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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germaine Lubin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Lubin" title="Germaine Lubin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germaine Lubin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Lubin" title="Germaine Lubin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germaine Lubin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Lubin" title="Germaine Lubin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germaine Lubin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Lubin" title="Germaine Lubin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germaine Lubin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Lubin" title="Germana Lubin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germana Lubin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيرمين لوبين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرمين لوبين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Lubin" title="Germaine Lubin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germaine Lubin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q459907#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French dramatic soprano</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291,_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92291%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan_und_Germaine_Lubin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Germaine Lubin and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, 17 May 1941 at the stage door of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Paris Opéra</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germaine Léontine Angélique Lubin</b> (1 February 1890 – 27 October 1979) was a French <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano">dramatic soprano</a>, best known for her association with the music of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. She possessed a brilliant voice but her later career was tainted with accusations of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">Nazi</a> sympathies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Germaine Lubin was soon taken to <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> in French Guiana where her father was a doctor, and from him she received her first piano lessons. She returned to live in Paris at the age of eight, and attended the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9" title="Collège Sévigné">Collège Sévigné</a> with the intent of studying to become a doctor. Instead, in 1908 she entered the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Paris Conservatory</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a> was then the director. Fauré formed a high opinion of her voice —and her statuesque beauty— and would accompany her personally in performances of his songs. She left the Conservatory in 1912 after winning three first prizes for her singing, and she was immediately in demand for performances. Throughout most of her career however she continued to take voice lessons, studying for 10 years from 1912 with the Franco-Russian soprano <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lia_Litvinne" title="Félia Litvinne">Félia Litvinne</a>. She would later work on roles with <a href="/wiki/Lilli_Lehmann" title="Lilli Lehmann">Lilli Lehmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Gutheil-Schoder" title="Marie Gutheil-Schoder">Marie Gutheil-Schoder</a>. She also studied with <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Reszke" title="Jean de Reszke">Jean de Reszke</a>, although she felt that he taught her little. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912 she made her debut at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, singing Antonia in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann" title="The Tales of Hoffmann">The Tales of Hoffmann</a></i>, to an audience which included <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>, and she enjoyed a great success. At the Opéra-Comique, Albert Carré gave her the chance to appear in several contemporary operas, including <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope" title="Pénélope">Pénélope</a></i> (title role).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also sang Charlotte in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a></i> and the title role in <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier" title="Gustave Charpentier">Gustave Charpentier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Louise_(opera)" title="Louise (opera)">Louise</a></i>, and appeared in the world premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays" title="Le Pays">Le Pays</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ropartz" title="Guy Ropartz">Guy Ropartz</a>. </p><p>In 1913 Lubin married the French poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_G%C3%A9raldy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Géraldy (page does not exist)">Paul Géraldy</a>. A son, Claude, was born to them in 1916. Their marriage lasted until 1926. (In 1918, Lubin met Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> and they conducted a warm correspondence for a while; Pétain declared a wish to marry her, had she been free. Lubin would remain an ardent admirer of Pétain until his death in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-casanova_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casanova-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Lubin made her first appearance at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Paris Opéra</a> in 1915, in <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a>'s <i>Le Chant de la cloche</i>, and continued to sing there for nearly 30 years. In addition to standard French works, she also found success in the operas of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, singing the first French performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> in 1932. She also created roles for d'Indy, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sauguet" title="Henri Sauguet">Henri Sauguet</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_chartreuse_de_Parme_(opera)" title="La chartreuse de Parme (opera)">La chartreuse de Parme</a></i>) and sang the title role in the 1935 revival of <i><a href="/wiki/Ariane_et_Barbe-bleue" title="Ariane et Barbe-bleue">Ariane et Barbe-bleue</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Dukas</a>. </p><p>In 1921 Lubin embarked on the series of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> roles for which she would be most admired: first Sieglinde in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i>, then Elsa (<i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>), and finally Eva (<i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger</a></i>), all sung in French at the Opéra. Later came Brünnhilde (<i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i>) (1928) and Kundry (<i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>) (1938). </p><p>She performed <i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos" title="Ariadne auf Naxos">Ariadne</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a> in Vienna, also singing <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Octavian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Agathe</a></i> to critical enthusiasm, later taking part in the Paris premieres of <i>Der Rosenkavalier</i> in 1927<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Ariadne auf Naxos</i> at the Opéra-Comique in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930 she sang the role of Isolde (<i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>) at the Paris Opéra for the first time and met with an ecstatic reception. Her physical beauty —she was tall, slim and blonde— and her strong, even voice made her ideal for the part. She went on to sing it again in Paris in 1938 (this time in German, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a>), and in London in 1939 (at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>). In July 1939 she became the first Frenchwoman to sing Isolde at <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth</a> (under the baton of <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata" title="Victor de Sabata">Victor de Sabata</a>). At Bayreuth, she established friendships with members of the Wagner family. She was even complimented by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, who said she was the finest Isolde that he had heard. </p><p>Lubin hoped to sing also at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York City, having been