a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">"natural boundaries"</a>, which is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> to the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the northeast. These strategic claims led to annexing territories west of the Rhine in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#Baroque_period" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. What is now known as Alsace was progressively conquered by France under <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></span> in the 17th century, while Lorraine was incorporated from the 16th century under <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> to the 18th century under <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a>, as early as 1552). These border changes at the time meant more or less that one ruler (the local princes and city governments, with some remaining power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>) was exchanged for another (the King of France). </p><p>German nationalism, on the other hand, which in its 19th century form originated as a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French occupation of large areas of Germany</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, sought to unify all the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Europe">German-speaking populations</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#Name_and_general_perception" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> into a single <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. As various <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a> were spoken by most of the population of Alsace and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (northern Lorraine), these regions were viewed by German nationalists to be rightfully part of a hoped-for united Germany in the future, despite what the French parts of their population wanted. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We Germans who know Germany and France know better what suits the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. In the perversion of their French life, they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a>, German historian, 1871<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg/263px-Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg/395px-Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg/526px-Alsace_Lorraine_departments_evolution_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">French map with shading showing <i>départements</i> before 1870 with black lines after 1871.</div><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg/220px-LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg/330px-LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg/440px-LASB_K_Hellwig_0895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="4302" /></a><figcaption>The general government of Elsass (1875) by A. Petermann</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Special:EditPage/Alsace–Lorraine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_annexation_to_World_War_I">From annexation to World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From annexation to World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_considerations">Annexation considerations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Annexation considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> was not simply a punitive measure. The transfer was controversial even among the Germans: The <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">German chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, was initially opposed to it, as he thought (correctly) that it would engender permanent French hostility toward Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> also warned his fellow Germans: </p> <dl><dd>"If Alsace and Lorraine are taken, then France will later make war on Germany in conjunction with Russia. It is unnecessary to go into the unholy consequences."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Bismarck and the South German industrialists proposed to have Alsace ceded to Switzerland, while Switzerland would compensate Germany with another territory. The Swiss rejected the proposal, preferring to remain neutral between the French and Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a>, eventually sided with army commander <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke</a>, other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for strategic military and ethnographic reasons. From a linguistic perspective, the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> dialects. At the time, ethnic identity was often based primarily on language, unlike today's more multifaceted approach focusing on self-identification. From a military perspective, by early 1870s standards, shifting the frontier away from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks. Due to the annexation, the Germans gained control of the fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (Strassburg) on the left bank of the Rhine and most of the iron resources of Lorraine. </p><p>The possibility of granting Alsace–Lorraine the status of a constituent state of the German Empire with its own sovereign and constitution was not considered, in part because Prussia was convinced that the population of the territory would first have to be Germanized, i.e., accustomed to the new German-Prussian form of government. The Imperial Territory (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsland</i></span>) created on 28 June 1871 was therefore treated initially as an occupied territory and administered directly<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by an <a href="/wiki/Oberpr%C3%A4sident" title="Oberpräsident">imperial governor</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberpräsident</i></span>) appointed by Wilhelm I. Although it was not technically part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, in practical terms, it amounted to the same thing since the emperor was also king of Prussia and the chancellor its <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a>. </p><p>Memory of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> was still fresh in the 1870s. Wilhelm I himself had had to flee with the Prussian royal family to <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> as a nine-year-old in 1806 and had served in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. Until the Franco-Prussian War, the French had maintained a long-standing desire to establish their entire eastern frontier on the Rhine. Thus, most 19th-century Germans viewed them as aggressive and acquisitive people. In the years before 1870, the Germans feared the French more than the French feared the Germans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Germans at the time thought that the unification of Germany as the new Empire would in itself be enough to earn <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">permanent French enmity</a> and thus desired a defensible border with their long-standing enemy. Any additional hostility earned from territorial concessions was downplayed as marginal and insignificant in the scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Area_annexed">Area annexed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Area annexed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annexed area consisted of the northern part of Lorraine and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. </p> <ul><li>The area around the town of <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> (now the French <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>) was not annexed. The town's heroic defence led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Philippe_Denfert-Rochereau" title="Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau">Colonel Denfert-Rochereau</a>, who surrendered only after receiving orders from Paris, allowed President <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> to negotiate retention of the Belfort region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a> and its surrounding area to the south of Belfort, which have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Doubs_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubs (département)">Doubs department</a> since 1816 and therefore were not considered part of Alsace, were not included, even though they had been a Protestant enclave (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">County of Montbéliard</a>) belonging to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> from 1397 to 1796.</li></ul> <p>This area corresponded to the present French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> (in its entirety), <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> (except the area of Belfort and Montbéliard), and a small northeast section of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_d%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges département">Vosges département</a>, all of which made up <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and most of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">départements</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> (four-fifths of Moselle) and the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Meurthe Department">Meurthe</a> (one-third of Meurthe), which were the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>. </p><p>The remaining two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Meurthe Department">département of Meurthe</a> and the westernmost one-fifth of <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, which had escaped German annexation, were joined to form the new French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">département</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>. </p><p>The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geo-linguistic divide between French and German dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges mountains">Vosges mountains</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> and its region and in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Château-Salins">Château-Salins</a> (formerly in the Meurthe <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">département</i></span>), which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French.<sup id="cite_ref-language_border_note_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language_border_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, 11.6% of the population of Alsace–Lorraine spoke French as their first language (11.0% in 1905, 10.9% in 1910). </p><p>That small francophone areas were affected was used in France to denounce the new border, since Germany had justified the annexation on linguistic grounds. The German administration was tolerant of the use of the French language (in sharp contrast to the use of the Polish language in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>), and French was permitted as an official language and school language in those areas where it was spoken by a majority. This changed in 1914 with the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citizenship_option">Citizenship option</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citizenship option"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a>, the inhabitants of the annexed areas received Alsace–Lorraine citizenship unless they had migrated directly from France. Until 1 October 1872, they had the option of retaining French citizenship. A total of 160,878 people, or about 10.4% of the total population, took the option. The proportion was particularly high in Upper Alsace, where 93,109 people (20.3%) declared that they wished to retain French citizenship, and much lower in Lower Alsace (6.5%) and Lorraine (5.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/220px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/330px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/440px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11506" data-file-height="8400" /></a><figcaption><i>The Black Stain</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1887) by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bettannier" title="Albert Bettannier">Albert Bettannier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally it was envisaged that those who chose French citizenship would have to leave Alsace–Lorraine. They were allowed to either take their property with them or sell it. Ultimately only about 50,000 people left for France, corresponding to 3.2% of the population of Alsace–Lorraine. The approximately 110,000 optants who had not emigrated by 1 October 1872 lost their option of French citizenship, although they were not expelled by the German authorities but retained German citizenship. Some estimates of the total number of optants, however, are as high as 280,000, with the number who left for France set at about 130,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government">Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Territorial_Committee">Territorial Committee</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Territorial Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Franco-Prussian War, Alsace–Lorraine was directly annexed to the German Empire as an imperial territory and was not a state in its own right. It was not until the decree of Emperor Wilhelm I on 29 October 1874<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a popular representation was established, the Territorial Committee (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landesausschuss</i></span>). The members of the Territorial Committee were not elected by the people but appointed by the district assemblies (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirkstagen</i></span>). The three district assemblies for Lorraine, Upper Alsace and Lower Alsace each appointed ten members. In 1879 the Territorial Committee was enlarged to 58 members who were indirectly elected by the district assemblies (Lorraine 11, Upper Alsace 10, Lower Alsace 13), the autonomous cities (1 member each from Strassburg, Mülhausen, Metz and Colmar) and the counties (20 members).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the Territorial Committee had only an advisory function. In 1877 it was granted a legislative function and the right to create a budget. From 1879 it was allowed to initiate legislation, although the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(German_Empire)" title="Bundesrat (German Empire)">Bundesrat</a> in Berlin had to approve the laws before they were formally enacted by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1879, the office of <a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">imperial governor in Alsace–Lorraine</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsstatthalter</i></span>) was introduced. He represented the Imperial Territory on behalf of the emperor. The state secretary of the Imperial Office for Alsace–Lorraine headed the government of the Territory. </p><p>On 22 June 1877, Eduard von Moeller, the first governor of Alsace–Lorraine, decreed that 90 place names in the district of Lorraine were to be changed from their French to the German forms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperial_governors_1871–1918"><span id="Imperial_governors_1871.E2.80.931918"></span>Imperial governors 1871–1918</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Imperial governors 1871–1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Officeholder </th> <th>Term start </th> <th>Term end </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Oberpr%C3%A4sident" title="Oberpräsident">Oberpräsident</a></i> <small>(Governor, as crown representative)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Moeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard von Moeller">Eduard von Moeller</a> </td> <td>1871 </td> <td>1879 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Imperial Governor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_von_Manteuffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin von Manteuffel">Edwin von Manteuffel</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig_zu_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a> </td> <td>1885 </td> <td>1894 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hermann,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Wedel" title="Karl von Wedel">Karl von Wedel</a> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1914 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Dallwitz" title="Johann von Dallwitz">Johann von Dallwitz</a> </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwander" title="Rudolf Schwander">Rudolf Schwander</a> </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1918 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="State_parliament">State parliament</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the constitution of the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine of 31 May 1911<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was enacted, a directly elected state parliament (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landtag</i></span>) replaced the Territorial Committee. Alsace–Lorraine was granted its own constitution, a freely elected parliament and three representatives in the Bundesrat, the German federal council. Since the Bundesrat represented the interests of the states in Berlin, the members from each state were required to vote as a bloc. In Alsace–Lorraine, the governor determined how its three representatives voted. The votes were not counted if they gave an otherwise defeated Prussian motion a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of an upper house in parliament was criticized across party lines in Alsace–Lorraine. While upper houses had historical reasons in the other parts of Germany, there was no noble class in Alsace–Lorraine to be integrated in an upper house. It was thus a purely honorary body. The emperor's right to appoint members was particularly criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper house was composed of representatives of the major religious communities (Catholics, Lutherans, Protestant Reformed and Jews), the chambers of agriculture and commerce, the trade unions, the judiciary, the cities of Strassburg, Metz, Mülhausen and Colmar, and the University of Strassburg. There were also 18 members appointed by the emperor at the recommendation of the Bundesrat. </p><p>The lower house consisted of 60 deputies who were elected for a term of three years by majority vote in the 60 electoral districts. It was called the "People's Parliament" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksparlament</i></span>) in distinction to the upper house, which consisted of notables. The minimum age for eligibility was 25. Male citizens aged 25 and over had the right to vote. </p><p>For the late nineteenth century, the constitution was both conservative in defining the first chamber and progressive in the universal and equal manhood suffrage for electing the second chamber. The representation of trade unions in the first chamber was also remarkable since they were not yet legally recognized as workers' representatives. The first and only elections to the parliament of the Imperial Territory took place on 22 and 29 October 1911. The strongest parties were the Alsatian Centre and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> with 31.0% and 23.8% of the vote respectively, followed by the Lorraine Autonomists with 16.3%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="National">National</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1874, Alsace–Lorraine was granted 15 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">German Reichstag</a>. Between 6 and 10 of the 15 Alsatian–Lorraine deputies elected in each of the Reichstag elections from 1874 through 1887 were counted as "Protest Deputies" because of their opposition to the annexation. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874 election</a>, the Protesters introduced a French-language motion in the Reichstag requesting that a plebiscite be held on the Imperial Territory's state affiliation: "May it please the Reichstag to decide that the population of Alsace–Lorraine, which has been incorporated into the German Empire by the Treaty of Frankfurt without having been consulted, be called upon to express its opinion on this annexation."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motion was rejected by a large majority in the Reichstag. The population was also not asked for its opinion on state affiliation in 1918 when it returned to France.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace_Lorraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alsace_Lorraine.jpg/220px-Alsace_Lorraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alsace_Lorraine.jpg/330px-Alsace_Lorraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alsace_Lorraine.jpg/440px-Alsace_Lorraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Statue in the Place Maginot in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> that personifies the loss of Alsace as the separation of a mother and daughter.</figcaption></figure><p>The Protesters rejected both cooperation with the German authorities and constructive political work in the Reichstag. They did not attend its sessions after their election (some Lorraine deputies were not able to do so because of their lack of command of German). There were also people in political life who, for various motives, pleaded for an "attitude of reason". The so-called Autonomists were more or less either pro-German or pro-French and strove for a local autonomy of the Imperial Territory that was as far-reaching as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protestant minority population voted predominantly for the Autonomists from the <a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877 Reichstag election</a> onwards. Over time, however, the population of Alsace–Lorraine turned more and more to the German parties, such as Catholics to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, the Protestant bourgeoisie to the Liberals and Conservatives, and the emerging working class to the Social Democrats. The Protesters no longer played a significant role after the election of 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Reichstag_elections_1874–1912"><span id="Reichstag_elections_1874.E2.80.931912"></span>Reichstag elections 1874–1912</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reichstag elections 1874–1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Alsace–Lorraine's inhabitants were sceptical of the German Empire during the first two decades and voted for regional parties (Alsace–Lorraine Protesters and Autonomists). After Chancellor Bismarck's dismissal in 1890, the party landscape loosened, and parties of the Empire (Social Democrats, Centre, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberals</a>, Left Liberals and Conservatives) found more and more supporters. In the countryside and the predominantly French-speaking electoral districts of Lorraine, the Autonomists remained strong, while in the cities, especially Strassburg, they increasingly played only a subordinate role, with the Social Democrats dominating. </p><p>The election results, showing the percentage of votes and the number of seats won (in parentheses), were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiery1986446_ff_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiery1986446_ff-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:0.90em;"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:2px solid;"> <th>Party / year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Protesters </th> <td>32.2<br />(6) </td> <td>35.7<br />(5) </td> <td>31.9<br />(5) </td> <td>54.1<br />(8) </td> <td>55.6<br />(9) </td> <td>59.5<br />(10) </td> <td>10.4<br />(1) </td> <td>2.7<br />(1) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>4.5<br />- </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Autonomists </th> <td>19.0<br />- </td> <td>26.3<br />(5) </td> <td>23.7<br />(4) </td> <td>11.3<br />(1) </td> <td>8.5<br />(1) </td> <td>15.4<br />- </td> <td>0.7<br />- </td> <td>2.1<br />- </td> <td>2.1<br />- </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Political Catholicism </th> <td>44.0<br />(9) </td> <td>37.3<br />(5) </td> <td>32.0<br />(6) </td> <td>28.3<br />(6) </td> <td>31.9<br />(5) </td> <td>22.7<br />(5) </td> <td>46.0<br />(9) </td> <td>35.3<br />(7) </td> <td>14.5<br />(8) </td> <td>2.9<br />(7) </td> <td>2.5<br />(1) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Lorraine Block </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>11.2<br />(2) </td> <td>15.9<br />(4) </td> <td>14.1<br />(3) </td> <td>7.1<br />(2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">2.2<br />- </td> <td rowspan="2">0.3<br />- </td> <td rowspan="2">12.1<br />- </td> <td rowspan="2">3.2<br />- </td> <td rowspan="2">1.6<br />- </td> <td rowspan="2">1.9<br />- </td> <td>12.0<br />(1) </td> <td>6.2<br />(3) </td> <td>0.3<br />(2) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">German Reich Party</a> </th> <td>7.7<br />(1) </td> <td>14.6<br />(1) </td> <td>9.1<br />(1) </td> <td>7.8<br />(1) </td> <td>2.8<br />(1) </td> <td>2.1<br />- </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td> </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>11.5<br />(2) </td> <td>8.5<br />- </td> <td>4.7<br />- </td> <td>6.0<br />(1) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Progress_Party" title="Alsatian Progress Party">Alsatian Progress Party</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>17.2<br />- </td> <td>19.5<br />(1) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.2<br /><b>(1)</b> </td> <td>6.2<br />(1) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.9<br /><b>(1)</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.5<br /><b>(1)</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party of Alsace–Lorraine</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.9<br />- </td> <td>3.2<br />- </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine_Regional_Party" title="Alsace–Lorraine Regional Party">Alsace–Lorraine Regional Party / Centre</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>7.8<br />- </td> <td>24.3<br />- </td> <td>25.9<br />- </td> <td>35.2<br />(8) </td> <td>28.5<br />(7) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> </th> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>2.3<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>2.1<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>0.0<br />- </td> <td>7.1<br />- </td> <td>4.4<br />- </td> <td>5.4<br />- </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats of Alsace–Lorraine</a> </th> <td>0.3<br />- </td> <td> </td> <td>0.1<br />- </td> <td>0.4<br />- </td> <td>1.8<br />- </td> <td>0.3<br />- </td> <td>10.7<br />(1) </td> <td>19.3<br />(2) </td> <td>22.7<br />(1) </td> <td>24.2<br />- </td> <td>23.7<br />(2) </td> <td>31.8<br />(5) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Others </th> <td>0.7<br />- </td> <td>0.6<br />- </td> <td>0.2<br />- </td> <td>0.6<br />- </td> <td>0.8<br />- </td> <td>0.2<br />- </td> <td>1.1<br />- </td> <td>1.9<br />- </td> <td>12.0<br />- </td> <td>7.0<br />- </td> <td>5.9<br />- </td> <td>0.2<br />- </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:2px solid"> <th style="text-align:left;">Inhabitants (in 1,000's) </th> <td>1,550 </td> <td>1,532 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,567 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,564 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,604 </td> <td>1,641 </td> <td>1,719 </td> <td>1,815 </td> <td>1,874 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Eligible voters (in %) </th> <td>20.6 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td>21.0 </td> <td>19.9 </td> <td>19.5 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>20.3 </td> <td>20.3 </td> <td>21.0 </td> <td>21.7 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>22.3 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <th style="text-align:left;">Turnout (in %) </th> <td>76.5 </td> <td>64.2 </td> <td>64.1 </td> <td>54.2 </td> <td>54.7 </td> <td>83.3 </td> <td>60.4 </td> <td>76.4 </td> <td>67.8 </td> <td>77.3 </td> <td>87.3 </td> <td>84.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flags">Flags</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alsace" title="Flag of Alsace">Flag of Alsace</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Alsace-Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Alsace–Lorraine adopted by its parliament but not accepted by the national government.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/220px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/330px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg/440px-Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The imperial service flag used at state institutions in Alsace–Lorraine</figcaption></figure> <p>The flag used officially in the Imperial Territory was the black-white-red <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)" title="Flag of Germany">flag of the German Empire</a>. A modified imperial service flag of the Foreign Office was adopted on 29 December 1892 for use at state institutions in Alsace–Lorraine. It was the imperial tri-colour with the imperial eagle in the centre and the crowned escutcheon of Alsace–Lorraine in the upper left corner. </p><p>On 25 June 1912, the parliament of the Imperial Territory unanimously approved the proposal for a state flag consisting of the red and white striped flag of Alsace bearing a yellow Lorraine cross in the upper left corner. The decision to adopt the flag was never implemented by government authorities in Berlin. The flag was often raised privately and on semi-official occasions. It was not welcomed by German authorities and the military but was tolerated in part even in wartime. It was also used as the flag of the independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Alsace–Lorraine">Republic of Alsace–Lorraine</a> of 12 November 1918 to 21 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unofficially, the traditional red and white territorial flag was popular in Alsace and was often used decoratively and as a postcard motif. It was also sometimes taken as a sign of protest against the German annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_military">The military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the decades after 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Metz" title="Fortifications of Metz">fortress of Metz</a> was expanded under German rule to become the largest fortification in the world, with a ring of outworks, some of which were located far in advance of the fortifications themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metz became a majority German-speaking city due to the influx of military personnel and other immigrants from the rest of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> was formed after the foundation of the Empire, the <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XV Corps (German Empire)">XV Prussian Army Corps</a> was created from existing troops. The corps' district was the new "Border Region" Alsace–Lorraine, as was that of the <a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XVI Corps (German Empire)">XVI Army Corps</a>, which was formed in 1890. The southern regions of the Imperial Territory belonged to the districts of the <a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XIV Corps (German Empire)">XIV Army Corps</a>, which was made up in 1871 of <a href="/wiki/Baden_Army" title="Baden Army">troops from Baden</a>. From 1912, the northeastern regions belonged to the <a href="/wiki/XXI_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XXI Corps (German Empire)">XXI Army Corps</a>. </p><p> The recruiting districts of the corps were outside Alsace–Lorraine, as was the case with the Upper and Lower Alsatian and Lorraine regiments that were established later within the corps as part of army enlargements. The corps were not always stationed in the Imperial Territory. Alsatians and Lorrainers who were called up for military service were distributed among all <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> units, as were active and passive <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a>, who were also considered to be politically unreliable. It was not until 1903 that a quarter of Alsatian recruits were assigned on a trial basis to troops stationed in their native region.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG/182px-Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG" decoding="async" width="182" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG/273px-Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG/364px-Zabern_Milit%C3%A4rpatrouille.