recommended to the Met's management by <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a>. However, she terminated her contract weeks before arrival, and never sang in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the German occupation of Paris in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rouch%C3%A9" title="Jacques Rouché">Jacques Rouché</a> sought to re-open the Opéra and invited Lubin to return to sing <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)" title="Alceste (Gluck)">Alceste</a></i>. This was followed by performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>, and in 1941 she again sang Isolde, this time with the visiting company of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Staatsoper</a> from Berlin under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-riding_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riding-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to associate with German acquaintances, and in 1942 she performed at a concert to mark an exhibition by <a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a>, the sculptor who was closely associated with the Nazi leadership. (She later said that she had agreed to this performance as part of a deal to secure the release of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Franck" title="Maurice Franck">Maurice Franck</a>, the Jewish "chef de chant", or music staff/vocal coach, at the Opéra.<sup id="cite_ref-casanova_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casanova-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>These activities brought Germaine Lubin under suspicion of collaboration with the Nazis, and after the Liberation in 1944 she was arrested and imprisoned. At her trial in 1946, she was acquitted of the accusation after a number of testimonials were produced from people she had helped during the war. Nevertheless, she was sentenced to "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9gradation_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dégradation nationale">dégradation nationale</a>" for life (subsequently reduced to five years), confiscation of property, and "interdiction de séjour" (a form of exile). She found refuge with friends in Italy. </p><p>For her part, Lubin denied all ties to Nazi Germany, and grew deeply bitter over her treatment at the hands of the French government. She once said that </p> <blockquote><p>I have suffered an enormous injustice. They curtailed my career by ten years — my own people! The fact is that I knew some of the Germans when they came to Paris during the occupation. This gave my enemies the chance to satisfy their envy … If I saw the Germans in Paris —and they had been more than kind to me— it was to save my compatriots. It was my way of serving my country at that particular moment. Nobody knows how many prisoners I had released … When I spent three years in prison, they confiscated my château at Tours and my possessions. Did anyone bother to ask me why I did not accept Winifred Wagner’s invitations to sing in Germany during the occupation? But my trial was a complete vindication: I was completely cleared. Yes, they gave back most of what they had taken …<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950 Germaine Lubin had returned to Paris and sought to resume her career with a recital. Although she met with some sympathy and gave a few further performances, it was a difficult transition, and when in 1953 her son committed suicide she abandoned public performance entirely. For the remainder of her life she became a voice teacher, giving lessons at her home on the Quai Voltaire in Paris. Among her notable pupils was the leading soprano <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Crespin" title="Régine Crespin">Régine Crespin</a>. Lubin died in Paris in 1979 at the age of 89. </p><p>Lubin had a powerful voice of gleaming tonal splendour. By her own admission she was a forceful and demanding personality, often haughty and distant with other people, and she responded to the heroic dimension of the characters that she portrayed on the operatic stage. "I do not like to sing the role of victims", she said in an interview.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Germaine Lubin became the foremost French dramatic soprano during the 1920s and '30s, and indeed one of the finest opera singers to be heard anywhere during the inter-war period, her performances are not particularly well represented on disc. She recorded in 1929–30 a number of excerpts from her central repertoire, notably her Wagnerian roles as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_(opera)" title="Sigurd (opera)">Sigurd</a></i>. She also recorded a few songs by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> and her erstwhile admirer Fauré. Among her later recordings from 1944 are two of the earliest featuring the young <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Souzay" title="Gérard Souzay">Gérard Souzay</a> in which they perform duets by Leguerney and Blangini. In the 1950s, she also recorded a couple of songs by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Hugo Wolf</a>. In total her recorded legacy amounts to about two dozen items, many of which are available on CD reissues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wolff-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff, Stéphane. <i>Un demi-siècle d'Opéra-Comique (1900-1950).</i> André Bonne, Paris, 1953. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casanova-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casanova_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casanova_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Casanova. <i>Isolde 39: Germaine Lubin</i>. (Paris: Flammarion, 1974.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova, Nicole. Elle nous a quittés : Germaine Lubin. <i>Lyrica</i>, Novembre-Décembre 1979, p74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riding-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riding_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Riding. <i>And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris</i>. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.) p.155. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6">978-0-307-26897-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantabile-subito.de/Sopranos/Lubin__Germaine/lubin__germaine.html">Biographical sketch of Lubin</a> at Subito-Cantabile website, with photographs and recordings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mais je n'aime pas chanter les victimes". In an interview given to <i>Le Quotidien de Paris</i> on 10 July 1974, reproduced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altamusica.com/entretiens/document.php?action=MoreDocument&DocRef=2123&DossierRef=1864">Altamusica</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Martin Cooper, Elizabeth Forbes: article on Germaine Lubin in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; ed. by L. Macy; (accessed 10 April 2007).</li> <li>David Ewen, <i>Encyclopedia of the Opera: New Enlarged Edition</i>. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1963.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Lubin-Germaine.htm">Biography</a> at Bach-Cantatas website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459907#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12570645">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/128847/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmKpXKDfH3PrDGQ8CxXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117253421">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84022134">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14810031k">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896834s">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14810031k">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896834s">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0174912&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512384806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14628564">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a12acece-1e40-44c1-8feb-34ab9607debb">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/l0781">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117253421.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117253421">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/149954174">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63r4xfv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&oldid=1164958738">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Lubin&oldid=1164958738</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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