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>German patrol during the <a href="/wiki/Zabern_Affair" title="Zabern Affair">Zabern Affair</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 1910, 4.3% of the local population – about 80,000 men – were military personnel, which made Alsace–Lorraine the region in Germany with the highest concentration of troops. </p><p>At the end of 1913, protests broke out in the Alsatian town of <a href="/wiki/Zabern" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabern">Zabern</a>, where two battalions of Prussian infantry were stationed. A young German lieutenant insulted the Alsatian population in a speech to soldiers and called for rebellious Alsatians to be stabbed. In what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Zabern_Affair" title="Zabern Affair">Zabern Affair</a>, the military reacted to the protests with arbitrary acts that were not covered by law. The assaults led to a Reichstag debate on the militaristic structures of German society and strained the relations between Alsace–Lorraine and the rest of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_and_culture">Economy and culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg/240px-Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg/360px-Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg/480px-Gare_de_Metz_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>The neo-Romanesque Metz railway station, built in 1908. Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> instigated the construction of various buildings in Alsace–Lorraine that were to be representative of German architecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Planning began in 1871 for a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_railway" title="Strategic railway">strategic railway</a> line from Berlin to Metz in order to integrate the new Imperial Territory militarily and strategically. The "cannon railway" was completed in the 1870s. The railways of the private French Eastern Railway Company (<i>Compagnie des <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27Est" title="Chemins de fer de l'Est">Chemins de Fer de l'Est</a></i>) – a total of 740 km of lines – were bought by the French state and then sold to Germany for 260 million gold marks. The purchase price was offset against the war compensation to be paid by France. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Railways_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Imperial Railways in Alsace–Lorraine">Imperial Railways in Alsace–Lorraine</a> was the first railway owned by the German Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the First World War, the Imperial Territory experienced a great economic boom, and many new socio-political benefits such as social security and health insurance were introduced in line with developments in the rest of the German Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strassburg</a> was re-founded and in 1877 given the name "Emperor Wilhelm University" (after <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wilhelm I">Emperor Wilhelm I</a>). Through generous expansion measures, it developed into one of the largest universities in the Empire. Professional training in Alsace developed as a result of stimuli from Germany. The German administration promoted the education of young Alsatian artists at German universities and academies, giving rise to the Cercle de Saint-Léonard, an artists' association that sought to combine German and Alsatian art.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion_and_its_role_in_popular_attitudes_to_the_annexation">Religion and its role in popular attitudes to the annexation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion and its role in popular attitudes to the annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Although the proportion of native speakers of German dialects in the new Imperial Territory was around 90%, Catholics in Alsace–Lorraine tended initially to be sceptical about the ethnographic unification with Germany, which had come about under the leadership of predominately Protestant <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. While the Catholics frequently identified with the French Catholic state and feared disadvantage in Prussian hands, the local Protestants were in favour of becoming part of Germany. The Evangelical Lutheran Church professed allegiance to Germany, hoping to reduce French-influenced Catholic "paternalism". The rural population in particular supported their efforts, while quite a few critics of unification spoke out in the cities of Strassburg and Mülhausen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg/259px-A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg/389px-A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg/518px-A_new_legend_in_an_old_dress_-_Keppler._LCCN2012647516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8344" data-file-height="5689" /></a><figcaption>An 1898 American political cartoon that depicts the dispute over Alsace–Lorraine as a medieval romance</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> – the conflict between the state and the Catholic Church driven by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> – reached Alsace–Lorraine in 1872/73, the Catholic Church became a vehicle of resistance against the German authorities. In all of the Reichstag elections from 1874 to 1912, between three and seven of the 15 Alsace–Lorraine deputies were Catholic priests. The dispute reached a climax when, on 3 August 1873, a pastoral letter from the Bishop of Nancy-Toul calling for prayers for the reunification of Alsace–Lorraine with France was read in the Alsace–Lorraine districts of Château-Salins and Saarburg, which still belonged to his diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German authorities reacted with police measures, arrests and disciplinary proceedings as well as a ban on the Catholic press. </p><p>After the beginning of the 20th century, opposition to German authorities played hardly any role. There were no longer major social groups that advocated a return to France. The Protestants traditionally had a positive image of Germany, while after the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, the Jewish population regarded France with extreme suspicion. Catholics also turned away from France. The rise of socialism there permanently unsettled Catholic sentiments in Alsace–Lorraine. France's laicist policy from 1905 onwards (<a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">Law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>) also led to alienation from France in Catholic circles. Germany had granted the region significantly more freedom, and the region's economic situation had developed positively. Especially the younger inhabitants who no longer had any contact with France saw themselves as Germans as a matter of course.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_World_War_I">During World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: During World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg/220px-Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg/330px-Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg/440px-Fusill%C3%A9s_de_Gertwiller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Translation: "Here at <a href="/wiki/Gertwiller" title="Gertwiller">Gertwiller</a> on 22 August 1914, three Alsatian farmers were shot against all justice. ... innocent victims of German barbarity. Alsatians! Remember!"</figcaption></figure> <p>In French foreign policy, the demand for the return of Alsace and Lorraine faded in importance after 1880 with the decline of the monarchist element. When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, recovery of the two lost provinces became the top French war goal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increased militarization of Europe and the lack of negotiations between major powers led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace–Lorraine during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace–Lorraine as propaganda pawns. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="this seems very POV and needs some sort of proof (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Germans living in France were arrested and placed into camps by French authorities. When the French army occupied certain villages, veterans of the 1870 conflict were sought out and arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace–Lorraine populace.<sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zabern Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to the German Empire and that it should be forced into submission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="this seems very POV and needs some sort of proof (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> German troops occupied some homes. The German military feared that French partisans – or <i><a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">francs-tireurs</a></i>, as they had been called during the Franco-Prussian War – would reappear. </p><p>German authorities developed policies aimed at reducing the influence of French. In Metz, French street names, which had been displayed in French and German, were suppressed in January 1915. Six months later, on 15 July 1915, German became the only official language in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-boches_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grandhomme-2008-boches-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the Germanization of the towns' names effective 2 September 1915. </p><p>Prohibiting the speaking of French in public further increased the exasperation of some of the natives, who were long accustomed to mixing their conversation with French language (see <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>); still, the use even of one word, as innocent as "<i>bonjour</i>", could incur a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ethnic Germans in the region cooperated in the persecution as a way to demonstrate German patriotism.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German authorities became increasingly worried about renewed French nationalism. The governor stated in February 1918: "Sympathies towards France and repulsion for Germans have penetrated to a frightening depth the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry."<sup id="cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-boches_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grandhomme-2008-boches-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But in order to spare them possible confrontations with relatives in France and also to avoid any desertion of Alsatian soldiers to the French army,<sup id="cite_ref-Denizot-1996_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denizot-1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Army draftees from Alsace–Lorraine were sent mainly to the Eastern front or to the Navy (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i></span>). About 15,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers served in the German Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_to_the_French_Republic">Annexation to the French Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Annexation to the French Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace–Lorraine">November 1918 insurgency in Alsace–Lorraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg/220px-Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg/330px-Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg/440px-Andr%C3%A9_Bas_et_Marthe_Kuentz_-_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An Alsatian woman in traditional dress and a French officer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1919</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">councils of workers and soldiers</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Soldaten- und Arbeiterräte</i></span>) formed in Mulhouse, Colmar, and Strasbourg in November 1918, in imitation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)#Russian_Revolution" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a></i> of revolutionary Russia, and in parallel to other such bodies set up in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_page,_Le_Petit_Journal,_8_December_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg/220px-Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg/330px-Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg/440px-Front_page%2C_Le_Petit_Journal%2C_8_December_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> and the Lorraine returned to France</i>, front page of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></i> dated 8 December 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In this chaotic situation, Alsace–Lorraine's state parliament proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land with the name of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalrat</i></span>, the Strasbourg Soviet proclaimed the foundation of a <i>Republic of Alsace–Lorraine</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Peirotes" title="Jacques Peirotes">Jacques Peirotes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> representative for Colmar, announced the establishment of French rule, urging Paris to send troops quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortier-2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortier-2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between 11 and 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-11-retour_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grandhomme-2008-11-retour-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under military occupation and entered Strasbourg on 5 November. The <i>Nationalrat</i> proclaimed the annexation of Alsace to France on 5 December, but the action was not internationally recognized until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was concluded in 1919. </p><p>France divided Alsace–Lorraine into the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (the same political structure as before the annexation and as created by the French Revolution, with slightly different limits). Even today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> laws in the three regions are somewhat different from the rest of France. The specific provisions are known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Local law in Alsace–Moselle">local law in Alsace–Moselle</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>département</i> <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> was maintained even after France recovered Alsace–Lorraine in 1919. The area of Belfort became a special status area and was not reintegrated into <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> in 1919 but instead was made a full status <i>département</i> in 1922 under the name <a href="/wiki/Territoire-de-Belfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Territoire-de-Belfort">Territoire-de-Belfort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French government immediately started a <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> campaign that included the forced deportation of all Germans who had settled in the area after 1870. For that purpose, the population was divided in four categories: <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">A</span></span> (French citizens before 1870), <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">B</span></span> (descendants of such French citizens), <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">C</span></span> (citizens of Allied or neutral states), and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span> (enemy aliens – Germans). By July 1921, 111,915 people categorized as "<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>" were expelled to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All place names were gallicized (e.g., Strassburg → Strasbourg, Mülhausen → Mulhouse, Schlettstadt → Sélestat, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evacuation_and_deportations">Evacuation and deportations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Evacuation and deportations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 September 1939, the day <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> started, residents of Alsace and Moselle living in the Franco-German border region were evacuated. This comprised about one third of the population of Alsace and Moselle, or about 600,000 residents. The evacuation was aimed at providing space for military operations and for protecting citizens from attack. The evacuees were allowed to return in July 1940, after <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">France surrendered to Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area then came under German occupation. <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Nazi laws against homosexuality</a> were applied to Alsace–Moselle, and homosexuals were deported. The Nazis also deported refugee and resident <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MemorialAM-deportation_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemorialAM-deportation-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_control_and_the_Malgré-nous"><span id="German_control_and_the_Malgr.C3.A9-nous"></span>German control and the Malgré-nous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German control and the Malgré-nous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malgr%C3%A9-nous" title="Malgré-nous">Malgré-nous</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG/220px-ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG/330px-ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG/440px-ObernaiMalgr%C3%A9Nous.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Malgré-nous in <a href="/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">defeat of France</a> in the spring of 1940, Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Although the terms of the armistice specified that the integrity of the whole French territory could not be modified in any way, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>, drafted an annexation law in 1940 that he kept secret, expecting to announce it in the event of a German victory.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor, Berlin took de facto control of Alsace–Lorraine, and Alsatians–Lorrainians could be drafted into the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a>. During the occupation, Moselle was integrated into a <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgau</a> named <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Westmark</a> and Alsace was amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>. Beginning in 1942, people from Alsace and Moselle were made German citizens by decree of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">Nazi government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jäckel-1966_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jäckel-1966-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 123–124">: 123–124 </span></sup> </p><p>Beginning in October 1942, young Alsatian and Lorrainian men were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German armed forces</a>. Sometimes they were known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">malgré-nous</i></span>, which could be translated into English as "against our will".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small minority volunteered, notably the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Soldier" title="The Forgotten Soldier">The Forgotten Soldier</a></i>, known by the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Guy_Sajer" title="Guy Sajer">Guy Sajer</a>. Ultimately 100,000 Alsatians and 30,000 Mosellans were enrolled, many of them to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Red Army</a>, on Germany's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. Most of those who survived the war were interned in <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a> in Russia in 1945. Many others <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">fought in Normandy</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">malgré-nous</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich</a>, some of whom were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour sur Glane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle</a> war crimes. </p><p>Speaking French was prohibited under German occupation, and learning <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">standard German</a> was obligatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Special:EditPage/Alsace–Lorraine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_used">Languages used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Currently">Currently</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Currently"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German-linked <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian dialect</a> remains the lingua franca of the region, although perhaps used more by older people. Both French and German are taught in the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_language_use_historically_(1900)"><span id="First_language_use_historically_.281900.29"></span>First language use historically (1900)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First language use historically (1900)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>German and Germanic dialects: 1,492,347 (86.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rademacher-2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other languages: 219,638 (12.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rademacher-2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>French and Romance dialects: 198,318 (11.5%)</li> <li>Italian: 18,750 (1.1%)</li> <li>German and a second language: 7,485 (0.4%)</li> <li>Polish: 1,410 (0.1%)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Alsace and the <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Lorraine department</a> became part of Germany, the French laws regarding religious bodies were preserved, with special privileges to the then recognised religions of Calvinism, Judaism, Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism, under a system known as the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Concordat in Alsace–Moselle">Concordat</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Roman Catholic dioceses of Metz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">of Strasbourg</a> became <a href="/wiki/Exemption_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (church)">exempt</a> jurisdictions. The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of France">Church of Augsburg Confession of France</a>, with its directory, supreme consistory and the bulk of its parishioners residing in Alsace, was reorganised as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a> (EPCAAL) in 1872, but territorially confined to Alsace–Lorraine only. The five local Calvinist consistories, originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France" title="Reformed Church of France">Reformed Church of France</a>, formed a statewide synod in 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a> (EPRAL). The three <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">Israelite consistories</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colmar_Consistory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colmar Consistory (page does not exist)">Colmar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistoire_Colmar" class="extiw" title="de:Consistoire Colmar">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metz_Consistory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metz Consistory (page does not exist)">Metz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistoire_Metz" class="extiw" title="de:Consistoire Metz">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strasbourg_Consistory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strasbourg Consistory (page does not exist)">Strasbourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistoire_Stra%C3%9Fburg" class="extiw" title="de:Consistoire Straßburg">de</a>]</span> were disentangled from supervision by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Consistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Consistory">Israelite Central Consistory of France</a> and continued as separate <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporations</a> which never formed a joint body, but cooperated. All the mentioned religious bodies retained the status as <i>établissements publics de culte</i> (public bodies of religion). When the new Alsace–Lorraine constitution of 1911 provided for a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> state parliament (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Landtag_of_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landtag of Alsace–Lorraine (page does not exist)">Landtag of Alsace–Lorraine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_d%27Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="extiw" title="fr:Landtag d'Alsace–Lorraine">fr</a>]</span>), each recognised religion was entitled to send a representative into the first chamber of the Landtag as <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> members (the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Strasbourg">bishops of Strasbourg</a> and of Metz, the presidents of EPCAAL and EPRAL, and a delegate of the three Israelite consistories). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_statistics_in_1910">Religious statistics in 1910</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religious statistics in 1910"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Population 1,874,014:<sup id="cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rademacher-2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Catholic: 76.22%</li> <li>Protestant: 21.78% (18.87% Lutherans, 2.91% Calvinists)</li> <li>Jewish: 1.63%</li> <li>Other Christian: 0.21%</li> <li>Atheist: 0.12%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_(1866–2018)"><span id="Statistics_.281866.E2.80.932018.29"></span>Statistics (1866–2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Statistics (1866–2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Cause of change </th></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td>1,596,198</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td>1,531,804</td> <td>After incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, 100,000 to 130,000 people left for France and French Algeria </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>1,874,014</td> <td>+0.58% population growth per year during 1875–1910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>1,709,749</td> <td>Death of young men in the German army (1914–1918);<br />deportation of persons considered German by the French authorities. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>1,915,627</td> <td>+0.76% population growth per year during 1921–1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>1,767,131</td> <td>Death of young men in the French army in 1939–1945; <br />death of young men in the German army in 1942–1945;<br />death of civilians and many people still refugees in the rest of France </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>2,523,703</td> <td>+1.24% population growth per year during 1946–1975, a period of rapid population and economic growth in France known as the <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>2,942,057</td> <td>+0.36% population growth per year during 1975–2018, a period marked by <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, rising unemployment (particularly in Moselle), and the migration of many people from northern and north-eastern France to the milder winters and economic dynamism of the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of France </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png/310px-Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="551" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png/465px-Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png/620px-Alsace-Lorraine_Dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1677" /></a><figcaption>Spatial distribution of dialects in Alsace–Lorraine in the 19th century before the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">standard French</a> in the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> dialects were traditionally spoken in Alsace–Lorraine before the 20th century. </p><p>Germanic dialects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish Franconian</a> aka Luxembourgish in the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> (<i>Lothringen</i>) around <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a> (<i>Diddenuewen</i> in the local Luxembourgish dialect) and <a href="/wiki/Sierck-les-Bains" title="Sierck-les-Bains">Sierck-les-Bains</a> (<i>Siirk</i> in the local Luxembourgish dialect).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> in the central northern part of Moselle around <a href="/wiki/Boulay-Moselle" title="Boulay-Moselle">Boulay-Moselle</a> (<i>Bolchin</i> in the local Moselle Franconian dialect) and <a href="/wiki/Bouzonville" title="Bouzonville">Bouzonville</a> (<i>Busendroff</i> in the local Moselle Franconian dialect).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Franconian">Rhine Franconian</a> in the north-east of Moselle around <a href="/wiki/Forbach" title="Forbach">Forbach</a> (<i>Fuerboch</i> in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), <a href="/wiki/Bitche" title="Bitche">Bitche</a> (<i>Bitsch</i> in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), and <a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a> (<i>Saarbuerj</i> in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), as well as in the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> around <a href="/wiki/Sarre-Union" title="Sarre-Union">Sarre-Union</a> (<i>Buckenum</i> in the local Rhine Franconian dialect) and <a href="/wiki/La_Petite-Pierre" title="La Petite-Pierre">La Petite-Pierre</a> (<i>Lítzelstain</i> in the local Rhine Franconian dialect).</li></ul></li> <li>Transitional between Central German and Upper German: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Franconian">South Franconian</a> in the northernmost part of Alsace around <a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Wissembourg</a> (<i>Waisseburch</i> in the local South Franconian dialect).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a> in the largest part of Alsace and in a few villages around <a href="/wiki/Phalsbourg" title="Phalsbourg">Phalsbourg</a> in the extreme south-east of Moselle. Alsatian was the most spoken dialect in Alsace–Lorraine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a> in the southernmost part of Alsace, around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Haut-Rhin" title="Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin">Saint-Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrette" title="Ferrette">Ferrette</a> (<i>Pfirt</i> in the local High Alemannic dialect).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Romance dialects (belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> like French): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> in roughly the southern half of Moselle, including its capital <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, as well as in some valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a> in the west of Alsace around <a href="/wiki/Schirmeck" title="Schirmeck">Schirmeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines" title="Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines">Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Franc-Comtois</a> in 12 villages in the extreme south-west of Alsace.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine_Regional_Party" title="Alsace–Lorraine Regional Party">Alsace–Lorraine Regional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Regional_Party_for_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Independent Regional Party for Alsace–Lorraine">Independent Regional Party for Alsace–Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Metz-Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Metz-Ville">Gare de Metz-Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Lorraine" title="German Lorraine">German Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle (department)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexations_of_Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Annexations of Alsace–Lorraine">Annexations of Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An instruction dated 14 August 1920 from the assistant state secretary of the Presidency of the Council to the General Commissioner of the Republic in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> reminded residents that the term <i>Alsace–Lorraine</i> was prohibited and had to be replaced by the phrase "the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département of France">département</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>, the département of <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>, and the département of <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>". While the phrase was considered too long for a practical name, some used the term <i>Alsace–Moselle</i> to indicate the three départements concerned. However, the instruction was merely a Strasbourg governmental practice; it had no status under French law since it was not based on territorial authority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only the département of <i><a href="/wiki/Meurthe_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Meurthe Department">Meurthe</a></i> changed its name and became <i><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a></i> after the border changed; the border between 1871 and 1918 is shown in yellow.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language_border_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language_border_note_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The linguistic border ran north of the new border, including in the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> towns and cities of <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a> (German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Diedenhofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Diedenhofen">Diedenhofen</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Château-Salins">Château-Salins</a> (German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Salzburg</i></span>, not to be confused with the much larger city of <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). The cities of <a href="/wiki/Vic-sur-Seille" title="Vic-sur-Seille">Vic-sur-Seille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dieuze" title="Dieuze">Dieuze</a> were French-speaking, as were the valleys containing <a href="/wiki/Orbey" title="Orbey">Orbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines" title="Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines">Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines</a>. Similarly, the town of <a href="/wiki/Dannemarie,_Haut-Rhin" title="Dannemarie, Haut-Rhin">Dannemarie</a> and its surroundings were left in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> when language alone could have made them part of the <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In France, children were taught in school not to forget the lost provinces, which were coloured in black on maps.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bettannier" title="Albert Bettannier">Bettannier</a> was a native of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> who fled to Paris after his hometown was annexed by Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> was put under supervision in <a href="/wiki/Lambar%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Lambaréné">Lambaréné</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>; in 1917, he was taken to France and incarcerated until July 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the entry for 26 October 1914 in Spindler's<sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> journal reads: <dl><dd>"Then he advises me to speak no French. The streets are infested with informers, men and women who reach for rewards and make arrests of passers-by for a simple <i>"merci"</i> said in French. It goes without saying that these measures incite people's joker spirit. A woman at the market, who probably was unaware that <i>"bonchour"</i> and <i>"merci"</i> are French, was taken to task by a German woman, because she answered her <i>"Guten Tag"</i> with a <i>"bonchour" </i>. Then the good woman, with her fists on her hips, challenges her client : <i>"I've had enough of your stupid yammering! Do you know what?"</i> [something close to <i>"Kiss my ...!"</i> here] <i>"Is that last bit French too?"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NOTE ON TRANSLATION:</span></span><span style="font-size:85%;">The businesswoman's final remark (she was speaking in colloquial <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a>) was</span> <dl><dd><i>"Jetz grad genua mit dene dauwe Plän! Wisse Sie was? Leeke Sie mich ...! Esch des am End au franzêsch?"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> We can read in <i>L'Alsace pendant la guerre</i><sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> how the exasperation of the population gradually increased. On 29 September 1914, Spindler heard a characteristic statement: <dl><dd>"... the interior decorator H., who repairs the mattresses of the Ott house, said to me this morning: <i>"If only it was the will of God that we became French again, and that these damned </i>Schwowebittel<i> were thrown out of the country! And then, you know, there are chances that it happens."</i></dd> <dd>It is the first time since the war I heard an ordinary man frankly expressing this wish."<sup id="cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of the famous cases was the desertion of all the Alsatian soldiers from their German battalion on the eve of the Verdun offensive to warn the French army of the imminent attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Denizot-1996_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denizot-1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As an artifact of its prior alignment, the name of Belfort still<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> seen on the Colmar prefecture building is a sous-prefecture remnant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The term actually appeared after World War I.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJr8yennvBY">"Elsässisches Fahnenlied [Anthem of Alsace][+English translation]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Els%C3%A4ssisches+Fahnenlied+%26%2391%3BAnthem+of+Alsace%26%2393%3B%26%2391%3B%2BEnglish+translation%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdJr8yennvBY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Franco-German-conflict-and-the-new-German-Reich">"Germany - Franco-German conflict and the new German Reich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320131530/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Franco-German-conflict-and-the-new-German-Reich">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany+-+Franco-German+conflict+and+the+new+German+Reich&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany%2FFranco-German-conflict-and-the-new-German-Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/a22000891/">"Alsace–Lorraine – About this item"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504125858/https://www.loc.gov/item/a22000891/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine+%E2%80%93+About+this+item&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fa22000891%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosen2013" class="citation book cs1">Roosen, William James (2013). <i>The age of Louis XIV: the rise of modern diplomacy</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847763358">847763358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+Louis+XIV%3A+the+rise+of+modern+diplomacy&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847763358&rft.aulast=Roosen&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf1919" class="citation book cs1">Cerf, Barry (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/alsacelorraines00cerfgoog/alsacelorraines00cerfgoog_djvu.txt"><i>Alsace–Lorraine since 1870</i></a>. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine+since+1870&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Falsacelorraines00cerfgoog%2Falsacelorraines00cerfgoog_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinot1915" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Finot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Finot">Finot, Jean</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (May 30, 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/05/30/archives/remaking-the-map-of-europe-jean-finots-views-on-how-parts-of.html">"Remaking the Map of Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727121207/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/05/30/archives/remaking-the-map-of-europe-jean-finots-views-on-how-parts-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Remaking+the+Map+of+Europe&rft.date=1915-05-30&rft.aulast=Finot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F05%2F30%2Farchives%2Fremaking-the-map-of-europe-jean-finots-views-on-how-parts-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, W.S.</a> (2015) [April 1923]. <i>1911–1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a>. Vol. I. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1911%E2%80%931914&rft.series=The+World+Crisis&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernbach, David (ed.) <i>Marx: The First International and After</i>, p. 178, Letter to the Brunswick committee of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, from <i>Marx-Engels-Werke</i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, Harmondsworth, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman,_Dan_P.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman, Dan P. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545591">"The Economic Consequences of Annexation: Alsace–Lorraine and Imperial Germany, 1871–1918"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 34–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900000431">10.1017/S0008938900000431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545591">4545591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146411340">146411340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715083520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545591">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+Annexation%3A+Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine+and+Imperial+Germany%2C+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-53&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146411340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900000431&rft.au=Silverman%2C+Dan+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbich1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harbich, Jürgen (1965). <i>Der Bundesstaat und seine Unantastbarkeit</i> [<i>The Federal State and its Inviolability</i>] (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Bundesstaat+und+seine+Unantastbarkeit&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Harbich&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/index.php/en/pierre-denfert-rochereau">"Pierre Denfert-Rochereau 1823 – 1878"</a>. <i>Chemins de mémoire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022441/https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/index.php/en/pierre-denfert-rochereau">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemins+de+m%C3%A9moire&rft.atitle=Pierre+Denfert-Rochereau+1823+%E2%80%93+1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fpierre-denfert-rochereau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreibusch2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preibusch, Sophie Charlotte (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZLs1RaN1jwC&pg=PA96"><i>Verfassungsentwicklungen Im Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen 1871–1918. Integration Durch Verfassungsrecht?</i></a> [<i>Constitutional Developments in the Reichsland Alsace–Lorraine 1871–1918. Integration Through Constitutional Law?</i>] (in German). Berlin: BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. pp. 54 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783830520474" title="Special:BookSources/9783830520474"><bdi>9783830520474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verfassungsentwicklungen+Im+Reichsland+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen+1871%E2%80%931918.+Integration+Durch+Verfassungsrecht%3F&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=54+ff&rft.pub=BWV+Berliner+Wissenschafts-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783830520474&rft.aulast=Preibusch&rft.aufirst=Sophie+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZLs1RaN1jwC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeiffer, Sabine (13 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/les-optants-ces-alsaciens-lorrains-qui-choisissent-de-rester-francais-apres-la-guerre-franco-prussienne-de-1870-2289235.html">"Les optants, ces Alsaciens–Lorrains qui choisissent de rester français après la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870"</a> [The optants, the Alsatians and Lorrainers who chose to remain French after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870]. <i>france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014190806/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/les-optants-ces-alsaciens-lorrains-qui-choisissent-de-rester-francais-apres-la-guerre-franco-prussienne-de-1870-2289235.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr&rft.atitle=Les+optants%2C+ces+Alsaciens%E2%80%93Lorrains+qui+choisissent+de+rester+fran%C3%A7ais+apr%C3%A8s+la+guerre+franco-prussienne+de+1870&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrance3-regions.francetvinfo.fr%2Fgrand-est%2Fles-optants-ces-alsaciens-lorrains-qui-choisissent-de-rester-francais-apres-la-guerre-franco-prussienne-de-1870-2289235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungen.de/x/elsass-lothringen/index.htm">"Kaiserlicher Erlaß, betreffend die Einsetzung eines Landesausschusses in Elsaß–Lothringen vom 29. Oktober 1874"</a> [Emperor's Decree Concerning the Establishment of a Territorial Committee in Alsace–Lorraine of 29 October 1874]. <i>Verfassungen der Welt</i> (in German). 29 October 1874. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022454/https://www.verfassungen.de/x/elsass-lothringen/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungen+der+Welt&rft.atitle=Kaiserlicher+Erla%C3%9F%2C+betreffend+die+Einsetzung+eines+Landesausschusses+in+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen+vom+29.+Oktober+1874&rft.date=1874-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fx%2Felsass-lothringen%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesetz,_betreffend_die_Verfassung_und_die_Verwaltung_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringens">"Gesetz, betreffend die Verfassung und die Verwaltung Elsaß–Lothringens § 12 & 13"</a> [Law Concerning the Constitution and Administration of Alsace–Lorraine § 12 & 13]. <i>German Wikisource</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407235144/https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesetz,_betreffend_die_Verfassung_und_die_Verwaltung_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringens">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Wikisource&rft.atitle=Gesetz%2C+betreffend+die+Verfassung+und+die+Verwaltung+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringens+%C2%A7+12+%26+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FGesetz%2C_betreffend_die_Verfassung_und_die_Verwaltung_Elsa%25C3%259F-Lothringens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Rudolf_Huber" title="Ernst Rudolf Huber">Huber, Ernst Rudolf</a> (1969). <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band IV: Struktur und Krisen des Kaiserreiches</i> [<i>German Constitutional History since 1789. Vol. 4: Structure and Crises of the Empire</i>] (in German). Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer. p. 453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Verfassungsgeschichte+seit+1789.+Band+IV%3A+Struktur+und+Krisen+des+Kaiserreiches&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Verlag+W.+Kohlhammer&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Bekanntmachung Nr. 142 vom 22. Juni 1877" [Announcement Nr. 142 of 22 June 1877]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzjVD4DBo_oC&pg=PA181"><i>Amts-Blatt für den Bezirk Lothringen</i></a> [<i>Official Gazette for the District of Lorraine</i>] (in German). Lothringer Zeitung. 1877. pp. 181–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022440/https://books.google.com/books?id=RzjVD4DBo_oC&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bekanntmachung+Nr.+142+vom+22.+Juni+1877&rft.btitle=Amts-Blatt+f%C3%BCr+den+Bezirk+Lothringen&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Lothringer+Zeitung&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzjVD4DBo_oC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungen.de/x/elsass-lothringen/verfassung1911-i.htm">"Verfassungen des Reichslandes Elsaß–Lothringen [full text in German]"</a> [Constitution of the Reichsland Alsace–Lorraine Verfassungen der Welt]. <i>Verfassungen der Welt</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022444/https://www.verfassungen.de/x/elsass-lothringen/verfassung1911-i.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungen+der+Welt&rft.atitle=Verfassungen+des+Reichslandes+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen+%5Bfull+text+in+German%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fx%2Felsass-lothringen%2Fverfassung1911-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgelhaaf1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Egelhaaf, Gottlob (1918). <i>Geschichte der neuesten Zeit vom Frankfurter Frieden bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>History of Recent Times from the Peace of Frankfurt to the Present Day</i>] (in German) (7th ed.). Stuttgart: Carl Krabbe Verlag. p. 534.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+neuesten+Zeit+vom+Frankfurter+Frieden+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=534&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Carl+Krabbe+Verlag&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Egelhaaf&rft.aufirst=Gottlob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreibusch2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preibusch, Sophie Charlotte (2010). <i>Verfassungsentwicklungen im Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen 1871–1918: Integration durch Verfassungsrecht?</i> [<i>Constitutional Developments in the Reichsland Alsace–Lorraine 1871–1918: Integration through Constitutional Law?</i>] (in German). Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts Verlag. pp. 417 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-2047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-2047-4"><bdi>978-3-8305-2047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verfassungsentwicklungen+im+Reichsland+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen+1871%E2%80%931918%3A+Integration+durch+Verfassungsrecht%3F&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=417+ff&rft.pub=Berliner+Wissenschafts+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8305-2047-4&rft.aulast=Preibusch&rft.aufirst=Sophie+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/1914-1918/les-deputes-protestataires-d-alsace-lorraine">"Les députés protestataires d'Alsace–Lorraine"</a> [The Protest Deputies of Alsace–Lorraine]. <i>Assemblée nationale</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022441/https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/1914-1918/les-deputes-protestataires-d-alsace-lorraine">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s+protestataires+d%27Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fdecouvrir-l-assemblee%2Fhistoire%2F1914-1918%2Fles-deputes-protestataires-d-alsace-lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiery1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hiery, Hermann (1986). "Kapitel 5: Zwischen Autonomisten und Protestlern (1874–1887)" [Chapter 5: Between Autonomists und Protesters (1874–1887)]. <i>Reichstagswahlen im Reichsland</i> [<i>Reichstag Elections in the Imperial Territory</i>] (in German). Düsseldorf: Droste-Verlag. pp. Ch. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7700-5132-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7700-5132-7"><bdi>3-7700-5132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kapitel+5%3A+Zwischen+Autonomisten+und+Protestlern+%281874%E2%80%931887%29&rft.btitle=Reichstagswahlen+im+Reichsland&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pages=Ch.+5&rft.pub=Droste-Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-7700-5132-7&rft.aulast=Hiery&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiery1986446_ff-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiery1986446_ff_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiery1986">Hiery 1986</a>, p. 446 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bill, C.H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelsquellen.de/adelsforschung2/reichsland.htm">"Die Adelsgenossenschaft in den Reichslanden Elsaß–Lothringen: IV. 6. Vorstandsmitglieder und Protagonisten"</a> [The Noble Community in the Imperial Lands of Alsace–Lorraine: IV. 6. Board Members and Protagonists]. <i>Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104022444/https://www.adelsquellen.de/adelsforschung2/reichsland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+Deutsche+Adelsforschung&rft.atitle=Die+Adelsgenossenschaft+in+den+Reichslanden+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen%3A+IV.+6.+Vorstandsmitglieder+und+Protagonisten&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bill&rft.aufirst=C.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelsquellen.de%2Fadelsforschung2%2Freichsland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroda2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schroda, Julia (2008). <i>Nationaler Anspruch und regionale Identität im Reichsland Elsass–Lothringen im Spiegel des französischsprachigen Elsassromans (1871–1914)</i> [<i>National aspirations and regional identity in the Imperial Territory Alsace–Lorraine as reflected in the French-language Alsace novel (1871–1914)</i>] (in German). Bern: Peter Lang. p. 450.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationaler+Anspruch+und+regionale+Identit%C3%A4t+im+Reichsland+Elsass%E2%80%93Lothringen+im+Spiegel+des+franz%C3%B6sischsprachigen+Elsassromans+%281871%E2%80%931914%29&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Schroda&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunwiss.free.fr/1870-1918.htm">"Das Symbol des elsässischen Widerstand gegen Preußen. Die offizielle Geburt unserer Fahne"</a> [The Symbol of Alsation Resistance against Prussia. The Official Birth of our Flag]. <i>Le drapeau alsacien</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105703/http://rotunwiss.free.fr/1870-1918.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+drapeau+alsacien&rft.atitle=Das+Symbol+des+els%C3%A4ssischen+Widerstand+gegen+Preu%C3%9Fen.+Die+offizielle+Geburt+unserer+Fahne.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunwiss.free.fr%2F1870-1918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisch2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fisch, Stefan (2002). "Das Elsass im Deutschen Kaiserreich (1870/71–1918)" [Alsace in the German Empire (1870/71–1918)]. In Erbe, Michael (ed.). <i>Das Elsass. Historische Landschaft im Wandel der Zeit</i> [<i>Alsace. Historical Landscape through the Ages</i>] (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3170157712" title="Special:BookSources/978-3170157712"><bdi>978-3170157712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Elsass+im+Deutschen+Kaiserreich+%281870%2F71%E2%80%931918%29&rft.btitle=Das+Elsass.+Historische+Landschaft+im+Wandel+der+Zeit&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3170157712&rft.aulast=Fisch&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesier2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlesier, Stephanie (2007). Duhamelle, Christophe; Kossert, Andreas; Struck, Bernhard (eds.). <i>Grenzregionen. Ein europäischer Vergleich vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert</i> [<i>Border Regions. A European Comparison from the 18th to the 20th Century</i>] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Campus. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3593384481" title="Special:BookSources/978-3593384481"><bdi>978-3593384481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grenzregionen.+Ein+europ%C3%A4ischer+Vergleich+vom+18.+bis+zum+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Campus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3593384481&rft.aulast=Schlesier&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitärgeschichtliches_Forschungsamt_[Military_History_Research_Office]1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt [Military History Research Office], ed. (1983). <i>Deutsche Militärgeschichte in sechs Bänden 1648–1938</i> [<i>German Military History in Six Volumes 1648–1938</i>] (in German). Vol. V. Munich: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3881991124" title="Special:BookSources/978-3881991124"><bdi>978-3881991124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte+in+sechs+B%C3%A4nden+1648%E2%80%931938&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3881991124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitärgeschichtliches_Forschungsamt_[Military_History_Research_Office]1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt [Military History Research Office], ed. (1983). <i>Deutsche Militärgeschichte in sechs Bänden 1648–1938</i> [<i>German Military History in Six Volumes 1648–1938</i>] (in German). Vol. IV. Munich: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3881991124" title="Special:BookSources/978-3881991124"><bdi>978-3881991124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte+in+sechs+B%C3%A4nden+1648%E2%80%931938&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3881991124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuschScriba2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reusch, Nina; Scriba, Arnulf (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/die-zabern-affaere.html">"Die Zabern-Affäre"</a>. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210230852/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/die-zabern-affaere.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Die+Zabern-Aff%C3%A4re&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Reusch&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Scriba%2C+Arnulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fkaiserreich%2Finnenpolitik%2Fdie-zabern-affaere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouillet2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trouillet, Jean-Georges (2018). <i>Les Chemins de fer Impériaux d'Alsace–Lorraine</i> [<i>Reichs-Eisenbahnen in Elsass–Lothringen</i>] (in French). Husseren-les-Châteaux: Éditions Drei Exen Verlag. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9565934-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9565934-0-9"><bdi>978-2-9565934-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Chemins+de+fer+Imp%C3%A9riaux+d%27Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&rft.place=Husseren-les-Ch%C3%A2teaux&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Drei+Exen+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-9565934-0-9&rft.aulast=Trouillet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoskopf2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stoskopf, Nicolas (2019). "Le cercle de Saint-Léonard et l'animation de la scène artistique strasbourgeoise (1895–1910)" [The Saint-Léonard Circle and the artistic scene in Strassburg (1895–1910)]. <i>La Revue de la Bibliothèque National et Univérsitaire de Strasbourg</i> [<i>The Review of the Strasbourg National and University Library</i>] (in French). Vol. 19. Strasbourg: University of Strasbourg. pp. 126–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+cercle+de+Saint-L%C3%A9onard+et+l%E2%80%99animation+de+la+sc%C3%A8ne+artistique+strasbourgeoise+%281895%E2%80%931910%29&rft.btitle=La+Revue+de+la+Biblioth%C3%A8que+National+et+Univ%C3%A9rsitaire+de+Strasbourg&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=126-133&rft.pub=University+of+Strasbourg&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Stoskopf&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendelPechSpannenberger2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bendel, Rainer; Pech, Robert; Spannenberger, Norbert (2015). <i>Kirche und Gruppenbildungsprozesse deutscher Minderheiten in Ostmittel- und Mitteleuropa 1918–1933</i> [<i>Church and Group Formation Processes of German Minorities in East-Central and Central Europe 1918–1933</i>] (in German). Münster: Lit Verlag. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643118066" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643118066"><bdi>978-3643118066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirche+und+Gruppenbildungsprozesse+deutscher+Minderheiten+in+Ostmittel-+und+Mitteleuropa+1918%E2%80%931933&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3643118066&rft.aulast=Bendel&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Pech%2C+Robert&rft.au=Spannenberger%2C+Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTherSundhaussen2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ther, Philipp; Sundhaussen, Holm, eds. (2001). <i>Nationalitätenkonflikte im 20. Jahrhundert: Ursachen von inter-ethnischer Gewalt</i> [<i>Nationality Conflicts in the 20th Century: Causes of Inter-ethnic Violence</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447044943" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447044943"><bdi>978-3447044943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalit%C3%A4tenkonflikte+im+20.+Jahrhundert%3A+Ursachen+von+inter-ethnischer+Gewalt&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3447044943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seager, Frederic H. (1969). "The Alsace–Lorraine Question in France, 1871–1914". in Charles K. Warner, ed., <i>From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front</i>, pp. 111–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spindler-1915-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spindler-1915_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindler1915" class="citation book cs1">Spindler, Charles (1915-09-11) [1914-09-06]. <i><span></span></i>L'Alsace pendant la Guerre<i><span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alsace+pendant+la+Guerre&rft.date=1915-09-11&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grandhomme-2008-boches-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-boches_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-boches_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandhomme2008" class="citation book cs1">Grandhomme, Jean-Noël (2008). <i>Boches ou tricolores</i>. Strasbourg, FR: La nuée bleue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boches+ou+tricolores&rft.place=Strasbourg%2C+FR&rft.pub=La+nu%C3%A9e+bleue&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Grandhomme&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denizot-1996-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denizot-1996_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denizot-1996_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenizot1996" class="citation book cs1">Denizot, Alain (1996). <i>Guerre mondiale, 1914–1918 - Campagnes et batailles</i>. pp. 67–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerre+mondiale%2C+1914%E2%80%931918+-+Campagnes+et+batailles&rft.pages=67-68&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Denizot&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortier-2008-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortier-2008_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Fortier, Jacques (16 November 2008) «La chute de l'Empire», <i>Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace</i> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">(Fr.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grandhomme-2008-11-retour-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grandhomme-2008-11-retour_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandhomme2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandhomme, Jean-Noël (November 2008). "Le retour de l'Alsace–Lorraine". <i>L'Histoire</i> (in French) (336).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Le+retour+de+l%27Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&rft.issue=336&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Grandhomme&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Douglas, R.M. (2012). <i>Ordnungsgemäße Überführung - Die Vertreibung der Deutschen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg</i> (in German). C.H. Beck. pp. 94 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62294-6"><bdi>978-3-406-62294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnungsgem%C3%A4%C3%9Fe+%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung+-+Die+Vertreibung+der+Deutschen+nach+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.pages=94+ff&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-406-62294-6&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020314094446/http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte6.html">"Tabellarische Geschichte Elsaß–Lothringens / Französische Besatzung (1918–1940)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte6.html">the original</a> on 2002-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabellarische+Geschichte+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringens+%2F+Franz%C3%B6sische+Besatzung+%281918%E2%80%931940%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fbfel%2Fgeschichte6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Maude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01740521/document">"To Protect, Defend and inform: The Evacuation of the German-French Border Region During the Second World War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722124713/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01740521/document">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Protect%2C+Defend+and+inform%3A+The+Evacuation+of+the+German-French+Border+Region+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Maude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01740521%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/en/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/from-1939-to-1940-evacuation-phony-war-and-collapse-may-june-1940">"Evacuation, phony war and collapse, May-June 1940"</a>. <i>Memorial Alsace–Moselle</i>. Un peu d'histoire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022120036/https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/en/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/from-1939-to-1940-evacuation-phony-war-and-collapse-may-june-1940">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle&rft.atitle=Evacuation%2C+phony+war+and+collapse%2C+May-June+1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorial-alsace-moselle.com%2Fen%2Fle-memorial%2Fun-peu-d-histoire%2Ffrom-1939-to-1940-evacuation-phony-war-and-collapse-may-june-1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MemorialAM-deportation-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MemorialAM-deportation_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/en/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/1940-the-deportation">"The deportation of people from Alsace and Moselle"</a>. <i>Memorial Alsace–Moselle</i>. Un peu d'histoire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022120950/https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/en/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/1940-the-deportation">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle&rft.atitle=The+deportation+of+people+from+Alsace+and+Moselle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorial-alsace-moselle.com%2Fen%2Fle-memorial%2Fun-peu-d-histoire%2F1940-the-deportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jäckel-1966-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jäckel-1966_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jäckel-1966_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäckel, Eberhard (1966) « L'annexion déguisée », dans <i>Frankreich in Hitlers Europa – Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg</i>, Deutsche Verlag-Anstalg GmbH, Stuttgart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jäckel (1966) § "La France dans l'Europe de Hitler"<sup id="cite_ref-Jäckel-1966_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jäckel-1966-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 123–124">: 123–124 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlund, Pierre (2011) <i>Souvenirs de guerre d'un Alsacien</i>, Éditions Mille et une vies, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-923692-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-923692-18-0">978-2-923692-18-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durand, Paul (1945) <i>En passant par la Lorraine; gens et choses de chez nous 1900–1945</i>, Éditions Le Lorrain, p. 131-132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine">"Alsace–Lorraine | Facts, Definition, & History | Britannica"</a>. 2 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320174427/https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine+%26%23124%3B+Facts%2C+Definition%2C+%26+History+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlsace-Lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/alsace-culturally-not-quite-french-not-quite-german">"Alsace: Culturally not quite French, not quite German | British Council"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223231848/https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/alsace-culturally-not-quite-french-not-quite-german">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alsace%3A+Culturally+not+quite+French%2C+not+quite+German+%26%23124%3B+British+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Fvoices-magazine%2Falsace-culturally-not-quite-french-not-quite-german&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rademacher-2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rademacher-2006_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRademacher2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rademacher, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eirenicon.com/rademacher/www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/elsasslothringen.html">"Verwaltungsgeschichte Elsaß–Lothringen 1871–1919"</a> [Administrative History of Alsace–Lorraine 1871–1919]. <i>eirenicon: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029132033/https://www.eirenicon.com/rademacher/www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/elsasslothringen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eirenicon%3A+Deutsche+Verwaltungsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Verwaltungsgeschichte+Elsa%C3%9F%E2%80%93Lothringen+1871%E2%80%931919&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rademacher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eirenicon.com%2Frademacher%2Fwww.verwaltungsgeschichte.de%2Felsasslothringen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Arthur_Ashworth" title="Philip Arthur Ashworth">Ashworth, Philip Arthur</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alsace–Lorraine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine">"Alsace–Lorraine" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 756–757.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=756-757&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Philip+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bankwitz, Philip Charles Farwell. <i>Alsatian autonomist leaders, 1919–1947</i> (UP of Kansas, 1978).</li> <li>Byrnes, Joseph F. "The relationship of religious practice to linguistic culture: language, religion, and education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890." <i>Church History</i> 68#3 (1999): 598–626.</li> <li>Harp, Stephen L. "Building the German nation. Primary schooling in Alsace–Lorraine, 1870–1918." <i>Paedagogica Historica</i> 32.supplement 1 (1996): 197–219.</li> <li>Hazen, Charles Downer. <i>Alsace–Lorraine Under German Rule</i> (New York: H. Holt, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en%7Clang_fr&id=fe0QAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=hazen+alsace+german&ots=pailliFZdp&sig=lp0vMVhusUgjJDpp4mHhLGg7geI">online</a>; scholarly history</li> <li>Höpel, Thomas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012082305"><i>The French-German Borderlands: Borderlands and Nation-Building in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2010, retrieved: December 17, 2012.</li> <li>Klein, Detmar. "German-Annexed Alsace and Imperial Germany: A Process of Colonisation?." in Róisín Healy and Enrico Dal Lago, eds. <i>The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe's Modern Past</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014). 92-108.</li> <li>Putnam, Ruth. <i>Alsace and Lorraine from Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.–1871 A.D.</i> New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915.</li> <li>Seager, Frederic H. "The Alsace–Lorraine Question in France, 1871–1914." in Charles K. Warner, ed., <i>From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front</i> (1969): 111–126.</li> <li>Silverman, Dan P. <i>Reluctant Union; Alsace–Lorraine and Imperial Germany, 1871–1918</i> (Pennsylvania State UP, 1972).</li> <li>Varley, Karine. <i>Under the Shadow of Defeat</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008) pp. 175–202.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baumann, Ansbert. « Die Erfindung des Grenzlandes Elsass–Lothringen », in: Burkhard Olschowsky (ed.), <i>Geteilte Regionen – geteilte Geschichtskulturen? Muster der europäischen Identitätsbildung im europäischen Vergleich</i>, Munich: Oldenbourg 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-71210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-71210-0">978-3-486-71210-0</a>, S. 163–183.</li> <li>Roth, François. <i>Alsace–Lorraine, De 1870 À Nos Jours: Histoire d'un "pays perdu"</i>. Nancy: Place Stanislas, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35578-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35578-050-9">978-2-35578-050-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alsace-Lorraine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine#Q155144" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html">http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020312023302/http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-25) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.elsass-lothringen.de/">http://www.elsass-lothringen.de/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030082219/http://elsass-lothringen.de/">Archived</a> 2020-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730200508/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Alsace_Lorraine.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20090730200508/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Alsace_Lorraine.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062604/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/saar.htm">France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225301/http://www.dailymotion.com/elsaesser/video/x872c_Alsace-Moselle-Free/">Elsass–Lothringen video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsace-culture.com/">Annuary of Cultur and Artists from Elsass–Lothringen</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germans" title="Template:Germans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germans" title="Template talk:Germans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdeutsche</i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeutsche" title="Reichsdeutsche">Reichsdeutsche</a></i></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="German immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Belarus" title="Germans in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landlers" title="Transylvanian Landlers">Landlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat_Highland_Germans" title="Banat Highland Germans">Highland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walser_people" title="Walser people">Walser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_Swabians" title="Satu Mare Swabians">Satu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regat_Germans" title="Regat Germans">Regat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Denmark" title="German minority in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Germans" title="Potato Germans">Potato Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Finland" title="Germans in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Sweden" title="Germans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Bulgaria" title="Germans in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Tyrol" title="History of South Tyrol">Italy (South Tyrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Croatia" title="Germans of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Serbia" title="Germans of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_France" title="Germans in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">Alsatians and Lotharingians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multinational dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Argentines" title="German Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Belize" title="Mennonites in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bolivians" title="German Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Canadian_history_in_British_Columbia" title="German-Canadian history in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region" title="Los Ríos Region">Los Ríos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Colombia" title="Mennonites in Colombia">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Costa_Rica#Germans" title="Immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Guatemalan" title="German Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Jamaica" title="Germans in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nicaraguan" title="German Nicaraguan">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peruvians" title="German Peruvians">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozuzo" title="Pozuzo">Pozuzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Salvadoran" title="German Salvadoran">El Salvador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_El_Salvador" title="Mennonites in El Salvador">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups" title="Subgroups of Amish">Para-Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville" title="Believers in Christ, Lobelville">Believers in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Communities_(Elmo_Stoll)" title="Christian Communities (Elmo Stoll)">Christian Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community" title="Caneyville Christian Community">Caneyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand" title="Vernon Community, Hestand">Vernon Community</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nebraskan" title="German Nebraskan">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Palatines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Palatines">Palatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template:German Americans by location">by city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Uruguayans" title="German Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Venezuelans" title="German Venezuelans">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Cameroonians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Cameroonians (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanaian Germans (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Guineans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Guineans (page does not exist)">Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Ivorians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Ivorians (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_Nigerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans Nigerians (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Tanzanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Tanzanians (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguida" title="Baguida">Baguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebe" title="Sebe">Sebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners_in_Zimbabwe" title="Afrikaners in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_India" title="Germans in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Speaking_Protestant_Congregation_in_Iran" title="German Speaking Protestant Congregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="jp:在日ドイツ人">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Korea" title="Germans in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="German settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Turkey" title="Germans in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Germans" title="Bosporus Germans">Bosporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_River_Christian_Community" title="Detention River Christian Community">Hutterites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Zealanders" title="German New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Kokopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Samoans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Samoans (page does not exist)">German Samoans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Alsace_topics_border&#124;25px&#124;class=noviewer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alsace_topics" title="Template:Alsace topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alsace_topics" title="Template talk:Alsace topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alsace_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alsace topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Alsace_topics_border&#124;25px&#124;class=noviewer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Alsace.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alsace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Alsace.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alsace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Alsace.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alsace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> topics <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alsace_(historical).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28historical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Administrative_divisions" title="Alsace">Administrative<br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>) <i>(<a href="/wiki/Unterelsa%C3%9F" title="Unterelsaß">Unterelsaß</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Haguenau-Wissembourg" title="Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg">Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Molsheim" title="Arrondissement of Molsheim">Arrondissement of Molsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saverne" title="Arrondissement of Saverne">Arrondissement of Saverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_S%C3%A9lestat-Erstein" title="Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein">Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Strasbourg" title="Arrondissement of Strasbourg">Arrondissement of Strasbourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>) <i>(<a href="/wiki/Oberelsa%C3%9F" title="Oberelsaß">Oberelsaß</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Altkirch" title="Arrondissement of Altkirch">Arrondissement of Altkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Colmar-Ribeauvill%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé">Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Mulhouse" title="Arrondissement of Mulhouse">Arrondissement of Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thann-Guebwiller" title="Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller">Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alsace" title="Coat of arms of Alsace"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/100px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/150px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BlasonAlsace.svg/200px-BlasonAlsace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alsace" title="Coat of arms of Alsace"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Alsace_%281663%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Culture" title="Alsace">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alsace" title="Coat of arms of Alsace">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alsace" title="Flag of Alsace">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssisches_Fahnenlied" title="Elsässisches Fahnenlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians#Alsatians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Demographics" title="Alsace">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><i>Musée alsacien</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_(Haguenau)" title="Musée alsacien (Haguenau)">Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_(Strasbourg)" title="Musée alsacien (Strasbourg)">Strasbourg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional council of Alsace">Regional council of Alsace</a> (1982–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (since 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Collectivity_of_Alsace" title="European Collectivity of Alsace">European Collectivity of Alsace</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Alsace" title="Assembly of Alsace">Assembly of Alsace</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#Religion" title="Alsace">Religion</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Local law in Alsace–Moselle">according</a> to the<br />1801 <a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle" title="Concordat in Alsace–Moselle">Concordat in<br />Alsace–Moselle</a>, <br /><i>including <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></i>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">Archdiocese of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Exemption_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (canon law)">Immediately subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></small> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a>)</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judaism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alsace" title="History of the Jews in Alsace">History of the Jews in Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Grand_Est" title="Category:Sport in Grand Est">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RC_Strasbourg_Alsace" title="RC Strasbourg Alsace">RC Strasbourg Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIG_Strasbourg" title="SIG Strasbourg">SIG Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC_Schiltigheim" title="SC Schiltigheim">SC Schiltigheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_S%C3%A9lestat" title="FC Sélestat">FC Sélestat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat_Alsace_Handball" title="Sélestat Alsace Handball">Sélestat Alsace Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Vendenheim" title="FC Vendenheim">FC Vendenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Noire_de_Strasbourg" title="Étoile Noire de Strasbourg">Étoile Noire de Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationaux_de_Strasbourg" title="Internationaux de Strasbourg">Internationaux de Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_de_France_Alsace" title="Rallye de France Alsace">Rallye de France Alsace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_Alsace-Vosges" title="Rallye Alsace-Vosges">Rallye Alsace-Vosges</a></li></ul></li> <li>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Alsace_de_Bagnolet" title="Alsace de Bagnolet">Alsace de Bagnolet</a></i> (Paris)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alsace#History" title="Alsace">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> (<i>Pagus Alsatiae</i>) (83–475) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentoratum" title="Argentoratum">Argentoratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Romane_d%27Alsace" title="Route Romane d'Alsace">Route Romane d'Alsace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> (circa 213–496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannia</a> (3rd-century–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Alsace" title="Duchy of Alsace">Duchy of Alsace</a> (circa 630–699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Strasbourg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg">Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg</a> (982–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ferrette" title="County of Ferrette">County of Ferrette</a> (11th-century–14th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(state)" title="Salm (state)">Salm</a> (1165−1793)</li> <li>Landgraviate of Alsace (1186–1646) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Alsace" title="Lower Alsace">Lower Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> (13th-century–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a> (1354–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau-Lichtenberg" title="Hanau-Lichtenberg">County of Hanau-Lichtenberg</a> (1456–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish Circle</a> (1500-1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Bank_of_the_Rhine" title="Left Bank of the Rhine">Left Bank of the Rhine</a> (1814-1871)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Gau Baden-Elsaß</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:khaki;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lorraine_topics" title="Template talk:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/100px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/150px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/200px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Language_and_culture" title="Lorraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Demographics" title="Lorraine">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Religion" title="Lorraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz" title="FC Metz">FC Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz_(women)" title="FC Metz (women)">FC Metz (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Nancy">AS Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_%C3%89pinal" title="SAS Épinal">SAS Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Raon-l%27%C3%89tape" title="US Raon-l'Étape">US Raon-l'Étape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUC_Nancy_Basket" title="SLUC Nancy Basket">SLUC Nancy Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz_Handball" title="Metz Handball">Metz Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPTT_Nancy_(water_polo)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASPTT Nancy (water polo)">ASPTT Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamyo_d%27%C3%89pinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamyo d'Épinal">Gamyo d'Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_Alsace-Vosges" title="Rallye Alsace-Vosges">Rallye Alsace-Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Open" title="Lorraine Open">Lorraine Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#History" title="Lorraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>) (22 BC–5th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> (5th-century–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (511–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> (843–855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> (855–959)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> (959–1766)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a> (circa 950-1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> (1552-1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a> (1766–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155144#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150110906">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014502-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81126015">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15336700c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15336700c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alsasko-Lotrinsko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1180108&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhgzsm0ccsr50">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562173205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&params=48.67_N_7_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.67°N 7°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.67; 7</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alsace–Lorraine&oldid=1258486973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alsace–Lorraine&oldid=1258486973</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1871" title="Category:States and territories established in 1871">States and territories established in 1871</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1918" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918">States and territories disestablished in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Category:Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Alsace" title="Category:History of Alsace">History of Alsace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Moselle_(department)" title="Category:History of Moselle (department)">History of Moselle (department)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Former countries in Europe">Former countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_France" title="Category:Political history of France">Political history of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Category:States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Category:Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Grand_Est" title="Category:Geography of Grand Est">Geography of Grand Est</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Category:Aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War">Aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_July_2021" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from July 2021">Vague or ambiguous time from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Alemannic_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Alemannic German-language text">Articles containing Alemannic German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Alsatian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Alsatian-language text">Articles containing Alsatian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2013">Articles needing additional references from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_October_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2017">Articles needing additional references from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 00:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-786j2","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.649","walltime":"2.018","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13052,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":373201,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26745,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":263074,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1667.358 1 -total"," 24.21% 403.679 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.44% 340.819 1 Template:Infobox_former_subdivision"," 11.70% 195.054 19 Template:Cite_web"," 7.08% 118.075 2 Template:Native_name"," 6.90% 115.059 14 Template:Fix"," 6.53% 108.932 23 Template:Cite_book"," 6.09% 101.462 1 Template:Alsace_sidebar"," 6.07% 101.255 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.72% 95.407 9 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.924","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20039474,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshworth1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendelPechSpannenberger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerf1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenizot1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgelhaaf1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinot1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandhomme2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarbich1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiery1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuber1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilitärgeschichtliches_Forschungsamt_\u0026#91;Military_History_Research_Office\u0026#93;1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreibusch2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRademacher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuschScriba2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroda2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman,_Dan_P.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpindler1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoskopf2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTherSundhaussen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrouillet2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Alsace sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Alsace topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Alsace-Lorraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"Full citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"German diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox former subdivision\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 20,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Lorraine sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lorraine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Pp.\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sc\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"States of the German Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7l5xc","timestamp":"20241124053100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alsace\u2013Lorraine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155144","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155144","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-07T17:08:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T00:41:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/98\/Dienstflagge_Elsa%C3%9F-Lothringen_Kaiserreich.svg","headline":"1871\u20131918 territory of the German Empire"}</script> </body> </html>